SUBALTERN STUDIES ON MIGRANT INFORMAL WORKERS WITH SPECIAL ...
Transcript of SUBALTERN STUDIES ON MIGRANT INFORMAL WORKERS WITH SPECIAL ...
SUBALTERN STUDIES ON MIGRANT INFORMAL WORKERS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RAG PICKERS INCHENNAI CITY.
A.SHAJI GEORGE1, Dr.V.SARAVANAN 2
1 Ph.D. Research Scholar, P.G. & Research Department of Economics, Sir Theagaraya College, Chennai -600 021, Tamil Nadu, India
2Assistant Professor, P.G & Research Department of Economics, Sir Theagaraya College, Chennai -600 021, Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The Rag Pickers are an integral part of our society. They are coming under the bottom line of
the informal worker's category in the 93% workforce in our Country.
The Rag Pickers' work and life experiences are a snapshot of the economy of the Informal sector.
In this migrant Rag pickers, a micro-level study in Chennai Metropolitan City mainly traverses
the working and living conditions of selected sample respondents.
One of the interesting observations of this present work is the sample respondent of migrant rag
pickers are not having savings as well as investment on any one economic thing.
This work identified and concentrated the nature of working areas and their livelihood
opportunities of Rag Pickers in and around Chennai region and also an extensive and intensive
piece of work with regard to poverty affected group of workers, in order to overcome this
societal problem the present work has been enlightened to attract of the interest of planners and
policymakers to promulgate the suitable strategies for the uplift their life.
Keywords: Informal Sector, Migration, Ragpickers, Illiteracy
INTRODUCTION
The Ragpickers is the category of nullified sections of your society. They are all basically poor,
illiterate, the majority of the workers are homeless, among them living under small huts,
Coovum river basins and Rag hill station areas. Basically, their working condition is dirty as well
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as an unhealthy situation. At this backdrop, we observe the working and living conditions of
migrant rag pickers in the Chennai Metropolitan City.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The present study mainly focuses on the subsequent objectives.
1.To find out the causes responsible for migrant Rag pickers in the urban and suburban areas of
Chennai city.
2.To explore the working and living conditions of migrant Ragpickers.
3.To recommend the policy decisions with regard to improve their living conditions.
4. To provide some opt way to promote migrant rag pickers children’s education status.
5.To analyze awareness level in connection with the medical facilities improve their health.
METHODOLOGY:
The present study is in the descriptive oriented and primarily related to the help of primary data.
Random sampling has been performed for the collection of data which is based on the interview
schedule. The interview schedule has been modified on the basis of the objectives of the present
study. The questionnaire comprises of close-ended as well as open-ended questions. The
personal interview was conducted with randomly identified 150 rag pickers in and around
Chennai Metropolitan Area.
MEANING OF RAG PICKERS
Rag pickers is a Person, whose who are usually collect the waste materials like metals, cloth,
steel, broken glass, plastics, and paper, he is also considered as a Rag Picker in our society.
According to Edwards, Henry Sutherland (1893) states the Rag Picker, or Chiffonnier is a term
for someone who makes a living by imaging through refuse in the streets to collect material for
salvage.
According to the free legal dictionary, Ragpicker means, a person who picks up rags and other
waste material from the streets, refuse heaps, etc for a livelihood.
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NATURE OF THE WORK OF RAG PICKERS:
The Ragpickers are the bottom line of the working classes of the global level. This rag-picking
was one of the truthful also with nothing invested in the profession.
The Ragpickers within the nineteenth and early twentieth century failed to recycle the materials
themselves; they'd merely collect no matter they might notice and switch it over to a master rag
picker, who would, in try sell it – normally by weight – to well-to-do investors with the income
to convert the materials in to somewhat more profitable by way of marketing of waste materials.
For example, in the entire city of Paris rag pickers were governed by law and that they follow its
government; their operations were restricted to bound times of night, that they were needed to
return back any remarkably valuable things to the proprietor or to authorities.
Modern-day sanitation services and recycling programs ultimately entree for the decline of rag-
picking activity. Even though it does not disappear totally in modern civilized life.
Rag picking is still widespread in aggregation Third world Countries these days, like the city,
Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Chennai
Where it offers the poorest poor in society round the rubbish and reprocessing areas to likelihood
to earn a meager provide of cash. In 2015, the atmosphere Minister of Republic of India declared
a national award to acknowledge the service rendered by the Ragpickers the award price of a
money prize of Rs.1.5 lakhs is for three best rag pickers and three associations concerned within
the innovation of best practices of recycling and reuse.
CASE STUDIES WITH REGARD TO INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS:
The Economic and political weekly editorials examine India has desperately, or for perpetually
desires a comprehensive national law covering domestic laborers within the following years.
About half of the states in India, but not Uttarpradesh, where Noida is located and Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, and Maharastra have included domestic workers as laborers under the
minimum wages Act, that sets out terms of payment, hours of labor and leaves. Yet, this law is
grossly inadequate. The law doesn't, as an example, need domestic employees and employers to
register with any authority, which is crucial for watching whether or not each parties area unit
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fulfilling their written agreement obligations and for adjudicating conflicts. A national law
additionally must manage laborers, safely, offer for health emergencies and their children’s
education, among different things. Certain states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu do have welfare
boards for domestic labors that conceive to try this, but they have meager funds and do not go far
enough a national law ought to additionally regulate the various for-profit domestic workers
agencies that have sprung up, some of which are suspected of putting children to work.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
In the present research work is entitled to subaltern studies on migrant informal workers with
reference to rag pickers in Chennai city. The connected review of literature of this analysis work
highlighted solely on informal sector worker's acts varied levels. At this backdrop, the present
research work carried out the vacuum of many of the earlier studies.
REVIEW - 1
K.L.KAMAT gave the real-life picture of the Ragpickers in India. In his article reveals that
most of the Ragpickers are extremely poor, illiterate and belong to rural immigrant families.
Many start their profession at the young age of 5 to eight years. Most of them not ever attend any
faculty or have any formal education. Most of their families are in need of extra incomes from
these young children also doing rag picking. While they are collecting rag they are subjected to
chemical poisons and infections. Because of malnutrition, they suffer from retarded growth and
anemia. The rag pickers are terribly liable to diseases like T.B. and cancer because of their
exposure to venturous materials with their friend and therefore the elders. The brokers pocket the
foremost share of the sales and pay exclusively paltry to the youngsters. As earning members of
the family, they do not need much to the elders of the family advice. They commence chewing
and smoking tobacco. Soon they become obsessed with alcohol then they switch to laborious
liquors. They even do not refrain from taking drugs. They have free sex with streetwalkers and
hence become victims of AIDS and other harmful diseases.
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REVIEW - 2
Pyali Chatterjee, the study of the characteristics of child rag pickers. Society has not entirely
neglected to guard children the youngsters the kids against turning into child rag pickers to boot,
but they to boot weren't treated well.
Sometimes youngsters were forced to become rag pickers by the rag client and a number of times
the children like better to become rag pickers by themselves as degree freelance. And from hence
the journey of their exploitation, engagement with animals drug addiction began, which is
neither good for their development and nor for the society where they are living.
REVIEW -3
Sudhir Kumar Suthar in his article on contemporary farmers protests and the “New Rural –
Agrarian” in India reveals that the education status of migrant informal workers.
In the times of arraign crisis, families of such youth could hardly afford to pay for their
education, simultaneously, there is a pressure to perform well in order to secure a better future.
Increasing access to education is not commensurate to the employment opportunities available.
But there is an increasing sense of anxiety due to the lack of job opportunities in urban areas.
Most of the available jobs in the cities are in the private sector. These employment opportunities
are contractual, short –term opportunities and are also not very well paid. The kind of
embarrassment and discrimination one ought to face in these workplaces lot of generates the best
approach of inferiority.
The exploitation and human process among the urban job market have worsened among the last
twenty years. Jitendra, at the age 32, from Trivedik purwa village of Banda district, Uttar
Pradesh, used to work as a security guard in Kanpur. He lost his hand in an accident. The
company threw him out and also did not pay his remaining salary. I thought it is better to go
back and work on the land instead of facing insult in the cities” Now he does farming in the
village along with his family. As a result of job-market related challenges, the rural youth who
are now educated and exposed to the urban lifestyle and its comforts find it financially
unaffordable
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REVIEW-4
Venkatesh Athereya reviews the book on Labour, State and Society in Rural India written by
Jonathan Pattenden. A class relational approach finds out the Nature of employment by way of
observed to 39 villages in three districts of Karnataka namely Dharwad (23), Raichur (15), and
Mandya (1). The set of villages in Dharwad and in Raichur differ significantly from each other.
The Labourers from Raichur district, in the absence of urban centres within the district not far
from their villages that could provide jobs, migrate to Bengaluru to work in construction,
whereas the labourers from Dharwad villages commute to figure in near urban centres for non-
agricultural employment.
REVIEW-5
K. Kalpana in her in-depth study and involvement of informal Women workers in Chennai city.
She especially took into Women Appalam Workers moving towards the strike action for a wage
increase for their life in secure better and bright.
Kalpana in her view on the women informal workers actively participated in the trade union
activities in Tamilnadu. The women workers in the informal sector who greatly valve their
access top paid employment adopt other forms of the labour movement and are less willing to
engage in actions that could endanger their employment. Therefore, the favored strategies of
mobilization tend to be negotiations, skills, training of women workers and information policies
or the mobilization of public opinion based on the documentation of working conditions, wages
and shop floor experiences of women workers.
Case studies of informal women workers’ organizations from India, Thailand, South Africa, and
Brazil find that they use a repertoire of unconventional organizing strategies such as fostering a
common identity cutting across the many divides among women workers, providing practical
support on an enemy day basis, legal activation, the use of information technologies and the
creative re-appropriation of cultural symbols to challenge the inequities women face in
workplaces organizations of informal workers have directed their demands towards the state for
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welfare benefits such as social security schemes, pensions, health insurance, educational
scholarships for workers children and housing support. In formal workers movements organize
their constituency as citizens who make claims visa –vis the state rather than of workers
challenging principal employers at workplaces over wages or conditions of work.
Case studies reveal that the observations the real facts and figures of the particular aspect of the
research work. Hence, the researcher has been identified and selected case studies suitable for
the current scenario of the research work.
REVIEW-6
Supriya Srivatsava finds out the studies related the street vendors in India. She analyzed the
nature of the street vendors and the objectives of National policy for urban street vendors.
The street vendors lead to susceptible life in urban society, though they play an invaluable and
function role in urban social and economic ecology by providing a major source of employment
to a significant portion of the population. By providing affordable products to local populations,
street vendors also fill the crucial needs of consumers demand that the formal sector cannot
adequately serve. But they are rarely treated with dignity. They are marginalized by
policymakers. Moreover, they are treated as irritants to urban planning and organization. Most of
the street vendors have noany kind of identity cards of recognition or license to make their
presence legal in urban society. The nature of the employment of street vendors is full of
uncertainty and insecurity. They are frequently evicted by police and the local bodies. Deserving
their problems and the arising challenges in urban development in the National Association of
Street Vendors (NASV) began its January in 1998 with the objective of ensuring livelihood,
social security and financial supports. The Nationwide mobilization of vendors influenced by
Govt. of India to bring a National Policy for Urban Street Vendors (NPUSV) in 2004 with the
following objectives.
1. To give vendors legal status and legitimate hawking zones in urban plans.
2. To promote organizations of street vendors.
3. To take measures agrees to promote a better future of street vendors.
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4. To facilitate social security (Pension, Insurance, etc) and access to credit for street
vendors.
Thus, street vendors are a downtrodden section of society than follow an appropriate strategy and
then invite a better future of their livelihood forever.
CASE STUDY: 1
Revels Child Education: Migrants Child Education System:
Reveals that Migrant’s child's educational system and their everyday life. The migrant children
are an outlier of our education system, which in its fundamental design cannot accommodate
their ‘moving’ educational needs. The Principal of an NGO School for migrant children in
Bangaluru termed this a “roller – coaster kind of education”. The nature of the movement of the
child differs according to the needs of each family. When migrant families come back to
Bengaluru after harvest or festival in the village the same setoff children may not return to the
settlement. Manu children spend alternate periods of time in the village and city. In the
instances of migration within the state, the change of schools during such movements is neither
encouraged by the school system nor favorable to the child’s learning experience for worse are
the cases of migrant children, who move along with their families across construction sites, or
whose families engage in traditional medicine trade and move across makeshift settlements in
the city.
The second aspect of the case study is examined the migrant child and every day in Bengaluru
city. The arrival of Kaveri river water, three days in a week, results in a flurry of activity within
the urban migrant settlements in Bengaluru. The government school-going children do not
attend school during the water in their homes. This initial absence from school for two or three
days a week gradually leads to the complete dropping out of the child. Not only is this active
role and ownership of children in the everyday activities of migrant families considered invisible
child labor, the education system is also unable to respond to these lived realities of migrant
children.
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CASE STUDY: 2
AppalamWorkers: Strike Action and Wage Increase:
The Appalam industry in North Chennai has a history that dates back to the 1950s when
entrepreneurs from the neighbouring state of Kerala started the appalam business in the cluster of
neighborhoods and supplied the product to local retail shops.
The entry of women replacing male workers and the introduction of a piece-rate system of wage
payment proceeded in tandem with the emergence of unit owners, who formed an intermediary
level between the company and the worker. While the workers were overwhelmingly women, the
unit owners were mostly men or in some cases, a married couple.
In 2013, the cituled AWU, field a case in the labor court asking that the companies be held
directly accountable to appalam workers for employee benefits (such as the Employees Provident
Fund and the Employee State Insurance) and that they acknowledge their subcontracted
relationship to the appalam-making units. The companies, in turn, filed responses, claiming that
they were merely wholesale traders who buy from small traders or the “real” manufacturers – the
unit owners. Therefore, the companies argued, they could not be held responsible for employee
benefits. While the case has stagnated in the labour court after a few hearings, the CITU
continues to maintain its position that the raw material supplier is the real (albeit
hidden)employer.
The years that big work strikes took place were 1981, 2013 and 2014. The strike action in 2014
was noticeable for the arrests of women workers. Around 75%-90% of women workers usually
participated in strike calls, except those who could not survive without the daily wages earned
from appalam work. Sit-in and gherao protests (involving encircling buildings) were organized
outside the packing and supply depots and godowns of the big appalam companies in order to
foreground the responsibility of the companies towards the workforce. The unit owners did not
directly participate in the strike, but some of them sent their workers and supported the strike
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with financial donations. Being little more than disguised wage-workers who also gained if
wages rose, the owners of appalam units allowed union organizers access to the units to meet and
mobilize women for union-led strikes and picketing action and took women back to work after
the strikes, obviating the threat of employment loss. If some unit owners were reluctant to take
workers back post-strike, the union mediated between the workers and unit owners. The
clustering of appalam units in proximate Neighbourhoods also made it possible for women to
easily find work in another unit if their relations with unit owners soured for any reason.
In January 2016, the wage increase was accepted as soon as the worker’s union submitted the
petition asking for a wage increase, even without initiating strike action. Interestingly, it was the
small appalam companies that initiated the wage rise, thereby forcing the bigger, trademark
companies to follow suit. The small companies feared a strike more as they risked losing their
market (retail and other shops) to the trademark companies. With tones of stock in their
godowns, the big companies could bring them creates to the shops even during a strike period.
The competition between small and large players worked to the advantage of the appalam
workforce by providing the union leverage with respect to wage negotiations and securing some
wage relief for the women workers of the industry.
CASE STUDY: 3
Migrant Construction workers: Defending Human Rights:
A steady inflow of construction workers from other states, notably Odisha and Andhra Pradesh,
and to a lesser extent, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam alerted the KTPS (Kattida
Tohlilar Pengal Sangam) to the conditions in which migrant workers labored in Tamil Nadu.
According to R Geetha, the founder of the KTPS migrant women workers presence in the
construction workforce in Tamil Nadu from the principal supplier states o Odisha and Andhra
Pradesh equaled men, with migrant workers (of both sexes) accounting for about 30%-40% of all
construction workers in Tamil Nadu and more than 50% of construction workers in Chennai.
The principal strategy of the KTPS with regard to migrant construction workers has been to
mobilize public opinion and government action by framing the issue as a violation of their
human rights, especially those of women migrant workers and children. The union also grappled
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with the question of how to appeal to the state government on interstate migrant issues when the
state government was no more considerate of the workers’ plight on its own building projects
than private employers.
During the construction of a new state secretariat building in Chennai (Omandurar government
estate), the KTPS provided photographic evidence of child workers (all from Odisha) to the
labour commissioner who reportedly dismissed them off-hand. Anticipating that the labour
ministry would pay no heed to issues concerning children’s rights, the KTPS decided to write a
letter detailing the condition of migrant workers’ children in the state to the National
Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR).
This initiative of the union led to the commission directing the Tamil Nadu government to carry
out a study of the children of migrant worker families in the state. Besides commissioning a
study through the Department of Labour, the state government, in close consultation with the
KTPS and UNICEF, formulated Draft Action Plan for Rehabilitation of Children of Migrant
Labour, which was announced in the state legislative assembly in 2010 (NCPCR nd: 31-53)
The difference of language, the absence of social ties with local workers and close surveillance
of migrant workers by recruiting contractors have made it difficult for KTPS to unionize migrant
workers. Yet, migrant workers to contact the union when a problem arises at lease in Chennai.
The collapse of an 11 – storey building under construction in a Chennai suburb (Moulivakkam)
in jane 2014 led to the death of 61 workers, many of whom were interstate migrants. In all the
districts where it had an organized presence, the KTPS branches held public agitations
condemning the incident. As R Geetha of the KTPS observed, this incident galvanized union
members to Act on behalf of migrant workers whom they otherwise tended to regard as rival
claimants for their jobs.
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF WORK:
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The Analysis and presentation of work are mainly carried out the working and living conditions
of migrant Rag pickers in Metropolitan city with suitable illustration on the basis of data
collected through interview schedule.
TABLE No.1.1
1.DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF SEX WISE:
SNO SEX NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
1 MALE 72 48
2 FEMALE 45 30
3 SENIOR CITIZEN BY MEN 18 12
4 SENIOR CITIZEN BY WOMEN 15 10
TOTAL 150 100
GRAPH:
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In this table reveals that the distribution of the sampled rag pickers on the Basis of sex
male persons are outnumbered when compassed female Rag pickers in the study area. The 72
male persons (48%) are engaged in the Rag Picking work, then followed by 45 female persons
(30%). The senior citizen by men is 18 persons (12%) and the senior citizen by women is 15
persons (10%).
Thus the 48 percent of male persons are highly engaged in the field of Rag picking work then
women are 30 percent.
TABLE No.1.2
2. DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLEORIGIN:
SNO PLACE OF ORIGIN
1 WITHIN CHENNAI CITY
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
MALE FEMALE
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF SEX
In this table reveals that the distribution of the sampled rag pickers on the Basis of sex
male persons are outnumbered when compassed female Rag pickers in the study area. The 72
male persons (48%) are engaged in the Rag Picking work, then followed by 45 female persons
(30%). The senior citizen by men is 18 persons (12%) and the senior citizen by women is 15
Thus the 48 percent of male persons are highly engaged in the field of Rag picking work then
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF
PLACE OF ORIGIN NO. OF PERSONS
WITHIN CHENNAI CITY 105
FEMALE SENIOR CITIZEN BY MEN
SENIOR CITIZEN BY WOMEN
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF SEX WISE
NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
In this table reveals that the distribution of the sampled rag pickers on the Basis of sex-wise. The
male persons are outnumbered when compassed female Rag pickers in the study area. The 72
male persons (48%) are engaged in the Rag Picking work, then followed by 45 female persons
(30%). The senior citizen by men is 18 persons (12%) and the senior citizen by women is 15
Thus the 48 percent of male persons are highly engaged in the field of Rag picking work then
RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF PLACE OF
NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
70
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
TOTAL
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF SEX
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2 NEIGHBORING DISTRICT OF CHENNAI
3 SOUTH TAMIL NADU
4 OTHER THAN THE STATE OF TAMIL NADU
TOTAL
GRAPH:
The table No.1.2 explains the distribution of sampled Rag pickers on the basis place of
The place of origin of sampled migrant Rag pickers, within the Chennai City is 1
percent ) than in and around the Neighbouring district of Chennai is 18 Persons (12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
WITHIN CHENNAI CITY
NEIGHBORING DISTRICT OF CHENNAI
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF
NEIGHBORING DISTRICT OF CHENNAI 18
SOUTH TAMIL NADU 12
OTHER THAN THE STATE OF TAMIL 15
TOTAL 150
The table No.1.2 explains the distribution of sampled Rag pickers on the basis place of
The place of origin of sampled migrant Rag pickers, within the Chennai City is 1
) than in and around the Neighbouring district of Chennai is 18 Persons (12
NEIGHBORING DISTRICT OF CHENNAI
SOUTH TAMIL NADU OTHER THAN THE STATE OF TAMIL
NADU
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF PLACE OF ORIGIN
NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
12
8
10
100
The table No.1.2 explains the distribution of sampled Rag pickers on the basis place of origin.
The place of origin of sampled migrant Rag pickers, within the Chennai City is 105 persons (70
) than in and around the Neighbouring district of Chennai is 18 Persons (12 percent).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
TOTAL
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS ON THE BASIS OF
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The place of origin of other than Chennai City, that is the southern part of Tamilnadu is only 12
persons (8 per cent) interestingly, the other State of Tamilnadu, no one respondent engaged in
the work of Rag picking.
Thus, the son of the soil, that is Chennai respondents 70 percent are dominated In the field of
rag-picking work.
TABLE No.1.3
3. INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY MEN:
SNO LEVEL OF INCOME PER
MONTH NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
1 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 5,000 18 20
2 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 6,000 24 26.67
3 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 7,000 16 17.78
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4 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 8,000 12 13.33
5 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 9,000 9 10
6 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 10,000 6 6.67
7 MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 10,000 5 5.55
TOTAL 90 100
GRAPH:
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The table No. 1.3. explains the Income status of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study area
especially by men.
The Income range of migrant Rag pickers are below Rs.5,000/
income range is Rs.6,000/- the 2
are only 16 respondents (17.78
respondents’ 13.33 percent) 9 respondents occupied the income level is Rs.9,000/
income status of Rs.10,000/- is 6 respondents only (0
Finally, the 5 respondents (
Rs.10,000/-
In this above table clearly states that the income level below Rs.5,000/
respondents. The percentagewise
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 5,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 6,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 7,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 8,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 9,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 10,000
MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 10,000
TOTAL
12
34
56
7
1
BELOW RUPEES ₹
5,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹
PERCENTAGE 20
NO. OF PERSONS 18
INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN
THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY MEN
PERCENTAGE
The table No. 1.3. explains the Income status of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study area
he Income range of migrant Rag pickers are below Rs.5,000/- is 18 persons (20 percent). The
the 24 respondents (26.67 percent), then the Income level Rs.7,000/
7.78 percent). Thereafter the income level Rs. 8,000/
13.33 percent) 9 respondents occupied the income level is Rs.9,000/
is 6 respondents only (06.67 percent).
Finally, the 5 respondents (5.55 percent) coming under the income category of more than
In this above table clearly states that the income level below Rs.5,000/
percentagewise is 81.78 percent. The 11 respondents having the income level
20
26.67
17.78
13.33
10
6.67
5.55
0 20 40 60 80
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 5,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 6,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 7,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 8,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 9,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 10,000
MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 10,000
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6
BELOW RUPEES ₹
6,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹
7,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹
8,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹
9,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹
10,000
26.67 17.78 13.33 10 6.67
24 16 12 9 6
INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN
THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY MEN
PERCENTAGE NO. OF PERSONS Linear (PERCENTAGE)
The table No. 1.3. explains the Income status of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study area
is 18 persons (20 percent). The
percent), then the Income level Rs.7,000/-
percent). Thereafter the income level Rs. 8,000/- are only 12
13.33 percent) 9 respondents occupied the income level is Rs.9,000/- only. The
percent) coming under the income category of more than
In this above table clearly states that the income level below Rs.5,000/- to Rs.9,000/- are 72
The 11 respondents having the income level
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100 120
7
RUPEES ₹
MORE THAN
RUPEES ₹ 10,000
TOTAL
5.55 100
5 90
INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN
Linear (PERCENTAGE)
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:45
is the below Rs.10,000/- and above Rs.10,000/- and sampled Rag pickers belongs to the men
category in the study area.
TABLE No.1.4
4. INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY FOR WOMEN:
SNO LEVEL OF INCOME PER MONTH NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
1 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 5,000 21 35
2 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 6,000 18 30
3 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 7,000 12 20
4 BELOW RUPEES ₹ 8,000 5 8.33
5 MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 9,000 4 6.67
TOTAL 60 100
GRAPH:
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:46
Table No.1.4 represents the income status of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study
especially for women Rag pickers in the study area.
The 21 respondents (35 percent) having the income range is below Rs.5000. The income level is
Rs.6000 is, 18 respondents (60
percent) occupied income 5 respondents (
The income level is more than Rs.9000 are only 4 respondents (
Thus, in this sampled women rag pickers, their income range is below Rs.5000 to Rs.7000 in 51
respondents (85percent) and
Rs.8000 to 9000 only.
TABLE No.1.5
5. HOUSING CONDITIOS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY AREA
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 5,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 6,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 7,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 8,000
MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 9,000
TOTAL
12
34
5
1
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 5,000
PERCENTAGE 35
NO. OF PERSONS 21
INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN
THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY FOR WOMEN
PERCENTAGE
Table No.1.4 represents the income status of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study
especially for women Rag pickers in the study area.
percent) having the income range is below Rs.5000. The income level is
60 percent) belong to that income limit. The 12 respondents (
percent) occupied income 5 respondents (8.33 percent) having the income earn with Rs.8000.
The income level is more than Rs.9000 are only 4 respondents (6.67 percent)
Thus, in this sampled women rag pickers, their income range is below Rs.5000 to Rs.7000 in 51
the 09 respondents (15 percent) belong to the income ra
5. HOUSING CONDITIOS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY AREA
35
30
20
8.33
6.67
0 20 40 60 80
2 3 4
BELOW RUPEES BELOW RUPEES ₹ 6,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 7,000
BELOW RUPEES ₹ 8,000
MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 9,000
30 20 8.33 6.67
18 12 5
INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN
THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY FOR WOMEN
PERCENTAGE NO. OF PERSONS Linear (PERCENTAGE)
Table No.1.4 represents the income status of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study
percent) having the income range is below Rs.5000. The income level is
percent) belong to that income limit. The 12 respondents (20
.33 percent) having the income earn with Rs.8000.
.67 percent)
Thus, in this sampled women rag pickers, their income range is below Rs.5000 to Rs.7000 in 51
percent) belong to the income range is
5. HOUSING CONDITIOS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY AREA:
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
100 120
5
MORE THAN RUPEES ₹ 9,000
TOTAL
6.67 100
4 60
INCOME STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS OF RAG PICKERS IN
THE STUDY AREA ESPECIALLY FOR WOMEN
Linear (PERCENTAGE)
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:47
SNO HOUSING CONDITIONS NO. OF
PERSONS PERCENTAGE
1 SMALL HUTS IN THE PORAMPOKKU LAND
51 34
2 SMALL HUTS BESIDE THE RAILWAY TRACK LINE
48 32
3 SMALL HUTS BESIDE THE DRAINAGE AREAS
42 28
4 RENTED HOUSE WITH TILED ROOF 9 6
5 RENTED HOUSE IN THE CITY RURAL AREAS
0 0
TOTAL 150 100
GRAPH:
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:48
The present table No.1.5 represent the housing conditions of sampled Rag pickers in the study
area.
In general, in this present research work, the single majority of the 51 respondents (34 percent)
live in the small huts in the porampokku land, then followed by 48 respondents (32 percent) lives
in the small huts on the railway track line. The 42 r
huts in the drainage areas. The limited no of 09 respondents lives in the rented houses in the tiled
roof. Even though none of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study area live in the rented
house in the city areas.
We can conclude that the large majority of the 141 respondents (94 percent) live under the
porampokku land, railway track line, and drainage areas.
TABLE No.1.6
28
6
0
0 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
SMALL HUTS IN THE PORAMPOKKU
LAND
SMALL HUTS BESIDE THE
RAILWAY TRACK LINE
1 2
HOUSING CONDITIOS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY
NO. OF PERSONS
The present table No.1.5 represent the housing conditions of sampled Rag pickers in the study
In general, in this present research work, the single majority of the 51 respondents (34 percent)
live in the small huts in the porampokku land, then followed by 48 respondents (32 percent) lives
in the small huts on the railway track line. The 42 respondents (28 percent) lives in the small
huts in the drainage areas. The limited no of 09 respondents lives in the rented houses in the tiled
roof. Even though none of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study area live in the rented
We can conclude that the large majority of the 141 respondents (94 percent) live under the
porampokku land, railway track line, and drainage areas.
34
32
28
40 60 80
SMALL HUTS BESIDE THE
RAILWAY TRACK LINE
SMALL HUTS BESIDE THE
DRAINAGE AREAS
RENTED HOUSE WITH TILED ROOF
RENTED HOUSE IN THE CITY RURAL
AREAS
3 4
HOUSING CONDITIOS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY AREA
NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE Linear (PERCENTAGE)
The present table No.1.5 represent the housing conditions of sampled Rag pickers in the study
In general, in this present research work, the single majority of the 51 respondents (34 percent)
live in the small huts in the porampokku land, then followed by 48 respondents (32 percent) lives
espondents (28 percent) lives in the small
huts in the drainage areas. The limited no of 09 respondents lives in the rented houses in the tiled
roof. Even though none of the respondents of Ragpickers in the study area live in the rented
We can conclude that the large majority of the 141 respondents (94 percent) live under the
100
100 120
RENTED HOUSE IN THE CITY RURAL
AREAS
TOTAL
5
HOUSING CONDITIOS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS IN THE STUDY
Linear (PERCENTAGE)
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:49
6. OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE PRE-MIGRATION PERIOD:
SNO
TYPES OF OCCUPATION MALE FEMALE TOTA
L PERCENTAG
E
1 RAG PICKING 33 17 50 33.33
2 HOUSE MAID 6 18 24 16
3 STREET VENDORS 21 10 31 20.67
4 CAUSAL LABORERS 16 12 28 18.67
5 SEASONAL WORKS 14 3 17 11.33
TOTAL 90 60 150 100
GRAPH:
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:50
Table No.1.6 represents the occupational status of rag pickers at the pre
The 33 male respondents (22 percent) previously engaged with rag picking work and on the
other hand, 12 female respondents (11.33) encaged by the rag
period. Altogether 33.33 percent of respondents have mainly participated in the rag
work.
The 24 respondents (16 percent) both male and female belong to the housemaid works then
followed by 31 respondents (20.67 percent) mix with male and f
field of the street vending business. The 28 male and female respondents (18.67 percent) have
worked as casual labour works respectively.
Finally, the meager of 17 respondents both male and females are having seasonal work
basis now and then available within the study area.
Thus, the majority of the 50 respondents have encaged in the rag
migration period.
0 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
RAG PICKING HOUSE MAID
1 2
OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE PRE
MALE FEMALE
represents the occupational status of rag pickers at the pre-migration period.
The 33 male respondents (22 percent) previously engaged with rag picking work and on the
other hand, 12 female respondents (11.33) encaged by the rag-picking work at the pre
period. Altogether 33.33 percent of respondents have mainly participated in the rag
The 24 respondents (16 percent) both male and female belong to the housemaid works then
followed by 31 respondents (20.67 percent) mix with male and female is actively engaged in the
field of the street vending business. The 28 male and female respondents (18.67 percent) have
worked as casual labour works respectively.
meager of 17 respondents both male and females are having seasonal work
basis now and then available within the study area.
Thus, the majority of the 50 respondents have encaged in the rag-picking working during the pre
40 60 80
HOUSE MAID STREET VENDORS
CAUSAL LABORERS
SEASONAL WORKS
2 3 4
OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE PRE-MIGRATION PERIOD
FEMALE PERCENTAGE TOTAL
migration period.
The 33 male respondents (22 percent) previously engaged with rag picking work and on the
picking work at the pre-migration
period. Altogether 33.33 percent of respondents have mainly participated in the rag-picking
The 24 respondents (16 percent) both male and female belong to the housemaid works then
emale is actively engaged in the
field of the street vending business. The 28 male and female respondents (18.67 percent) have
meager of 17 respondents both male and females are having seasonal works on the
picking working during the pre-
100 120
SEASONAL WORKS
TOTAL
5
MIGRATION
Linear (TOTAL )
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:51
TABLE No.1.7
7. OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE POST-MIGRATION PERIOD:
SNO TYPES OF OCCUPATION MALE FEMALE TOTAL
1 RAG PICKING 90 60 150
2 HOUSE MAID 0 0 0
3 STREET VENDORS 0 0 0
4 CAUSAL LABORERS 0 0 0
5 SEASONAL WORKS 0 0 0
TOTAL 90 60 150
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:52
GRAPH:
Table No.1.7 represents the Occupational status of
The 90 male respondents (60 percent) currently encaged in the rag
female respondents (40 percent) are mainly doing rag picking work.
When compared to the pre-migration status of occupa
picking works at the post-migration period.
MATHEMATICAL APPLICATION :
Chi-square test
Male
Pre-migration 33
Post migration 90
123
90
0
60
0
150
00
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
RAG PICKING HOUSE MAID
1 2
OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE POST
MALE
Table No.1.7 represents the Occupational status of Ragpickers during the post
The 90 male respondents (60 percent) currently encaged in the rag-picking works and then 60
female respondents (40 percent) are mainly doing rag picking work.
migration status of occupation level entirely changed into the rag
migration period.
MATHEMATICAL APPLICATION :
Occupational changes
Male Female Total
33 17 50
90 60 150
123 72 200
0 0 00 0 00 0 0
HOUSE MAID STREET VENDORS CAUSAL LABORERS
SEASONAL WORKS
3 4 5
OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE POSTMIGRATION PERIOD
FEMALE TOTAL Linear (MALE )
Ragpickers during the post-migration period.
picking works and then 60
tion level entirely changed into the rag-
90
60
150
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TOTAL
5
OCCUPTIONAL STATUS OF RAG PICKERS AT THE POST-
Linear (MALE )
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:53
Let us take the hypothesis that there is a change of occupational level in the pre-migration and
post migration period.
Observed Frequency Expected Frequency O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2
E
33 30.75 – 2.25 5.072 0.153
90 92.25 – 2.25 5.072 0.056
17 19.25 – 2.25 5.072 0.298
60 57.75 + 2.25 5.072 0.845
25.36 1.352
(O-E)2
E
The degrees of freedom is 1
Table value of Chi-Square 0.05 for 1 degrees of freedom 3.841
Rule: If the calculated value of Chi-Square is less than the table value at a certain level of
significance, the hypothesis is correct and vice versa.
Then we conclude the framework the hypothesis is correct
Calculated value is 1.352
Table value
1 degrees of freedom is : 3.841.
=1.352
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:54
TABLE No.1.8
8. ENGAGEMENT OF RAG PICKING WORK DURING THE RAINY SEASON:
SNO NATURE OF THE WORK NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1
INVOLVEMENT OF WORK DURING THE RAINY SEASON AND MINDSET OF CHANGING THE OCCUPATION
12 8
2 EXTREME DIFFICULT TO WORK DURING RAINY SEASON
90 60
3 MODERATE DIFFICULT TO WORK DURING RAINY SEASON
42 28
4 WORK AS USUAL NO DIFFERENCE DURING RAINY SEASON
8 4
TOTAL 152 100
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:55
GRAPH:
Table No.1.8 represents the engagement of Rag picking work
respondents (08 percent) say that
The large majority of the 90 respondents (60 percent) say that the rag
difficult and very hard during the
moderate difficult to work at the time of the rainy season. The 8 respondents say that
usual no difference at the time of the rainy season by doing the rag
INVOLVEMENT OF WORK
DURING THE RAINY SEASON AND MINDSET OF CHANGING
OCCUPATION
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
ENGAGEMENT OF RAG PICKING WORK DURING THE RAINY
Table No.1.8 represents the engagement of Rag picking work during the rainy season. The 12
respondents (08 percent) say that mindset of changing the occupation due to the rainy season.
The large majority of the 90 respondents (60 percent) say that the rag-picking work is
very hard during the rainy season. The 42 respondents (28 percent) say that the
at the time of the rainy season. The 8 respondents say that
no difference at the time of the rainy season by doing the rag-picking work.
INVOLVEMENT OF WORK
DURING THE RAINY SEASON AND MINDSET OF CHANGING
THE OCCUPATION
EXTREME DIFFICULT TO
WORK DURING RAINY SEASON
MODERATE DIFFICULT TO
WORK DURING RAINY SEASON
WORK AS USUAL NO
DIFFERENCE DURING RAINY
SEASON
1 2 3
12 90 42 8
8 60 28 4
12
90
42
8
ENGAGEMENT OF RAG PICKING WORK DURING THE RAINY SEASON
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
during the rainy season. The 12
changing the occupation due to the rainy season.
picking work is Extreme
28 percent) say that the
at the time of the rainy season. The 8 respondents say that work as
picking work.
WORK AS USUAL NO
DIFFERENCE DURING RAINY
SEASON
TOTAL
4
152
100
152
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ENGAGEMENT OF RAG PICKING WORK DURING THE RAINY
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:56
TABLE No.1.9
9. ALCOHOL DRINKS HABITS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS:
SNO THE LEVEL OF ALCOHOL
HABITS NO. OF
RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 ALCOHOL DAILY INTAKE 120 80
2 ALCOHOL INTAKE WEEKLY THREE TIMES
25 16.67
3 ALCOHOL INTAKE WEEKLY TWO TIMES
5 3.33
4 ALCOHOL INTAKE OCCASIONALLY
0 0
TOTAL 150 100
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:57
GRAPH:
In this Table, No.1.9 shows that the 120 respondents having a daily intake of alcohol due to his
work burden, the 25 respondents say that intake of alcohol on three Times per week. The
meager number of respondents that is 5 persons are having with the habit of al
two times. Even though among the 150 respondents in the study area no one
Alcohol drink on occasion only.
Thus, we can conclude that the total majority of respondents having a habit of Alcohol drinks.
ALCOHOL DAILY INTAKE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
ALCOHOL DRINKS HABITS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
able, No.1.9 shows that the 120 respondents having a daily intake of alcohol due to his
work burden, the 25 respondents say that intake of alcohol on three Times per week. The
meager number of respondents that is 5 persons are having with the habit of al
two times. Even though among the 150 respondents in the study area no one
Alcohol drink on occasion only.
Thus, we can conclude that the total majority of respondents having a habit of Alcohol drinks.
ALCOHOL DAILY INTAKE
ALCOHOL INTAKE WEEKLY
THREE TIMES
ALCOHOL INTAKE
WEEKLY TWO TIMES
ALCOHOL INTAKE
OCCASIONALLY
1 2 3
120 25 5 0
80 16.67 3.33 0
120
25
5 0
80
16.67
3.33 0
ALCOHOL DRINKS HABITS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Linear (NO. OF RESPONDENTS)
able, No.1.9 shows that the 120 respondents having a daily intake of alcohol due to his
work burden, the 25 respondents say that intake of alcohol on three Times per week. The
meager number of respondents that is 5 persons are having with the habit of alcohol is weekly
two times. Even though among the 150 respondents in the study area no one person’s having an
Thus, we can conclude that the total majority of respondents having a habit of Alcohol drinks.
ALCOHOL
OCCASIONALLTOTAL
4
150
100
150
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ALCOHOL DRINKS HABITS OF SAMPLED RAG PICKERS
Linear (NO. OF RESPONDENTS)
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:58
TABLE No.1.10
10. AWARENESS ABOUT EDUCATING THEIR CHILDREN BY THE SAMPLE RAG PICKERS:
SNO TYPE OF SCHOOLS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS 120 80
2 PRIVATE SCHOOLS 0 0
3 CHILDREN’S ASSISTANCE NEEDED AT THE TIME OF RAG PICKING
10 6.67
4 SCHOOL DROPOUTS 20 13.33
TOTAL 150 100
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:59
GRAPH:
Table No.1.10 represents the awareness about educating their children by the sampled Rag
pickers in the study area. The 120 respondents (80 percent) provide education to their children
by Government Schools and
follows. One is 20 respondents (13.33%) who don’t have the willingness to send the schools by
their own children, which is school Dropouts. Secondly, 10 respondents (6.67 percent) say that
the need for their children’s Assistance at t
chance to grow for child rag pickers among our society.
GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
AWARENESS ABOUT EDUCATING THEIR CHILDREN BY THE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Table No.1.10 represents the awareness about educating their children by the sampled Rag
pickers in the study area. The 120 respondents (80 percent) provide education to their children
and find out the two alarming situations in the
follows. One is 20 respondents (13.33%) who don’t have the willingness to send the schools by
their own children, which is school Dropouts. Secondly, 10 respondents (6.67 percent) say that
the need for their children’s Assistance at the time of Rag picking. It also reveals that it is a
chance to grow for child rag pickers among our society.
GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS
PRIVATE SCHOOLS
CHILDREN’S ASSISTANCE NEEDED AT
THE TIME OF RAG PICKING
SCHOOL DROPOUTS
1 2 3 4
120 0 10 20
80 0 6.67 13.33
80
06.67
13.33
AWARENESS ABOUT EDUCATING THEIR CHILDREN BY THE SAMPLE RAG PICKERS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Linear (PERCENTAGE)
Table No.1.10 represents the awareness about educating their children by the sampled Rag
pickers in the study area. The 120 respondents (80 percent) provide education to their children
find out the two alarming situations in the present study is as
follows. One is 20 respondents (13.33%) who don’t have the willingness to send the schools by
their own children, which is school Dropouts. Secondly, 10 respondents (6.67 percent) say that
he time of Rag picking. It also reveals that it is a
TOTAL
4
150
100
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
AWARENESS ABOUT EDUCATING THEIR CHILDREN BY THE
Linear (PERCENTAGE)
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:60
TABLE No.1.11
11. APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES BY SAMPLE RAG PICKERS:
SNO TYPE OF HEALTH CARE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 GOVERNMENT PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
85 56.67
2 DIRECT MEDICAL SHOPS APPROACH
50 33.33
3 COUNTRY MEDICINE 10 6.67
4 SIDDHA MEDICINE 5 3.33
TOTAL 150 100
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:61
GRAPH:
Table No.1.11 represents the approach to the health care facilities by sampled Rag pickers in the
study area. The 85 respondents (56.67 percent) say that to utilize the government primary health
care facilities while at the time of whenever suffering the
respondents (33.33) say that whenever suffering from their health when ultimately go for
medical shops only. Finally,
respondents (6.67 percent) and the 05 respondents (
of the 85 respondents depend upon the government's primary health care facilities.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
The present study only focused on the Ragpickers in the Chennai Metropolitan city only. The
sample of No. of Respondent of
the present study is the savings and indebtedness is invisible among th
GOVERNMENT PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES BY SAMPLE RAG
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Table No.1.11 represents the approach to the health care facilities by sampled Rag pickers in the
study area. The 85 respondents (56.67 percent) say that to utilize the government primary health
care facilities while at the time of whenever suffering the diseases when followed by 50
respondents (33.33) say that whenever suffering from their health when ultimately go for
Finally, to utilize the country medicine and Siddha medicine, the
respondents (6.67 percent) and the 05 respondents (3.33 percent) respectively. Thus
depend upon the government's primary health care facilities.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
The present study only focused on the Ragpickers in the Chennai Metropolitan city only. The
sample of No. of Respondent of migrant RagPickers only on 150 persons. The excluding part of
the present study is the savings and indebtedness is invisible among the migrant Ragpickers. The
GOVERNMENT PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
DIRECT MEDICAL
SHOPS APPROACH
COUNTRY MEDICINE
SIDDHA MEDICINE
1 2 3
85 50 10 5
56.67 33.33 6.67 3.33
85
50
105
56.67
33.33
6.673.33
APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES BY SAMPLE RAG PICKERS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Linear (NO. OF RESPONDENTS)
Table No.1.11 represents the approach to the health care facilities by sampled Rag pickers in the
study area. The 85 respondents (56.67 percent) say that to utilize the government primary health
diseases when followed by 50
respondents (33.33) say that whenever suffering from their health when ultimately go for
to utilize the country medicine and Siddha medicine, the
respectively. Thus the majority
depend upon the government's primary health care facilities.
The present study only focused on the Ragpickers in the Chennai Metropolitan city only. The
ickers only on 150 persons. The excluding part of
e migrant Ragpickers. The
TOTAL
4
150
100
150
3.33
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
APPROACH TO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES BY SAMPLE RAG
Linear (NO. OF RESPONDENTS)
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
Page No:62
major reason for behind this situation is their income and working condition is unstable, as a
consequence, their savings and indebtedness is lack one.
CONCLUSION:
In the present study only focused on the livelihood pattern of Ragpickers in Chennai city. The
Ragpickers is one of the instruments for Socio-economic development of the country because
they are collecting the human used waste materials and then marketing of the entire product one
environmental aspect is cleaning the public places and another economic aspect is earning
revenue of their own hands, it leads to self-sufficiency without any formal support. To sum up,
the Ragpickers to elevate their life by own hands and less. In order to support their life, we
would like to promulgate some effective policies to uplift Ragpicker's betterment of their future.
REFERENCES:
1. The Editorials on clear Bias against Domestic workers Economic and political weekly July
22, 2017, Vol.L 11 No.29 P 8-9.
2. Venkatesh Athereya “Labour, state and society in Rural India A class relational Approach –
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, 2019, Page 23-25.
3. K.Kalpana“Old and New Erode Union Activism organizing women informal workers in
Tamilnadu Economic and political weekly Vo.LIV No.50, December 21, 2019 Page 49 – 56
4. VIJITHA RAJAN “Stolen Childhoods? Observations on education of migrant children “
Economic and political weekly, March 17, 2018, Vol.LIII No.11 Page 24 – 27.
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city of Himachal Pradesh. The Eastern Anthropologist Vo.72, No.192 Jan, June – 2019, Page
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6. Pyali Chatterjee (2015) “Child Rag pickers in India and violation of their Human rights”
European Researcher Vol.91, No.2 PP, 155 – 162,
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7. Edwards, Henry Sutherland (1893), Old and New Paris: Its history, its people, and its places.
(https://books.google.com/books?id=oHIDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA360&dq=#v
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8.The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (1904). "The Workers in Waste Products".
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9.http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/rag-pickers-services-will-be-
recognised-by-government-to-give-national-award/article7382780.ece
10.K.L.Kamat rag pickers of India, Kamat’s potpourri, the page last updated December 18, 2019,
Page No.1 &2
Aut Aut Research Journal
Volume X, Issue IV, April-2019
ISSN No: 0005-0601
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