Sub-Saharan Africa Desk - Development Economics 2014
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Transcript of Sub-Saharan Africa Desk - Development Economics 2014
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS – SUMMER 2014Teacher: Dr. Magnús Árni Magnússon
Students: Annika Borgert, Friðrik Þór Gestsson, Helena Dögg Haraldsdóttir and Sigurður Kaiser
THE FUTURE OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
THE FUTURE OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
1. Regional Overview2. UN Millennium Development Goals3. Somalia – Case Study4. South Africa – Case Study5. Somalia vs South Africa – Comparison6. Altruism + Solutions
Contents of today’s presentation
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Somalia
A Regionof Wild
Contrasts
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Two Definitions of Sub-Sahara• Geographically: Countries that fully lie south of the Sahara• Politically: Countries that fully & partially lie south of the Sahara
(United Nations, n.d.)
A Region of Wild Contrasts
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Physical geography • Lowland basins• Highland plateaus• Tropical savanna zones
A Region of Wild Contrasts
Wet summer season
& dry winter season!
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Human geography • Islam vs. Christianity & Animism
- Sahel as cultural transition zone
A Region of Wild Contrasts
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Population distribution • 750 million people• Site-specific concentrations
- Good combination of soils
- Proximity to the ocean
- Presence of major river delta
A Region of Wild Contrasts
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Colonial history• Several different colonial powers
- Britain- France- Portugal- Spain- Italy- Belgium
A Region of Wild Contrasts
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
(Kelly, n.d.)
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Contested Notion!• High human skin color diversity• No linguistic,
ethnical,political,religious,economic uniformity!
“Black” Africa?
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Universal education
3. Gender equality
4. Child mortality
5. Maternal health
6. Combat deceases
7. Environmental sustainability
8. Global partnership for development
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICARegional overview
Status of UN Millennium Goals
SOMALIACase Study
SOMALIACase Study
“I want people to know there is more to Somalia than looting and piracy.”
Michael Palin
“The long-term solution in preventing another famine in Somalia is to promote self-reliance.”
Hawa Abdi
“I think the biggest challenge for Somalia has been the sense that it
is a hopeless case of incomprehensible internal conflicts
and there is nothing we can do.”Jan Egeland
Quotes about Somalia
SOMALIACase Study
• Official Name: Federal Republic of Somalia
• Governance: Parliamentary Republic
• Official Languages: Somali and Arabic
• Currency: Somali shilling
• Capital: Mogadishu
• Size: 637,657 km²
• Population: 10,5 million
(Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.)
Basic Facts about Somalia
SOMALIACase Study
• 1875–1941: Occupations by Egypt, France, Britain & Italy
• 1956: Italian Somaliland renamed Somalia and granted internal autonomy
• 1960: British and Italian parts of Somalia become independent, merge and form the United Republic of Somalia (Disputes with Kenya & Ethiopia 1963)
• 1960: President Abdi Rashid Ali Shermarke’s (1967) assassination
• 1970: Socialism & Nationalization
• 1974–1975: Drought & Starvation
History of Somalia
SOMALIACase Study
• 1977: Somalia invades the Somali-inhabited Ogaden-region of Ethiopia (War until 1988)
• 1991: Civil War ongoing
• 1998: Puntland region declares autonomy, several changes in the Somali government, Somali warlords declining the government
• 2001: Drought & UN appeal for food aid
• 2004: 14th attempt to restore a central Somali government, exile until 2005, assassination attempt, Tsunami
History of Somalia
SOMALIACase Study
• 2006: Fights between rival militias, Ethiopian troops in Somalia, War, suicide bombing attempt, escape from drought & Islamists to Kenya
• 2007: US airstrikes
• 2008–2009: Prime minister resigns, African Union, UN & Red Cross fight growing humanitarian crisis, piracy, state of emergency
• 2009–2011: Al-Shabab rebels conquer parts of Somalia & Famine
• 2011: Intervention (Kenya, Ethiopia & US)
• 2012: New parliament & government
History of Somalia
SOMALIACase Study
Demography of Somalia
44.00%
18.90%
31.20%
2.30%2.30%
Age distribution:
0 to 1415 to 2425 to 5455 to 6465 to and up
• Ethnic Groups: 85% Somalis, 15% Benadiris, Bantus, and other non-Somalis
SOMALIACase Study
Demography of Somalia Population pyramid (10,5 million)
SOMALIACase Study
Demography of Somalia• Median age: 17.7 years (29.4 world)
• Population growth rate: 1.75 (1.1 world)
• Birth rate: 41/1000 (18.9/1000 world)
• Death rate: 14/1000 (7.9/1000 world)
• Life expectancy: 51,5 years (69 world, rank 217/223)
• Total fertility rate: 6 born/woman (2.45 world)
(2014 est./CIA)
SOMALIACase Study
Demography of Somalia
• People living with HIV/AIDS: 31.200
• HIV/AIDS deaths: 2.500
• Maternal mortality rate: 1.000/100.000 (3rd in the world)
• Infant mortality rate: 100.14/1000 (37.61 world)
• Children underweight: 32,8% (10th in the world)
• Very high risk of getting major infectious diseases(2012 est./CIA)
SOMALIACase Study
GDP 1960-1990
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
$-
$200,000,000.00
$400,000,000.00
$600,000,000.00
$800,000,000.00
$1,000,000,000.00
$1,200,000,000.00
59.30%
7.20%
33.50%
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agricultureindustryservice
SOMALIACase Study
Labor force (1975):
• 71% Agriculture
• 29% Industry and service
Economic Development
SOMALIACase Study
Imports:• Manufactures, petroleum, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat
• 2010 est.: $1.263 billion (2006 est.: $798 million)
• Djibouti, India, Kenya, China, Pakistan, Oman, UAE, Yemen
Economic Development
Exports:• Livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal scrap metal
• 2012 est.: $ 515.8 million
• United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen, Oman
SOMALIACase Study
• GINI Coefficient: No database has any GINI-info on Somalia
• Human Development Index: 0.285 (strikingly low, probably ranking 165 out of 170 countries)
• Poverty rate: 82% (73% live on less than 2 dollars pr. day)
• Literacy: 37,8% (84.1% world)
• Child Labor: 49% (children ages 5-14)
• School life expectancy rate: 2,5 years (12 years world)
• Low or none GDP growth (numbers not available)
Economic Development
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
• Official Name: Republic of South Africa
• Governance: Parliamentary Republic
• Official Languages: Afrikaans, Northern Sotho, English, Northern Ndebele, Southern Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
• Currency: South African Rand
• Capitals: Pretoria (president/cab), Cape Town (legis), Bloemfontein (sup court)
• Size: 1,221,037 km², 25th largest country
• Population: 53 million, 24th most populous nation
• 6 million living with HIV/AIDS, 18% of population (Ground Zero for AIDS)
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
Basic facts about South Africa
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
History of South Africa• Cradle of Humankind, oldest archaeological site (UNESCO)
• Modern Humans for at least 170.000 years, strong indigenous peoples
• European Colonisation, Portugal, The Dutch, France
• Great Britain took Cape of Good Hope 1795
• Sovereign from United Kingdom 1931
• National Party in Power 1948, people classified into three races
• Freedom Charter 1955, demanding non-racial society
• Republic May 31st 1961, no more queen Elisabeth
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
History of South Africa• Apartheid (legally institutionalized segregation)
• White minority enjoyed highest standard of living
• Black majority disadvantaged, in every aspect of life
• African National Congress, major resistance movement
• Nelson Mandela in prison for 27 years, F. W. de Klerk in power
• ANC wins elections in 1994, Mandela becomes president
• ANC still in power today, Jacob Zuma president from 2009
• Nelson Mandela dies December 5th 2013
APARTHEID
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
Demography of South Africa
• Ethnic Groups: 79,2% Black, 8,9% Colored, 8,9% White, 2,5% Indian/Asian, 0,5% Other 28.30%
20.20%
38.20%
6.30%
6.10%
Age distribution:
0 to 1415 to 2425 to 5455 to 6465 to and up
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
Demography of South Africa Population pyramid (48 million)
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
GDP 1960-2012
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
$-
$50,000,000,000.00
$100,000,000,000.00
$150,000,000,000.00
$200,000,000,000.00
$250,000,000,000.00
$300,000,000,000.00
$350,000,000,000.00
$400,000,000,000.00
$450,000,000,000.00
GDP 353.9 billion USD (2012)
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
• Long Term unemployment extending for a year or longer
• Percent of total unemployment (30% in 2010)
Unemployment
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Long term Unemployment in S. Africa in %
Female Male
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
• Quality education costs, but the poor are left behind
• Iceland spends 7,6% of GDP in Education (2010)
Education
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20094.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
5.35.2
5.1
5.3 5.3 5.35.2
5.1
5.5
6.0
Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
• Gender equality strong in the parliament
• 35% women in average in the parliament, 44% last three years
• Iceland 42,9% 2009, 39,7% 2013
Women in Power
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
29.8 29.8 29.832.8 32.8 32.8 33 33
44.5 44.542.3
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
• GINI Coefficient: 67,4 (2006) and 63,1 (2009)
• Human Development Index: 0,608 (rank 121/186)
• Life expectancy rate at birth: 49 years (69 world, rank 222/223)
• Population growth rate: -0,48% (CIA, rank 222/223), 1.34% (SA)
• Literacy: 93% (84.1% world)
• Unemployment rate: 51,5% (youth ages 15-24)
• GDP growth: 2,5% (2012), estimated to rise in 2015 and 2016
Economic Development
SOUTH AFRICACase Study
SOMALIA vs SOUTH AFRICAComparison
GDP per capita 1960-1990
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
$- $500.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00 $2,000.00 $2,500.00 $3,000.00 $3,500.00 $4,000.00
S.AfríkaSómalía
SOMALIA vs SOUTH AFRICAComparison
Life Expectancy 1980-2012
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
SomaliaS.Africa
AFRICA vs THE WORLDComparison
GDP per capita, average in USD
Africa US Europe World $-
$5,000.00
$10,000.00
$15,000.00
$20,000.00
$25,000.00
$30,000.00
$35,000.00
$40,000.00
$45,000.00
$50,000.00
Women’s education and empowerment is the most important solution in the battle against extreme poverty in the development countries
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
One computer for every child (OLPC). The project's mission is to empower the world's poorest children through joyful education - Inexpensive, durable, low-power and connected laptops are provided to empower children and communities
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
Google and Facebook are preparing to circle the world with satellite drones – bringing internet access to many developing countries and areas
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
• Participate in international Red Cross programs• Support a child with regular donations• Change our daily consumption, shop responsibly• Give to charities and NGO’s that you trust• GiveWell.com + Malaria.org + Gatesfoundation.org• Make inspirational videos and distribute• Raise awareness by speaking to friends• Engage in the Effective Altruism movement
What can we do – personally?
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSWhat can be done about the problem?
ALTRUISM + SOLUTIONSUN Women Video from March 2014: Challenges and achievements in the
implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls
TAKK FYRIR + THANK YOUAny questions?
List of References and SourcesBBC. (2013, December 19th). Somalia profile. Retrieved May 31st 2014 from BBC News Africa: http://www.bbc.com/newsworldafrica-14094632
BBC. (2013, December 6th). Apartheid - 46 years in 90 seconds. Retrieved June 2nd 2014 from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22911431
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). Somalia. Retrieved May 31st 2014 from The World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). South Africa. Retrieved May 31st 2014 from The World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html
Kelly, R. (n.d.). Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved June 3rd 2014 from http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/ryan.kelly/Africa.htm
Index mundi. (2013). Somalia Demographics Profile 2013. Retrieved June 5th 2014 from http://www.indexmundi.com/somalia/demographics_profile.html
UN Women. (2014, May 20th). Empowering Women - Empowering Humanity: Picture It! Retrieved June 2nd 2014 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHliULCiSCA
UNDP.org. (n.d.). The Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved June 2nd 2014 from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/
United Nations. (2013). The Millennium Goals Development Report 2013. Retrieved June 2nd 2014 from http://www.undp.org/contentdam/undp/library/MDG/english/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf
United Nations. (n.d.). Political Definitions of "Major regions", according to the UN.
United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). About Somalia. Retrieved June 5th 2014 from http://www.so.undp.org/content/somalia/en/home/countryinfo/
United Nations Development Programme. (2012). Somalia Human Development Report 2012. Retrieved June 5th 2014 from http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Somalia/Somalia_2012_HDR_en.pdf
Wikipedia: Somalia. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2nd 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia
Wikipedia: South Africa. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2nd 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa