Style ManualsStyle Manuals

MD AZIZUR RAHMAN

azizurmlis@gmail.com

WHY, WHAT, HOW Referencing?WHY, WHAT, HOW Referencing?

Why Citation? One important aspect of writing is -

documentation of sources; You need to give credit for ideas and direct

quotes that you use. Bibliographies are good sources of information

so readers may wish to pursue some of your references.

Why Referencing is required?Why Referencing is required? Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to

enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work.

• Demonstrate the body of knowledge upon which your work is based.

• Demonstrate literature search done

• Acknowledge to others’ ideas you have used• Enable the reader(s) to locate your sources easily.

• To give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose work you have referred, in order to avoid plagiarism

• To allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles, web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further information on the subject;

• To demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.

WhenWhen Referencing? Referencing?

You must provide a reference when ever --- you quote directly from

the work of someone else;

you refer indirectly to the work of someone else,

Paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said;

– Summarise their arguments or ideas;

– Quote case studies, statistical data, known phrases, definitions etc;

– Use information which you have obtained from their work; or

Where you wish to provide sources of further information, clarification of

points you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support

your arguments.

Plagiarism is ….Plagiarism is ….

You copy essential information ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.

one legitimate way to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary,

which focuses concisely on a single main idea. It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you

will refer to the work of others in your academic writing.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s work without acknowledging that you have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them.

Plagiarism is ….Plagiarism is ….

QuotingQuoting Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and

reproducing them in your work.reproducing them in your work. Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text

but enclosed within but enclosed within “inverted commas”“inverted commas” Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and

do not require quotation marks.do not require quotation marks.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing theories, opinions etc that you have taken from others work are theories, opinions etc that you have taken from others work are

reproduced in your work in your own words. This will still constitute reproduced in your work in your own words. This will still constitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference.plagiarism unless you provide a reference.

Only information which is considered common knowledge in your Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of study does not have to be referenced.field of study does not have to be referenced.

What is What is Referencing?Referencing?

Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your works and which allows the sources to be identified.

All sources: print and electronic• Citation

• The way the writer refer to texts that you wish to include in your work.

• References • an alphabetical list describing each source that you have used.

• Bibliography • a list of material you have used for information or inspiration but

have not referred to directly in the text.

How to Referencing?How to Referencing?

Element DescriptionCitation • Inserted into your text where you have quoted from, or referred

to, someone else’s work.• Consists, in brackets, of the author(s) or editor(s) of the work

followed by the year of publication.• A page reference should be included where you have quoted

directly or are referring to an object.Reference list

• At the end of your work giving the full reference details of works from which you have quoted or to which you have referred.

• The list is arranged alphabetically by author.Bibliography • At the end of your work following the reference list.

• Lists the full reference details for items which you have read but to which you have not referred directly in your text.

• Such items would include background reading.• The list is arranged alphabetically by author.

• APA, MAL, Chicago, Harvard styleAPA, MAL, Chicago, Harvard style

How Referencing in Print Sources?How Referencing in Print Sources?

ExamplesBook:1. Citation in your text:(Grushkin 1991) GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd ed. New York, NY:

Artabras.

2. Citation in your text: (Payne and Phillips 1985) PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry

and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

3. Citation in your text: (Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005) BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the

video nasty era. Guildford: FAB.

More than three authors (list the first author et al.) ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Edited books contain chapters written by different people. They have then been collected into one volume by an editor or editors.

Citation in your text: (Stangos 1981) STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson.

Steps in ReferencingSteps in Referencing

Record the full bibliographic details and Record the full bibliographic details and

relevant page numbers of the source from relevant page numbers of the source from

which information is taken. which information is taken. Insert the citation at the appropriate place Insert the citation at the appropriate place

in the text of your document. in the text of your document. Include a reference list that includes all in-Include a reference list that includes all in-

text citations at the end of your document. text citations at the end of your document.

In-text citationsIn-text citations

In an author-date style, in-text citations usually In an author-date style, in-text citations usually

require the name of the author(s) and the year of require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication. publication.

A page number is included if you have a direct A page number is included if you have a direct

quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page or idea. direct the reader to a specific page or idea.

Page numbers may also be included if the you Page numbers may also be included if the you

are referring to a long work. are referring to a long work.

How to Create a Reference list / How to Create a Reference list / Bibliography?Bibliography?

A reference list includes books, articles, web pages, etc that are

cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources

consulted for further reading.

A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has

no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using

the first significant word of the title.

If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items

chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.

Each reference appears on a new line.

Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.

Style Formatting SoftwareStyle Formatting Software

EndNote assist in creating reference lists. The APA 6th style is included with the Endnote program. Endnote x3: for Windows XP Pro and Windows Vista. Recommended for Graduate students and researchers

website: http://www.endnote.com/ Search your EndNote library to locate references Edit citations to suppress author names, years, or add

page numbers Change styles instantly

Style Formatting SoftwareStyle Formatting Software

RefWorks easily keep track of your references and quickly format them correctly for your bibliography. http://www.refworks.com/

RefWorks is a personal bibliographic citation managing system. is designed to help researchers easily gather, manage, store and

share all types of information, as well as generate citations and bibliographies.

Everything is done automatically as you import the reference into RefWorks. It will organize and create a reference or bibliographies.

Format bibliographies and manuscripts in seconds and easily make changes to your paper and reformat in seconds.

Import references from a variety of databases using the already created Import Filters.

Manage Alerts – RefWorks has incorporated a RSS feed reader to allow you to establish links to your favorite RSS feeds and import data from those feeds directly into RefWorks.

RefWorks automatically creates author, descriptor and periodical indexes when importing.

Citations In-textCitations In-text Throughout the body of your paper, briefly note the author and date

of research that you mention. Correct source is given in the References list at the end of your

paper. Acknowledge the sources by including parenthetical citations within

the text. (Fisher, 1999) and (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).

When you are quoting directly from a work, you should also include the page number. – “upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused

hysteria with their doom-laden forecasts of the end of humanity” (Mulligan, 1977, p. 234).

– Baudino and Wyatt (2004) advocate "active learning promotes critical thinking and direct application of critical concepts" (p. 17).

Citations In-textCitations In-text A quotation from a web document with no pagination should include a

paragraph number. – "Lake Champlain's ecosystem is under enormous pressure from urban

growth" (Cushman, 2002, para. 3). When you are quoting from a work with no author, use the first few words

of the reference list entry (usually, part of the title). – Web Usability Studies are commonly conducted in libraries ("Benefits of

Usability Studies," 2002, p. 34). Personal communications (lectures or e-mail messages or private

interviews) - should be referred to in your in-text citations.– E.g.: J. Reiss indicated that “anthropologists are still debating the reasons for

the Neanderthals’ disappearance” (personal communication, May 3, 2000)

Citations In-textCitations In-text Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

When a source that has three to five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. If that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." – For example, (Baldwin, Bevan, & Beshalke, 2000) then (Baldwin et al.,

2000). When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time the source is cited (including the first time). For example, (Utley et al., 2001)

Footnotes Content footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive

information in the text numbered with Arabic superscript numerals following punctuation marks

within the text.

Why Citation Standards are Why Citation Standards are required?required?

To provide consistency, formats or styles of citation have been

developed by various associations and societies.

These citation styles are published as style manuals or handbooks.

Egs.MLA, APA or Turabian.

What are Style Manuals? Style manuals provide information on conventions for organizing

term papers, theses, and other types of publications, as well as how

to cite traditional and electronic sources.

List of Style ManualsList of Style Manuals BIOLOGY

– Scientific Style and Format: the CBE manual for authors, editors and Publishers.

CHEMISTRY

– The ACS Guide: a manual for authors and editors. GENERAL

– The Chicago Manual of Style. – A Handbook for Scholars. – A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

(Turabian) LITERATURE

– MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. PSYCHOLOGY

– Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) SOCIOLOGY

– A Guide to Writing Sociology Papers.

List of Style ManualsList of Style ManualsTURABIAN - Book by a single author

– Franklin, John Hope. George Washington WIlliams: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Journal article by a single author

– Kappraff, Jay. “The Hidden Pavements of Michelangelo’s Laurentian Library.”– Mathematical Intelligencer 21 (Summer 1999): 24-30.

BUSINESS

– American Management Association. The AMA Style Guide for Business Writing. New York: AMACOM, 1996. Print.

ENGINEERING

– Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Editorial Style Manual. IEEE, n.d. Web. 9 Sept. 2009.

ENGLISH AND OTHER HUMANITIES

– MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: Mod. Lang. Assn., 2009.

GEOLOGY

– Bates, Robert L., Rex Buchanan, and Marla Adkins-Heljeson, eds. Geowriting: A Guide to Writing, Editing, and Printing in Earth Science. 5th ed. rev. Alexandria: Amer. Geological Inst., 2004.

List of Style ManualsList of Style Manuals GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

– Garner, Diane L. The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources: A Manual for Social Science and Business Research. 3rd ed. Bethesda: Congressional Information Service, 2002. Print.

– United States Government Printing Office. Style Manual. 30th ed. GPO, 2008. Web. 9 Sept. 2009.

HISTORY– The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.

JOURNALISM– Goldstein, Norm, ed. Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law.

Rev. ed. New York: Associated Press, 2008. LAW

– Harvard Law Review et al. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 18th ed. Cambridge: Harvard Law Rev. Assn., 2005.

LINGUISTICS– Linguistic Society of America. Language Style Sheet. LSA, n.d. Web. 9 Sept.

2009. MATHEMATICS

– American Mathematical Society. AMS Author Handbook. AMS, 2008. Web. 9 Sept. 2009.

MEDICINE– American Medical Association. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and

Editors. 10th ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2007.

List of Style ManualsList of Style Manuals MUSIC

– Holoman, D. Kern, ed. Writing about Music: A Style Sheet from the Editors of 19th-Century Music. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.

PHYSICS– American Institute of Physics. Style Manual: Instructions to Authors and

Volume Editors for the Preparation of AIP Book Manuscripts. 5th ed. New York: AIP, 1995.

POLITICAL SCIENCE– American Political Science Association. APSA Style Manual for Political

Science. Rev. ed. Washington: APSA, 2006. SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL WRITING

– American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for the Preparation of Scientific Papers for Written or Oral Presentation. ANSI, 2005. Web. 9 Sept. 2009.

– Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications. 3rd ed. Redmond: Microsoft, 2004.

– Rubens, Philip, ed. Science and Technical Writing: A Manual of Style. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2001.

SOCIAL WORK– National Association of Social Workers Press. NASW Press Author

Guidelines. NASW P, 2009. Web. 9 Sept. 2009.

Style Manuals - Special FormatsStyle Manuals - Special Formats

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WRITING ABSTRACTS, ANSI, 1979. ART OF ABSTRACTING, 2nd ed., Information Resources Press, 1996. A BROADCAST NEWS MANUAL OF STYLE, 2nd ed., R. MacDonald, Longman, CARTOGRAPHIC CITATIONS: A STYLE GUIDE, S. Clark, et.al., American Library Association,

1992. CITATION RULES AND FORMS FOR UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS,

M. Rothman, Long Island University Press, 1971. COLUMBIA GUIDE TO ONLINE STYLE, Columbia University Press, 1998. COMPLETE GUIDE TO CITING GOVERNMENT INFORMATION RESOURCES: A MANUAL FOR

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND BUSINESS RESEARCH, 3rd, ed., D. Cheney. LexisNexis, 2002. ELECTRONIC STYLES: A HANDBOOK FOR CITING ELECTRONIC INFORMATION, X. Li, and

N. B. Crane, Information Today, 1996. MICROSOFT MANUAL OF STYLE FOR TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS, 2nd ed., Microsoft Press,

1998. STANDARDS FOR PREPARATION OF THESES AND PROJECTS IN THE GRADUATE

COLLEGE, 4th ed. Boise State University, 2001. A STYLE MANUAL FOR CITING MICROFORM AND NONPRINT MEDIA, E.Fleischer, American

Library Association, 1978. THE CANADIAN STYLE: A GUIDE TO WRITING AND EDITING. Dundura Press and Public

Works and Government Services Canada, Translation Bureau, 1997, UPI STYLEBOOK: THE AUTHORITATIVE HANDBOOK FOR WRITERS, EDITORS & NEWS

DIRECTORS, 3rd ed., National Textbook Co., 1992. WHERE CREDIT IS DUE: A GUIDE TO PROPER CITING OF SOURCES - PRINT AND

NONPRINT, N. Shields, Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997.

APA STYLE GUIDEAPA STYLE GUIDE

Based on Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (2009)

In Text References Citing References – Print Sources: Journals – Print Sources: Books, reports, documents, etc. – Electronic Sources (online/web): articles, ebooks,

reports, media, data, blogs, wiki, podcasts, etc. – Style Formatting Software – Web Sites and Tutorials

CITING REFERENCESCITING REFERENCES

Begin your list of references on a new page, headed with the word “References” centered at the top. Use “Reference” if there is only one.

Alphabetize the list by author's last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title.

For article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.

Periodical titles should be written in full with both capital and lower case letters. If an article Digital Object Identifier (doi) is noted in the print article, include it. References are to be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of

each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented. Double space the entire document.

Example: Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi: 10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10

PRINT SOURCES …PRINT SOURCES …

JOURNAL ARTICLES. Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pages. doi: unique identifier

One Author [6.27] Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.910

Two to Seven Authors [6.27] Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi: 10.1037/1061- 4087.45.2.10

Eight or More Authors [7.01.2] Include all authors up to and including seven. For eight or more, include the first six, then an ellipsis, followed by the last author's name. [6.27]

– Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., ...Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.843

Magazine Article [7.01.7] Rodgers, J. (2006, July). Extreme psychology. Psychology Today, 39(4), 86-93.

Review of a Book [7.06.45] Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information by J.S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304. doi: 10.1126/science.290.5495.1304

Daily Newspaper Article, No Author [7.01.10]. Use p. or pp. before page number. If the article had more than one page but not continuous then the citation would be "pp. A12, A14."

– New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (2001, August 3). The Washington Post, p. A12.

PRINT SOURCES …PRINT SOURCES …

Letter to the Editor, Newspaper Article [7.01.15] Berkowitz, A.D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking [Letter to the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education 47(13), p. B20.

Entire Issue of a Journal [7.01.12] Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND REPORTS Format: Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Give the complete location (e.g., city and abbreviated state in the United States) for the publisher.

If the publisher is a university and the name of the state is part of the university name, don’t repeat the state in the location information. [6.30]

• Book [7.02.18] Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

• A Book by More than One Author [7.02.24] Levison, M., Ward, R. G., & Webb, J. W. (1973). The settlement of Polynesia: A computer simulation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

• Edited Book [7.02.22-24] Ruiz, V. L., & Sánchez Korrol, V. (Eds.). (2006). Latinas in the United States: A historical encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

• Corporate Author as Publisher [7.02] American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND REPORTSREPORTS

Anonymous Author [6.27] Guidelines and application form for directors, 1990 summer seminar for school teachers. (1988). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities.

Chapter in a Book [7.02.25] Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

ERIC Document [7.09.62] Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teaching Learning. (ED346082)

Government Report [7.03.31] National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Dissertation or Theses [7.05] – Copies of theses by California State University, Sacramento students shelved in the Library

are considered unpublished. – Norawong, S. T., & Stephen, A. L. (1999). Stress and the CPS social work environment

(Unpublished Master's thesis). California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento,CA.

WEBSITES and TUTORIALS WEBSITES and TUTORIALS

Basics of APA Style (Tutorial): http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style:

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx DOI and URL Flowchart from APA: determine when to include a doi, url or database

information in your references. http://blog.apastyle.org/files/doi-and-url-flowchart-8.pdf Quick Guide to APA Format, 6th edition (Video)

http://library.csus.edu/guides/metzgerd/Bio1/APA7.htm OWL at Purdue/APA Format: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ OWL Materials - Developing an APA Style Outline:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/ – APA (6th ed.)/ Alvin Sherman Library, Research & Information Technology Center, Nova

Southeastern University: http://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992778

Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) by Peter W. Martin: for examples on citing legal references based on The Bluebook and the ALWD Citation Manual. http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/index.htm

MLA StyleMLA Style

It is widely used in the humanities for professional writing and documentation -- English studies, comparative literature studies, cultural studies, and other liberal arts scholarship.

MLA General Guidelines All sources should be parenthetically cited and full bibliographic information

included at the end of the essay on a separate page with the centered title, Works Cited.

Works Cited organized by author's last name. each book entry should include: author's last name, author's first name. title

italicized. city of publication: publisher, copyright date. each periodical or journal entry should include: author's last name, author's first

name. "title of article." title of journal italicized volume.number (year): page number range.

Parenthetical citations occur after the quote, before the full stop, and include the author's last name and page number of the quoted material.

Quoted material that is three lines or longer should be indented 1" from the left margin. For these block quotes, do not use quotation marks and place the parenthetical citation after the full stop.

MLA StyleMLA Style

Book by a single author Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: a habit

of stories. London: Faber & Faber,1993.

Journal article by a single author Craner, Paul M. “New Tool for an Ancient Art:

The Computer and Music.” Computers and the Humanities 25 (1991): 303-13.

MLA StyleMLA Style

Quotation from that source in the text of your essay: Orientalism is a "distribution of geopolitical awareness into aesthetic, scholarly, economic,

sociological, historical, and philological texts" (Said 12). Or, you can incorporate the author's name in your sentence and omit it from the

parenthetical citation: Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia.

Trans. Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987.

A block quote from the above source: Deleuze and Guattari combine the here-and-now to a Science Fiction narrative: Doubtless, the present situation is highly discouraging. We have watched the war machine

grow stronger and stronger, as in a science fiction story; we have seen it assign as its objective a peace still more terrifying than fascist death. (422)

MLA StyleMLA Style

An example of a journal article on the Works Cited page: Pearson, Wendy Gay. "Postcolonialism/s, Gender/s,

Sexuality/ies, and the Legacy of The Left Hand of Darkness: Gwyneth Jones's Aleutians Talk Back." Yearbook of English Studies 37.2 (2007): 182-196.

Parenthetical citations of a journal article would be the same as those for a book.

Harvard StyleHarvard Style

How Referencing Print Sources? Journal: Author Surname, Author Initial. (Date) Article title. Journal Title, Volume (part), pages. Burnham, J.F.(1994) Information management education for students in the health care

professions: a coordinated, integrated plan. Medical Reference Services Quarterly. 13(2):45-62.

Blythe, J., and Royle, J.A. (1993) Assessing nurses' information needs in the work environment. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 81(4), p433-5.

Birx, E., Castleberry, K. and Perry, K. (1996) Integration of laptop computer technology into an undergraduate nursing course. Computers in Nursing. 14(2), p108-12.

Journal - Online:Author Surname, Author Initial. (Date) Article title. [format] Journal Title, Place of Publication:

Publisher: Available at: <URL> [ Accessed Date]. Drury, R.M. (1997) Considerations in planning a computer learning lab for nursing students.

[online] On-Line Journal of Nursing Informatics. Available at: http://cac.psu.edu/~dxm12/OJNI.html [Accessed 25 March 2003]

Referencing Electronic Referencing Electronic ResourcesResources E-Journal: Morgan, M. & Palmer, J. (2007) Dog bites. BMJ,

[Online] 334,413-417 Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/334/7590/413 [Accessed 12 March 2007].

Webpage: NHS Direct (2006) Bites. [Online] Available from: http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=49 [Accessed 12 March 2007].

Referencing Electronic ResourcesReferencing Electronic Resources

E-Book: Warrell, D. Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals. In: Ledingham, J. & Warrell, D. (eds) Concise Oxford Textbook of Medicine, [Online] Oxford University Press. Available from: http://gateway.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi [Accessed 12 March 2007].

Discussion list: Andretta, S. (2007) “33 reasons why librarians are still needed…”, FILE (Facilitating Information Literacy Education) blog, 1 February 2007 [Online]. Available from: http://facilitatingileducation.blogspot.com [Accessed 13 March 2007. GMT 16:00:00]

Chicago Citation GuideChicago Citation Guide

The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: – notes and bibliography and– author-date.

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities.

The author-date system has been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication.

Chicago Citation GuideChicago Citation Guide

Given order - Notes and Bibliography: Sample CitationsBook: One author1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History

of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History

of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Two or more authors 1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate

History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52. 2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate

History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.

Chicago Citation GuideChicago Citation Guide

For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):

1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . . .

2. Barnes et al., Plastics . . .

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author 1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92. 2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24. Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1951.

Chicago Citation GuideChicago Citation Guide

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author 1. Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith

Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 242–55. 2. García Márquez, Cholera, 33.

Article in a print journal In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the

bibliography, list the page range for the whole article. 1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical

Philology 104 (2009): 440. 2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53. Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology

104 (2009): 439–58.

Chicago Citation GuideChicago Citation Guide

Article in an online journal

Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a

permanent ID that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an

Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include

an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline.

1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving

Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed

February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.

2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.

ReadingsReadings

1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, 6th ed. APA,2009.

2. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.

7th ed. New York: Mod. Lang. Assn., 2009.

3. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Thank You!!!Thank You!!!