Studying Culture Dimensions of Cultural Context.
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Transcript of Studying Culture Dimensions of Cultural Context.
Studying CultureDimensions of Cultural Context
IndividualismValuing personal independence
personal responsibilityfreedom of choicepersonal autonomy achieving self-fulfillment
Promoting the selftalent and potential in each personpursuit and development of abilities
CollectivismGroups bind and mutually obligate individuals
a sense of duty to group interdependence to othersharmonyworking with the groupsubordinating personal goals for the sake of
preserving the ingroup
people are not seen as isolated individuals but as interdependent with others
Individualism—Collectivism How do individuals perceive themselves?
“I am distinct and unique.” “I am a member of a family.”
How do individuals relate to others? “What do I gain?” “How will this affect others?”
What goals do they follow? “I want to win.” “I am a team player to help the group win.”
What drives their behavior? “It is my right to do this.” “My duty is to my group.”
Behavioral Traits Associated With Individualism and Collectivism
Levels of the Continuum
Cultural Level=Individualism—Collectivism
Psychological Level=Idiocentrism—Allocentrism
Horizontal individualism
Vertical individualism
Horizontal collectivism
Vertical collectivism
Vertical and Horizontal Cultural Orientations
The Pancultural Self
The idea that the individual self is pancultural
i.e., the individual self is more fundamental to self-definition than the collective self across all cultures
Motivation to achieve positive self-regard
High-Context—Low-Context
Restricted code
Silence is valued
Indirect, implicit messages
Examples: China, Vietnam, and many African cultures.
Elaborated code
Silence is uncomfortable
Direct, explicit messages
Examples: the U.S., Switzerland, and France
Value Orientations•Values affect intercultural communication•Like culture, values are learned•A universal structure to values•Condon and Yousef’s six dominant themes:• self• family,• society• human nature• nature• the supernatural
Power Distance
“the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.”
–Hofstede
Uncertainty Avoidance—the degree to which the members of a particular
culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.