Study Report - Madhya Pradesh

[Study on Assessment the Role of Community & Behavioural Change Impact Under Swachh Bharat Mission (G) - Madhya Pradesh]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis (AIGGPA) Bhopal 0

Study Report

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance

and Policy Analysis (AIGGPA) Bhopal - 462003

Study on

Assessment the Role of Community & Behavioural Change Impact

Under

Swachh Bharat Mission (G) - Madhya Pradesh



Project Team Special Guidance

1. Shri Padamvir Singh, Director General

2. Shri Akhilesh Argal, Director

Guidance

Shri Rahul Choudhary, Principal Advisor (Infrastructure and Economic Development)

Study/Research Coordinator

Shri Manoj Kumar Jain, Advisor (Infrastructure and Economic Development)

Consultant

Shri Amitabh Singh/Mrs. Leena Singh, Bhopal

E-Sanchay Software Consultant

Dr. Roopak Shrivastav, Principal Consultant – Program Management, MAP_IT

Field Support Team

1. Ku. Brajesh Thakur, Field Investigator

2. Shri Dharmendra Mishra, Field Investigator

3. Shri Madhusudan Dubey, Field Investigator

4. Ku. Shweta Dubey, Field Investigator

5. Shri Vishal Gupta, Field Investigator

6. Shri Purushottam Argal, Field Investigator

7. Shri Bhumendra Marathe, Field Investigator

8. Shri Narendra Singh, Field Investigator

9. Ku. Anu Patel, Field Investigator

10. Ku. Archana Bharti, Field Investigator Administrative & Finance Support Team

1. Mr. H.P. Sharma, Manager (Administration)

2. Mr. Girish Trivedi, Manager (Finance)

Training Support Team

1. Mr. Ravindra Chouhan, Executive Assistant

2. Mr. Ajay Yadav, MSW



Table of Contents S. No. Topic Page Number

(i) Table of Contents 2

(ii) List of Abbreviations 3

(iii) Foreword 4

(iv) Executive Summary 5

1. Introduction 17

2. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) 17

2.1. Vision 17

2.2. Objective 17

2.3. Strategy 18

2.4. Focus on Behaviour Change 18

2.5. Foot Soldiers of Swachh Bharat 18

2.6. Monitoring Mechanisms 18

2.7. Verification of ODF Communities 18

2.8. Sustaining ODF Communities 19

3. Current Study 19

4. Objective of the Study 19

5. Methodology 20

6. Literature Review 22

7. Findings of the Study: Quantitative Data 28

7.1. Status of ODF: Madhya Pradesh 28

7.2. Profile and Background of Respondents 30

7.3. Status of House 32

7.4. Toilets Construction 33

7.5. Toilets: Location, Number and Condition 39

7.6. Use of Toilet 42

7.7. Water and Use of Toilet 45

7.8. Respondent’s Observation on the Practice of Open Defecation 48

7.9. Information, Education and Communication for ODF 48

7.10. Institutional Involvement and ODF 51

7.11. Suggestions for Improvement 54

8. Findings of the Study: Community Perception 55

8.1 Villages and Communities 56

8.2. Information about SBM 57

8.3. Construction and Design 58

8.4. Reason for Constructing Toilets 61

8.5. Funding and Institutional Support 61

8.6. Use of Toilet 63

8.7. Water Sources and Issues Associated with Water 65

8.8 Issues of Behavioural Change Post ODF 66

8.9. Support to ODF 72

8.10. Role of Institution in the Process of ODF 73

8.11. Public Toilet: Availability and Use 74

8.12. Major Issues Emerging from the Study 76

9. Findings: Role of District and Block Administration 79

10. Major Issues Emerging from the Study 82

11. Recommendations 87

Annexure: Data Tables 92

Glimpses 101



List of Abbreviations

ACS: Additional Chief Secretary

ASHA: Accredited Social Health Activist

AAP: Annual Action Plan

AWW: Anganwadi Worker

BCC: Behaviour Change Communication

CBO: Community Based Organisation

CEO: Chief Executive Officer

CLTS: Community-Led Total Sanitation

CRSP: Central Rural Sanitation Programme

FGD: Focused Group Discussion

FTO: Fund Transfer Order

GP: Gram Panchayat

GRS: Gram Rojgar Sahayak

GS: Gram Sabha

GOI: Government of India

HH: House Hold

IHL: Individual Household Latrine

JMP: Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO & UNICEF

MNREGA: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

MP: Madhya Pradesh (A state of India)

MDWS: Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

NBA: Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

NREGS: National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

NRLM: National Rural Livelihood Mission

ODF: Open Defecation Free

OBC: Other Backward Classes

PHED: Public Health and Engineering Department

P&RD: Panchayat and Rural Development

PMAY (G): Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (Gramin)

RES: Rural Engineering Services

SBM (G): Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)

SC: Scheduled Caste

SDM: Sub-Divisional Magistrate (Revenue)

SECC 2011: Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011

SGTS: Swachch Gram Tadarth Samiti

SHG: Self Help Group

SLWM: Solid and Liquid Waste Management

SMC: School Management Committee

ST: Scheduled Tribes

TV: Television

TSC: Total Sanitation Campaign

TSSM: Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing UN: United Nations

UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

VHSC: Village Health and Sanitation Committee

WHO: World Health Organisation

WSP: Water and Sanitaion Programme

ZP: Zila Panchayat



Foreword

It is an irony that the country where the first sitting type toilet of the civilisation of

humankind was developed and had successful public drainage system, today termed as global

capital of open defecation. SBM (G) is one among the most important programme of GOI

and also of the State of Madhya Pradesh. The programme aims at improving the levels of

cleanliness in rural areas by putting efforts to culminate to the culture of open defecation.

Madhya Pradesh was one among the few states that made serious efforts to conceive and

implement the idea behind SBM seriously. The programme started in the year 2014 and state

made good progress in the rural areas. The planners and team involved in the execution of the

programme in the field faced several issues in different regions of MP. The planners and team

involved in the implementation of the programme, informally shared issues they faced. Based

on these feedbacks and the media reports the Institute decided to commission an independent

study to know the current status of programme implementation so that institute is able to

document the gaps, difficulties of implementation and other issues affecting the pace of

programme implementation. AIGGPA also realised that as a premier institute of policy

analysis the institute must share ways and means with government for taking effective steps

for mid-course correction.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis (AIGGPA) is the

premier institute of policy analysis in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The institute undertakes

research to understand the impact of the policies and programmes of the central and state

governments at the ground level. The findings of the studies act as a base for providing policy

input to government departments of the state. In most of the cases, the institute collaborates

with the departments while undertaking research on any topic or any issue of significance. A

core team of professionals, working with AIGGPA, plans, facilitates and executes all the

research initiatives of the institution.

The study has noted that programme has made efforts to achieve the targets set under SBM

and the teams have fulfilled their responsibilities to the best of their understanding and

capacity. The programme has different level of success in different places. It has succeeded in

areas where community members received an opportunity in planning and execution. It

helped in developing sense of ownership amongst the community members. The programme

has shown abysmal performance in places where the state machinery has solely taken the

responsibility of planning, constructing and completing the physical target. In all such places,

the programme has become a programme of construction of latrine leaving the main aim of

changing the community behaviour related to open defecation.

With immense gratitude, the team would like to acknowledge everyone who has shared their

insights and experiences especially Government officers, Field functionaries, PRIs

representatives, members of Gram Sabha and beneficiaries of the programme. The team

would also like to thank the administration and finance wing of AIGGPA for providing all

the support, which made these visits possible and successful.



Executive Summary

1. Background

The current status of cleanliness, sanitation and hygiene is the biggest challenge for India,

which is one of the fastest growing economies of the world. At present India leads the

world’s statistics in the number of people who defecate in the open. JMP Report, UNICEF

and WHO, in 2012, highlighted that 1053.7 million people were defecating in the open across

the world and out of this around 626 million resided in India. The report said, “Nearly 60

percent of those practising open defecation live in India.” The 2013 JMP report provided a

figure of 620 million people defecating in open. The UN General Assembly recognises access

to safe clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right. The WHO fact sheet on

sanitation (2015) highlighted the fact that around 8.42 lakh (0.842 million) people in low and

middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene each

year, representing 58% of the total diarrhoeal deaths. The fact sheet further highlights that

poor sanitation is the main cause of around 2,80,000 of these diarrhoeal deaths. Open

defecation is a practice that poses a threat not only to the environment but also, to the health

and longevity of human life.

While the present-day figures and literature blames India for leading the practice of open

defecation; it is interesting to note that the first sitting type toilet was developed in India and

was used with the very successful public drainage system. Sitting type toilets in

human history appeared quite early. In the remains of Harappan civilisation in India, at a

place called Lothal (62 Kilometres from the city of Ahmadabad in Western India) and in the

year 2500 BC, the people had water borne toilets in each house which was linked with drains

covered with burnt clay bricks. To facilitate operations and maintenance, it had manhole

covers, chambers etc. It was the finest form of sanitary engineering. With the decline of Indus

Valley civilisation, the science of sanitary engineering disappeared from India. From then on,

the toilets in India remained primitive and open defecation became rampant1.

The Prime Minister of India launched Swachch Bharat Mission was on 2nd

October 2014 to

accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put the focus on

sanitation. The mission draws its learnings from the programmes implemented in the past

such as the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) during the International Water and

Sanitation Decade (1980-1990), Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) and Nirmal Bharat

Abhiyan (NBA), in 2012, which focussed on monitoring the performance of Gram

Panchayats for their sustained ‘Nirmal’ status.

2. Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is the second-largest state in the country by area. With over 75 million

inhabitants, it is the fifth-largest state in India by population. Madhya Pradesh is the land of

46 scheduled tribes. Bhil (37.7 percent of the total tribal population) is the most populous

tribe of the state followed by Gonds (35.6 percent of the total tribal population). Four other

STs in the descending order are Kol, Korku, Sahariya and Baiga. Along with Bhil and Gond,

the six tribes constitute 92.2 percent of the total ST population of the State2. Madhya Pradesh

is divided into six cultural zones that are Baghelkhand, Bundelkhand, Malwa, Nimar, Central

Madhya Pradesh and Mahakaushal. Central Madhya Pradesh is a cultural junction of

Bundelkhand, Mahakaushal and Malwa. Mahakaushal and Nimar have a heavy presence of

Scheduled tribe and the OBCs or the Other Backward Classes of Indian Society dominate the

rest of the zones.

1

History of Toilets; Dr. Bindeswar Pathak, Sulabh International’s manual, 1995. 2 Madhya Pradesh, Data highlights: The Scheduled Tribes, Census of India, 2001.



3. SBM(G): Vision, Strategy and Objectives

The government of India through SBM (Rural) aims at improving the levels of cleanliness in

rural areas through Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities and making Gram

Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised. In order to achieve this, the

Mission is also committed to remove the bottlenecks that were hindering the progress,

including partial funding for the programme. Promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating

open defecation to enhance the quality of life in rural areas are few goals of the mission.

SBM (G) also aims at developing community managed scientific Solid & Liquid Waste

Management systems. As part of the strategy, the SBM (G) has accorded complete autonomy

to the states because sanitation is a state subject.

4. Study: Objectives and Methodology

In 2017, AIGGPA conceptualised the study, to understand the process and impact of the

Swatch Bharat Mission (Gramin) on the behaviour of the community with specific focus on

the two issues:

- The comprehensive behavioural change among the community members towards

ODF after the introduction of SBM,

- The role of Panchayat, Village Level Statutory Committees and Community Based

Organisation and other similar institutions in the process of ODF and sustaining the

same.

This study draws conclusions using secondary and primary data. The secondary data was

collected from the official website of SBM, other relevant documents sourced from the Rural

Development Department of GoMP. Study team collected primary data from five districts of

Madhya Pradesh namely Sagar, Ujjain, Balaghat, Sidhi and Gwalior.

5. Findings

The findings, of the study, provide answers to some of the question related to the practice of

open defecation. The findings also highlight some of the challenges currently faced by SBM

in MP.

5.1. Status of ODF: Madhya Pradesh The Government of India presents the daily status of ODF on the format 42 on its website.

The format provides details of units declared as ODF and units verified as ODF. The website

shares data for following five units namely the state, district, block, Gram Panchayat and

village. As on July 18, 2018, the state, of M.P., was able to verify 17 districts, 99 blocks,

more than 9000 GPs and more than 23000 villages as ODF. The findings show that 33.3

percent districts, 31.6 percent blocks, 42.8 percent GPs and 45.9 percent of villages have

been declared and verified as ODF until July 18, 2018.

Table-2: Madhya Pradesh: Ranking of Different Units on the Basis of Declared and Verified ODF

S. No.

Level Percentage Declared

Rank in the country

Percentage Verified

Rank in the country Gap

1 Districts 41.2 25 33.3 22 7.9

2 Blocks 39.3 26 31.6 21 7.7

3 GP 54.5 28 42.8 19 11.7

4 Villages 59.5 19 45.9 19 13.6

The gap between declared ODF units and verified ODF units is higher at GP and village level

compared to the block and the district level.

5.2. Information, Awareness and Motivation The process of constructing the toilet, in the villages started with information dissemination,

generating awareness among the masses and motivating the communities to construct and use

the toilet. State and districts shared the information, on SBM (G), using different types of



messages. These messages reached to the community through sources like electronic media,

print media, using Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat as institution and platform for

information dissemination. These messages reached to 40.6 percent respondents. It is

important to mention here that majority, of the respondents, was unable to share any specific

message (81.9 percent of the 40.6 percent).

The study found that there have been many systematic efforts towards motivating and

convincing the community to construct the toilet. Financial assistance from the government

was the biggest source of motivation for people to construct the toilet. A significant

proportion of the respondents admitted that they agreed to construct the toilet because it was

becoming difficult for the elderly, sick and women to go in open for defecation.

5.3. Selection of Beneficiaries and Funding The District, Block and GP authorities mentioned that they received the list of beneficiaries

from the centre and there was no scope to include any new name in this list. The first focus

has been to construct toilets for all beneficiaries whose name appeared in the list of

beneficiaries selected by GOI. GOI also launched SBM App and made efforts to put all the

names on the SBM App. Later only those names were selected that appeared on App of SBM.

This created some confusion because many names mentioned in the list were not updated on

the SBM App.

GP officials and elected representatives clarified the process and steps finalized for fund

transfer to the beneficiaries. Payment was supposed to be transferred into two instalments of

Rupees 6000.00 each. To receive each instalment the GP need to geo-tag the photo of

completed work with the photo of the beneficiary. The funds were supposed to come to the

account directly through FTO. Beneficiaries, secretary, Sarpanch, and block level authorities

complained about the problem in FTO. Delayed payment or in some cases no payment at all

was the biggest problem in the entire process. The data reveals that 88.4 percent of families

had no problem in getting the funds. Around 11.6 percent beneficiaries had difficulty in

getting funds from the government.

5.4. Selection of Site and Location The place of the toilet within the home is traditionally not considered good in rural India. The

study explored the current level of thinking of the rural population by asking a question on

the current place where a toilet has been constructed. Findings suggest that less than 7 percent

of beneficiaries were not satisfied with the place selected for the toilet construction.

It was observed during field visit that if the toilet is within the premise of the household then

chances of use are very high and if the toilet constructed is outside the premise then chances

of use decreases. Many respondents clearly stated that they will continue using the toilet even

if is is not within the premise. Out of 498 HH, 54 percent of households have mentioned that

the toilet is outside the premises of house and 42.77 percent household mentioned that the

toilet is constructed inside the premises. Around 1.2 percent respondents have said that they

have a toilet which is outside home and is on a sharing basis with other families. Only 0.6

percent of families say that they have a toilet with an overhead tank.

5.5. Access and Availability of Water Availability of water determines the use of toilet and this is the single most important factor

responsible for the success or failure of SBM. Data reveals that out of total 498 households

nearly 16.3 percent had the source of water at home. Nearly 82 percent of households had a

source of water within a kilometre from their home. Little less than 1.5 percent of HH told

that the distance of the source of water was more than a kilometre from their home. More

than 56 percent of beneficiaries said that they face the problem of shortage of water every

year. This brings the critical issue of ensuring availability of water for toilet use. Data clearly



reveals that distance wise around 13 percent population has a problem in accessing the water

throughout the year. More than 56 percent respondents have a problem in accessing the water

during the lean period when the water table goes down. This lean period is very long, starts

from the end of February, and goes sometimes up to mid-July. The study found that there has

not been any work to ensure water supply for the increased need for using the toilet.

5.6. Construction and Design Construction, of the latrine, has taken place on large scale in rural areas of MP and in all the

villages newly, constructed toilets can easily be seen from the roadside. Data reveals that out

of total 498 HH, selected for the study, 69.5 percent of HH got latrines constructed through

support, motivation and funding from SBM (G). This highlights an important fact that around

30 percent beneficiaries, whose name appears in the list for ODF, already had toilet

constructed at home. In around 36 percent cases, beneficiaries themselves constructed toilet.

The contractors constructed the majority of 63 percent toilet. Around 74 percent of

households were satisfied with the quality of construction. Gwalior has complete satisfaction

(100 percent) and in Sidhi district only 26 percent HH are satisfied with the quality of

construction.

Construction of pit, for the latrine, became a symbol of assurance, of support under SBM.

People informed that they became serious only when the contractor and secretary asked them

to dig the pit. All other assurances and communication were null and void if dialogue for pit

construction was absent.

The study found that there was a lot of emphasis on constructing the toilet using GP as an

agency rather than asking beneficiaries to construct their own toilet. The process of

construction started with the assurance from Gram Panchayat or the government officials

about assured funding for the construction. In some cases, beneficiaries were later informed

that they are not eligible to get support under SBM. The responsibility of construction was

given to people for a very brief period in 2017. This was changed soon and the responsibility

was given back to GP as implementing agency.

5.7. Current Status of Toilet Discussion with community helped to arrive at the conclusion on the usability of the toilet.

People cited many issues such as very small space within toilet, height less than or equal to 5

fit, pan not connected with pit, no pan inside the toilet, pit either not constructed or left

incomplete because of the size (in Balaghat, Gwalior and Sidhi size of some pits were 20 feet

deep, 12 feet wide and 12 feet long). During the study, the investigator together with

beneficiary observed the usability of the toilet. As per this data around in 82 percent of cases,

the toilet was found usable. In the remaining 18 percent cases, the toilet was poorly

constructed and it was found that the quality of construction was responsible for non-use of

the toilet. Sidhi district tops the rank for non-usable toilets and Gwalior had the highest

percentage of families using the toilet. However, the data of focused group discussion reveals

that the usability of the toilet is not more than 60 percent. People showed study team toilets

with very less height, without a pan, without a door, without a roof, walls made of unbaked

bricks coloured with salmon pink, cracked wall and pan not properly connected with the pit.

People also showed the team toilets far away from home near thickets. In all such cases, the

GP and contractor constructed the toilets.

5.8. Use of Toilet Study data reveals that a very high percentage of toilet use (75.7 percent). The percentage of

those who never used the toilet is very high in Sidhi district followed by Balaghat. In the

houses where the toilet is always used it is not necessary that all the family members use the

toilet all the times. In Baihar block of district Balaghat, a head of household said, “Toilet is

constructed and is in good working condition but I do not go to the toilet because my



daughter in law uses that. How can Sasur (Father-in-Law) and Bahu (Daughter-in-Law) use

the same toilet? It is against our culture”. The statement highlights the fact that there exist

various kinds of taboos and social norms that still restrict the use of the toilet.

People said that without the availability of water they couldn’t use the toilet. Nearly 50

percent respondent mentioned that they continue using the toilet even if there is a shortage of

water. They further mentioned that if there would be no water then the use of the toilet will

automatically stop. Fewer percentage (7 percent) of respondents admitted that use reduces

due to a shortage of water.

5.9. Repair and Maintenance Transfer of knowledge and skill related to repair and maintenance of the toilets, pit, tank and

other items associated with it is important for sustaining the use. The study found that in the

majority of the cases there was no orientation of the beneficiaries about how to use the toilet,

how to maintain a properly cleaned toilet on daily basis.

5.10. Different aspects of Behaviour Change Many behavioural changes are expected once the use of sanitary latrine begins. Important

among them are the practice of hand washing after defecation and cleaning the toilet

especially the pan of the toilet after use.

Hand Wash: A paper published in Indian Journal of Public Health highlights the importance

of hand washing and mentions that “The Millennium Development Goals have firmly

established the issues of “water, sanitation, and hygiene” on the global agenda. Neglect of

hygiene goes a long way in explaining why water and sanitation programmes have often not

brought the expected benefits.” Another Study, in Bangladesh, says, “Inadequate hand

washing after defecation and anal cleaning practices in the Indian subcontinent is an

important source of faeco-oral transmission of enteric diseases.” Washing hand after the

defecation is important for better health and ensuring protection from dangerous bacterial

infection. Nearly 57 percent groups mentioned that they wash hand with recommended hand

wash agents like ash, soap or detergent. Around 8 percent groups reported that they wash

hands with clay and remaining admitted washing the hand with water only. Drying the hands

with cloth they wear is the most common practice across the state.

Cleaning Toilet: “If the toilet is not clean then I will prefer going out in open for defecation”,

said a 12-year-old boy in a village of Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. The data suggest

that a large proportion of people not only uses the toilet but also clean it on the regular

interval. It is clear, from the data presented above, that strong element of behaviour change

exists among the communities.

People said that there is difficulty in changing the behaviour of older generations; the

majority of the members feel claustrophobic soon after entering the toilet. During a focused

group discussion, people said that the small size of the toilet gives a feeling of clumsiness.

Shortage of water makes it difficult to use the toilet especially during the period when there is

a shortage of water. Careful scrutiny of all the statements makes it very clear that people no

longer mention custom, culture and tradition as a reason for not using the toilet.

5.11. Role of Institutions SBM is implemented through institutions of local self-government and the mission creates

space for CBOs (Community-Based Organisations) to play an effective role in achieving the

overall objectives of the SBM (G). Community recalled the role played by various

institutions during the process of declaring villages as ODF. The Nigrani or Monitoring

Committee constituted at the village level was comparatively the most active committee. In

the majority of the places, during FGD, the community members were able to recall the

constitution of the monitoring committee in the villages during the process of ODF. People in

these villages were not able to recall the active involvement of SMC or SGTS.



Zila Panchayat played a central role in the planning, coordination, and execution of the

overall process of making rural areas of the district open defecation free. There was planning

for achieving the target of constructing the toilet within the given frame of time. The

information, received from districts, reveal that monitoring was very strong as long as the

process of achieving the target under ODF was not complete. Once a mandatory target for

construction of the toilet was achieved and the district was declared ODF the process of

monitoring stopped.

5.12. Public Toilet A schoolgirl in Ujjain said, “We have a toilet in our school and our school is a girl school.

We have been using this toilet for the last two years and there was no problem. In the month

of October last year (2017) suddenly we started noticing that our toilet is not clean. Few girls

fell ill after using the dirty toilet. Later it became clear that after using the toilet girls are

falling ill then we stopped going to the toilet. Later on, we noticed that boys from

neighbouring boys school come use and leave our toilet dirty. The matter was reported to the

principle and our principal decided to lock the toilet when not in use. Now, whenever we

need to use the toilet, we have to take the key from the teacher. Now we are not falling ill and

are able to manage our toilet clean as well.” Two small stories narrated by children highlight

the importance of cleaning the public toilets after use. Cleaning the public toilet is the biggest

hurdle in ensuring the use of the public toilet.

Construction of Public Toilet and promoting its use in public places is one among the major

objectives of SBM. In village Ingoria, of Badnagar block in the district Ujjain, a public toilet

is constructed. This toilet is situated in the market and is in regular use. Gram Panchayat has

designed and developed a business model that has provided full-time work to a family. There

are toilets in School and in Aganwadis too. The use of toilets in Aganwadi is almost

negligible because the Sahayika and Aganwadi worker discourage children to use the toilets

and they are not ready to take responsibility of helping kids in cleaning their anal after use of

the toilet.

5.13. Waste Management The system of solid waste management is still not present in the villages and Panchayats have

yet not started thinking about developing a proper system of garbage disposal. It was

observed that waste is thrown here and there in the villages. The traditional system of storing

domestic biodegradable waste in a pit for decomposition is vanishing rapidly. The data shows

that places of dumping of the waste are Dustbin (20 percent), Garbage Pit (16 percent), Open

place or open field (23 percent), near pond or river (8 percent) and throwing garbage on road

or places nearby house (33 percent).

6. Major Issues Emerging from the Study

The study was designed to understand the broad behavioural changes towards ODF in the

community and the role of the village water and sanitation committee and other similar

institutions. The study has found a lot of issues and materials vis-à-vis the first objective of

the study. There is very limited data on the role of village water and sanitation committee and

other similar institutions. The major issues emerging from the study are presented in the

paragraphs below:

6.1. Behaviour Change The study has tried to explore and understand the factors and causes that help in sustaining

the behaviour change of people and communities. The findings strongly suggest that the

behaviour of people has changed after the programme intervention and the indicators

showing the behaviour change are given below:



(i) Agreeing for Construction of Toilet: People or the beneficiaries agreed to construct

the toilet itself is a strong indicator of change of behaviour.

(ii) Personal Investment: Construct a Better-Quality Toilet: The second most

important indicator of behaviour change can be gauged from the fact that large

proportion of beneficiaries have invested from their own pocket to make the toilet

better.

(iii) Use of Toilet: High level of use is another important indicator of change in behaviour

towards personal hygiene and sanitation.

(iv) Cleaning the Toilet: People mentioned about cleaning the toilet and during FGDs,

they shared the items with which they clean the toilet. Such minute detail reaffirms the

fact that people use and clean toilet.

(v) Hand Wash: A boy, in village Ingoria of Ujjain district, told that he washes his hand

with “Lifeboy” (a brand name of soap) and immediately an elderly boy laughed at him

and said that he washes his hand with water only. Although the data collected from

the study might suggest that people have adopted the practice of hand wash yet the

observation and reality suggest that a lot needs to be done on the front of hand wash.

(vi) Maintenance of Toilet: Families are spending money for repair and maintenance of

toilet, which is another strong indication of toilet use. (vii) Ownership: Cleaning the toilet, investing in repair and using it inform that the sense

of ownership is developed amongst the community members.

6.2. The Slow Pace of Transfer of Technology Under SBM the state is transferring a technology that is needed to stop the practice of open

defecation and allows the safe disposal of human faeces. This technology has various options

and one can choose appropriate technological solution best suited to the area and locality.

6.3. Non-Functional Toilet During the FGDs, the study team found that toilets constructed in both the villages of Sidhi

(visited by study team), in one village of Bhitarwar block of Gwalior, and in parts of Balaghat

are not functional due to various reasons. These toilets are non-functional because the

contractor has not constructed it properly or in some cases the pan and pit are not connected

properly or the height of the toilet is low.

6.4. Lack of Planning There is a complete lack of planning and coordination among important institutions to ensure

a better result. In the villages, people mentioned it clearly that no planning for water

availability was undertaken and it was difficult for them to use the toilet if water is not

available.

6.5. Poor Support to Motivator Swachhta Doot, the Foot Soldier or the motivator is supposed to play a key role in mobilising

the community and ensuring sustainability. In no place, the motivator was given due

responsibility and, in many cases, even the proper remuneration was not paid.

6.6. Constructing the Toilet through GP The study found that the focus of the system was to construct the toilets declaring Gram

Panchayat as implementing unit. This emphasis replaced the beneficiary and the beneficiary

was reduced to merely working on the instruction of GP for everything. Making sustained

efforts to ensure that the beneficiary is not constructing the toilet is a critical issue and it has

just taken away the sense of ownership and motivation of the families. The frustrating

experiences of people in Sidhi, Gwalior and Balaghat are a clear-cut example of the same.

6.7. Responsibility Post-Construction In no village, the monitoring committee or any other group had any idea and information

about the future of ODF. Everyone has assumed that after the construction of the toilet the



responsibility has ended. Issues of water availability, ensuring the mechanism for repair and

maintenance, transfer of the knowledge and skill remained unanswered.

6.8. Involvement of Institution

Centre says that sanitation is the state subject and M.P. State Panchayat Act has transferred

the responsibility of sanitation to the Panchayats. This means that Sanitation is the Panchayat

subject. In all the 5 districts elected representatives of the Panchayats had very limited idea

about SBM, ODF and the role of Panchayats as an institution of local self-government. The

standing committees of Panchayat were not active and neither part of discussion, analysis and

decision-making. The authoritarian attitude and behaviour like “we know everything and we

will listen only to authorities communicating from the top,” undermines the spirit of the

programmes and discourages others to take any meaningful responsibility.

7. Recommendations Based on the findings and observation the study has a set of recommendations divided into

the following categories:

Planning Phase

Implementation Phase

Sustainability Phase

7.1. Pre-Construction or Planning The planning phase is critical because during this phase the roles, responsibilities and nitty-

gritty, of the overall objective, are discussed and finalised. The study has following

recommendations for pre-construction or the planning phase.

(i) Developing Gram Panchayat as Basic Unit of Planning At present Panchayats are implementing the instructions given by higher-level institutions

and authorities. Gram Panchayat is the local government of the community hence GP is best

suited to prepare plan in consultation with community or the Gram Sabha. The plan for

making the village clean and ODF can be a special plan of the GP. During this planning

process, at GP level, the state and other government agencies can share with GP following

issues:

the broader framework and necessary guidelines of the SBM;

Role of Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha in the entire process;

The process of beneficiary selection and the role of GP and GS in this process;

Various design and technological inputs available for people;

The system and process of fund release;

The process of declaration and verification for ODF.

(ii) Involvement CBOs and Standing Committees of Gram Sabha There is Swachh Gram and Tadarth Samitee or SGTS that is the MP version of the village

health and sanitation committee (VHSC). Apart from SGTS, there are various other

committees such as Forest Committee, federations of SHGs, SMC and standing committees

of the Gram Sabha. It is important to involve these committees in the process.

(iii) Involvement of Panchayats and Standing Committees It is important to involve elected representatives of the Panchayats in the planning process.

This will help in ensuring continuity of decision and follow-up process at cutting-edge level.

It is important to transfer the responsibility of planning to the standing committees of the

Panchayats at all level.

(iv) Involvement of Departments in Programme Planning and Execution Rural Development Department, though ZP, is the only institution that is implementing the

programme. Departments like, PHED, WRD, Forest, School Education, Health and WCD has



very limited or no role in programme planning, execution and review of programme

performance. These departments need to be involved in the overall process and need to be

assigned specific responsibility to ensure complete and actual coverage of ODF.

(v) Planning for Water The study strongly recommends that the state must first plan for water and thereafter it can

start the process of toilet construction. Planning for water availability must precede planning

for all other activities in SBM. Based on the planning for water additional sources of the

water need to be identified and allocated. The state needs to take a clear-cut step for ensuring

smooth coordination between ZP, PHED and other departments working on ensuring

availability of water in rural areas. The technical expertise of PHED must be used for making

village wise water planning to sustain ODF.

(vi) Planning for ensuring Supply of Materials The entire district faced an acute shortage of materials necessary for construction such as

bricks, cement, doors and sand. This affected the progress and district had to make stopgap

arrangements. It is important for the district to prepare a strategy and plan to ensure timely

supply of materials and trained worker for households to be able to complete the construction

within a given period. The delay in getting material increases the cost of construction.

7.2. During Implementation Phase The study has following suggestions for this crucial phase.

(i) Construction of Toilet by Beneficiary Data reveals that good quality construction leads towards increased use of the toilet and

sustained behaviour change. The study also found that beneficiaries only construct the

majority of the good quality toilets. Since they have constructed so, they thought about

addressing all issues that can affect the use of the toilet. As a result, the beneficiary led

construction process has resulted in increased use and behaviour change in the villages. This

study recommends that beneficiary should be given a lead in implementation and

construction phase. In some cases, GP might construct good quality toilet but that will take

away the opportunity of on job training of beneficiary and deprive beneficiary of developing

a sense of ownership. In the case of toilet constructed by Panchayats, people had only

complaints about the quality and functionality of the toilet. Keeping this in mind the study

recommends that in no case GP should be given the responsibility of construction or should

be made implementing agency.

(ii) Campaign for Behaviour Change and Personal Hygiene The study has found that merely a construction of toilet does not ensure change in the

behaviour. People have many misconceptions about cleanliness, hand wash and about the

disposal of solid and liquid waste. It is important that state, through Gram Panchayat, CBOs

and Gram Sabha, should focus on organising a campaign on issues preventing people from

using the toilet and other behavioural aspects. This will help people in understanding the

importance of the behavioural aspect of cleanliness and will remove the misconception.

(iii) Dissemination of messages and Transfer of Technology Prior to construction, it is important to share the various alternative models of latrine suitable

for the area. The positives and negatives of each model and it’s suitability in local condition

must be discussed in details amongst the community members. The people must be informed

about the purpose behind constructing latrine with the double pit. Standing Committees of

Gram Sabha, SGTS, GP and other CBOs should be used as a platform to facilitate discussion

and disseminate the information.



(iv) Transfer of Skill and Technology to Community Toilet and latrine will sustain, if there is support available for repair and maintenance at an

affordable cost. At present, the repair and maintenance are solely the responsibility of the

owner and since cost is very high, so there is limited or no effort for ensuring repair and

maintenance. The study recommends developing a cadre of local youth as mason and experts

of toilet and latrine repair and maintenance. A mixed course of Mason and plumber need to

be offered through ITIs and Skill India. Swachhagarhis can also be offered this course so that

they are developed as a young entrepreneur to provide repair and maintenance services.

7.3. Sustainability Phase

The actual use of toilet begins once construction is complete. Hence, post-construction phase

is important for ODF and behaviour change. The study has found many issues that are

affecting the use of toilet and as a result the process of behaviour change. The major issues

that emerged are

Non-functional toilets due to poor construction;

Non-functional toilet due to a shortage of water;

Families going in open due to non-construction of the toilet;

Families stopped the use of toilet due to damage of structure after some time;

There are few important issues that will affect the use of the toilet in long run and that is:

Understanding and information about the use.

(i) Identification of Non-Functional Toilets The study has found that a large proportion of newly constructed toilets are non-functional. It

would be appropriate to identify these non-functional toilets due to the fault in construction

and efforts should be made to make these toilets functional investing a small amount for

repair.

(ii) Use of Bio-Friendly Toilet Cleaner The study has found that at present the toilet is cleaned by a chemical that kills the bacteria of

pit ultimately affecting the sustenance and management of defecated waste stored in the pit. It

is important to provide material that reduces to side effects. The study recommends promoting

the use of bacterial pit cleaner. This aspect is the most neglected aspect of the entire campaign

and state must focus on identifying appropriate cleaner, promote the use and focus on local

production of such cleaners.

(iii) Solid and Liquide Waste Management All Zila Panchayats and Janpad Panchayat need to develop a strategy for Solid and Liquid

Waste Management at the earliest. The State needs to facilitate the process and put

Panchayats in the driving seat. The policy guideline from the state can simply provide a

framework for developing a district-specific strategy and plan.

Types of solid waste presently coming out from rural houses;

A place for disposing of the waste;

Use of traditional practice of disposing waste;

Opinion about the segregation of non-biodegradable waste at household level;

Role of state in handling non-biodegradable waste;

The option of energy generation from biodegradable (State can provide a source of

funding currently available and institution mapping for technical support).

(iv) Mechanism for Addressing Grievances There are many grievances in the field and people have no idea about how to handle

grievances. Firstly, there is an information gap and people do not know whether the

information they are getting is correct or not. Sometimes there are confusions related to geo-

tagging, FTO, the response from a bank or from banking correspondents. All institutions



including GP can take a different role of mobilisation, providing technical support and

problem-solving. It is important to have a dedicated team at district level just to address the

issue of grievances cum information gap.

7.4. Recommendations for Sanitation and ODF in Public Places Constructing Toilets merely at home is just one attempt towards achieving the target of ODF.

People spend a lot of time outside a home in rural areas too. Following places are important

places and location where people assemble and spend a lot of time: School;

Aganwadi;

Hospital;

Haat – Bazar and Market;

Agricultural Mandi;

Places of Public Transport.

The Study has following as recommendation to ensure cleanliness and behaviour change at

public places.

(i) Increase the Use of Toilet at Schools and Anganwadi There is an urgent need of specific guideline for ensuring and regulating the use of the toilet

in schools and Aganwadis. The toilets, at these institutions, are the public toilet that requires

clear guidelines for cleaning and water supply and generating awareness amongst the

children. Teacher, AWW and Aganwadi Sahayika need to be informed about their specific

role and responsibility vis-à-vis use and management of the toilet.

(ii) Develop a Universal Business Model for Public Toilet The toilet in Public places needs to be built more in numbers in rural areas too. At present, it

is important to construct public toilets in the villages where weekly Haats and markets are

organised. These Public Toilets should be managed on a proper business model. Public Toilet

of Village Ingoria, in Ujjain, has presented model details of which can be documented. These

details will help the government in developing detailed guidelines for building and operating

Public toilets in Public places of Rural MP.

(iii) Developing a Market: Construction, Operation and Maintenance Support for the toilet, to the families of household, is one-time support from the government.

To sustain it will require trained manpower, materials readily available for repair and

maintenance and items required for daily use. The state will not be responsible for ensuring

the supply of any item after the construction of toilet. The construction is also opening up a

complete market, which is not developed in the rural areas. There is a need for the state to

create an enabling environment for beginning and growth of this market, which will require

the use of machine and technology on large scale especially for cleaning and emptying the

pits. The issues related to cleaning the pit will arise after some time and the government need

to work out a clear strategy to address this issue.



Main Report



1. Introduction

Meaning of the word “Sanitation” has changed with time. The rural sanitation programme in

India was introduced in the year 1954 as a part of the First Five Year Plan for the period of

1952-57. In the year 1981, the Census data revealed that the total coverage, of rural

sanitation, was only 1 percent. With the beginning of International Decade for Drinking

Water and Sanitation during 1981-90, India also decided to give emphasis on rural sanitation

and as a result, Government of India introduced the Central Rural Sanitation Programme

(CRSP) in 1986. The Central Rural Sanitation Programme was one of India’s first efforts to

provide safe sanitation in rural areas. This programme focussed mainly on providing

subsidies to people to construct sanitation facilities. However, a study done by the

government in 1996-97 showed that it was more important to raise awareness about

sanitation as a whole rather than to just provide subsidies for construction. This

understanding marked the first shift in the programme. In 1999, a restructured Total

Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was initiated to create supply-led sanitation by promoting local

sanitary marts and a range of technological options. TSC was restructured and renamed as the

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. With intent to transform India to "Nirmal Bharat", the scheme's

revised target for reaching total sanitation was changed from 2012 to 2022. Under NBA, the

Incentives for IHHLs were enhanced and further focussed support was obtained from

MNREGA. However, there were implementation difficulties in the convergence of NBA with

MNREGA as funding from different sources created delays.

2. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)

The website of the SBM states “To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation

coverage and to put the focus on sanitation, the Prime Minister of India launched the Swachh

Bharat Mission on 2nd

October 2014. The Mission Coordinator for SBM is Secretary,

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) with two Sub-Missions, the Swachh

Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). Together, they aim to

achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a fitting tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th

Birth

Anniversary. In Rural India, this would mean improving the levels of cleanliness through

Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities and making villages Open Defecation Free

(ODF), clean and sanitised”.

2.1. Vision The aim of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is to achieve a clean and Open Defecation Free

(ODF) India by 2nd

October 2019.

2.2. Objective: The main objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) are as under:

Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas, by

promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation.

Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat

Mission by 2nd

October 2019.

Motivate Communities and PRIs to adopt sustainable sanitation practices and

facilities through awareness creation and health education.

Encourage cost-effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and

sustainable sanitation.

Develop wherever required, Community Managed Sanitation Systems focusing on

scientific Solid & Liquid Waste Management systems for overall cleanliness in the

rural areas.

To create a significant positive impact on gender and promote social inclusion by

improving sanitation especially in marginalized communities.



2.3. Strategy

The focus of the strategy is to move towards a ‘Swachh Bharat’ by providing flexibility to

State governments, as sanitation is a State subject, to decide on their implementation policy,

use of funds and mechanisms, taking into account State-specific requirements. The

Government of India’s role is essentially to complement the efforts of the State governments

through the focused programme being given the status of a Mission, recognizing its dire need

for the country. The key elements of the Strategy include

Augmenting the institutional capacity of districts for undertaking intensive behaviour

change activities at the grassroots level;

Strengthening the capacities of implementing agencies to roll out the programme in a

time-bound manner and to measure collective outcomes;

Incentivizing the performance of State-level institutions to implement behavioural

change activities in communities.

2.4. Focus on Behaviour Change Behaviour change has been the key differentiator of Swachh Bharat Mission and therefore

emphasis is placed on Behaviour Change Communication (BCC). BCC is not a 'stand-alone'

separate activity to be done as a 'component' of SBM-G, but about nudging communities into

adopting safe and sustainable sanitation practices through effective BCC. Emphasis is placed

on awareness generation, triggering mind-sets leading to community behaviour change and

demand generation for sanitary facilities in houses, schools, Anganwadis, places of

community congregation, and for Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities. Since Open

Defecation Free, villages cannot be achieved without all the households and individuals

conforming to the desired behaviour of toilet use every day and every time, community

action and generation of peer pressure on the outliers are key.

2.5. Foot Soldiers of Swachh Bharat There is a need for a dedicated, trained and properly incentivized sanitation workforce at the

GP level. An army of ‘foot soldiers’ or ‘Swachhagrahis’, earlier known as ‘Swachhata

Doots’ is developed and engaged through existing arrangements like Panchayati Raj

Institutions, Co-operatives, ASHAs, Anganwadi workers, Women Self-Help Groups,

Community Based Organisations, water linemen/pump operators etc. who are already

working in the GPs, or through engaging Swachhagrahis specifically for the purpose. In case

existing employees of line departments are utilised, their original Line Departments are in

clear agreement to the expansion of their roles to include activities under the Swachh Bharat

Mission.

2.6. Monitoring Mechanisms A robust monitoring arrangement has been put in place to monitor Open Defecation Free

status of a village, the implementation of Solid and Liquid Waste Management projects as

well as the construction and use of household toilets, school and Anganwadi toilets, and

Community Sanitary Complexes. The monitoring also uses a robust community-led system,

like Social Audit. Community-based monitoring and vigilance committees will help in

creating peer pressure. States decide the delivery mechanisms to be adapted to meet the

community needs.

2.7. Verification of ODF Communities The government of India defined the term ‘ODF’ and developed indicators for the same. To

institute a credible process to verify villages against these indicators, an effective verification

mechanism is necessary. As sanitation is, the state subject and States are the key entities in

the implementation of the programme. Hence, the states are best placed to evolve the



mechanism required for ODF verification. The role of the Centre is to cross-share processes

adopted by different States and evolve a mechanism to validate a small percentage of

GPs/villages declared ODF by the States and further facilitate and guide the States where

there is a large difference in evaluation of Centre/State.

2.8. Sustaining ODF Communities The achievement of ODF involves working on behaviour change largely, sustenance of

which requires concerted efforts by the community. Many districts and States have evolved

parameters to maintain the sustainability of ODF. The review of stated vision, strategy,

objectives and details mentioned for monitoring sustaining ODF it is clear that mission

heavily relies on

Developing institutional mechanisms for promoting and sustaining ODF practices;

Developing convergence among the functionaries of line departments and also among

Panchayats and Government offices.

The mission states it very clearly that there is a strong need to develop a cadre of grassroots

level workers named as Swachhagrahis.

3. Current Study

AIGGPA initiated a study, at the end of 2017, to understand the status of behaviour change

because of intensive works undertaken to declare a village, a block or a district ODF. The

study proposal draws its initiation from the reach-out made by Commissioner, Sagar

Division, requesting for verification & evaluation of ODF villages in the division. Further

deliberations and all concerned stakeholder’s meeting on June 21st 2017, felt the need for a

larger study mandate. Since the subject is sparsely covered in Madhya Pradesh state context,

a detailed study in 2 parts is been envisaged. The first part is scheduled to focus on the efforts

to achieve ODF stage in the program. The second part is likely to deep-dive on issues relating

to community approach for sustaining the program. Officials also suggested that these are the

immediate requirements of the programme evaluation of ODF and post ODF issues &

challenges in both the aspects. After the presentation and discussion with a core team of the

institute and consultation meeting with the ACS (P&RD) on 13.10.2017, now this study will

be consolidated in one study and conducted internally. This study, therefore, aims to provide

a clearer picture of implementation effectiveness as well as the role of community and their

changing behaviour and the issues and challenges for its sustainability.

The study assumes that since the village has been declared as ODF village hence the physical

infrastructure is in place in all the ODF villages. The term physical infrastructure includes the

availability of fully functional latrine in each household and the necessary infrastructure for

ensuring easy access to water for sanitation near to each household. The study also believes

that the government of MP and district level mission has made significant efforts towards

sustaining the ODF in the villages after achieving the targets set for construction of

infrastructure.

4. The Objective of the Study

The study has the following objectives:

1. Assess the broad behavioural changes towards ODF in the community, as a result of a

programme implementation of SBM.

2. Assess the role of the village water & sanitation committee & other similar

institutions for sustaining the ODF villages.



5. Methodology

The methodology of the study is divided into two parts. Part one has presents summary and

findings generated after reviewing the secondary literature on these issues including the data

made available by government agencies such as Zila Panchayat, Janpad Panchayat and Gram

Panchayat. Some secondary information has also been collected from the website of the GoI

and GoMP. The second part of the study has focussed on generating data from field to assess

the current status of behavioural practices and efforts made by the government to address the

issues of behaviour change and attaining the objective of sustaining ODF.

The state is divided into 10 administrative divisions each headed by a divisional

commissioner. These are Bhopal, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Shahdol, Rewa, Sagar, Gwalior,

Chambal, Ujjain and Indore. Out of these 10 divisions 5 divisions, namely Gwalior, Ujjain,

Sagar, Rewa and Jabalpur were selected for this study. In each division, one representative

district was selected and, in each district, two blocks were selected for the purpose of data

collection. The study has collected data from one village from each of the 2 Gram Panchayat

selected from the block identified for the study. In this study, only those villages were

selected that were declared ODF before 2017-18. In each village, 10 such households have

been selected. The name of the Household was selected from the list of SBM beneficiaries

who had constructed the toilet. A detailed interview of these households has been conducted

on a structured questionnaire. The details are as follows:

Table – 1: Details of Study Sample

S. No. Division District S. No. Block GP Village Respondents

1 Gwalior Gwalior 1 Dabra 5 5 50

2 Bhitarwar 5 5 51

2 Sagar Sagar 3 Rehli 5 5 50

4 Deori 5 5 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 5 Ujjain 5 5 50

6 Badnagar 5 5 50

4 Jabalpur Balaghat 7 Katangi 5 5 48

8 Baihar 5 5 50

5 Rewa Sidhi 9 Rampur Naikin 5 5 51

10 Kusumi 5 5 49

Total 5 5 10 50 50 498

The table above provides detailed information about the study area and numbers of HH

undertaken from each village. It is important to mention here that

In some blocks, responses of few families were incomplete due to the poor presence

of senior members of the family.

There were 51 duly filled forms from Bhitarwar block of Gwalior and Rampur Naikin

Block of Sidhi district. Since the quality of the response was within the acceptable

limit hence these have been retained in the study.

Thus total 498 HH has finally been covered in this study. Apart from interviews, the study

has collected data using the following tools at the appropriate level:

Focused Group Discussion in the villages;

Discussion with block level officials responsible for planning and implementation of

SBM (G);

Discussion with officials, working on SBM (G) at the level of Zila Panchayat.



Details, of the focused group discussion, are presented below in Table 2:

Table – 2: Details of Focused Group Discussion in the Study Area

S. No. Group Sagar Ujjain Balaghat Sidhi Gwalior Total

1 SC Male 1 3 0 0 2 6

2 SC Female 1 3 0 0 1 5

3 Mix Group M/F SC 0 2 2 4 2 10

4 ST male 1 1 1 1 1 5

5 ST female 1 0 1 1 1 4

6 Mix Group M/F ST 2 1 2 2 1 8

7 OBC Male 0 1 1 0 2 4

8 OBC Female 0 1 0 0 2 3

9 Mix Group M/F OBC 3 3 1 1 2 10

10 Other Male 1 2 1 1 1 6

11 Other Female 1 2 1 1 0 5

12 Mix Group M/F Other 0 1 2 3 0 6

13 MiX group all social category- Male 2 3 1 0 2 8

14 MiX group all social category- Female 0 1 0 0 2 3

15 MiX group all social category- M/F 1 2 2 7 25 37

16 Children Group mix all category and Gender 1 3 6 1 1 12

Total 15 29 21 22 45 132

It is clear from the data presented in the table above that total 132 group discussion were

organised during the study with male, female and children from different sections of society.

Data presented in table-3 shows

the number of Sarpanch

interviewed during the study.

The sample of 35 Sarpanch

include 19 male and 16 female

Sarpanch. A total number of

female Sarpanch was high in

Ujjain district. In all other districts, the numbers of Male Sarpanch were higher than the

female Sarpanch. Detailed discussions with block-level officers were conducted and

summary of these discussions are presented below in table 4.

During the Study, the team tried meeting district-level official responsible for planning,

execution and monitoring of the programmes under SBM. The idea, behind these meetings,

was to understand the perspective and views of district-level authorities working on SBM.

Details of each discussion are given below in table 5.

Table – 3: Details of Interviews of Sarpanch in the Study Area

District Male Female Total

Sagar 3 2 5

Ujjain 4 6 10

Balaghat 4 1 5

Gwalior 2 3 5

Sidhi 6 4 10

Total 19 16 35

Table – 4: Meeting with Block Level Authorities

S. No. District Block CEO Janapd SBM Coordinator

Panchayat Inspector

Block President

1 Sagar Raheli Yes Yes Yes No

Deori Yes Yes Yes No

2 Balaghat Baihar Yes Yes Yes No

Katangi Yes Yes Yes No

3 Ujjain Ujjain Yes Yes Yes No

Badnagar Yes Yes Yes Yes

4 Sidhi Rampur naikin Yes Yes Yes No

Kusumi Yes Yes Yes No

5 Gwalior Dabara Yes Yes Yes No

Bhitarwar Yes Yes Yes No

Table – 5: Meeting with District Level Officers

S. No. District CEO ZP SBM Coordinator/

Motivator

PHE

Officials

CMHO

1 Sagar No Yes No No

2 Balaghat No Yes Yes Yes

3 Ujjain No Yes Yes No

4 Sidhi Yes Yes Yes No

5 Gwalior No Yes Yes No



6. Literature Review: Open Defecation, Access to Facilities and

Sustaining the ODF

Open defecation is a critical challenge for providing a safe and healthy environment to the

people necessary for better quality of life. It is well known that open defecation spreads

bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, including diarrhoea, polio, cholera and hookworm.

Open defecation is also an important cause of child stunting. The literature, on open

defecation, terms India as the epicentre of open defecation which well sentenced by a team of

researchers in the following the word, “why do so many people in rural India defecate in the

open3.” The team uses UNICEF and WHO (UNICEF and WHO 2012) data to strengthen its

argument. Rural sub-Saharan Africa is place where people are, on average, poorer, less

educated and less likely to have access to an improved water source than people in rural India

yet comparatively smaller proportion of people in rural sub-Saharan Africa defecate in open

(35 percent). In rural Bangladesh, only 5 percent of people defecate in the open. In rural

China, 2 percent of people defecate in the open.

In this section, the study will try to analyse the literature on this topic of open defecation,

sustainability and behaviour change. In the beginning, we will look at the status of India, as

reported in international reports vis-à-vis practices of open defecation and access to safe

sanitation. In the second part, the study will present the current status of India and Madhya

Pradesh after the beginning of SBM programme. In the third part, the study will present and

analyse the findings of various studies on the factors and causes responsible for the

continuance of the practice. In the fourth part, the study will look into the findings related to

challenges in addressing the root causes of open defecation.

6.1 Open Defecation: India, SDG and Progress

In 1990 the total population of Southern Asia was 1,19,16,47000 out of which 65 percent

population (77,45,70550) was going in open to defecate. Out of this 65 percent people going

in open for defection, the share of India was 72.92 percent. This means that in south Asia

India was the biggest source of open defecation contributing to 73 percent and rest of the

countries putting together were adding only 27 percent. This data highlights the fact that a

large proportion of people going out for open defecation are Indian4.

If India achieves its stated mission of making country open defecation free by October 2,

2019, the country would be a single largest contributor in helping the globe in achieving the

targets set by SDG vis-à-vis sanitation and access to a toilet. NITI Ayog highlighted the fact

that in 2012 around 600 million people, in India, were defecating in open, which is 25 percent

of the total population defecating in open across the globe5.

Goal number 6 of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) talks about water and sanitation. UN

portal on SDG says, “Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people around the world,

an alarming figure that is projected to increase with the rise of global temperatures as a result

of climate change6.” Facts and figure highlight that 2.4 billion people lack access to basic

sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines. It further mentions, “Ensuring universal access

to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires we invest in adequate

infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, and encourage hygiene at every level7.” The goals

further reiterate that “By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building

3 Understanding Open Defecation in Rural India: Untouchability, Pollution, and Latrine Pits; Economic & Political Weekly,

January 7, 2017 vol lII no 1 4

Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment; © UNICEF and World Health Organization

2015 5 http://niti.gov.in/content/goal-6-ensure-availability-and-sustainable-management-water-and-sanitation-all

6 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html

7 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/



support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes,

including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, waste water treatment, recycling

and reuse technologies.

The voluntary national review report, of SDG, has highlighted the achievement made by

India in the field of access to sanitation. The report says, “Currently, nearly 77.5 percent of

rural habitations are being provided with 40 litres of drinking water per capita on a daily

basis. Another 18.9 percent habitations have been covered partially thus far. Over 63.7

percent of households in rural areas had access to an improved sanitation facility in 2016-17

as compared to 29.1 percent in 2005-068.” The report again mentions on page 20, “The lack

of sanitation facilities at home also affects women disproportionately. Additionally, the

absence of adequate infrastructure for sanitation and menstrual hygiene management in

schools is one of the factors that contribute to girls dropping out of secondary school. This

issue is being addressed through the flagship sanitation programme of the government9.

6.2 Open Defecation: Factors and Causes

A study, conducted in Indonesia, on sustainability of verified Open Defecation Free (ODF)

villages found that “Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) programmes, like

the Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) programme of the Government of Indonesia,

have played a significant role in reducing open defecation though still little is known about

the sustainability of the outcomes10

. The study assessed the sustainability of verified Open

Defecation Free (ODF) villages.

The study also explored the association between slippage occurrence and the strength of

social norms. The study surveyed 587 households and held focus group discussions (FGDs)

in six ODF villages two years after the government’s ODF verification. The study found that

the overall, the slippage rate (i.e., a combination of the sub-optimal use of a latrine and open

defecation at respondent level) was estimated to be 14.5 percent (95 percent CI 11.6–17.3).

Results of multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the following factors are

closely associated with the slippage rate:

(1) Weaker social norms, as measured by respondents’ perceptions around latrine

ownership coverage in their community,

(2) A lack of all-year-round water access, and

(3) Wealth levels (i.e., not being in the richest quintile).

These findings, together with qualitative analysis, concluded that CATS programmes,

including a combination of demand creation, removal of perceived constraints through

community support mechanisms, and continued encouragement to pursue higher levels of

services with post-ODF follow-up, could stabilize social norms and help to sustain longer-

term latrine usage in study communities.

6.3 Success of Open Defecation in India: Social Norms and Mindset

A Paper titled Understanding Open Defecation in Rural India: Untouchability, Pollution, and

Latrine Pits11

argues that the reason of open defecation is very closely associated with beliefs,

values, and norms about purity, pollution, caste, and untouchability that cause people to reject

affordable latrines. The paper then advocates that for ensuring sustainability, post-ODF, there

8 Voluntary National Report, ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, UNITED

NATIONS, High Level Political Forums, 2017; (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16693India.pdf,

Summary – page – iv; 9 Ibid; Summary – page – 20; 10 Enabling Factors for Sustaining Open Defecation-Free Communities in Rural Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study; Int. J.

Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1572; doi:10.3390/ijerph14121572, 2 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph 11

Understanding Open Defecation in Rural India: Untouchability, Pollution, and Latrine Pits; Economic & Political Weekly,

January 7, 2017 vol lII no 1

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16693India.pdf



is a strong need to address villagers’ ideas about pollution, pit-emptying, and untouchability,

and should do so in ways that accelerate progress towards social equality for Dalits rather

than delay it. India has far higher open defecation rates than other developing regions where

people are poorer, literacy rates are lower, and water is relatively scarcer. In practice,

government programmes in rural India have paid little attention in understanding why so

many rural Indians defecate in the open rather than use affordable pit latrines. Future rural

sanitation programmes must address villagers’ ideas about pollution, pit emptying, and

untouchability, and should do so in ways that accelerate progress towards social equality for

Dalits rather than delay it. This study also points out that many people consider having and

using a pit latrine ritually impure and polluting. Particularly men, who typically decide how

money is spent in rural households, in contrast, see open defecation, as promoting purity and

strength.

6.4 Construction of Latrine, Behaviour Changes and impact on Health

A study measured the impact of the TSC implementation with capacity building support in

rural Madhya Pradesh12

. Study undertook an intensive analysis of data to establish the

findings. This study was trying to measure the impact TSC programme that had additional

funding support from the World Bank. The study focused on issues such as availability of

individual household latrines (IHLs), defecation behaviours, and child health (diarrhoea,

highly credible gastrointestinal illness [HCGI], parasitic infections, anaemia, growth). The

study found that,

The main reasons for daily open defecation in spite of having IHL were culture, habit,

or preference for defecating in open followed by inadequate water availability.

Anaemia was prevalent in the study children (54percent) and children were small

according to international growth standards

Among BPL households, the intervention increased improved sanitation facilities

coverage by 30 percentage points (48 percent intervention versus 18 percent control;

p-value <0.001) and it reduced open defecation among women by 17 percentage

points (73 percent intervention versus 90 percent control; p-value <0.001). Despite

larger improvements in these intermediate outcomes among BPL households or

households without IHL at baseline, the study did not observe consistent

improvement in health outcomes in these subgroups

The less than universal or very high levels of IHL coverage in the intervention

villages combined with relatively small behaviour changes are consistent with our

finding of no improvements in child health outcomes including diarrhoea, enteric

parasite infection, growth, and anaemia.

This study presents a cautionary tale of how difficult it can be to achieve universal IHL

coverage or elimination of open defecation for scaled-up rural sanitation programs. The study

documented clear evidence of more social mobilization, exposure to behaviour change

activities, and IHL construction in intervention villages compared to control villages.

However, these intermediate outputs of the TSC could not translate into high enough levels

of IHL availability and reductions in open defecation practice to deliver the health impacts.

While the TSC program in rural Madhya Pradesh implemented with support from the WSP

increased the household level availability of JMP defined sanitation facilities (+19 percent)

and to a lesser extent reduced open defecation (−10 percent), these improvements were

insufficient to improve child health outcomes (diarrhoea, parasite infections, anaemia,

growth). Despite the limitations of the present study, including short follow-up and evidence

for contamination in the control group, the results underscore the challenge of achieving

adequately large levels of improvements in sanitation to deliver the expected health benefits

within the scaled-up rural sanitation programs.

12 The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A

Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial; Sumeet R. Patil , Benjamin F. Arnold, Alicia L. Salvatore, Bertha Briceno, Sandipan

Ganguly, John M. Colford Jr, Paul J. Gertler; Published: August 26, 2014; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709



In Madhya Pradesh, the TSC program was combined with Nirmal Vatika that served to

increase the IHL construction subsidies available to all eligible households. Additionally, the

districts enrolled in this study received support from the WSP's TSSM project to build

capacity for creating an enabling environment, record keeping and monitoring, and

implementing CLTS-based behaviour change approaches. Therefore, the behaviour change

approaches in the study districts were arguably more intensive than those in the rest of

Madhya Pradesh. However, this study should not be viewed as an evaluation of the CLTS

approach as advocated by its practitioners because the intervention only used CLTS

behaviour change tools and did not follow the key principles of CLTS such as not providing

hardware subsidy and not prescribing latrine models.

6.5 Understanding of design and its mechanism

The Paper titled Understanding Open Defecation in Rural India: Untouchability, Pollution,

and Latrine Pits13

highlights some critical issues related to the kind of confusion people have

in their mind about the design and working of the latrine. It says, “Most people wrongly

believe that government-provided soak pits will fill up in a matter of months, rather than

years, and will require frequent emptying. Mechanical emptying of these pits is impractical

because the pit is designed for water to seep out and for faeces to become compacted. A

sewage truck operator explained that if he wanted to use a mechanical pump to empty a soak

pit, he would need to put water into the pit to suck out the sewage. This would be messy and

would cause him to interact more closely with faeces than if he were sucking the sewage

from a cemented tank. Further, affordable latrines are often built in places that are difficult

for sewage trucks to access. Finally, it is quite expensive to hire sewage trucks, which now

almost exclusively operate in towns and cities, to suck small quantities of sludge from village

latrine pits. For these reasons, soak pits around the world are emptied by hand. Emptying pits

by hand is an unpleasant job that can be hazardous to health if emptying is done before the

faeces decompose.

The Indian government and the WHO recommend that a pit is left unused for six months to

decompose. Decomposed faeces are safer to handle than fresh sludge: they do not transmit

bacterial and viral infections. Under the law, hiring someone to empty a decomposed pit is

not considered manual scavenging. The need to allow pits to decompose before emptying

means that each latrine needs two pits. Although on paper, the Indian government claims to

have been promoting twin-pit systems for decades, very few villagers use this technology.

Only 2.5 percent of in-use latrines observed by the SQUAT survey had two pits. Further,

when we asked people about whether they would be willing to use twin pits, most were

unfamiliar with this technology. When we explained that decomposed faeces are biologically

safer to handle than fresh sludge, the vast majority of people said that this would not address

their concerns about pit emptying. Repeatedly, people asked us, “Who will empty the pit?”

6.6 Sustaining ODF

Sustaining ODF is the most critical issue and after a good beginning, people tend to go back

to their traditional practice of ODF due to various regions. Robert Chambers summarises the

experiences of practitioners about sustaining ODF in the foreword of the book called

‘Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, challenges, and innovations14

’. He says.

“Research has repeatedly found slippage post-ODF, identifying institutional, physical, and

social and behavioural dimensions, and raising acute challenges for policy and practice”. He

mentions, “CLTS-related statistics tend to be inflated. In 2016 a cautious estimate is that 20

13

Understanding Open Defecation in Rural India: Untouchability, Pollution, and Latrine Pits; Economic & Political Weekly,

January 7, 2017 vol lII no 1 14 Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, challenges, and innovations; Practical Action Publishing Ltd The Schumacher

Centre, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV23 9QZ, UK www.practicalactionpublishing.org © Institute of

Development Studies, CLTS Knowledge Hub, 2016.



to 30 million people, and possibly more, are living in communities which have with

reasonable credibility been declared open defecation free (ODF); and that because of CLTS

as many people again will have benefited through gaining access to toilets or cleaner

environments in communities that are not yet ODF15

.

6.7 Conclusion

The literature available on sanitation and behaviour change highlights the fact that simply

constructing sanitary latrines have not helped in changing behaviour. There are several other

factors associated with it that are:

Access to water;

Issues of emptying the pit;

The burden of cleaning the toilet. Especially in the public toilets;

Social norms and mindset.

JMP Report 2017, of UNICEF and WHO, highlights the fact that the number of people

defecating in open has reduced with the implementation of SBM yet the report says that more

than 50 percent people defecate in open. The task of changing behaviour is very difficult

because construction is just one part and giving subsidy does not help in reducing open

defecation.

15 Ibid.



Findings of the Study: Quantitative Data



7. Findings It is clear from the methodology that the current study has covered almost all-important

geographical areas of MP. The sample of the study also includes all categories of the

population ranging from tribal, scheduled caste, upper caste and minorities. The findings of

the study provide answers to some of the questions related to the practice of open defecation

and highlight some of the challenges that the programme currently faces. Findings of the

study are divided into the following sections:

Profile and background of Respondents

Status of House

Toilets Construction

Toilets: Location, Number and Condition

Use of Toilet

Water and Use of Toilet

Observation on Practice of Open Defecation

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Inter-Personal Communication

(IPC) activities for ODF

Institutional Involvement and ODF

Suggestions for Improving

7.1. Status of ODF: Madhya Pradesh

Let us first see the status of ODF in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The Government of India

presents the daily status of ODF on the format 42 on its website. The format provides details

of units declared as ODF and Units verified as ODF. The district, block, Gram Panchayat and

village are the four units for which data is shared on the website. As on July 18, 2018, the

state was able to verify 17 districts, 99 blocks, more than 9000 GPs and more than 23000

villages as ODF. The findings show that 33.3 percent districts, 31.6 percent blocks, 42.8

percent GPs and 45.9 percent of villages have been declared and verified as ODF until July

18, 2018.

Table-6: Madhya Pradesh: Performance on ODF

S.

No

.

Level Percentage

Declared

Rank in

the

country

Percentage

Verified

Rank in the

country

Gap

1 Districts 41.2 25 33.3 22 7.9

2 Blocks 39.3 26 31.6 21 7.7

3 GP 54.5 28 42.8 19 11.7

4 Villages 59.5 19 45.9 19 13.6

The gap between declared ODF units and verified ODF units is higher at GP and village

compared to block and district.

Madhya Pradesh falls at 22

ranked as far as progress made

in terms of verification of

declared ODF villages are

concerned. The gap between

declared ODF and Verified

ODF is around 11 percent and

based on the gap, Madhya

Pradesh stands on 22nd

rank

among 35 States and Union

Territories.

Table – 7: Ranking of States On the basis of declaration and Verification

Rank Declared Rank Verified State

Name

Verified

ODF

2 13 Arunachal Pradesh 90.1

15 14 Rajasthan 79.2

18 15 Andhra Pradesh 69.7

11 16 Maharashtra 68.7

21 17 Karnataka 67.0

13 18 Mizoram 63.4

20 19 West Bengal 62.1

22 20 Nagaland 44.2

14 21 Punjab 39.5

24 22 Madhya Pradesh 36.7

29 23 Manipur 29.2

26 24 Telangana 28.6



7.1.1. Performance of Districts in Madhya Pradesh Based on the gap between declared and verified Blocks/GP/Villages the districts are ranked.

Based on ranking the districts are divided into three categories that are:

Top 15 districts (because all these districts have combined progress of 100 percent

with 0 percent gap in declared and verified Block / GP / Villages. Remaining 36

districts have gap ranging from 0.2 ( Bhind) to 84.5 percent (Dewas);

Middle level 20 districts where the gap between declared and verified ODF ranges

from 0.2 parentages to less than 10 percent; and

Bottom 16 districts where the gap between declared and verified ODF ranges from

10.2 parentages to 84.5 percent.

The data presented in the table – 8 and 9 highlights that the districts of Malwa and Nimar

region have performed well followed by districts of central Madhya Pradesh. There is no

district from Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand in top 15 districts. Gwalior represents Gwalior

and Chambal region and Mahakaushal regions have 2 southern districts namely Narsinghpur

and Chhindwara. Middle Level 20 districts include all the districts of Bundelkhand, Chambal

and eastern tribal dominated MP. Remaining districts, of this category, are two tribal

dominated districts of Nimar, 4 districts of Mahakaushal region and one district of

Baghelkhand region.

Bottom 16 districts include the majority of the districts from Baghelkhand, all tribal

dominated districts of Malwa (Indore Division), partially tribal dominated district of

Mahakaushal and 3 districts of central Madhya Pradesh. Interestingly three districts of

Gwalior division also appear in the list of bottom three districts. Singrauli, the most remote

district of the state and is also appear in the same category of districts.

Table – 9: Bottom 16 Districts

S. No. District Percent

Declared

Percent

Verified

Gap in Declared

and Verified

Region

1 JHABUA 24.6 14.3 10.2 Malwa-Nimar (Tribal)

2 SINGRAULI 11.3 0.7 10.6 Baghelkhand

3 SHIVPURI 15.8 4.6 11.2 Gwalior-Chambal

4 GUNA 20.5 9.2 11.3

5 RAJGARH 24.7 12.7 12 Central Madhya Pradesh

6 BALAGHAT 100 86.1 13.9 Mahakaushal - Partially Tribal

7 DHAR 23.1 8.5 14.7 Malwa-Nimar (Tribal)

8 MANDSAUR 63.6 46.5 17.1 Malwa

9 BETUL 42.7 25.1 17.6 Central Madhya Pradesh (Tribal Dominated)

10 REWA 40.2 22.1 18.1 Baghelkhand

11 ALIRAJPUR 100 74.4 25.6 Malwa-Nimar (Tribal)

12 SIDHI 45.4 16.8 28.7 Baghelkhand

13 RATLAM 62.9 18.1 44.7 Malwa

14 DATIA 100 36.1 63.9 Gwalior-Chambal

15 VIDISHA 100 33.2 66.8 Central Madhya Pradesh

16 DEWAS 100 15.5 84.5 Malwa

Table – 8: Middle level 20 districts

S. No. District Percent

Declared

Percent

Verified

Gap in Declared

and Verified

Region

1 BHIND 12.1 11.8 0.2 Chambal

2 SHAHDOL 6.1 3.1 3 Eastern Tribal Dominated MP

3 ASHOKNAGAR 11.5 8.5 3 Gwalior-Chambal

4 CHHATARPUR 6.8 2.9 3.9 Bundelkhand

5 PANNA 6.8 2.6 4.2

6 SHEOPUR 6.6 2.1 4.5 Chambal

7 KATNI 10.5 5.9 4.6 Mahakaushal

8 KHANDWA (EAST NIMAR) 100 95.1 4.9 Malwa-Nimar

9 DINDORI 11.8 6.7 5.1 Eastern Tribal Dominated MP

10 ANUPPUR 12.8 7.4 5.5

11 UMARIA 7.2 1.7 5.5

12 DAMOH 10.6 4.9 5.7 Bundelkhand

13 BARWANI 8.9 3 5.9 Malwa-Nimar (Tribal)

14 SATNA 10.2 4.1 6.1 Baghelkhand

15 MANDLA 15.8 9.6 6.2 Mahakaushal (Tribal)

16 SAGAR 20.3 14 6.3 Bundelkhand

17 MORENA 10.2 3.3 6.9 Chambal

18 JABALPUR 13.1 5.8 7.3 Mahakaushal

19 TIKAMGARH 14.2 6.5 7.7 Bundelkhand

20 SEONI 14 4.9 9.1 Mahakaushal



7.1.2. Status of Selected Districts The districts selected for the study include two best performing districts (Ujjain and Gwalior),

two very poor performing districts (Balaghat and Sidhi) and not even average performing

district (Sagar). It would be interesting to see the status of implementation at ground level

and the feedback of the community vis-à-vis programme implementation.

Table – 10: Ranking of the Districts Selected for Study

S.

No.

District Percent

Declared

Percent

Verified

The gap in Declared

and Verified

Rank in State

1 UJJAIN 100 100 0 Among top 15 districts where the gap between

declared and verified is 0.

2 GWALIOR 100 100 0 15

3 SAGAR 20.3 14 6.3 31

4 BALAGHAT 100 86.1 13.9 41

5 SIDHI 45.4 16.8 28.7 47

7.2. Profile and Background of Respondents 7.2.1. Respondents – Sex

Out of total 498 respondents, selected for the study, total 65.27 percent respondents are male

and 34.74 percent respondents are female. The data presented in the table reveals that the

highest percentage of female respondents is in Rampur Naikin block of Sidhi district

followed by Kusumi (Sidhi), Katangi (Balaghat) and Rehli block of Sagar District. Highest

numbers of Male respondents are from Bhitarwar and Dabra block of Gwalior district

followed by two blocks of Ujjain. Data is presented in the graph below and table-1 in

annexure.

7.2.2. Members of the Family The share of single person household is highest in the Kusumi block of Sidhi district

followed by Rampur Naikin, Deori block of Sagar and Katangi of Balaghat district. The

finding is presented in the table - 2 in annexure.

Data reveals that:

Around 38.55 percent of families have more than 5 members in the family;

Around 21.89 percent of families have 5 members in the family;

Around 19.68 percent of families have 4 members in the family;

Around 10.24 percent of families have 3 members in the family; and

7.43 percent of families have two members in the family.

85.1 69.7 70.0

62.2

39.0

65.3

14.9 30.3 30.0

37.8

61.0

34.7

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Gwalior Sagar Ujjain Balaghat Sidhi Total

Gender of Respondents

Gender of Respondents Male Gender of Respondents Female



7.2.3. Respondents – Social Category Majority of the respondents, as well as beneficiaries, are from OBC (Other Backward

Classes) category (38.15 percent) followed by Scheduled tribes (27.5 percent) and Scheduled

Caste (24.10 percent). The finding is presented in the table – 3 in annexure. Out of total 498

respondents, the total percentage of beneficiaries from the unreserved category is percent.

0.0

5.0 5.9

16.8

24.8

47.5

2.0

9.1

18.2

29.3

18.2

23.2

1.0

4.0

9.0

14.0

23.0

49.0

2.0

10.2

6.1

25.5 24.5

31.6

6.0

9.0

12.0 13.0

19.0

41.0

2.2

7.4

10.2

19.7

21.9

38.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

One Two Three Four Five More Than Five

Members in the Family of Respondents

Gwalior

Sagar

Ujjain

Balaghat

Sidhi

Total

19.8

14.1

8.0

0.0

9.0 10.2

50.5

38.4 41.0 40.8

20.0

38.2

17.8

26.3

46.0

21.4

9.0

24.1

11.9

21.2

5.0

37.8

62.0

27.5


Social Category of Respondents

General OBC SC ST



7.2.4. Respondents: Category of Assistance Out of total 498 respondents, 62.5 percent are from BPL categories and more than 11 percent

family belong to the APL category. Around 51 percent of families are from scheduled caste

and scheduled tribe category. 5 percent family come from the small and marginal farmer’s

category. Around 6 percent of Beneficiaries are women and 2 percent families belong to the

category of differently abled. The finding is presented in the table – 4 in annexure.

7.2.5. Respondents: Education Level Educational profile, of the beneficiaries, reveals that around 40 percent of respondents are

illiterate and almost equal percentage of 40 have study up to 8th

standard. Around 16.47

percent beneficiaries have studied after 12th

standard and only 2.21 percent beneficiaries have

completed their studies either up to graduation level or up to more. The finding is presented in

the table – 5 in annexure.

7.3. Status of House Around 71 percent of respondents live in the kuchha house and the remaining 29 percent of

respondents live in Pucca houses. Among those who live in Pucca houses, the highest number

of beneficiaries living in Pucca house is in Gwalior district followed by Ujjain and Sagar.

Bhitarwar block has the highest number of beneficiaries living in Pucca Houses (74.51

percent) followed by Dabra that has 68 percent resident living in Pucca house. Lowest

percent of respondents living in a Pucca house is in Baihar block (Balaghat) followed by

Rampur Naikin block (Sidhi). The finding is presented in the table – 6 in annexure.

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

BPL APL SC APL ST Small and Marginal Framers

Women Headed HH

Differently Abled Others

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Category of Assistance


4.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.2

31.7

9.1 12.0

15.3 14.0 16.5

37.6 31.3

44.0

64.3

25.0

40.4

26.7

55.6

43.0

19.4

60.0

41.0


Education Level of Respondents

Graduate and Above Up to 12 Up to 8 Illiterate



7.4. Toilets Construction The government aims at making rural India open defecation free by 2019 and this will be

possible only when all the rural houses have access to the functional sanitary toilet at their

doorstep. It is important here to define the term functional toilet. This definition will help in

understanding the findings of the study. Functional Toilet means a well-designed toilet

constructed for each household and 70 litres per person per day (70 LPCD) water is available

in rural areas. The focus on constructing toilet is one part of ensuring the hardware

component of SBM. The second and equally important part of the hardware component is

necessary arrangements for ensuring water availability. Without water, a toilet cannot be used

and thus merely constructing the toilet building will not ensure that the area is open

defecation free. The third part is about bringing software components in the limelight that is

ensuring the behavioural changes through identification cultural taboos associated with toilet

use, identifying unhygienic practices and then working towards clarifying the doubts and

providing new information and evidence vis-à-vis benefits of using the toilet as a better and

healthy option against the practice of open defecation. This section has focused on the issue

of toilet construction and various factors associated with toilet construction.

7.4.1. Time of Toilet Construction The study tried tracing the exact time of toilet construction at home. The finding is presented

in the table – 7 and 8 in annexure.

Around 10 percent of respondents were not able to tell the time of toilet construction. 20.28

percent respondents mentioned that the toilet was constructed more than three years ago.

69.48 percent respondents said that the toilet at their home was constructed through Swachch

Bharat Mission. Percentage of respondents was significantly high for Katangi block of

Balaghat districts among the respondents those who were not able to recall the time of

construction.

Over 15 percent of respondents were not able to recall the exact year of toilet

construction;

28.7

85.9

58.0

93.9 90.0 71.1 71.3

14.1

42.0

6.1 10.0 28.9


Status of House kuchha Pucca

1.0 1.0 8.0

39.8

2.0 10.2 10.9 13.1

20.0

58.2

0.0

20.3

88.1 85.9 72.0

2.0

98.0

69.5

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


Time of Toilet Construction

Unable to Recall Time

more than three years

Under SBM



30.52 percent of respondents mentioned that the toilet was constructed in less than on

year;

36.75 percent of respondents mentioned that toilet, at their home, was constructed in

the last two to three years;

More than 9 percent respondents mentioned that toilet was constructed before 2014.

7.4.2. The Motivation for Toilet Construction Majority of the villagers had very limited or no culture of using the toilet. Data from focused

group discussions reveal that only two villages, one in Ujjain and one in Gwalior had a toilet

for more than 20 years that too in selected one or two families. The finding is presented in the

table – 9 in annexure.

The study data reveals that following factors motivated or convinced people in villages to

agreeing for constructing the toilet and

start using the toilets

Findings, of the study, are presented in graph above. Study findings highlight that:

75.3 percent respondents mentioned that it was the motivation and pressure of Gram

Panchayat (Sarpanch, Secretary or Gram Rozgar Sahayak) that forced or convinced

them to construct the toilet;

7.63 percent respondents mentioned that the motivator appointed for sanitation

convinced and helped in clearing all doubts related to construction and use of sanitary

toilet at home;

1.61 percent respondents said that messages coming through mass media like TV,

newspaper and other sources convinced them and they agreed to construct the sanitary

toilet at their home.

2.0 4.0

19.2

53.1

1.0

15.7

60.4

9.1

22.2

2.0

58.0

30.6

3.0

27.3

6.1 0.0 1.0

7.4

19.8

47.5

35.4 42.9 39.0 36.8

14.9 12.1 17.2

2.0 1.0 9.5


Year when toilet was constructed under SBM

Do not Reember Exact Year less than one year (2017-2018) one to two years (2016-2017)

two to three years (2015-2016) more than 3 years

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


Source of Motivation for Toilet Construction

Do Not Remember

News paper / Radio / TV / Lectures Etc

swachhta doot/ swachhta prerak / ajivika didi / CPR

Sarpanch / Secretary



7.4.3. Construction of Toilet SBM (G) has envisaged a system for construction of toilets under the scheme. This system

clarifies it clearly that the financial support will be transferred to the bank account of the

beneficiary and it is up to the beneficiary to construct the toilet following a basic minimum

design suggested under SBM (G). The findings are presented in table- 10 in annexure.

Data reveals that:

In 36.14 percent cases, the beneficiaries constructed toilets on their own

In 63.65 percent cases, the toilet was constructed by the Gram Panchayat through a

contractor

In only one case the toilet was constructed by Self-Help Group

This data highlights about one very important issue linked with behaviour change.

Construction of toilet by the beneficiary is not merely a construction of toilet. Involvement of

in construction is on job orientation of beneficiary about each and every step of toilet

construction, it informs them about do’s and don’ts associated with each step of construction

and finally facilitates a process of behaviour change. Involvement is not merely ownership it

raises questions, in the mind of the beneficiary, about each item used and everything

constructed.

7.4.4. Satisfaction with Place Identified for Toilet Construction

The Place of the toilet within the house is traditionally not considered good in rural India.

The study explored the current level of thinking of the rural population by asking a question

on the current place where a toilet has been constructed. The findings are presented in table-

11 in annexure.

Findings suggest that less than 7 percent of beneficiaries were not satisfied with the place

selected for toilet construction.

78.2

18.2

64.0

13.3 6.0

36.1

21.8

80.8

36.0

86.7 94.0

63.7

0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0


Pe

rce

nta

ge

District

Who Constructed Toilet Beneficiary / Self

Contractor provided by Gram Panchayat

Any NGO/ SHG

100.0 98.0 94.0 95.9

78.0 93.2

0.0 2.0 6.0 4.1

22.0 6.8

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


Construction on appropriate place

Yes

No



7.4.5. Consent of Beneficiary for selecting the Place Zila Panchayats, Blocks and Gram Panchayats told the study team that making a district,

block, GP and village ODF was the highest priority of the district administration, and that

forced administration to take lead in the entire process. Place of the toilet is critical to ensure

it's used in traditional rural families. It was found during the discussion with communities

that if the toilet is close to the kitchen or place of worship then the family would not use it.

This led the study to inquire about this issue of who selected and identified the place for

construction of toilet. The findings are presented in table-12 in annexure.

Data reveals that in more than 92 percent cases the place for toilet construction was selected

with the consent of the beneficiary. This ensures that in almost 93 percent of cases

beneficiaries will use the toilet provided it is in functional condition. The data reveals that:

In Gwalior, Sagar and Ujjain more than 95 percent of beneficiaries were consulted

before selecting the place for toilet construction;

In Sidhi district, 24 percent of beneficiaries were not consulted or their consent was

not taken before selecting the place for construction of the toilet. Similarly, in Balghat

district around 6 percent beneficiaries were not consulted before finalizing the place

for construction of toilet. In Katangi block of Balaghat district more than 10 percent

beneficiaries said that place for constructing the toilet was decided by the contractor

or other government authorities and they were not consulted as a result they were not

satisfied with the place where the toilet was constructed;

7.4.6. Quality of Construction Good quality of construction is a major factor in motivating the community to use the toilet

and stop the practice of open defecation. The study asked beneficiaries about their status of

satisfaction vis-à-vis the quality of construction. The findings are presented in table-13 in

annexure.

Data reveal that the level of satisfaction is complete satisfaction, with the quality of

construction in Gwalior district is very high (100). The data further informs that:

Sidhi has the lowest level of satisfaction with the quality of construction of toilets (26

percent)

99.0 98.0 97.0 93.9

76.0

92.8

1.0 2.0 3.0 6.1 24.0 7.2 0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


Selection of Place with the Consent of Beneficiary

Yes

No

100 80 83 80

26

74

0 20 17 20

74

26

0

50

100

150


Satisfied with Quality of Construction

Yes No



Level of satisfaction in Balghat and Sagar is 80 percent and Ujjain has 83 percent

level of satisfaction;

Level of dissatisfaction is highest in Rampur Naikin Block of Sidhi followed by

Kusumi of Sidhi district, Rehli of Sagar and Katangi of Balaghat district.

7.4.7. Help in Accessing the Benefit of Scheme The assistance, for the construction of a toilet, is coming from the government through

Panchayats. Study team observed that people, in rural MP, have limited access to the details

of any government scheme. In this backdrop, it was important to know about the help and

support that made it easy for beneficiaries to access the benefit of the scheme. The findings

are presented in table-14 in annexure. Data reveals that:

More than 85 percent beneficiaries received help and support either from Secretary of

the Gram Panchayat or from the Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat. Many beneficiaries

mentioned that in fact, the joint team of Secretary and Sarpanch provided information

and all other necessary assistance in getting the benefits under the scheme;

6.34 percent of beneficiaries received support from a different type of community

mobilizers such as Aajeevika Mitra, Swachchta Doot or another Community Resource

Person (CRP);

6.22 percent beneficiaries applied on their own to access the benefits of the scheme.

It is clear that Gram Panchayat and the functionaries of GP are the biggest sources of

information and assistance.

7.4.8. The Problem in Getting Funds Construction of toilets depended on three things and first among them was an assurance from

Gram Panchayat or officials that money will be transferred in the account of the beneficiary if

they start the process of toilet construction. The second was a transfer of money or providing

materials for beginning the construction process. Finally, if the beneficiary was not asked in

the middle of the construction process to stop the construction, in many cases, the

construction stopped because after giving, the first instalment Panchayat informed the

96.0

62.6

83.0 85.7

99.0

85.3

0.0

31.3

0.0 1.0 0.0

6.4 3.0 2.0

12.0 13.3

1.0

6.2

1.0 4.0 5.0

0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


Help in Accessing Benefit under SBM (G)

Sarpanch / Secretary

Swachhta Doot / Swachhta Prerak / Ajivika Didi / CRP

Applied by own / Self applied

Any other



beneficiary that their name is not on the list and they will not get more assistance. In many

cases, Panchayat gave assurance to begin the process of construction and later it did not

ensure fund transfer and said that the concerned family is not eligible for getting assistance.

The study explored the issue of problems in getting funds for toilet construction and findings

are presented in table-15 in the annexure. The data reveals that 88.4 percent of families had

no problem in getting the funds. 11.6 percent of beneficiaries had difficulty in getting funds

from the government. The problem of getting funds was more severe in Dabra block of

Gwalior district followed by Badnagar block of Ujjain and Bhitarwar block of Gwalior

district.

7.4.9. Types of Problem in Getting Funds Beneficiaries listed many types of problem, which they faced in getting funds from the

government, and findings are presented in table-16 in the annexure.

Data reveals that those who faced problem in getting funds have listed the following

problems:

6.6 percent of beneficiaries faced the problem of getting financial support on time to

complete the construction of the toilet;

0.8 percent beneficiaries mentioned that, they completed the construction of toilet still

they have not received funds in their account;

0.4 percent of the total beneficiaries mentioned that Gram Panchayat did not provide

any support.

74.3

91.9 85.0

96.9 94.0 88.4

25.7

8.1 15.0

3.1 6.0 11.6


Problems in Getting Funds

No Yes

90.2

6.6

0.8

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.6

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

No Problem

No Support on Time

Funds Not Provided

Taken Loan

Declared HH not Eligible

Took back money

No support from GP

Poor Construction

Demand for Speed Money

No toilet



7.5. Toilets: Location, Number and Condition This section of study presents findings related to the location of the toilet, number of toilets

per households and physical condition of toilets during the period of data collection (January

29 to April 20, 2018).

7.5.1. Number of Toilets at Home Data reveals that:

Nearly 1.2 percent of respondents have no toilet in their respective homes;

96 percent of respondents have one toilet;

1.81 percent respondents have two toilets; and

A negligible percentage that is 0.20, of respondents, mentioned that they have three

toilets at home and a similar percentage of respondents mentioned that they have 5

toilets at home. Findings are presented in table-17 in the annexure.

7.5.2. Location of Toilet Out of total 498 households, 54 percent of households have mentioned that the toilet is

outside the home and 42.77 percent household has said that the toilet is constructed inside the

home. 1.2 percent respondents have said that they have a toilet, which is outside home and is

on a sharing basis with another family. Only 0.6 percent of families say that they have a toilet

with the overhead tank. Findings are presented in table-18 in the annexure.


No Toilet 0.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.2

1 99.0 92.9 95.0 96.9 99.0 96.6

2 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 1.8

3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2

5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Axi

s Ti

tle

Number of Toilets at Home

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


within house

outside house

outside house & Sharing

no toilet

overhead tank with toilet



7.5.3. Condition of Toilet The study looked into the status of toilets constructed under the programme. The views of

respondents were documented and the field researcher personally, observed the condition of

the toilet. Findings are presented in the table – 19 in the annexure. Data reveals that:

In 82 percent of cases, the toilet was in usable condition;

In 18 percent of cases, it is found that the toilet cannot be used.

100.0 90.9 89.0 86.7 43.0

81.9

0.0 9.1 11.0 13.3 57.0

18.1


Toilet Usable Or Not

Yes No

Toilets in Rampur Naikin block of District Sidhi



Sidhi district tops the rank for non-usable toilets with Rampur Naikin block where 58.82

percent toilets are not in usable condition followed by Kusumi Block with 55.1 percent. In

Gwalior reason, the usability of the toilet was hundred percent followed by Sagar, Ujjain and

Balaghat.

Toilets in Kusumi Block of district Sidhi

Quality of Construction – District Sagar



7.6. Use of toilet It is assumed that after the construction of toilets and after village is declared and verified as

ODF people must use the toilet. Study collected data on these issues and the finding are

presented in the table – 20 and 21 in the annexure.

Study data reveals that:

82.33 percent families, where toilets have been constructed under SBM, use toilets;

and

17.67 percent respondents mentioned that they do not use the toilet.

Families not using toilets are spread across all the blocks except for Bhitarwar block of

Gwalior district. The highest percentage of families not using the toilet is found in district

Sidhi where more than 30 percent respondents mentioned that they do not use the toilet:

14.46 percent respondents mentioned that the quality of construction was poor and

that prevents them from using the toilet;

3.21 percent of respondents mentioned many other reasons for not using the toilet.

Other reasons for not using toilets are as follows:

Septic tank is either not constructed or quality of construction is very poor;

The toilet is used for storing firewood and cow dung;

Panchayat has given the plastic tank;

There is no door in the toilet;

The contractor has not completed the construction of a toilet because he has not

received money for toilet construction.

3.21 percent beneficiaries mentioned various reasons due to which they do not use the toilet.

The findings of this are presented in table-21 in the annexure.

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0


Use of Toilet

Use Toilet

Do Not Use Toilet

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

Gwalior Sagar Ujjain Balaghat Sidhi

Reason for not Using Toilet

No response not usable other reason



Prominent among the other reasons are again linked with quality of construction. The

findings of the study reveal that the toilets are not used because of the following reasons:

The condition of the toilet is not good enough to use (83.7 percent of total 17.67 percent

respondents);

The toilet is full of drainage (3.5 percent of total 17.67 percent respondents);

No Pit and the Plastic tank is given by panchayat;

No door in toilets;

The contractor is not ready to make a pucca toilet;

No construction, no money;

Already have another toilet which we are using (2.3 percent of total 17.67 percent

respondents);

No toilet (3.5 percent of total 17.67 percent respondents);

Constructed bathroom in place of a toilet.

A toilet in Village Jam, Balaghat Toilet and Bathroom with Washbasin, District Balghat

7.6.1. Frequency of Use The sustainability, of change in behaviour related to toilet use depends on the frequency of

use of the toilet post construction. This is a key area of investigation to assess the overall

impact entire campaign for ODF under SBM. The findings are presented in the table – 22 in

the annexure.

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

bad condition

pit full No Pit no tank no door in toilets

kuccha already have other toilet

which we are using

no toilet Constructed Bathroom In

Place of Toilet

Total

Other Reasons for not Using Toilet




The data reveals that:

75.7 percent of beneficiaries said that they always use the toilet;

6.6 percent of beneficiaries said that the frequency of use is limited and they do not

always use the toilet;

17.7 percent of beneficiaries said that they never used the toilet;

The percentage of those who never used the toilet is very high in Sidhi district

followed by Balghat, Sagar and Ujjain.

In the houses where the toilet is always used it is not necessary that all the family members

use the toilet all the times. In district Baihar block of district Balaghat, a head of household

said, “Toilet is constructed and is in good working condition but I do not go to the toilet

because my daughter in law uses that. How can Sasur (Father – in – Law) and Bahu

(Daughter - in - Law) use the same toilet? It is against the culture”. The statement

highlights the fact that there is a lot of taboos and social norms that restrict the use of the

toilet. The findings are presented in the table – 23 in the annexure.

Data reveals that:

In 66 percent families all the family members use the toilet;

In 1.6 percent families only female members use the toilet;

In 2.4 percent families, adult members of the family use the toilet and children of the

family go outside.


Always 88.1 88.9 84.0 84.7 33.0 75.7

Sometimes 6.9 6.1 2.0 2.0 16.0 6.6

Never 5.0 5.1 14.0 13.3 51.0 17.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Use of toilet

10.9

24.2 15.0

32.7

66.0

29.7

89.1

73.7 83.0

63.3

21.0

66.1

0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0

11.0 2.4

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0


Use of Toilet by Family

No response All Family Members Only Females Only Males Only Adults,



7.7. Water and Use of Toilet As mentioned in the beginning, water is the most important factor that allows people to use

the toilet. Ensuring sustainable behavioural change for ODF and SBM it is necessary to

calculate the water requirement accurately to avoid failure in water planning. At present

communities in Madhya Pradesh, depend on Hand Pump for Water Supply in the majority of

the villages. In selected villages, the government has attempted to install tap water supply

either using an overhead tank or through spot source. After installing the basic infrastructure

for water supply for tap water, the maintenance is transferred to concerned Gram Panchayats.

As far as Hand Pumps are concerned the management remains in the hands of the Public

Health and Engineering Department (PHED).

7.7.1. Source of Water

The study asked respondents about the source of water they were able to access for domestic

use including use for toilet and bathing. The results are presented in the table – 24 in

annexure. The major source of water supply in the study areas were:

Hand pumps both personal and public;

Tap Water Supply through Nal-Jal Yojna or Scheme;

Public Well;

Tubewell and other sources.

It is clear from the data that almost two-thirds of the respondents depend on Public Hand

Pump for accessing potable water for domestic consumption. Tube-well is the second most

accessed source for getting potable water for domestic use. It is important to note that 3.2

percent of households mentioned that they do not have a nearby source (the distance of

source more than 500 meters from the house) of water for domestic use. This brings an

important aspect that can affect the use of toilet and prevent people from using the toilet

leading to no change in their behaviour related to open defecation.

It is important to mention here that the availability of water has many dimensions such as

total quantity available per household and availability of water in all seasons. The study team

found that barring Kusumi block of district Sidhi, in all other places, there was a problem of

shortage of water during summer. People said that as summer approaches the water table

goes down and availability of quantity reduces. During peak season almost 60 percent

sources get dry and availability reduces drastically.

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

No Nearby Source

Personal handpump

Nal Jal yojna Public Handpump Public well Tubewell Other Source

Sources of Water




7.7.2. Impact of Shortage of Water on Toilet Use People across districts mentioned that without the availability of water they cannot use the

toilet. The issue of water availability has been discussed during the study and data is

presented in the table – 25 in the annexure.

Data reveals that:

In 50 percent cases respondent mentioned that they continue using the toilet;

39.4 percent respondents said that the use of toilet continues even after a shortage of

water. They further mentioned that if there will be no water then the use of the toilet

will automatically stop;

7 percent respondents admitted that use reduces due to a shortage of water;

3 percent specifically mentioned that they stop using the toilet during crisis time;

7.7.3. The Quantity of Water Used While Using Toilet

Respondents shared the quantity of water used for one-time use of toilet per person in their

respective household level. The data is presented in the table – 26 in the annexure. The data

reveals that more than 53 percent of households use more than 3 litres of water per person for

a single use of the toilet.


yes 15.87 12.30 17.06 16.27 38.49 50.60

Sometimes 25.71 42.86 14.29 14.29 2.86 7.03

Even in shortage we use toilet 26.53 25.00 25.51 23.47 0.00 39.36

Never 6.67 26.67 13.33 40.00 13.33 3.01

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Use of Toilet in Shortage of Water


1 liter 0.0 39.4 19.0 6.1 41.0 21.1

2 to - 3 liters 4.0 40.4 29.0 22.4 32.0 25.5

More than 3 liters 96.0 20.2 52.0 71.4 27.0 53.4

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Qunatity of Water Used Per Person Every Time



The data also shows that:

Around 25 percent of families use 2 to 3 litres of water per person for single use of a

toilet;

Around 21 percent of families use 1-litre water per person for a single use of toilet;

Consumption of water is high in Gwalior district and Katangi block of Balaghat district. The

consumption of water for the toilet is comparatively low in Sidhi district followed by Ujjain

and Sagar.

7.7.4. Fetching Water for Use of Toilet

Who is responsible for bringing water for the use of the toilet was a key area of investigation

in this study? This issue was explored mainly because usually women members are

responsible for fetching water for domestic use. Constructing the toilet immediately increases

the requirements of water at home and this increases the burden of more work on the member

who fetches the water regularly. The findings of the study are presented in the table – 27 in

the annexure. Findings of the study show that:

In 66.3 percent households all the members fetch water for themselves for the use of

toilet;

In around 30 percent families it is still the women’s responsibility to fetch the water

for all uses including the use of toilet;

In nearly 1 percent of cases children have a specific responsibility to bring water for

all domestic work including the use of toilet.

4.8 percent respondents gave different answers for the issue of fetching water for toilet use.

These are:

The water tank is filled in the morning and this stored water is used throughout the

day;

All go out and take water from Hand pump;

Anyone who goes to hand pump brings the water and stores the water in the tank.

1 0

25

3

70

14 1

11

30

4

54

16 29 26

17 27

2

70

0

20

40

60

80


Quantity of Water Used for Cleaning Toilet

Less than 1 Bucket 1 Bucket More than 1 Bucket

63.4 83.8

65.0

98.0

22.0

66.3

1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

35.6 14.1

32.0

2.0

55.0

27.9

0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 23.0

4.8

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0


Who Fetches Water for Use of Toilet

All members as per their need Children Women Other



7.8. Observation on the Practice of Open Defecation

All the villages selected for this study were declared ODF either in the year 2015-16 or in the

year 2016-17. It was interesting to observe whether people still go outside or they have

stopped going outside for defecation. The study also recorded the observation of the

respondents about the defecation habits of fellow villagers. The findings are presented in

table number–28 in the annexure. The data collected for the study reveals that:

Around 51 percent of the respondents told that they have seen people still going out

for defecation. This observation is very–very significant and highlights the fact that a

lot needs to be done on the front of behaviour change vis-à-vis the practice of open

defecation;

Percentage of people going outside for defecation is very high in Balaghat and Sidhi

districts;

7.9. Information, Education and Communication for ODF

Information, education and communication or IEC is an approach towards changing or

reinforcing a set of behaviour among rural masses to change the age-old practice of open

defecation by 2019. SBM heavily relies on the use of a proper and appropriate strategy for

IEC to ensure that SBM is able to achieve its stated objective of making rural areas Open

Defecation Free (ODF) by 2019. IEC is the software part of the entire programme and plays a

central role in the entire mission. The study looked into the role played by different

institutions involved in the process of planning, executing and reviewing the change at

cutting edge level that is rural habitation and household. The study tried to ask rural

beneficiaries about what messages and information they remember. The study also explored

the observation of respondents about the role played by various institutions in this entire

campaign.

7.9.1. Efforts by District and Other Institutions

People remember that before the village was declared ODF senior officers and a team of

volunteers visiting the villages early in the morning with a whistle and looking for people

going to open areas for defecation. They mentioned that in the village a team was constituted

on the name of Nigrani or monitoring committee. This monitoring committee had the

responsibility of ensuring that no one is going out for defecation. If anyone found going

outside a fine had to be imposed. The committee was also assigned the responsibility of

identifying names of the beneficiaries not ready to construct a toilet. After identification, it

was the responsibility of the team to convince the family and if they are not ready then

inform the higher authorities for taking appropriate action against the family. District

Collectors took lead in this entire campaign, CEO ZP, deputy collectors, SDMs, CEO Janpad,

officers of all the departments were given the responsibility of morning visit, and they visited

the villages.

45.5 40.4 38.0

58.2

74.0

51.2 54.5 59.6 62.0

41.8

26.0

48.8

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0


Observation of Beneficiary about Open Defication in the Village

Yes

No



7.9.2. Message Heard or Seen on Sanitation in the Last 3 Months

Government agencies have prepared and shared lot of messages on sanitation within the

community. The study tried understanding the level of reach for these messages. The finding

is presented in the table – 29 in the annexure.

The data reveals:

40.6 percent of respondents had heard or seen any message on sanitation in the last

three months

Reach of the message was very good in Balaghat district followed by Sagar and

Ujjain districts

The level of reach of messages on sanitation was very poor in Gwalior and Sidhi

districts respectively

7.9.3. Slogan or the Message Remembered by the Community

The campaign of making rural Madhya Pradesh ODF started with the dissemination of

slogans and messages by the government agencies using various mediums of communication.

In rural areas, Panchayat was the institution that had the responsibility of disseminating

messages to common villagers. The study tried exploring the impact of messages and also

tried to document the most effective message used during this campaign. People were asked

about which message they exactly remember during entire campaign for SBM and ODF. The

data and finding are presented in the table – 30 in the annexure.


Yes 7.9 39.4 46.0 100.0 11.0 40.6

No 92.1 60.6 54.0 0.0 89.0 59.4

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

Heard or Seen any Message on Sanitayion in Last Three Months




The majority, of the respondents, were unable to share any specific message (81.9

percent). In fact, they do not recall any effective message.

Remaining 18 percent respondents mentioned that they remembered some messages

that are:

The toilet is very important and the government is giving money to construct

toilet (6 percent);

Clean India, Clean Home to make India Healthy (5.8 percent);

Sanitation is important for Healthy Life (3.4 percent);

Saves life from snakes, and reptiles (1.6 percent);

Slogans related to respect and safety of women (0.8 percent);

Waste disposal and management (0.2 percent).

The study tried identifying any punch line or any message that acted as an effective catalyst

for motivating people. The study found that there are several messages and people cannot

recall any specific message across districts. People do remember and recall a combination of

action and messages. In brief, it can be said that the campaign itself was the biggest message

to the people that reinforced the idea and need for construction. The advertisements through

TV also acted as reminder and people remembered Mr. Amitabh Bachhan coming and

warning people about not to go outside.

7.9.4. Information about Techniques of Repair and Maintenance

One important aspect of sustainability of ODF initiative depends upon transfer of knowledge

and skill related to repair and maintenance of the toilets, pit, tank and other items associated

with it. Sharing basic do and don’ts make things smooth. The study has explored this issue

and the findings are presented in table-31 in the annexure.

The study found that in the majority of the cases there was no orientation of the beneficiaries

about how to use the toilet, how to maintain a properly cleaned toilet on daily basis. People

even do not have an idea what to use for cleaning the toilet constructed with the pit. During

FGDs it was found that people are using Phenyl, Acid or Harpic (an acid-based sheet

cleanser) to clean the toilet. They do not even have the idea about what to use or what not to

use for cleaning the toilet in a toilet connected with the pit.

49.5

33.3

46.0 50.0

8.0

37.3

50.5

66.7

54.0 50.0

92.0

62.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


I N F O R M AT I O N A B O U T T E C H N I Q U ES A N D M E T H O D S O F R E PA I R A N D M A I N T E N A N C E

Yes No



7.10. Institutional Involvement and ODF Sustainability depends on involving and evolving the role of various institutions in the entire

process. At the community level, there should have been involvement of various Institutions

such as Gram Sabha, SGTS, Gram Panchayat, Self Help Groups of women and any other

community-based organisation working in the rural areas. The study explores the level of

involvement of various institutions in the entire process. It was found that only Gram Sabha

and Gram Panchayat have played some rule and no other institution was involved in the

process of making village ODF.

7.10.1. Participation in Gram Sabha Meeting

Zila Panchayat and authorities informed that Gram Sabha has been used as a platform to

disseminate important messages related to ODF and Swachh Bharat Mission. Now it was

important to know whether people go to the Gram Sabha or attend the Gram Sabha meeting

or not. We have presented the findings in table – 32 in the annexure. It is clear from the data

that:

Around 55 percent beneficiaries said that they attend Gram Sabha meeting;

Around 46 percent beneficiaries said that day do not go to Gram Sabha meeting.

Findings clearly suggest that disseminating the messages there is a need to use alternative

platforms as well.

7.10.2. Agenda of the Gram Sabha

Under SBM, Gram Sabha has the power and authority of selecting beneficiaries and the

community members of it. However, they mention that Gram Sabha is not properly organised

and it is the will and might of Sarpanch and secretary that finalizes the decision of Gram

Sabha.

22.8

72.7

45.0

100.0

38.0 55.4

77.2

27.3

55.0

0.0

62.0 44.6

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0


D O YO U AT T E N D G R A M S A B H A M E E T I N G

Yes No

79.2 64.6

53.0

99.0

43.0

67.7

20.8 35.4

47.0

1.0

57.0

32.3

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


Issues of the People Included in the Agenda of Gram Sabha

Yes No



The study collected information about the ability of beneficiaries to influence the agenda of

Gram Sabha and the findings are presented in table–33 in the annexure. Data reveals that

68 percent beneficiaries said that whenever they wanted the issues were included in

the agenda of Gram Sabha and Sarpanch and secretary did respond to the queries

raised by them;

Almost 32 percent beneficiaries set that Sarpanch and secretary do not include their

issues on the agenda of Gram Sabha;

7.10.3. Constitution of Monitoring Committee In Madhya Pradesh, district authorities attempted to constitute a village level monitoring

committee to oversee and support in the works related to SBM and ODF. The committee

should be constituted from amongst the local residents of the village. In all 5 districts, the

study team was informed by the SBM team that monitoring committees have been constituted

in the village and these committees have taken lead during morning and evening visit,

spreading the messages related to SBM and ODF and imposing fines on defaulters. The study

asked the beneficiaries about information on the constitution of the monitoring committee in

the village. Findings are presented in the table – 34 in the annexure.

Data clearly informs that:

Only 10.64 percent respondents have information about the constitution of the

monitoring committee in the village for ODF and SBM;

More than 54 percent of respondents said that they in their knowledge the committee

was not constituted in the village and they have also not heard about any such

committee;

More than 35 percent of respondents had no idea about monitoring committee for

SBM and ODF;

It is clear from the data that monitoring committees were either not constituted or Secretary

and Sarpanch constituted the committee in closed doors. The process of constituting the

committees was not very participatory and Gram Panchayats constituted to fulfil the

requirements raised by the block and district level authorities.

7.10.4. Action Taken by Monitoring Committee Committee had the responsibility to ensure regular vigil to ensure that no one goes outside

the home for defecation. It was the responsibility of the committee to identify such people

and convince them to change their behaviour related to defecation and personal hygiene.

Findings, of the study, are presented in the table – 35 in the annexure. The data reveals that

the committee has imposed fine on some people and 9.6 percent respondents had information

regarding this. More than 90 percent respondents mentioned that in their knowledge any

committee for going outside the home for defecation has imposed no fine on any individual

or family.

80.2

35.4

14.0 28.6

18.0 35.3

11.9 8.1 2.0

25.5

2.0 9.8 7.9

56.6

84.0

45.9

80.0

54.8

0.0

50.0

100.0


Knowladge about Constitution of Monitoring Committee

No Idea No Yes



7.10.5. Efforts Made by Gram Panchayat Gram Panchayat has played a central role in facilitating the overall process of making village

Open Defecation Free. Respondents have recognised the role of Gram Panchayats in ODF

and have listed various efforts made by the Gram Panchayats towards making the village

Open Defecation Free. Findings of the study on this issue are presented in the table – 36.

The data highlights the following facts about efforts made by the Gram Panchayats in their

respective villages. Data reveals that:

95 percent participants said that Panchayat has made several efforts and has played

multiple roles in the entire process. These roles can be summarized as the role of

friend, philosopher and guide. Gram Panchayat shared the information with

community, contacted eligible beneficiaries and invited government officials in the

village. The Gram Panchayat also assisted in getting name included and more

importantly helped in completing the construction of the toilet. Without the support of

the Gram Panchayat, it was difficult for individual beneficiaries to complete the

construction of a sanitary toilet at their house;

Around 5 percent beneficiaries said that they cannot detail out the specific role of

Gram Panchayat. Sarpanch and Secretary or GRS contacted them and provided help.

12 7 1 28

0 48

89 91 98 73

98

449

0

100

200

300

400

500


Knowladge about Imposing Fine for Open Defecation

Yes No


No Idea 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 25.0 5.4

Giving Suggestions 28.7 26.3 8.0 1.0 41.0 21.1

To watch over the toilets / Making group for the same

5.9 11.1 6.0 0.0 17.0 8.0

Imposing Fine 6.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.6

To find the solution of the techinichal problems

1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Suggestive, Monitoring, Providing Technical support

56.4 62.6 85.0 98.0 17.0 63.7

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

100.0 120.0

Efforts Made by Gram Panchayat for Sustaining ODF



7.11. Suggestions for Improvement People have listed many suggestions for making the programme better and effective. These

are:

Everyone should always use the toilet and fine should be imposed if the toilet is not

used

Spread Awareness about Impact of Toilet in fighting Diseases

Only good quality construction should take place and there should be a system to

check and monitor the quality of construction of the toilet;

Cleanliness and Maintenance must be ensured. The pit should be constructed

properly.

Information about cleaning the pit toilet must be shared with communities through

Gram Sabha and Gr5am Panchayat;

Availability of water must be ensured prior to the construction of toilet;

The amount sanctioned for toilet construction should be given on time

construction should be completed, Old must be repaired and construction of the

second toilet in houses must be promoted

Increase awareness and provide proper information about maintenance

Such arrangements should be made so that people are able to use water from tank

constructed by Panchayat

Nal - Jan Scheme should be brought in the village for water

Panchayat should assist in the construction of toilet and in its maintenance

Increase the amount for Toilet Construction and the amount sanctioned must be given

on time

The toilet should be constructed in all the houses of the village



Findings of the Study: Community Perception



8. Findings of the Study: Community Perception

The study has document community perception about the entire campaign and process locally

adopted to make village ODF and sustain the same. The discussions have been organised and

conducted in all the villagers by the field team. In one village of each block senior team has

visited, has organised, and conducted FGD themselves. As a result, the senior team and rest

of the 40 villages the field team has handled the FGD.

Focused group discussion has looked into many aspects ranging from the issues of motivation

for construction, fund transfer, the role of Gram Sabha to the review of user-friendly design

and orientation of the monitoring committee and beneficiaries. Details of the FGDs have been

given in table - 11 on next page for the villages where the senior team organised FGDs.

8.1. Villages and Communities

10 intensive focused group discussions were organised and conducted in 10 villages of the 10

selected blocks in selected 5 districts. Details of the communities residing in the villages are

given in the table – 41 below. During FGDs following areas of Madhya Pradesh were

covered:

Baghelkhand – Sidhi District;

Gwalior and Chambal Region – Gwalior District

Malwa Region – Ujjain District

Bundelkhand – Sagar District

Mahakasushal – Balaghat District

During the study total, 132 focused group discussions were conducted with SC, ST, OBC and

other communities and within communities with men and women and with children as well.

The study covered tribal-dominated regions such as Balaghat and Sidhi and interacted with

prominent tribes of the area such as Gond, Biaga and Kol. In these districts, the perception

and experiences of Mahar, Thakur, Yadav, Brahmin, Luhar and Dheemar were also

documented. In Gwalior region study documented the perception and experience of Jatav

(SC), Kushwaha, Nath, Batham (OBC) apart from Thakur and Brahmins. Perception and

experience of Sahariya tribes of this area were also documented. Perception and experiences

of Muslims were also documented in detail.

In Sagar, Centre of Bundelkhand, the study documented the perception and experience of

Ahirwar, Jain, Thakur, Brahmins and OBC. Experiences and perceptions of Gonds were also

documented. Ujjain is called the capital of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh and in this

region, the study documented the perception and experience of communities like Kumawat,

Nat, Malwi Balai, Chaudhuri, Prajapati, Jat, Jaiswal and Nai (Barber). Perception and

experiences of Bheel tribe (dominant tribe of Western Madhya Pradesh) were also

documented.

It was found during the interaction that a section of economically and socially well-off

families adopted early for toilets without waiting for government subsidies to arrive. This

was more visible in Ujjain and Malwa area where prominent Rajputs, Muslims and Prajapati

families had toilets in their houses for more than 30-40 year and which forced many fellow

community members to construct toilet before any programme sponsored by the government.

Later also these communities came ahead and approached Panchayats to get benefit under the

scheme. However, it cannot be said about people of same communities living in Sidhi or

Baghelkhand region. It is true that few families, with the strong urban connection,

constructed toilets much before the launch of any government programme but the same was

not adopted by other community members and they lined up for getting benefit under various

government programmes such as Nirmal Bharat or Swachh Bharat.



Table – 11: Detailed information of communities with whom FGDs were conducted

District Block and Village

Profile

Sagar

Rehli – Jamghat Out of total 235 families, 170 families belong to Ahirwar (SC)

community followed by 62 OBC families (various sub-castes) and 3 Families of Jain Community

Deori – Chirchita Sukhjoo

Chirchita Sukhjoo is a village of Gond Tribe

Ujjain

Ujjain – Madhopur

There is a total of 110 houses and major communities are: Kumawat – 60 Nat – 10 Bheel – 8

Badnagar – Ingoria

Around 800 houses dominated by Rajputs (250), Malwi Balai (200), Tailor community (150), Porwal (150), SC (50-60), Jat, Jaiswal and Chaudhury (12 each), Brahmin (14), Barber (10), Musalmaan (4) and Bheel (4)

Balaghat

Katangi – Jam

Total 736 Houses. Pawar Community dominates the village. There are around 100 ST families (Gond); 75 families of SC (Mainly Mahar followed by SC, Dheemar and Basond). Rest of the families belong to the OBC category dominated by Gwal, Sunar Lohar and many other;

Baihar – Birwa Gond, Baiga, Marar, Yadav, Mahar, Nagarchi. Teli and Lohar are the

communities. There are around 30 Kshatriy Families in the village as well.

Sidhi Kusumi – Dadariha

Tribal Village and all the families belong to the Gond Tribe. There are around 100 Households in the village; Local MLA (Kusumi MLA) is also from village Dadariha

Rampur Naikin – Kandhwar

Around 700 Households in the village There are 200 families of Thakurs and SC each, followed by 100

families of Brahmin and Kol (ST) each. Rest of the families belong to the OBC category and together the number of HH is around 65;

Gwalior

Dabra – Kalyani

Village dominated by Jatav Community (195 HH); followed by Kushwaha (85 HH), Baghel (80HH), Muslims (65), Nath (30 HH), Sahariya (ST: 35 HH), Brahmins (30 HH),Carpenter and Barber 7 HH each, Parihar and Thakur 19 and 4 respectively;

There are other OBC communities with 2 – 4 houses also living in the village

Bhitarwar – Kathod

Batham – 35 HH followed by Dhanuk – 25 HH; Jatav – 6 HH and Rawat – 20 HH

Apart from the above-mentioned 10 villages, the study team organised focused group

discussion in remaining villages with the help of structured guidelines developed based on

the first 10 FGDs. The FGDs helped in understanding the minor issues contributing to

affecting the progress of the mission. For example, in almost all the villages, people informed

that there has been confusion in sharing correct information with villagers about the

construction of toilets.

8.2. Information about SBM People had information about Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and in many villages; toilets were

constructed under that scheme. Some families had received a benefit under the schemes but

the majority of the toilets constructed under the scheme were not happy as toilets were not

functional or were not well designed and properly constructed. The team saw many structures

standing in the villages were giving the impression of some abandoned railway cabin in a

remote area. This had a very negative impact and a very negative perception of construction

and government support. There was an obvious question in mind that after having a bad

experience why people agreed to participate in a scheme of similar nature and with the same

agency. People said that earlier our involvement was completely zero and it was government,

who decided everything including the design and place for constructing the toilet. This time

we were given information rather we received information from various sources which

helped us in confirming that whatever information we are receiving is correct or not.

In all the 5 regions people said that they received information about SBM through Sarpanch,

electronic and print media and from government officers. People said that initially Gram



Panchayat Sarpanch and secretary informed them about the scheme and later this information

was confirmed when they saw an advertisement about Swachh Bharat on Television and read

about it in the new paper. They were able to establish the link between information provided

by Gram Panchayat and government officials from the information they received from

electronic and print media.

8.3. Construction and Design A common design was followed across the state and only change that study team observed

was with the pit constructed for the toilet. In some places, it was single pit latrine while in

some places it was double pit latrine. The change was also observed in the case of the water

tank. People have constructed a water tank which is attached to the wall of the toilet. In some

places, mostly in Ujjain, some beneficiaries had the plastic tank installed over the roof of the

toilet. Table 12 – Construction and Design

District Block and Village Construction and Design

Sagar

Rehli – Jamghat

Toilets have been constructed by the GP on a standard design suggested by block;

Panchayat had identified a contractor who constructed all the latrines

Deori – Chirchita Sukhjoo Toilet has one wash basin, a water tank with a single Pit

connected with Toilet

Ujjain

Ujjain – Madhopur

Two pit Toilet with one wash basin and one overhead tank for water supply

There is a toilet in School but is locked and the keys are kept by the lady who cooks food;

The toilet in Aganwadi is not very clean so not in use


Total 280 toilets have been constructed under SBM. Name of other families are not on Portal

Design of toilet as suggested by the block

Balaghat

Katangi – Jam Single Pit Toilet with one washbasin and water tank attached

with toilet room

Baihar – Birwa

Single Pit Toilet. Ring-like pit has been constructed. For many families the toilet was constructed when they had

migrated for work to Nagpur or some other place

Sidhi

Kusumi – Dadariha

Single Pit toilets with a water tank and a washbasin. The roof of the toilet is covered by a sheet of asbestos;

Around 80 toilets have been constructed and the village has been declared as ODF


Single pit toilet without basin and Tank; In many toilets constructed for Kol community do not even have

a sheet (Indian or western) fitted inside Around 30-35 toilets have been constructed and the majority of

them are not in a condition of use. The height is less than or equal to 4 feet, no plaster, no basin, no

water tank

Gwalior

Dabra – Kalyani

Ring type pits have been constructed in the entire village; Latrine with water tank and washbasin The community has invested a lot in ensuring that proper ring pit

is constructed

Bhitarwar – Kathod Single pit Toilet, with washbasin and one water tank

34

42

13 11

0

10

20

30

40

50

Media/TV/Newspaper/Radio Gram panchayat/Secretary Govt.officials/SDM all of above

Information about SBM



The issue of septic tanks and pit with latrine was one single initiative that became a

benchmark with the community about the seriousness of the programme. We need to

understand the entire process of construction of latrine for a family in the village. As per

process defined by the government, followings are the prerequisite for the construction of

latrine for any household in the village:

The name must be included in the list of beneficiary identified as per SECC 2011;

The name of the beneficiary shall be verified by a team and later will be ratified by

the Gram Sabha;

Gram Panchayat will forward the name to Janpad Panchayat and Janpad will approve

the name and will forward the same to ZP for transfer of instalment to the beneficiary

Zila Panchayat reviews the information received from Janpad and gives final nod;

After getting final confirmation from the ZP message is sent to concerned Gram

Panchayat and then beneficiary is asked to start the process of construction.

Once the name is finally approved for toilet construction then the process of construction

begins. Ideally, the beneficiary should start the construction but in almost all the cases, the

construction process was initiated by administration through Gram Panchayat. A contractor

was identified and appointed by the Janpad and Gram Panchayat was asked to coordinate

with the contractor. Similarly, district and block jointly identified vendors for supply of

various material such as bricks, door, toilet sheet, cement, sand, iron rods, wash basin and

Plastic tank for storage of water (in case that is used by the beneficiary). All this is work in

the background and the first sign of actual construction begins when the process of digging

the pit begins. Now here the story starts.

The Secretary and Sarpanch come to the house of the beneficiary with the contractor and

identify the place of latrine construction. After the place is identified, the process of digging

the pit begins. When contractor digs the pit beneficiary and neighbours keenly observe it and

ask many questions related to it such as what is the purpose of this pit, how much time it will

take to fill, where the wastage of pit will be treated etc. Wherever beneficiaries received

correct information, they used their wisdom and intervened in the process to influence the

design. In fact, in most of the cases, the contractor used families as the labourer to dig the pit

barring influential families of the dominant caste in many villages. Wherever the

beneficiaries found that the size of the pit is too small they refused to accept it and asked to

dig a bigger size of the pit. In most of the cases, the contractor agreed only when families

were ready to pay an additional cost. The matrix below presents the facts shared by the

community.

The findings summarised in the matrix highlights that:

Almost all the families have dug the pit of the latrines constructed on their name;

Families have put the additional cost to convert the leach pit on to soak pit;

Where ever the families have invested in the construction of pit the ownership has

increased and the percentage of use has increased;

Families investing for pit have also put the additional cost for purchasing better doors

and using tiles inside the latrines;

The government of India had advised choosing a design based on the local conditions

but in no case, authorities followed the suggestive guidelines. Instead, they gave free

hand to contractor and beneficiaries to construct pit as per their understanding and

agreement;

Issues like which design is suitable for which area and why was not explained to

anyone.



Table – 13: Bargaining and Agreement for Additional Cost

District Size of Pit in Beginning

Bargaining and Agreement for Additional Cost

Sagar 2 feet x 2 feet x 2 feet Yes. In village Jamghat, all the families agreed to pay the additional cost of Rs. 10000.00, a 10x10x6 feet design was agreed, and contractor suggested constructing the RCC pit with pre-fabricated cement ring.

Ujjain 2x1.5x1.5 Contractor followed prefixed size and did not agree to make a bigger pit. People were wondering whether the pit will be able to take the load and will be functional until 10 years. There was no one to provide correct information or remove the doubts so community destroyed the pit dig by the contractor. Later they constructed a bigger leach pit of the size of 5ft. x 5ft. x 5 ft., and bear the extra cost of construction of the pit.

Balaghat The community was not clear about design and the contractor a Panchayats asked people to dig a pit

People in village Jam, of Katangi block dig 20 feet deep and 10 feet wide pit. Contractor provided bricks to individual families and asked them to construct their own pit. Community members have dug bigger size of the pit in village Jam in Katanga and in village Birwa of Bihar blocks.

Sidhi The contractor has dig pit as per his own convenience.

In village Dadariha (Of Kusumi block) community members expressed their unhappiness over the design of pit and showed that all the latrines are not functional because the pan, the button and the pit are not connected properly.

In village Kandhwar very limited toilets were constructed and that too by the contractor. People were not involved in any of the processes and not even one toilet was used by the community

Gwalior District mentioned that the terrain is hard and rocky so they have developed a different design for different areas. Size of the pit was standard 3.347x 4.10 feet

People had a discussion with the contractor in village Kalyani of Dabara and opted for a septic tank in place of leach pit.

In village Kaithod, of Bhitarwar block, people depended on Contractor who asked them to dig more than 10 feet deep pits in front of the house. Many families dug the pit and later filled it because the process of constructing latrine was taking time. In almost all the cases, the families concerned dug the pit and the families have invested their own money to make the pit better as per their own understanding.

The graph below presents the findings of FGDs about types of pit constructed in the villages

selected for the study.

Data emanating though FGDs informs that

In 26 percent, villages reported that they have constructed latrine with single pit tank;

In 43 percent villages, people opted both the option of constructing single pit or

double pit based on their convenience;

Out of total 132 FGDs, people in 11 percent cases reported that they have double pit

latrines;

In another 11 percent cases people mentioned that they have a septic tank;

In 17 percent FGDs people said that they have one septic tank attached with two pit

latrine.

26

11 11

34

17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

one pit Two pit Septic tank one pit & two pit

Two pit & Septic tank

Type of Toilet



8.4. Reason for Constructing Toilets It is clear from the findings and the also through analysis of FGD that Panchayat was the

most important driving force to mobilise and convince people for construction of toilet.

Panchayats worked hard for toilet construction because there was tremendous pressure from

authorities to make village ODF and Panchayat was made the implementing agency in most

of the places. The responsibility of construction was given to people for a very brief period in

2017 which was immediately changed in 2018. People have constructed toilet toilets for

various reasons prominent among them are:

The government announced the award for Panchayat making their village open

defecation free;

28 percentage villages mentioned that they constructed toilets because the government

was providing financial assistance;

19 percent groups mentioned that elder family members and women felt the need for a

toilet. Groups further mentioned that the toilet was necessary for sick family members

as well;

Around 9 percent groups mentioned that they constructed a toilet because the realised

that it is not good for women and adolescence to go out for defecation. An equal

percentage of groups said that gradually open spaces, earlier available for open

defecation, are shrinking. This situation is forcing the residents to go use footpath, on

the roads, as their toilet, which is not possible in daylight. The other alternative is to

go to the fields of various landowners who do not like people using fields as a place

for defecation;

Around 8 percentage groups mentioned that absence of toilet becoming a barrier to

building new social relations and also in fixing marriages;

Another 8 percent groups mentioned that they were convinced that absence of toilet

was creating health-related problems among the family members;

Nearly 6 percent of groups mentioned that they were forced and compelled by the

gram panchayats to construct the toilets;

Around 5 percent groups agreed that the TV programs and pressure of neighbour

force them to construct the toilets and the behaviour of neighbours influenced them to

start using the toilet.

8.5. Funding and Institutional Support Soon after the launch of the programme, a message spread in all the villages that the

government will provide financial support to all the families not having the toilet. Later, the

Secretary and the Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat confirmed this message. With this news,

many families geared up to construct the toilets. The message kept on changing and created a

8

19

28

9

8

8

9

5

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Award to panchayat /Motivation

Necessity felt by the families /old age/people with health issues

Financial help by govt

Constructed for women and adolscent girls in the family

Hygene,convinieance,time saving,comfort

Absence of toilet creates problem in fixing marriage

Scarcity of open places for defication

Influenced by neighbours and TV using toilets

Forced and compelled by panchayat and government authority

Reason for constructing toilets



lot of confusion in almost all the villages, where FGDs were organised. Once the families

made-up their mind and were ready they received the second message that informed about the

criterion of eligible families for SBM. The Secretary, of GP, also clarified the process and

steps finalized for fund transfer to the beneficiaries. In the majority of the cases, Gram

Panchayat took the responsibility of construction on its own hands. The community did not

oppose because the government guidelines clearly mentioned that payment for toilet

construction is repayment/reimbursement of expenditure incurred by the beneficiary.

Payment was supposed to be transferred into two instalments of Rupees 6000 each. It was

also mentioned that for each instalment the GP need to geo-tag the photo of completed work

with the photo of the beneficiary.

Table – 14: Funding and Institutional Support

District Block and Village Funding and Institutional Support

Sagar

Rehli – Jamghat

Funds transferred to the bank account of beneficiaries in two instalments of Rs. 6000 each.

First Instalment after the completion of work up to plinth level and second after finishing the work fulfilling all preconditions

Materials for construction were provided to a beneficiary from shops

identified or suggested by the GP and block; Panchayat ensures that beneficiary actually pay the amount of the

material they have taken from different vendors


Community members were not aware of who funded the construction of toilets;

They worked as a labourer for construction of their own toilet; People remember that one toilet was constructed using 3 bags of

cement, 50 Tasla sand,

Ujjain

Ujjain – Madhopur

The process of toilet construction started in the year 2000. Kumawats constructed first, Later on, toilets were constructed during NBA

Under SBM total 18 toilets constructed. 11 constructed by beneficiaries and 7 by the contractor

13 houses have constructed toilet on with assurance from Panchayat but they have not received funds from Panchayat


Many families have added their own resources and have ensured that a good and usable set of toilet and bathroom is constructed. Some families have spent 25000 to 40000 for construction of toilet and bathroom in addition to Rs. 12000.00 received from the government

Balaghat

Katangi – Jam

Initially, Gram Panchayat was the agency later Households were declared as direct beneficiary and money was transferred in their own account;

Indirectly Gram Panchayats constructed all the toilets and CEO Janpad mentioned that the block ensured that beneficiary signed the NEFT form for transfer of fund from his account

Baihar – Birwa

Total 300 toilets constructed in 2014 and Panchayat was the agency for construction

Panchayat used different contractors to complete the work soon;

Sidhi

Kusumi – Dadariha

All toilets have been constructed by Gram Panchayats and beneficiaries have no idea about the quantum of funds used for constructing one toilet;

Panchayat used services of a contractor to construct the toilets Beneficiaries have worked as a labourer for constructing their own

toilets


All the houses do not have toilet though on Paper more than 350 toilets have been constructed in the village

Panchayat has constructed all the toilets;

Secretary has been charged with a case of corruption and the GRS has been terminated from his post

Gwalior

Dabra – Kalyani

Gram Panchayat had identified contractor and various shops were identified for different materials by block

Block and GP has ensured that contractor and material supplier get their payments on time


Majority of the toilets have been constructed by Gram Panchayat; Beneficiaries were asked to dig the pit; Almost all the HH dig the pit themselves and many later on filled it

because Panchayat did not guarantee the construction of toilet Earlier, before 2014, toilets were constructed with the financial

assistance of Rs. 3200.



8.6. Use of Toilet Construction of toilet does not ensure the use of the toilet. This is especially true for rural

India where the government is promoting the use of toilet under various programmes for the

last three decades but the pace of using the toilet is very slow. People are not ready to adopt

the use of the toilet in their daily life. Going out and defecating in open is part of naturally

acquired behaviour for all communities and all classes. Open defecation increases the

chances of polluting the environment especially sources of groundwater that increases the

chance of affecting public health.

The breaking age-old practice of open defecation may not end just with the construction of a

physical structure rather it requires to understand the reasons associated with such a practice

and then making efforts to bring change. There are many issues and logic presented by the

communities in favour of the practice of open defecation. During this study communities

presented many reasons for going out for defecation, which are:

It is difficult to change the behavior of the older generation;

People feel claustrophobic when they enter the toilet and use it for defecation; because the size of the toilet is very small and give a feeling of clumsiness;

Shortage of water makes it difficult to use the toilet especially during the period when

there is a shortage of water.

Analysis of the views expressed during FGDs it was found that little less than two third have

started using the toilet. The district wise result of the analysis of views is presented in the

graph below.

Reasons for not using the toilet are presented in the graph below. The data highlights the facts

reiterated above.

Detailed views of the people are presented in the table below, which captures some of the

issues related to the use of the toilet. The qualitative data presented in the table highlight the

issues related to the use of toilet and these are again reiterating that

- There is an urgent need to ensure proper availability of water for toilet use;

73.9 67.9 75.0

32.1

68.0 62.9

26.1 32.1 25.0

67.9

32.0 37.1

0.0

50.0

100.0

Sagar Balaghat Ujjain Sidhi Gwalior Total

USE OF TOILET

Yes No

28

16

22

14

20

Reason for not using toilet

Not in habit of using toilet/prefer in open

Scarcity of water

Bad condition of toilet

Poorly constrcted and incomplete toilets



- The quality of construction must be very good;

- The design of the toilet need to be developed with local communities

It is important to understand that the toilet is a product sold to the communities with a

concept. The concept will be acceptable if the product is working perfectly and there is a

viable option for ensuring repair and maintenance in the future. The community will buy the

concept and the product both after it has tested the viability of the product otherwise after

some time it will be thrown out just like a broken piece of toy. Table – 15: Use of toilet

District Block and Village Use

Sagar

Rehli – Jamghat

People said that they use when water is available; People said that many toilets are not in working condition and are broken.

Only those toilets are used that are in perfect condition Some Families use. Families have spent money from their own pocket use

the toilet more frequently.


Some family members are using the toilet and some still go outside; There is one boring for the supply of water for all purposes Majority of the family members are not satisfied yet they use during the

rainy season and in winters till there is no cr4isis of water. Older people prefer going outside

Ujjain

Ujjain – Madhopur

From many houses, the toilet drain directly comes out in the village drain, Those who have constructed using their own money have constructed a

good quality toilet and they have constructed bathrooms as well; Few families were not aware when the toilet got constructed. They

mentioned they were out of the village and when they came back they found toilet constructed in their home


During Morning follow-up all families with toilet were using it now many families have stopped going toilet

Many families are using the toilet; Some families were not satisfied with the quality so they destroyed the

structure. Few, who destroyed structure have reconstructed the toilet as per their satisfaction;

Balaghat

Katangi – Jam

Nearly 60 percent families are using the toilet. Rest have a problem with incomplete construction or poor quality of construction where the sheet is not properly attached with pit;

In some cases, it was found that pits are not constructed and it is like an open 20 feet deep well. Families were very unhappy and worried that these open pits may create a problem for children

People use the toilet. In selected cases, the construction is still incomplete or have been stopped in the middle of construction by GP. Around 10 percent households do not have latrines. All these families do not use the

toilet

Baihar – Birwa

Some family members still go outside. A limited number of families are using the toilet;

Older people prefer to go out especially the older male because they do not wish to use the same toilet that is used by the daughter-in-law

Sidhi

Kusumi – Dadariha Except for one or two families, no family is using the toilet; The majority goes outside because toilets are not functional


No one is using toilet constructed by Panchayat under SBM; Some well-off families has a toilet inside their houses that are more than

15 – 20 year old. These families use the toilets

Gwalior

Dabra – Kalyani

Around 60 percent houses using the toilet, In many cases, families are not satisfied with the quality of construction In some cases construction is incomplete because beneficiary received one

instalment and later Panchayat told that their name is not on the list; In many cases, families were promised to get assistance for toilet

construction. Based on Assurance they started working on it but later on, they were told that they will not get any funding support


Many Houses do not have a toilet. The Village was Declared Nirmal Gram So many families have toilet constructed during NBA. All the toilets constructed during the NBA are not in working condition and are not in use. Since the families had toilet from the NBA so new toilets have not been constructed for these families. The condition of new toilets under SBM is also not good and in many cases, toilets are not in usable condition.

Study team interacted closely with families that constructed toilet themselves and are using it.

It was found that there was a lot of change in the design and as a result, the toilet had

- More space;

- Provision of proper natural light and air



- Bathroom attached with toilet gives space for storing water for cleaning hands and

washing the toes. In many communities, there is a culture of taking bath after defecation

and an attached bathroom provides that opportunity to the family still following this

culture.

8.7. Water Sources and Issues Associated with Water Availability of water is the most important factor, which affects the use of the toilet. Under

SBM, flush latrines have been promoted as a medium to change the behaviour related to

defecation in entire Madhya Pradesh. It was observed and noted during field visit that

administration and officials used various mechanism to influence and pressurise beneficiaries

to get toilet constructed. Information generated through FGDs make it very clear that the

availability of water is a critical issue and it affects the use of toilet immediately. Information

collected through FGDs informs that communities have the following sources for getting

water for their daily use:

Personal Hand pump – (11 percent groups mentioned this);

Public Hand pump – (21 percent groups mentioned this);

Public Tap – (24 percent groups mentioned this);

Public Well – (9 percent groups mentioned this);

Personal Well – (8 percent groups mentioned this);

Tube Well – (22 percent groups mentioned this);

Pond – (4 percent groups mentioned this).

The results are shown in the graph depicted below.

Except for village Dadariha, in Kusumi block of Sidhi District, in all the villages,

communities mentioned that they face acute shortage of water during summers. Majority of

the Hand pumps stop working and in many cases family members have to walk down to a

kilometre or even more to get water. They said explicitly that in such circumstances it is not

possible to use the toilet.

Discussion on water availability continued with the issue of planning for ODF. People said

that there was no planning for water and in the villages during the campaign for ODF. The

efforts of officials focussed on ensuring that anyhow the toilets are constructed. It is

important to mention that the construction of Latrine is in the hands of Panchayat and Rural

19 27

8 9

28

6 4 0 5

10 15 20 25 30

Creating

awareness

regarding

sanitation

Ensuring

adequate water

avaibility

Monitoring &

follow up

Awareness

generation to

change habits

Better quality

construction

Information

dissimination of

cleaning &

maintaience of

toilet

All above

Ways of increase regular use of toilet

11

21 24

8 9

22

4

0

10

20

30

Personal handpump

Public hanpump Tap Personal well Public well Tube well Pond

S O U R C E S O F WAT E R F O R D O M E S T I C U S E



Development Department, which is represented by the Gram Panchayat. Supply of potable

water and drinking water is the responsibility of the Public Health and Engineering

Department (PHED). Community members including and Panchayat representatives

mentioned very clearly that the two departments never sat together and discussed the issue of

requirement of increased water supply after village is declared ODF. The findings of the

group discussion are presented in the graph below.

The findings highlight that:

25 percent groups felt that there were no efforts by the Gram Panchayat;

Panchayat worked on various issues such as digging a new well with individual

beneficiaries for irrigation;

Working with PHED for installing new hand pumps;

Ensuring the repair of Hand Pumps already installed in the village.

All this was done for ensuring drinking water supply and irrigation and not for meeting the

requirement of sanitation even after the village was declared ODF.

It is important to mention here that the availability of 70 LPCD water per person per day is a

precondition for constructing and using the flush latrine. The responsibility of meeting the

availability of 70 LPCD per person per day rests with PHED and not with the Rural

Development. Hence coordination and contribution of PHED are critical for the sustainability

of ODF in rural Madhya Pradesh.

8.8. Issues of Behavioural Change Post ODF Many behavioural changes are expected once the use of sanitary latrine begins. Important

among them are the practice of hand washing after defecation and cleaning the toilet

especially the pan of the toilet after use. The study explored the current practice related to

both and detailed observation and findings are given below:

8.8.1. Hand Wash A paper published in Indian Journal of Public Health highlights the importance of hand-

washing and mentions that “The Millennium Development Goals have firmly established the

issues of “water, sanitation, and hygiene” on the global agenda. Neglect of hygiene goes a

long way in explaining why water and sanitation programmes have often not brought the

expected benefits.”

Another Study, in Bangladesh, says, “Inadequate hand washing after defecation and anal

cleaning practices in the Indian subcontinent is an important source of faeco-oral

transmission of enteric diseases.” Washing hand after the defecation is important for better

health and ensuring protection from dangerous bacterial infection. The Bangladesh study

identified several components of hand washing practices that are:

4

14

23

18

9

8

25

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Constrcution and excavating of Well

Constrcution and excavating of Water Tank/Ponds

Instalation of pipe water and water tap

Instalation and repairs of Handpump

Conservation of water through Watershed

Tube well

No efforts

Efforts By Gram Panchayat for Ensuring Proper Water Supply



Selection and use of the cleaning agent;

Using left or both hands;

The frequency of rubbing hands;

The type and amount of water used to wash; and

The drying of hands on the wearer's clothes.

The current study has observed and documented the current practice of hand washing and

various views of the community. Findings are presented in the graph given in this section.


A large proportion, 36 percent, of group members admitted that they wash hands only

with water;

22 percent groups reported that they wash hands using soap and;

19 percent groups admitted that they wash hands with ash;

16 percent groups mentioned that people wash hands using detergent powder;

8 percent of groups reported that they wash hands with clay.

Groups did admit that children use both the hands for cleaning anal and the community was

not very sure how do they wash their hands. Children did admit that they wash hands with

soap (Lifebuoy was the name of the brand they mentioned) but when asked they were unable

to show the soap and elderly persons laughed and mentioned that children are just repeating

what they have heard in the advertisements aired through television. The study team found

that time of rubbing hands was more than a minute and people use more than one-litre water

in washing the hands but they do not use soap. Drying the hands with cloth they wear is the

most common practice across the state.

8.8.2. Cleaning Toilet

“If the toilet is not clean then I will prefer going out in open for defecation”, said a 12-year-

old boy in a village of Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. A schoolgirl in Ujjain said, “we

have a toilet in our school and our school is a girls school. There is no problem with water

but suddenly we started noticing that our toilet is not clean. Few girls fell ill after using the

dirty toilet then we stopped going to the toilet. Later on, we noticed that boys from

neighbouring boys school come sue and leave our toilet dirty. Our principal decided to use a

lock and now whenever we need to use the toilet we have to take the key from the teacher.

Now we are not falling ill and are able to manage our toilet clean as well.”

Two small stories narrated by children highlight the importance of cleaning the toilets after

use. The Issue of cleaning the toilet figured during the discussion with the community.

People said that cleaning the toilet is important. The graph below presents the findings on

cleaning toilet after use.

36

22 19

16

8

0

10

20

30

40

1

Hand wash After Defecation

Only Water Soap Ash detergent powder Clay



Data presented through graph captures various practices adopted by communities for cleaning

the toilet. These are:

44 percent of groups said that they clean toilet using various chemicals and acid or

chemical and acid-based liquids such as Harpic, Phenyl, and crude sulphuric acid;

17 percent of groups mentioned that in their home they use detergent to clean the

toilet;

27 percent of groups mentioned that they use water only to clean the toilet;

In 12 percent of cases the group members had no idea about the material used for

cleaning the toilet.

Regular cleaning of the toilet is important for making toilet hygienic and ensuring regular

use. The study found that:

29 percent of groups clean the toilet on daily basis;

25 percent of groups clean the toilet twice a week;

34 percent of groups clean the toilet weekly; and

29 percent of groups clean toilet fortnightly.

It is evident from the data that a large proportion of people not only uses the toilet but also

clean it on the regular interval. They have started the practice of cleaning on whatever

information they have received from various sources they were able to access such as

electronic media, print media or from friends and neighbours. It clear, from the data

presented above, that strong element of behaviour change exists among the communities.

Authorities need to capitalize on this and start filling the information gap. This will help in

adapting correct practice for proper and timely cleaning among the rural communities. At the

same time, it is important to communicate with people, about the negative impact of harmful

chemicals used for cleaning leach pit or septic tank. Chemicals and acid kill the bacteria

responsible for decomposition of the faces.

27

18

17

15

12

11

Material Used for Cleaning the Toilet

Only water Phenyl Detergent Harpic No idea Acid

12

34

29

25

Freqency of toilet cleaning

Daily Weekly Fortnightly Twice a week



8.8.3. Construction and Use of Bathroom

A bathroom creates an enabling environment for using the toilet in rural areas. The study

observed that the percentage of use, of the toilet, is high in all the houses with the bathroom.

The findings are presented in the graphs presented below. The data reveals that:

44 percent of groups reported that they have constructed toilet with bathroom;

46 percent of groups do not have the only toilet without bathroom.

Groups also informed about the storage of water in the bathroom. 66 percent, of those who

had bathrooms, said that they store water in the bathroom. The water stored in the bathroom

is used for going to the toilet and also for washing hands, bathing and cleaning cloths. The

data is presented in the graph below.

The groups, in villages, mentioned that they have various sources of water for the bathroom.

These sources are:

Hand pump – 15 percent

Water Tap – 11 percent

Water tanks attached with bathroom – 8 percent

A source outside the bathroom – 39 percent

Water stored in utensils and later used in the bathroom – 14 percent

11 percent of groups mentioned that they do not have any special arrangements for

storing water in the bathroom;

44

56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No

BAT H R O O M

66

21 13

0

50

100

Yes No No Answer

water storage in bathroom

15 11

39

14 8

13

0

10

20

30

40

50

Handpump Water tap Water from outside source

stored in utensils Water tank No special arrangment

Source of Water Supply in Bathroom



Toilet with Bathroom in Ujjain

8.8.4. The Outlet of Water from Bathroom Information emerging from field explains that

Around 83 percent groups mentioned that there is a proper outlet for water in the

bathroom;

Around 17 percent groups mentioned that they do not have a proper outlet for water in

their bathroom.

The used water, from the bathroom, flows out to the following places:

Open field, kitchen garden – 19 percent;

On the road – 26 percent:

In a pit or proper soak pit – 10 percent;

To an open drain or Nallah – 35 percent;

In a septic tank – 11 percent.

19

26

10

35

11

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Field/ Badi/kichen garden

Road

Pit/Soak Pits

Open Drain /Nali

Septic tank

Disposal of Water from Wash Area and Bath Room



Data on the disposal of water shows that there is a need to make organised efforts if the

objectives of the sanitation have to be achieved. With the introduction of toilet and bathroom,

there is a strong need to facilitate the process of planning for proper drainage and disposal of

used water in the rural areas.

8.8.5. Disposal of Garbage in the villages The system of solid waste management is still not present in the villages and Panchayats have

yet not started thinking about developing a proper system of garbage disposal. It was

observed that waste is thrown here and there in the villages. The traditional system of storing

domestic biodegradable waste in a pit for decomposition is vanishing rapidly. With the

increased use of plastic and polythene, the problem has increased manifolds. Groups shared

information about places where people dump their waste. The findings are presented in the

Graph below.

Places of dumping or disposing of the waste are as follows:

Dustbin – 20 percent;

Garbage Pit – 16 percent;

Open places of the field – 23 percent;

Near pond or river – 8 percent;

Throwing garbage on road or places nearby house – 33 percent;

The data presented advocate tells the status of solid waste management in rural areas. This

also highlights the fact that in the field of solid waste management a lot needs to be done in

the rural areas of Madhya Pradesh. The government and the Panchayats have covered only

one part that is making efforts for developing the villages as Open Defecation Free villages.

8.8.6. Conclusion: Personal Hygiene and Behaviour Change

Findings on issues related personal hygiene and behaviour reveal that people still have very

limited understanding about the seriousness of personal hygiene. Poor hand wash practice,

poor system of outflow of water from the house and almost non-existent system of waste

disposal makes it clear that at present the status of personal hygiene at the level of household

and individual is very poor. Only 36 percent people mentioned that they use dustbin or

garbage pit, 10 percent households reporting to linking the used water with proper soak pit

and the large proportion of population just washing their hand with water after using the toilet

is clear-cut indication that issue of personal hygiene requires immediate attention.

20

23 16

8

33

Garbage Disposed

Dustbin Field/open place Garbage Pits Near pond/River thrown on roads/near by place



8.9. Support for ODF

Groups, in the villages, mentioned that many people helped or worked tirelessly to make the

village Open Defecation Free. The findings emerging from FGDs are presented in the graph below.

The data reveals that following individuals have worked on various components of this entire

work associated with the campaign of ODF:

Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat;

Secretary of the Gram Panchayat;

Gram Rojgar Sahayak of the Gram Panchayat; and

Ward member of the Gram Panchayat.

All of the above-mentioned persons worked on the following components:

Monitoring;

Morning follow-up;

Awareness generation;

Support ion construction of toilet and also assisting authorities in evaluating the work

so that online payment is made to the beneficiaries;

In Constitution of Vanar Sena or committee of children.

Gram Rojgar Sahayak was identified as the most helpful person in the entire process.

8.10. Role of Institution in the Process of ODF

Community recalled the role played by various institutions during the process of declaring

villages as ODF. Community listed following institutions that were active during the period

of making village open defecation free:

Nigrani or Monitoring Committee;

Gram Sabha or a Committee of Gram Sabha;

School Management Committee or SMC;

Village Health and Sanitation Committee of SGTS;

Forest Committee; and

Women Self Help Group or WSHGs.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Monitoring Morning followup

Awareness Toilet construction &

evaluation

Chidrens committee

All Above No support provided/ No

idea

Support by Individuals in Making Village ODF

Sarpanch ward panch Secretary Rojgar Sahayak



It is clear from the data that Nigrani or Monitoring Committee was comparatively the most

active committee among all other institutions. The findings, from the FGDs in 10 villages of

5 selected districts, are also summarised in the table – 16. Baring one or two places in most of

the cases the groups were able to recall the constitution of the monitoring committee in the

villages during the process of ODF. People in these villages were not able to recall the active

involvement of SMC or SGTS. However, they mentioned that officials did organise a

meeting of SHGs and shared information with SHGs. SHGs were also asked to spread the

message related to the construction of the toilet.

Table – 16: Involvement of Community-based groups in ODF


GP Village Monitoring Committee Constituted

SGTS Involved

SMC Involved

Sagar

Rehli Samnapur Kalan Jamghat Yes No Idea No Idea

Deori Chirchita Shukhjoo

Chirchita Sukhjoo

No Idea No Idea No Idea

Ujjain

Ujjain Piploda Dwarkadheesh

Madhopur Yes No Idea No Idea

Badnagar Ingoriya Ingoria Yes No Idea No Idea

Balaghat

Katangi Jam Jam Yes No No

Baihar Birwa Birwa Yes No No

Sidhi

Kusumi Guduadhar Dadariha No Idea No Idea No

Rampur Naikin

Kandhwar Kandhwar No Idea No Idea No Idea

Gwalior

Dabra Kalyani Kalyani Yes No The teacher tells children not to go

outside

Bhitarwar Dhowat Kathod No Idea No No

8.11. Public Toilet: Availability and Use

Construction of Public Toilet and promoting its use in public places is one among the major

objectives of SBM. Study team observed public toilets and physically saw the present

condition of these toilets. The summary of findings, of selected villages, is presented in the

matrix table – 17. In Ingoria village of Badnagar block in the district, Ujjain a public toilet is

constructed. This toilet is situated in the market and is in regular use. Gram Panchayat has

designed and developed a business model that has provided full-time work to a family. This

family maintains cleanliness of the toilet regularly and shopkeepers and many those who

come to Ingoria market found it very useful.

11 8 14

7 3 12

45

5 4 8 4 5 8

67

5 9 5 2 5 4

70

4 5 8 1 0 4

80

1 1 1 0 0 0

98

2 8 11

0 2 5

73

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Monitoring Morning followup

Awareness Toilet construction & evaluation

Chidrens committee

All Above No Idea

Role of Institution in the Process of ODF Nigrani Committee

GS Committiees

School management Committiees

Village health & sanitation committee

Forest Comittiees

Self Help Groups



Apart from this one exception, there was no Public toilet in any of the village. There are

toilets in School and in Aganwadi. The toilet is also constructed in many Gram Panchayat

buildings. The use of toilets in Aganwadi is almost negligible because the Sahayika and

Aganwadi worker discourage children to use the toilets. They said that there is no availability

of water and they cannot fetch water far off places. They are already tied up with lots of other

responsibilities and cannot take up this responsibility. They further mentioned that small kids

come to Aganwadi and they do not know how to clean the anal after defecation. In such a

situation, who will clean and wash the hands of these children. If the mother or family

members of the children come then they can allow the use of the toilet.

The toilet in a School of district Gwalior

Schools had different stories, which is not new. Availability of water, the responsibility of

cleaning the toilet, checking the use of the toilet by outsiders who are not a student of the

school, availability of soap for hand wash are some of the important issues that limit the use

of toilets in schools visited by the study team. New Gram Panchayat buildings have the toilet.

The toilet in Gram Panchayat buildings is situated in the back of the building. The location of

the toilet is the limiting factor and does not encourage people to use the toilet.



Table – 17: Public Toilet: Availability and Use


GP and Village

Public Toilet

Toilet in School

Toilet in Aganwadi

The Toilet in Panchayat Building

Sagar Rehli Samnapur Kalan - Jamghat

No Yes but not in use due to the issue of cleanliness

No Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Deori Chirchita Shukhjoo

No Yes but Limited Use No Yes, Inside and common man cannot

use

Ujjain Ujjain Piploda Dwarkadheesh – Madhopur

No No No Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Badnagar Ingoriya – Ingoria

Yes in Market Place and fully functional. Panchayat has appointed one caretaker and the entire family has turned it into a working business model

Yes, Locked No Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Balaghat Katangi Jam No Yes, locked No Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Baihar Birwa No No No No yet Constructed

Sidhi

Kusumi Guduadhar – Dadariha

No Idea No Idea No Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Rampur Naikin

Kandhwar

No Idea No Idea No Idea Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Gwalior

Dabra Kalyani No Yes. Some are in good condition and some require maintenance. Most of the school toilet need a proper system of cleanliness

The teacher tells children not to go outside

Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

Bhitarwar Dhowat – Kathod

No No * Yes, Inside and common man cannot use

*In Village Kathod of Bhitarwar toilet in Aganwadi is constructed but no one can use because the toilet is covered by a wall from four sides. There is no roof on the toilet in Aganwadi. There is only a gap of 1 feet between the roof of Aganwadi building and the height of the wall of a toilet in Aganwadi

People said that proper availability of water, regular cleaning and regular maintenance is

necessary to ensure the use of public toilets.

Public Toilet In Ingoria Village of Ujjain



8.12. Major Issues Emerging from the Study

All the villages, selected for the study, are now having acquired ODF status after declaration

and verification. It is evident from the data and well as data emerging through FGDs that

toilets have been constructed in large numbers in the villages. It is also evident that message

for construction of toilet has reached to a large section of society. The move to declare

districts as Open Defecation Free district was taken in mission mode and entire

administration tirelessly worked to achieve this objective. The study found that not all the

households have constructed toilet and many families did not get support from Panchayat

because the name of the HH was not there either in the list of the beneficiary or in the online

App for SBM. Table – 18: Major Issues associated with the use of Toilet

District Block and Village Major Issues

Sagar

Rehli – Jamghat Poor quality of construction; Families with a large number of members are unable to use the

toilet properly. One or other member is forced to go outside; The problem in getting funds due to some problem with web

portal

Deori – Chirchita Sukhjoo Community not satisfied with the quality of construction

Ujjain

Ujjain – Madhopur Water supply is a major issue; People fetch water from hand pumps that are not very near to

the houses; Construction of proper drainage is a big problem and has created

a dispute in the village;


Water Supply is a major issue; People are not aware of repair and maintenance; Toilets are constructed with the single or double pit. People are using Phenyl, Harpic and many other chemicals; Community admitted that hand is washed using water only, soap,

ash or any other material is not used; Almost 60 percent houses have no toilet yet village has been

declared as ODF

Balaghat

Katangi – Jam Incomplete construction; Very deep pits almost of the size of 20x12x10

Shortage of water and not functioning hand pumps in the village; The practice of proper hand wash is not common and the

majority washes hand with water only

Baihar – Birwa Availability of water is a major issue; Non- availability of trained manpower for repair and maintenance

is another issue; In summers the frequency of toilet use decreases and is being

used only by elderly women and persons who fell ill; People were not satisfied with the size of the pit;

Sidhi

Kusumi – Dadariha Pipe connecting the toilet with pit has not been connected

properly; Toilet gets choked after use; The problem of water supply. Difficult to get water for the toilet

during summer; Quality of the door is very poor; Quality of brick, used for constructing a toilet, is very poor and in

many cases, the raw brick has been used after colouring the brick


Poor quality of construction or no construction; No arrangement of water; Poor IEC

Gram Sabha and other institutions are not involved in the process

Gwalior

Dabra – Kalyani Shortage of water, Motivator was not paid any honorarium in spite of working for

more than a year; Septic tanks have been constructed very close to Hand Pump; People constructed pit of 20x20 later Panchayat asked to reduce

the size then people reduced it to 12x12


Shortage of water, Poor quality of construction; Toilet not in a condition to be used



It is clear that construction does not ensure the status of ODF. ODF is much more beyond

physical construction. ODF tackles with the issue of availability of water, good quality

construction, proper size of a toilet, ensuring proper connectivity between pan, tab and pit and

much more. In fact, the process of ODF begins after completion of construction because only

a change in behaviour, of a particular community, will truly make the village open defecation

free.

Discussion with district-level officials, block officials and with the functionaries at Gram

Panchayat level gave an impression that they perceived this entire effort as a drive to evolve a

social mechanism so that human faeces are not seen on open and people are not seen

defecating in open. The concern to health due to open defecation and concern to health due to

improper disposal of waste completely lost focus from the programme.



Findings: Role of District and Block Administration



9. Role of District and Block Level Administration

Zila Panchayat played a central role in planning, coordination and execution of the overall

process of making rural areas of the district open defecation free. The CEO of Zila Panchayat

in each district led the process. There is one district Coordinator for SBM within Zila

Panchayat. Discussion with district teams provided important information about various role-

played by the district rather Zila Panchayat in the rural areas of the district.

9.1. Planning In districts, there are many issues related to open defecation, sanitation, cleanliness and

hygiene. All these issues require careful analysis of the existing status and defining the

problem and the magnitude of the problem. Once the problem is identified and defined then

the district can look for different options and alternatives available to solve the problem.

Accordingly, the resource requirement and requirement of technology and workforce can be

worked out. In the field of sanitation, a great deal of success can be achieved through

ensuring convergence of institutions already working in the field. In the case of SBM and

ODF districts undertook administrative planning and details are presented in table 19.

Table – 19: Planning for ODF by District

District Planning and Selection of Beneficiaries

Sagar Targets decided by the state using SECC 2011 Data; Process finalized by State The focus was on constructing toilet of the beneficiaries already selected by the SECC 2011; GRS will finalise the name of the beneficiary after enquiry. Since 2011 data is 6-7 years old

and the beneficiary may have constructed the toilet, in that case, his or her name from the list shall be deleted and GRS being the supervisor of the scheme has this responsibility;

It is also a direction that the beneficiary will start the preliminary work with resources from his or her own pocket;

Last one year, we had the option of constructing a toilet with two pits. Now the policies have changed and we have the following options:

o Single Pit; o Double Pit; o Septic Tank; o Bio Digest

Ujjain ZP prepares an Annual work plan for the entire district and blocks to use that plan as the plan of the block;

Work distributed to various departments. 100 villages were given to NRLM; While deciding about the pit we assessed the ground level situation and asked blocked to

decide as per local condition. Experience of NBA was with us and we had found that due to the black soil a tank with a

concrete base is not viable. Earlier many pits cracked over the period and many tilted in various directions. Therefore, the district decided not the construct with a concrete base rather leave the base open and construct 4 walls and roof.

The district made Gram Panchayat the project implementation agency or the PIA and Gram Panchayats hired contractors and material supplier;

District prepared a strategy for community mobilisation, morning follow-up and IEC; Discussed with School Education Department and Women and Child Development

Department for construction of Toilets in Schools and in Aganwadi

Balaghat The district received instructions from State to make village open defecation free. With this instruction, the focus shifted on the construction of the toilets. In October – November 68000 houses had no toilet and in February 2018, the HH remaining with latrine is 500;

District transferred funds only to GPs District identified HH without toilet and during the Navratri Festival Photo of Goddess Durga

was given with a Flag; 68000 HH mentioned above are the numbers from the SBM App. There are many more who

are not eligible for toilet

Sidhi Collector took control of all the initiatives related to planning for ODF in the district; Focus on Daily Monitoring; Identification of Families not ready to construct a toilet; Planning to convince the beneficiary HH for construction of Toilet; Planning for identification of employees and Panchayat Representatives to punish;

Gwalior Two Schemes used to fund the toilet construction in villages; Toilets form MNREGS only for PMGAY beneficiaries; No involvement of elected representatives of ZP. CEO and team worked on the directions

of State Headquarters of the programme



The information, presented in table 49, suggests that the districts focussed on planning for

constructing the toilets based on the instructions they received from State. Districts started

planning for achieving the target within the given frame of time. Formalities and institutional

mechanisms for tracking the progress were planned at the district level.

Guidelines of the government of India assign a critical role of Gram Sabha and suggest that

all the planning and delivery should target on meeting community needs. This means that the

planning phase must have a clear-cut and well-defined role of Gram Sabha and Gram

Panchayat in Planning. This will help in compiling community need at the district level.

9.2. Execution Information shared, by Zila Panchayats, on the issues of execution for ODF is presented in

table 20.

Table – 20: Execution by Districts for ODF

District Execution

Sagar Collector and district administration took lead in ODF; Execution with the Help of Block and GP; GRS is the main person responsible for the execution;

Focus on Behaviour Change; No Coordination with PHED; Warning issued to beneficiaries for not giving food coupon, removing the name from the list

of the beneficiary for PMGAY; The threat of disconnecting the electricity connection was issued and declared in Gram

Sabha meetings; Police moved in the villages with the team involved in morning follow – up;

Ujjain Collector and district administration took lead in ODF Initially, GP was executing the programme then responsibility shifted to individuals and now

again responsibility is transferred back to GP; Block acts as a representative of the district No Coordination with PHED

Balaghat Collector and district administration took lead in ODF and ZP had a very limited role and acted as an agency of collector office;

Initially, GP was executing the programme then responsibility shifted to individuals and now again responsibility is transferred back to GP. District did not allow beneficiaries to construct the toilet. After the instruction of State for transfer of funds directly to beneficiaries district ensured that beneficiaries transfer the NEFT/RTGS form for electronic fund transfer;

Block acts as a representative of the district No Coordination with PHED; Police were asked to act and detain beneficiaries who were not ready to construct; District administration directed the Food Department and SDM (revenue) to suspend the

food coupon

Sidhi Collector and district administration took lead in ODF Initially, GP was executing the programme then responsibility shifted to individuals and now

again responsibility is transferred back to GP. District made arrangements so that the system of Panchayat and contractor working together continued

No Coordination with PHED District administration directed the Food Department and SDM (revenue) to suspend the

food coupon; District administration directed PMGAY Coordinator to remove the name from the list of

eligible beneficiaries; Police was also used in morning follow-up and this had a good impact on convincing people

Gwalior Collector and district administration took lead in ODF; Funds transferred to beneficiaries directly. The focus was on motivating beneficiaries to

construct their own toilet; No Coordination with PHED; Took strong steps to ensure that people have no option but to construct the toilet.

Administration confiscated many items of business vendors or hawker like Milkman, vegetable vendors. Items confiscated were milk tank, weighing machine or scales of a vegetable vendor, bicycle and pushcart of the vendor;

District also stopped various benefits to individual beneficiaries such as Food coupon, kerosene, sugar everything;

District Coordinator says that the steps taken by the administration sent a strong message to people and they realised that now onwards there is no option but to construct the toilet;

Gwalior adopted a practice of which district called as non-cooperation movement. In this the officials visited the house of beneficiaries in the early hours of the day sat there for hours. Asked for tea, food and a place to rest. This continued for many days and finally, it stopped when beneficiaries agreed to construct the toilet.



It appears that execution was a routine administrative exercise where the focus was on

convincing and making beneficiary ready for the construction of toilet. One CEO of Janpad

mentioned that we used all means to make the beneficiary ready for the construction of the

toilet. “Sam, daam, dand aur bhed, we used everything to ensure that toilet is constructed.

Power, use of force, creating fear, not allowing families to get their entitlement under PDS,

housing were some core steps to influence and execute the process of implementation under

SBM and ODF.

9.3. Monitoring The information, received from districts, reveal that monitoring was very strong as long as

the process of achieving the target under ODF was not complete. Once a mandatory target for

construction of the toilet was achieved and the district was declared ODF the process of

monitoring stopped. Districts did share some information about monitoring initiatives taken

by the districts and the summary is presented in the table – 21.

Table – 21: Monitoring by Districts for ODF

District Monitoring

Sagar Constituted Monitoring Committee;

Janapd Panchayats have constituted Sanitation committee

Monitoring on daily basis by Collector, ZP, Janpad Panchayat compiled a report and shared it with ZP;

Ujjain Constituted Monitoring Committee;


Support of Jan Abhiyan Parishad16 in monitoring;

Balaghat Constituted Monitoring Committee;


Sidhi Constituted Monitoring Committee;


Gwalior Constituted Monitoring Committee;


Constitution of the monitoring committee, daily review of progress by district collector was

the key feature of monitoring. Based on the data received on the progress in the construction

of toilet administration took some initiatives that were mainly to punish those who were not

taking their work seriously. Issuing the show-cause notice and suspending Panchayat

Secretary or GRS are some of the steps taken by the authorities.

9.4. ODF: Sustainability The practice of open defecation will stop once there are a physical structure and other

necessities available at the doorstep of people going out for defecation. This has been the core

idea behind the sanitation programme since the beginning. Later on, many issues were

included in this debate such as the mindset and perception play an equally important role in

changing the practice of open defecation.

Study team observed many facts and issues associated with ensuring the sustainability of

ODF status of village block and district. Efforts made by the district for ensuring

sustainability if presented in the table – 22.

16

A social work division of GoMP created within Department of Planning, Economic and Statistics



Table – 22: Efforts for Sustaining the practice of ODF

District Sustainability

Sagar Constitution of separate Standing Committee for sanitation at the level of Janpad Panchayat;

IEC for sharing messages that convinces people to use the toilet and stop going outside;

A new initiative called “Kachara se Kanchan”. DPR of Solid-Liquid waste management shared with all the Gram Panchayat;

Efforts for ensuring water supply;

Focus on construction of small ponds and other structure for water;

Ujjain Constituted Monitoring Committee in the villages;

Plans to continue Morning follow – up;

Wall writing and continuing IEC;

SLWM will take the works and achievements of ODF;

We have asked the government to provide land for waste management;

Balaghat Waiting for the directions from State;

Sidhi Constituted Monitoring Committee;

Monitoring on daily basis by ZP, Janpad Panchayat compiled the report and shared it with ZP;

Gwalior Solid and Liquid waste management is new focus and district is waiting for specific instructions from State;

The information presented in the table reveals that districts and other institutions just

followed the guidelines and were more concerned about the completion of the construction

work. Authorities working with institutions assumed that

Government is giving Rs. 12000.00, which is much more than previous programmes.

This amount is sufficient to construct a good quality latrine;

Construction of good quality latrine will automatically sustain the initiative;

Intensive morning follow-up will give correct messages to the people and they will

change their behaviour;

Soon after the completion of the target given through SBM portal districts started findings

ways and means to assist remaining families. All districts used MNREGS as an alternative

source of funding and state allowed district to give funds to remaining houses for

construction of latrine. Gwalior is the classic example where PO informed that district

collected and analysed the data of all the beneficiaries who received funds for toilet

construction under any schemes previously. District then decided to give additional funds to

all such beneficiaries for renovating/constructing the latrine. The district decided to use

Rs.12000.00 as the basic amount required for construction of the toilet. District then decided

to deduct the amount paid to HH in the earlier programme for toilet construction and transfer

remaining to the account of the beneficiary.

Issues of water availability, ensuring the mechanism for repair and maintenance, transfer of

the knowledge and skill remained unanswered and still, there is no attempt by the districts to

start working on these critical issues.

10. Major Issues Emerging from the Study

The study was designed to understand the broad behavioural changes towards ODF in the

community and the role of the village water & sanitation committee & other similar

institutions. The study has found a lot of issues and materials vis-à-vis the first objective of

the study. There is very limited data on the role of village water & sanitation committee &

other similar institutions. All we can say is that local institutions played a very limited role in

the entire process and have been not active at all during the period of declaring village ODF.

There are interesting issues emerging from the study, which presents a picture different from

a traditional opinion about ODF and India. The major issues emerging from the study are

presented in the paragraphs below. We would like to mention here that in the sample of study

includes all types of villages covering all types of communities living in the state of Madhya



Pradesh. There is a completely tribal village which is covered under the fifth schedule of the

constitution and has special status. There are villages dominated by upper caste Hindus,

mixed villages dominated by backward caste, tribal villages in a non-tribal district and

villages with religious minorities such as Jain, Muslims and Christians.

10.1. Behaviour Change

Is behaviour changing towards personal hygiene, sanitation and defecation is the key question

that this study has tried to explore and find an answer based on the data received from the

field. The second most important aspect of the study is linked with sustaining the positive

changes at the habitation level in rural Madhya Pradesh. The study has tried to explore and

understand the factors and causes that help in sustaining the behaviour change of people and

communities. The findings strongly suggest that the behaviour of people has changed after

the programme intervention and the indicators showing the behaviour change are given

below.

[A]. Agreeing for Construction of Toilet:

People or the beneficiaries agreed to construct toilet itself is a strong indicator of change of

behaviour. It is evident from the quantitative data and well as data emerging through FGDs

that toilets have been constructed in large numbers in the villages. The study found that not

all the households have constructed toilet and many families did not get support from

Panchayat because the name of the HH was not there either in the list of beneficiaries or in

the online App for SBM. The change in behaviour can be underlined by the fact that every

household in the village is waiting to receive assistance from the government and they are not

ready to understand the so-called scientific method of selecting beneficiary using SECC

2011. They say that the SECC 2011 data is not correct.

[B]. Investing From Own Pocket As Additional Cost To Make A Better Quality

Toilet

The second most important indicator of behaviour change can be gauged from the fact that a

large proportion of beneficiaries have invested from their own pocket to make the toilet

better. People have not spent resources from their own pocket in only those places where

system constructed toilet without consulting people. Constructing big pits, constructing a

bathroom, using tiles in the toilet are all indicators of behaviour changes and suggest that the

current generation is ready to adapt the toilet in their day-to-day behaviour. What is important

is to allow people to participate in consultations prior to construction.

[C]. Use of toilet

High level of use is another important indicator of change in behaviour towards personal

hygiene and sanitation. More than 50 percent respondent saying that even after a shortage of

water they do not stop the use of latrine is a clear-cut indication of a change in behaviour.

[D]. Cleaning the toilet

People referred to cleaning the toilet and during FGDs and they named the items with which

they clean the toilet. Such minute detail reaffirms the fact that people use and clean toilet.

[E]. Hand wash

A boy, in village Ingoria of Ujjain district, told that he washes his hand with “Lifeboy” (a

brand name of soap) and immediately an elderly boy laughed at him and said that he washes

his hand with water only. The data on hand wash is yet another indicator of toilet use. The

challenge remains with changing habit of hand wash.

[F]. Maintenance of toilet

A large proportion of families are spending to ensure minor repair and maintenance of toilet,

which is another strong indication of toilet use. Expenditure on repairing the tab, washbasin



and water tank are examples of the development of ownership amongst the households for

toilet and it also informs that toilets are used.

Behaviour change needs to be seen in the context of hygiene, especially personal hygiene in

rural areas. As mentioned earlier the status of personal hygiene needs immediate attention to

change the practices related to hand wash, rubbing hand after a hand wash, the outflow of

water from houses, cleaning toilet and disposal of solid waste management.

10.2. Ownership Cleaning the toilet, investing in repair and using it inform that the sense of ownership is

developed amongst the community members. These strong senses of ownership have

developed in the areas where people have invested resources from their own pocket. In all

these cases people were also responsible for the construction of the toilet. People compared

the amount given for toilet under SBM and compared the figure with NBA and TSC. This

comparison itself was a major factor towards changing the opinion about the programme.

10.3. Slow pace of transfer of technology Under SBM the state is transferring a technology that is needed to stop the practice of open

defecation and allows the safe disposal of human faeces. This technology has various options

and one can choose appropriate technological solution best suited to the area and locality.

Construction of toilet is like giving a new fridge, motorcycle or mobile to a household. With

construction, it is equally important to transfer the knowledge and technology for use,

maintenance and repair of the product. Once can develop a cadre of trained people to handle

issues related to Operation and Maintenance or O&M. It is important to transfer the

technology with care because it also attracts a law on manual scavenging. Constructing single

pit latrine and involving labour in cleaning or emptying the pit might attract the provision of

manual scavenging act coupled with SC and ST atrocities act. So making this technology safe

for use and ensuring peaceful relationship at the community level is important and authorities

need to share all the information with do’s and don’ts with HH.

10.4. Construction of Large-Scale Non-Functional Toilet During the FGDs, the study team found that toilets constructed in both the villages of Sidhi,

in one village of Bhitarwar block of Gwalior, and in parts of Balaghat are not functional due

to various reasons. These toilets are non-functional because the contractor has not constructed

it properly or in some cases the pan and pit are not connected properly or the height of the

toilet is low.

10.5. Lack of Planning In all the villages, people mentioned it clearly that no planning for water availability was

undertaken and it was difficult for them to use the toilet if water is not available. It is

important to mention that the construction of Latrine is in the hands of Panchayat and Rural

Development Department, which is represented by the Gram Panchayat. Supply of potable

water and drinking water is the responsibility of the Public Health and Engineering

Department (PHED). Community members including and Panchayat representatives

mentioned very clearly that the two departments never sat together and discussed the issue of

requirement of increased water supply after village is declared ODF.

10.6. Administrative Difficulties and Spread of Confusion The senior team found that there are many incomplete toilets in the villages. The households

earlier received the communication for beginning the construction and later were told to stop.

In many villages, the construction was stopped because there was a technical problem in FTO

or fund transfer. These examples simply highlight the fact that there are many administrative

issues related to funding transfer, related to the decision on assisting families for toilet

construction and coordination with Gram Panchayats.



In all the districts the Sarapanch and Secretary are not very clear about the future of the

programme implementation vis-à-vis the houses where the toilet is still not constructed.

Districts have a different answer for this. Sidhi says no new construction, authorities from

district Sagar say no new construction, Gwalior has communicated that all leftover families

will be supported but GP representatives and employees are not clear. There is a lot of

confusion on the issues of supporting beneficiaries and about post-ODF strategies.

10.7. Acting as Supreme Authority Zila Panchayat Gwalior informed that it has made payment to all motivators and there is no

pending payment. In the two villages, visited by the senior study team it came out that in

Dabra no payment was made to motivator and in Bhitarwar the motivator was not appointed.

We know everything and we will listen only to authorities communicating from top

undermines the legal provisions and spirit of the guidelines of SBM. The tendency of

authorities treating them above all has taken away the space of community participation

which one among the prime cause of slippage post ODF.

10.8. Constructing the toilet through GP Making sustained efforts to ensure that the beneficiary is not constructing the toilet is a

critical issue and it has just taken away the sense of ownership and motivation of the families.

The frustrating experiences of people in Sidhi, Gwalior and Balaghat are a clear-cut example

of the same. Whatever participation happened that happened through negotiation between the

contractor and the beneficiary and people used that small window of opportunity to make

their toilet better. The focus on using GP as an agency for construction has created a negative

impact amongst the people in general; and beneficiaries in particular.

10.9. Responsibility Post-Construction As mentioned earlier the study was conducted in the villages already declared as ODF. In no

village GP, Monitoring Committee or any other group had any idea and information about the

future of ODF. Everyone has assumed that after the construction of the toilet the

responsibility has ended. Zila Panchayat too was not very vocal and Ujjain, Sidhi, Balaghat

and Gwalior mentioned that they are either preparing the project report SLWM (Solid and

Liquid Waste Management). They also informed that staffs are now – a day’s trained on

CLTS and as soon as the programme is approved the work will start.

It is clear that construction does not ensure the status of ODF. ODF is much more beyond

physical construction. ODF tackles with the issue of availability of water, good quality

construction, proper size of a toilet, ensuring proper connectivity between pan, tab and pit and

much more. In fact, the process of ODF begins after completion of construction because only

a change in behaviour, of a particular community, will truly make the village open defecation

free. Discussion with district-level officials, block officials and with the functionaries at

Gram Panchayat level gave an impression that they perceived this entire effort as a drive to

make efforts so that human faeces are not seen on open and people are not seen defecating in

open. The concern for health due to open defecation and concern for health due to improper

disposal of waste completely lost focus from the programme.

The analysis of data makes it clear that all the institutions, involved in the planning,

execution and monitoring of ODF, just followed the guidelines without applying their own

wisdom. They also forgot to understand local realities and were more concerned about the

completion of the construction work. Issues of water availability, ensuring the mechanism for

repair and maintenance, transfer of the knowledge and skill remained unanswered and still,

there is no attempt by the districts to start working on these critical issues. The study found

that wherever the good quality infrastructure is available the percentage of use is high. The

study found that Zila Panchayat and SBM team constructed toilet without preparing a proper

plan for ensuring availability of water. Although the district authorities mentioned that, they



are sending their teams for adopting the CLTS approach but there was hardly any evidence at

the ground for applying or using CLTS approach. Community involvement was for accepting

the dictation coming from higher authorities.

10.10. Involvement of Institution

The success of any project or programme depends on the efficiency and effectiveness of the

institution involved in the planning and implementation of the programme. In the case of the

Swachh Bharat Mission (G), the roles are clearly defined. First of all the Government of India

has taken the role of providing funds and technical guidance for the programme. At the

national level, the Ministry of Drinking Water has been made responsible for the

programmes. The Government of India has further made it clear that sanitation is the state

subject.

In the case of Madhya Pradesh, the Panchayat and Rural Development Department is the

nodal agency at the state level. Below state level, the responsibilities lie with Panchayat Raj

Institution that is Zila Panchayat, Janpad Panchayat, Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha

because State has transferred the responsibility of sanitation to the Panchayats through State

Panchayat Raj and Gram Swaraj Act 1993. This means that Sanitation is the Panchayat

subject as far as Madhya Pradesh is concerned. This also means that Panchayats should lead

the project and gradually take over the responsibility of planning, implementation and

sustaining the initiatives started during the project period. Panchayat means a team of elected

representatives working with the bureaucracy and technical experts available with the

institution.

Data from the field suggests that

Beneficiaries are already identified by Government of India and responsibility of

verification of beneficiary is given to the Gram Sabha;

Gram Panchayat is made agency for construction of toilets;

The yearly target for construction is fixed by the central government;

The fund is transferred to the account of Gram Panchayat or to beneficiaries account

directly from the central government through FTO;

There is very little involvement of elected representatives in the process of planning,

execution and monitoring of the programme;

No effort towards using existing technical capabilities of various institutions working

at the ground in the district;

Standing committees of Panchayats at all levels are not involved in the entire process.

The standing committees of Panchayat were not active and neither part of discussion,

analysis and decision making;

In all the 5 districts elected representatives of the Panchayats had very limited idea

about SBM, ODF and the role of Panchayats as an institution;

The data received through minutes of the meeting reveal that representatives used the

meeting of General assembly of ZP and JP to articulate issues and demands of their

constituencies. Apart from raising demands, these committees had no idea and they

too depended on the state for future guidelines.

The project execution team, at the district level, depended on the instructions of the state for

everything. It can be summarised that institutions are not part of the overall project think

tank. The capacity development programme has focussed on building capacities of a small

team of professionals working with SBM division. In all the 5 districts, the village teams

depended on block level officers, block-level teams depended on ZP and ZP works on the

instructions of the State. Everyone depended on the state for getting clear-cut instructions for

SLWM initiatives. Communities, Panchayats and other institutions have not been involved in



thinking and exploring ways and means to address the issue of solid Liquid and Waste

Management. The process is such that actually provides very limited space for people to

think, discuss and suggest ways and means for sustaining intuitive taken for making their area

Open Defecation Free or ODF.

11. Recommendation

The data provides an encouraging trend about growth in a number of constructed and

functional toilets in rural Madhya Pradesh. The findings of the study also give evidence that

behaviour is changing with faster speed compared to change took place during the

implementation of previous programmes on sanitation. Behaviour change towards defecating

in open has many preconditions. Planners, policymakers and the executing agencies need to

understand these preconditions very clearly. Based on the findings and observation the study

has a set of recommendations divided into the following categories:

Planning Phase

Implementation Phase

Sustainability Phase

Until now, we have focussed more on checking the behaviour related to Open Defecation at

the household level. There is another side of cleanliness and hygiene that is associated with

maintaining cleanliness in public places. The second part of recommendation focuses on steps

required to maintain ODF while people are not at home. The study has a separate set of

recommendations for ensuring open defecation at public places.

It is interesting to observe that Madhya Pradesh is now declared as Open Defecation Free

State, which means all the villages are ODF. However, the study has found that state has

focussed on constructing toilets for the beneficiaries identified as eligible using SECC 2011

data. In all the villages, many families are missing from this database. As a result, the target

set for construction and other efforts have been achieved, still there are a sizeable number of

families with no toilets. There is the case of Sidhi where the village is ODF and toilets have

been constructed on paper but actually, there is a limited number of toilets at the ground. The

recommendations need to be read in this background where the study is suggesting for the

steps to cover all the households in the villages and achieve a target of 100 percent ODF.

11.1. System and Mechanism for Cleanliness and ODF at Household Level The study has found that focus of Swachh Bharat Mission revolves around the construction of

toilets for a household in rural areas. Entire effort, of the mission, has been directed towards

achieving this objective. This objective further narrowed down to the label of constructing

toilets only for eligible beneficiaries identified under SBM. Keeping this in mind the study

has suggestions for making the efforts towards achieving the target of making rural MP ODF.

11.1.1. Planning Phase All efforts have been towards initiating construction of a toilet at the household level. The

pre-construction phase has focussed on identifying and supporting beneficiary to construct

the toilet. Pre – Construction or the planning phase is critical because during this phase the

roles, responsibilities and nitty-gritty, of the overall objective, are discussed and finalised.

The study has following recommendations for pre-construction or the planning phase.

(i) Developing Gram Panchayat as Basic Unit of Planning At present Panchayats are implementing the instructions of higher authorities. Whatever is

communicated to the GP, through Official channel GP implements the same. Gram

Panchayat is the government of people living in the villages. Hence Panchayat is the best

suited to prepare plan in collaboration with the community and the Gram Sabha. The plan for



cleanliness, water supply and ODF can be treated as special sectoral plan of the GP. During

the process of planning, the state and other agencies can extend support to the GP and share

following issues:

the broader framework and necessary guidelines of the SBM;

Role of Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha in the entire process;

The process of beneficiary selection and the role of GP and GS in this process;

Various design and technological inputs available for people;

The system and process of fund release;

The process of declaration and verification for ODF.

(ii) Involvement CBOs and Standing Committees of Gram Sabha There is Swachh Gram and Tadarth Samitee or SGTS that is the MP version of the village

health and sanitation committee (VHSC). Apart from SGTS, there are various other

committees such as Forest Committee, SHGs, SMC and standing committees of the Gram

Sabha. It is important to involve these committees in the process. It is equally important to

assign them clear responsibility with a clear message. SGTS can be used as the local

monitoring committee at the village level. This committee has resources to undertake

community need assessment for health planning.

(iii) Involvement of Panchayats and Standing Committees It is important to involve elected representatives of the Panchayats in the planning process.

This will help in ensuring continuity of decision and follow-up process at cutting-edge level.

It is important to transfer the responsibility of planning to the standing committees of the

Panchayats at all level.

There are 7 standing committees at the level of ZP and JP. One among them has the

responsibility related to sanitation and hygiene. These committees need to be involved in the

process of planning, execution and review of works related to SBM and ODF. The

committees have representatives from various line departments so this can ensure

convergence at the appropriate level. Sustaining ODF status is important and this can be done

only through ensuring active involvement of local institutions. It is recommended to

gradually transfer the responsibilities to standing committees of Panchayats at all level.

(iv) Involvement of Departments in Programme Planning and Execution Rural Development Department, though ZP, is the only institution that is implementing the

programme. Departments like, PHED, WRD, Forest, School Education, Health and WCD has

very limited or no role in programme planning, execution and review of programme

performance. These departments need to be involved in the overall process and need to be

assigned specific responsibility to ensure complete and actual coverage of ODF. Schools,

Aganwadi, Health institutions are some of the places where the development of facility is

required. Forest, PHED and WRD will play important role in planning to ensure availability

of water in rural areas.

(v) Planning for Water People said that they cannot use the toilet if there is a shortage of water and because of this

the use of toilet gets reduced during summers. The study found no evidence of improving the

situation of water availability in the field. The study strongly recommends that the state must

first plan for water and thereafter it can start the process of toilet construction. Planning for

water availability must precede planning for all other activities in SBM. Based on the

planning for water additional sources of the water need to be identified and allocated. The

cost of constructing and developing a water source, need to be included in the total cost of the

programme. The state needs to take a clear-cut step for ensuring smooth coordination

between ZP, PHED and other departments working on ensuring availability of water in rural



areas. The technical expertise of PHED must be used for making village wise water planning

to sustain ODF.

In places, wherever the target of construction has achieved the state need to help the

community to undertake an audit of water availability in different seasons. The findings of

audit need to be used for facilitating the process of addressing the issue of shortage of water

during the lean season. During the process of water audit, the concerned departments must be

made stakeholder with equal rights and opportunity.

(vi) Planning for Ensuring Supply of Materials The entire district faced an acute shortage of materials necessary for construction such as

bricks, cement, doors and sand. This affected the progress and district had to make stop-gap

arrangements. It is important for the district to prepare a strategy and plan to ensure timely

supply of materials and trained worker for households to be able to complete the construction

within a given period. The delay in getting material increases the cost of construction.

11.1.2. During Implementation Phase The study found that Panchayats and other institutions just jumped into implementation phase

without many thinks and anticipating types of issues they would have faced. As a result, a lot

of firefighting and ad-hoc planning was undertaken at this level. Hence, the implementation

phase is important and critical. The study has following suggestions for this crucial phase.

(i) Construction of Toilet by Beneficiary Data reveals that good quality construction leads towards increased use of the toilet and

sustained behaviour change. The study also found that beneficiaries only construct the

majority of the good quality toilets. Since they have constructed so, they thought about

addressing all issues that can affect the use of the toilet. As a result, beneficiary led

construction process has resulted in increased use and behaviour change in the villages. This

study recommends that beneficiary should be given a lead in implementation and

construction phase.

In some cases, GP might construct good quality toilet but that will take away the opportunity

of on job training of beneficiary and deprive beneficiary of developing a sense of ownership.

In the case of toilet constructed by Panchayats, people had only complaints about the quality

and functionality of the toilet. Keeping this in mind the study recommends that in no case GP

should be given the responsibility of construction or should be made implementing agency.

Panchayat can act as support institutions ensuring linkage of the beneficiary with better

technological options. Panchayat can also inform beneficiary about do’s and don’ts vis-à-vis

construction and use.

(ii) Campaign for Behaviour Change and Personal Hygiene The study has found that merely a construction of toilet does not ensure change in the

behaviour. People have many misconceptions about cleanliness, hand wash and about the

disposal of solid and liquid waste. It is important that state, through Gram Panchayat, CBOs

and Gram Sabha, should focus on organising a campaign on issues preventing people from

using the toilet and other behavioural aspects. This will help people in understanding the

importance of the behavioural aspect of cleanliness and will also remove the misconception.

The campaign must involve Panchayats and its standing committees in the entire process. The

campaign must also keep on recalling old messages through organising a systematic review

of progress done or achievements made.

(iii) Dissemination of Messages and Transfer of Technology The study has discussed in detail about issues connected to the design of the latrine. Before

construction, it is important to share the various alternative models of latrine suitable for the

area. The positives and negatives of each model and it’s suitability in local condition must be



discussed in details amongst the community members. The people must be informed about

the purpose behind constructing latrine with the double pit. Standing Committees of Gram

Sabha, SGTS, GP and other CBOs should be used as a platform to facilitate discussion and

disseminate the information.

(iv) Transfer of Skill and Technology to Community Toilet and latrine will sustain if there is support available for repair and maintenance at an

affordable cost. At present, the repair and maintenance is solely the responsibility of the

owner and since cost is very high, so there is limited or no effort for ensuring repair and

maintenance. The study recommends developing a cadre of local youth as mason and experts

of toilet and latrine repair and maintenance. A mixed course of Mason and plumber need to

be offered through ITIs and Skill India. Swachhagarhis can also be offered this course so that

they are developed as a young entrepreneur to provide repair and maintenance services.

It is important to define the role and responsibility of Swachhatadoot or Swachagrahis in the

perspective of sustaining the efforts made during ODF.

11.1.3. Sustainability Phase The actual use of toilet begins once construction is complete. Hence, post-construction phase

is important for ODF and behaviour change. The study has found many issues that are

affecting the use of toilet and as a result the process of behaviour change. The major issues

that emerged are

Non-functional toilets due to poor construction;

Non-functional toilet due to a shortage of water;

Families going in open due to non-construction of the toilet;

Families stopped the use of toilet due to damage of structure after some time;

There are few important issues that will affect the use of the toilet in long run and that is:

Understanding and information about the use

(i) Identification of Non-Functional toilets The study has found that a large proportion of newly constructed toilets are non-functional. It

would be appropriate to identify these non-functional toilets due to the fault in construction

and efforts should be made to make these toilets functional investing a small amount for

repair.

(ii) Use of Bio-Friendly toilet cleaner The study has found that at present the toilet is cleaned by chemical that will kill the friendly

bacteria of pit ultimately affecting the sustenance and management of defected waste stored in

the pit. It is important to provide material that reduces to side effects. The study recommends

promoting the use of bacterial pit cleaner. This aspect is the most neglected aspect of the

entire campaign and state must focus on identifying appropriate cleaner, promote the use and

focus on local production of such cleaners.

(iii) Solid and Liquid Waste Management All Zila Panchayats and Janpad Panchayat need to develop a strategy for solid, liquid and

waste management at the earliest. The state needs to facilitate the process the process where

Panchayats get proper support and assistance for preparing strategy and plan. The policy

guideline from the state can simply provide a framework for developing a district-specific

strategy and plan.

Types of solid waste presently coming out from rural houses;

A place for disposing of the waste;

Use of traditional practice of disposing waste;

Opinion about the segregation of non-biodegradable waste at household level;



Role of state in handling non-biodegradable waste;

The option of energy generation from biodegradable (State can provide a source of

funding currently available and institution mapping for technical support).

(iv) Mechanism for Grievance Redressal There are many grievances in the field and people have no idea how to handle these

grievances. The issue of ODF is slightly different from other grievances because of the nature

of the product it is offering. Firstly, there is an information gap and people do not know

whether the information they are getting is correct or not. Sometimes there are confusions

related to geo-tagging, FTO, the response from a bank or from banking correspondents. All

institutions including GP can take a different role of mobilisation, providing technical support

and problem-solving. There could be several issues tomorrow one the programmes roles out

SLWM component. Hence, it is important to have a dedicated team at district level just to

address the issue of grievances cum information gap.

11.2. Recommendations for Sanitation and ODF in Public Places Constructing Toilets merely at home is just one attempt towards achieving the target of ODF.

People spend a lot of time outside a home in rural areas too. Following places are important

places and location where people assemble and spend a lot of time:

School;

Anganwadi;

Hospital;

Haat – Bazar and Market;

Agricultural Mandi;

Places of Public Transport.

The Study has following recommendation to ensure cleanliness and behaviour change at

public places.

(i) Increase the use of toilet at Schools and Anganwadi There is an urgent need of specific guideline for ensuring and regulating the use of the toilet

in schools and Aganwadis. The toilets, at these institutions, are the public toilet that requires

clear guidelines for cleaning and water supply and generating awareness amongst the

children. Teacher, AWW and Anganwadi Sahayika need to be informed about their specific

role and responsibility vis-à-vis use and management of the toilet.

(ii) Develop a Universal Business Model for Public Toilet The toilet in Public places needs to be built more in numbers in rural areas too. At present, it

is important to construct public toilets in the villages where weekly Haats and markets are

organised. These Public toilets should be managed on a proper business model. Public Toilet

of Village Ingoria, in Ujjain, has presented model details of which can be documented. These

Details will help the government in developing detailed guidelines for building and operating

Public toilets in Public places of Rural MP.

(iii) Developing a Market: Construction, Operation and Maintenance Support for the toilet is one-time support from the government. To sustain it will require

trained manpower, materials readily available for repair and maintenance and items required

for daily use. The state will not provide the supply of any item after construction. The

construction is also opening up a complete market, which is not developed in the rural areas.

There is a need for the state to create an enabling environment for beginning and growth of

this market, which will require the use of machine and technology on large scale especially

for cleaning and emptying the pits. The issues related to cleaning the pit will arise after some

time and the government need to work out a clear strategy to address this issue.



Annexure – 1: Data Tables

1. Profile and background of Respondents

1.1. Gender of Respondents

1.2. Number Members in the Family

1.3. Social category of Respondents

1.4. Category of Assistance of Respondents

Table – 4: Category of Assistance of Respondents

District Block BPL APL

SC

APL

ST

Farmer

S& M

Women Headed

HH

Differentl

y Able

Others Total

Gwalior

Dabra 22.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 72.0 50

Bhitarwar 2.0 7.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.2 51

Sagar

Rehli 66.0 2.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 2.0 18.0 50

Deori 77.6 4.1 6.1 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 49

Ujjain

Ujjain 62.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 50

Badnagar 72.0 14.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 50

Balaghat

Katangi 89.6 2.1 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 2.1 48

Baihar 96.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 50

Sidhi

Rampur Naikin 76.5 5.9 3.9 11.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 51

Kusumi 61.2 2.0 28.6 4.1 4.1 0.0 0.0 49

Total 62.2 6.8 4.2 5.0 0.6 0.2 20.9 498

Table – 1: Gender of Respondents District Block Male Female Total

Gwalior

Dabra 82 18 50

Bhitarwar 88.24 11.76 51 Sagar

Rehli 64.00 36.00 50

Deori 75.51 24.49 49 Ujjain

Ujjain 68.00 32.00 50

Badnagar 72.00 28.00 50 Balaghat

Katangi 56.25 43.75 48

Baihar 68.00 32.00 50 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 27.45 72.55 51

Kusumi 51.02 48.98 49

Total 65.26 34.74 498

Table – 2: Number of Members in Family

District Block One Two Three Four Five More Than Five Total

Gwalior Dabra 0 10.81 1.96 6.12 11.93 13.54 10.04

Bhitarwar 0 2.70 9.80 11.22 11.01 11.46 10.24

Sagar Rehli 0 8.11 19.61 16.33 9.17 5.73 10.04

Deori 18.18 16.22 15.69 13.27 7.34 6.25 9.84

Ujjain Ujjain 9.09 5.41 11.76 7.14 11.01 11.46 10.04

Badnagar 0.00 5.41 5.88 7.14 10.09 14.06 10.04

Balaghat Katangi 18.18 13.51 5.88 10.20 11.93 7.81 9.64

Baihar 0.00 13.51 5.88 15.31 10.09 8.33 10.04

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 18.18 13.51 13.73 5.10 8.26 11.98 10.24

Kusumi 36.36 10.81 9.80 8.16 9.17 9.38 9.84

Total 2.21 7.43 10.24 19.68 21.89 38.55 498

Table – 3: Social Category of respondents

S. No. District Block General OBC SC ST Total

1 Gwalior

Dabra 20.0 42.0 20.0 18.0 50 Bhitarwar 19.6 58.8 15.7 5.9 51

2 Sagar

Rehli 16.0 60.0 20.0 4.0 50 Deori 12.2 16.3 32.7 38.8 49

3 Ujjain

Ujjain 10.0 42.0 48.0 0.0 50 Badnagar 6.0 40.0 44.0 10.0 50

4 Balaghat

Katangi 0.0 54.2 33.3 12.5 48 Baihar 0.0 28.0 10.0 62.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 9.8 29.4 11.8 49.0 51 Kusumi 8.2 10.2 6.1 75.5 49

Total 10.2 38.2 24.1 27.5 498



1.5. Education Level of Respondents

Table – 5: Education Level of Respondents District Block Graduate and Above Up to 12 Up to 8 Illiterate Total

Gwalior

Dabra 0 14.63 10.45 8.33 10.04

Bhitarwar 36.36 24.39 8.46 4.90 10.241

Sagar

Rehli 27.27 4.88 5.47 15.69 10.04

Deori 9.09 6.10 9.95 11.27 9.84

Ujjain

Ujjain 0.00 6.10 12.94 9.31 10.04

Badnagar 9.09 8.54 8.96 11.76 10.04

Balaghat

Katangi 9.09 12.20 17.91 0.49 9.64

Baihar 0.00 6.10 13.43 8.82 10.04

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 0.00 6.10 4.98 17.65 10.24

Kusumi 9.09 10.98 7.46 11.76 9.84

Total 2.21 16.47 40.36 40.96 100.00

2. Status of House

3. Time of Construction

4. Year of toilet construction

Table – 6: Status of House

District Block Kuchha Pucca

Gwalior Dabra 32 68

Bhitarwar 25.49 74.51

Sagar Rehli 86.00 14.00

Deori 85.71 14.29

Ujjain Ujjain 60.00 40.00

Badnagar 56.00 44.00

Balaghat Katangi 89.58 10.42

Baihar 98.00 2.00

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 96.08 3.92

Kusumi 83.67 16.33

Total 71.08 28.92

Table – 7: When toilet was constructed

District Block Do not Remember Exact

Year

more than three

years

Under

SBM

Gwalior

Dabra 0.00 4.00 96.00

Bhitarwar 1.96 17.65 80.39

Sagar

Rehli 2.00 24.00 74.00

Deori 0.00 2.04 97.96

Ujjain

Ujjain 4.00 40.00 56.00

Badnagar 12.00 0.00 88.00

Balaghat

Katangi 81.25 16.67 2.08

Baihar 0.00 98.00 2.00

Sidhi

Rampur Naikin 3.92 0.00 96.08

Kusumi 0.00 0.00 100.00

Total 10.24 20.28 69.48

Table – 8: Year of toilet construction under SBM

District Blocks Unable to

recall exact

Year of

construction

less than one

year (2017-2018)

one to two

years

(2016-2017)

two to three

years

(2015-2016)

more than 3 years

(2014-2015) or before

that

Gwalior

Dabra 2.56 20.39 0.00 7.10 10.64

Bhitarwar 0.00 19.74 7.89 3.83 21.28

Sagar

Rehli 5.13 0.00 5.26 17.49 25.53

Deori 0.00 5.92 65.79 8.20 0.00

Ujjain

Ujjain 15.38 5.26 2.63 7.65 31.91

Badnagar 8.97 9.21 15.79 11.48 4.26

Balaghat

Katangi 57.69 1.32 0.00 0.55 0.00

Baihar 8.97 0.00 0.00 22.40 4.26

Sidhi

Rampur Naikin 1.28 24.34 0.00 6.56 2.13

Kusumi 0.00 13.82 2.63 14.75 0.00

Total 15.66 30.52 7.63 36.75 9.44



5. Motivation for Toilet Construction Table – 9: Source of Motivation

District Block Do Not

Remembe

r

Newspaper /

Radio / TV

etcetera

Sanitation

motivators/Communi

ty Resource persons

etc.

Sarpanch /

Secretary/Rojg

ar Sahayak

Others

Gwalior

Dabra 0 0 0 13.33 0.00

Bhitarwar 0.00 0 2.63 12.53 6.12

Sagar

Rehli 0.00 25 0.00 9.33 26.53

Deori 0.00 0 92.11 3.73 0.00

Ujjain

Ujjain 0.00 0 5.26 9.07 28.57

Badnagar 21.43 12.5 0 11.20 2.04

Balaghat

Katangi 64.29 12.5 0 2.93 36.73

Baihar 0.00 50 0 12.27 0.00

Sidhi

Rampur Naikin 7.14 0 0 13.07 0.00

Kusumi 7.14 0 0 12.53 0.00

Total 5.62 1.61 7.63 75.30 9.84

6. Construction of Toilet

Table – 10: Who constructed toilet

S. No. District Blocks Beneficiary /

Self

Contractor

provided by

Gram Panchayat

Any NGO/

SHG

Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 82.0 18.0 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 74.5 25.5 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 32.0 66.0 2.0 50

Deori 4.1 95.9 0.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 70.0 30.0 0.0 50

Badnagar 58.0 42.0 0.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 16.7 83.3 0.0 48

Baihar 10.0 90.0 0.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 2.0 98.0 0.0 51

Kusumi 10.2 89.8 0.0 49

Total 36.1 63.7 0.2 498

7. Satisfaction with Place identified for toilet Construction

8. Consent of Beneficiary for selecting the Place

Table – 11: Satisfaction with place of toilet construction

S. No. District Block Yes No Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 100 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 100 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 96.0 4.0 50

Deori 100 0.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 92.0 8.0 50

Badnagar 96.0 4.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 91.7 8.3 48

Baihar 100 0.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 82.4 17.6 51

Kusumi 73.5 26.5 49

Total 93.2 6.8 498

Table – 12: Consent of beneficiary in Selecting the Place for Toilet


1 Gwalior Dabra 98 2 50.0

Bhitarwar 100 0 51.0

2 Sagar Rehli 96 4 50.0

Deori 100 0 49.0

3 Ujjain Ujjain 98 2 50.0

Badnagar 96 4 50.0

4 Balaghat Katangi 89.6 10.4 48.0

Baihar 98 2 50.0

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 80.4 19.6 51.0

Kusumi 71.4 28.6 49.0

Total 92.8 7.2 498.0



9. Satisfaction with Quality of Construction

10. Help in accessing the Benefit of Scheme Table – 14: Help in accessing the Benefit of Scheme

S. No. District Block Sarpanch /

Secretary

Swachha Doot /

Swachhta Prerak /

Ajivika Didi / CRP

Applied by own /

Self applied

Any

other

Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 11.06 0.00 6.45 10.00 10.04

Bhitarwar 11.76 0.00 3.23 0.00 10.24

2 Sagar Rehli 10.35 0.00 6.45 40.00 10.04

Deori 4.24 96.88 0.00 0.00 9.84

3 Ujjain Ujjain 8.24 0.00 32.26 50.00 10.04

Badnagar 11.29 0.00 6.45 0.00 10.04

4 Balaghat Katangi 8.71 0.00 35.48 0.00 9.64

Baihar 11.06 3.13 6.45 0.00 10.04

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.24

Kusumi 11.29 0.00 3.23 0.00 9.84

Total 85.34 6.43 6.22 2.01 100.00

11. Problem in Getting Funds

12. Types of Problem in Getting Funds

Table – 16: Types of Problem

S.

No

.

Dis

tric

t

Blo

ck

No

Pro

ble

m

Fin

an

cia

l /

lack

of

fin

an

cial

sup

po

rt

on

tim

e

Even

aft

er c

on

stru

cti

on

no

mo

ney

is

prov

ided

Too

k b

ack

mo

ney

Dem

an

d f

or

Sp

eed

Mo

ney

Ask

ing

mo

ney f

or c

on

stru

cti

ng

toil

et

No

su

pp

ort

fro

m P

an

ch

aya

t

No

t su

ita

ble

for u

se /

No

pro

per

co

nst

ru

cti

on

Ha

ve t

oo

k l

oa

n f

or c

on

stru

cti

on

no

w w

e h

av

e t

o p

ay i

nte

rest

als

o

no

t p

rovid

ing

mo

ney a

nd

say

ing

tha

t w

e a

lrea

dy c

on

stru

ct

toil

et

No

toil

et

Did

No

t A

nsw

er

To

tal

(In

Ab

solu

te N

um

ber

s)

1 Gwalior Dabra 64.0 26.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 50

Bhitarwar 84.3 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 92.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

Deori 91.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 92.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 50

Badnagar 78.0 16.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 95.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 48

Baihar 98.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 94.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51

Kusumi 93.9 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49

Total 88.4 6.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.0 498

Table – 13: Satisfaction with quality of construction


1 Gwalior Dabra 100.0 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 100.0 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 72.0 28.0 50

Deori 87.8 12.2 49


Badnagar 80.0 20.0 50


Baihar 84.0 16.0 50


Kusumi 36.7 63.3 49

Total 73.7 26.3 498

Table – 15: Problems in getting Funds

S. No. District Block No Yes Total



2 Sagar Rehli 92.0 8.0 50

Deori 91.8 8.2 49


Badnagar 78.0 22.0 50


Baihar 98.0 2.0 50


Kusumi 93.9 6.1 49

Total 88.4 11.6 498



13. Number of Toilets at Home

Table – 17: Number of Toilet

District Block Number of Toilets

No Toilet 1 2 3 5

Gwalior Dabra 0 98 0 0 2

Bhitarwar 0 100 0 0 0

Sagar Rehli 6 86 8 0 0

Deori 0 100 0 0 0

Ujjain Ujjain 0 96 4 0 0

Badnagar 2 94 4 0 0

Balaghat Katangi 4.17 93.75 0.00 2.08 0.00

Baihar 0 100 0 0 0

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 0 100 0 0 0

Kusumi 0 97.96 2.04 0 0

Total 1.20 96.59 1.81 0.20 0.20

14. Location of Toilet Table – 18: Location of Toilet

District Block Within

house

Outside

house

Outside house &

Sharing

No

toilet

Overhead tank with

toilet

Gwalior Dabra 12.68 8.55 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bhitarwar 18.78 4.09 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sagar Rehli 5.63 10.41 100.00 50.00 33.33

Deori 0.94 17.47 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ujjain Ujjain 15.96 5.95 0.00 0.00 0.00

Badnagar 9.86 9.67 0.00 16.67 66.67

Balaghat Katangi 2.35 14.87 0.00 33.33 0.00

Baihar 0.94 17.84 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 19.25 3.72 0.00 0.00 0.00

Kusumi 13.62 7.43 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 42.77 54.02 1.20 1.20 0.60

15. Condition of Toilet

16. Use of toilet Table – 20: Reason for not using toilet

District Block No

Response

The condition of toilet is not good enough

to use

other reason

Gwalior Dabra 11.46 1.39 12.50

Bhitarwar 11.95 0.00 12.50

Sagar Rehli 10.98 1.39 25.00

Deori 11.95 0.00 0.00

Ujjain Ujjain 9.51 8.33 31.25

Badnagar 11.46 4.17 0.00

Balaghat Katangi 10.49 5.56 6.25

Baihar 10.24 9.72 6.25

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 5.85 36.11 6.25

Kusumi 6.10 33.33 0.00

Total 82.33 14.46 3.21

Table – 19 : Toilet found usable after observation

District Block Yes No

Gwalior Dabra 100 0

Bhitarwar 100 0

Sagar Rehli 88 12

Deori 93.88 6.12

Ujjain Ujjain 82.00 18.00

Badnagar 96.00 4.00

Balaghat Katangi 85.42 14.58

Baihar 88.00 12.00

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 41.18 58.82

Kusumi 44.90 55.10

Total 81.93 18.07



Table – 21: Reasons for not using the Toilet

S. No. District

Th

e co

nd

itio

n o

f to

ilet

is

no

t g

oo

d e

no

ugh

to u

se

toil

et i

s fu

ll o

f d

rain

ag

e

No

Pit

Pla

stic

tan

k i

s g

iven

by

pa

nch

aya

t

no

do

or

in t

oil

ets

con

tra

cto

r is

no

t re

ad

y t

o

ma

ke

pu

cca

to

ilet

no

con

stru

ctio

n, n

o

mo

ney

alr

ead

y h

av

e o

ther

to

ilet

wh

ich

we

are

usi

ng

no

to

ilet

Co

nst

ruct

ed B

ath

roo

m I

n

Pla

ce o

f T

oil

et

To

tal

1 Gwalior 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 2

2 Sagar 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 5

3 Ujjain 60.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 6.7 15

4 Balaghat 84.6 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 13

5 Sidhi 98.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51

Total 83.7 3.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 3.5 1.2 86

17. Frequency of Toilet Use

18. Source of Water

Table – 24: Source of water

S.

No.

District Block

No

Nea

rby

So

urc

e

Per

son

al

ha

nd

pu

mp

Na

l Ja

l

yo

jna

Pu

bli

c

Ha

nd

pu

mp

Pu

bli

c w

ell

Tu

be-

wel

l

Oth

er

So

urc

e

To

tal

1 Gwalior Dabra 12.0 2.0 2.0 78.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 5.9 0.0 5.9 72.5 2.0 13.7 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 0.0 2.0 22.0 60.0 0.0 10.0 6.0 50

Deori 0.0 6.1 0.0 83.7 0.0 6.1 4.1 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 0.0 0.0 34.0 32.0 0.0 28.0 6.0 50

Badnagar 10.0 0.0 0.0 46.0 0.0 40.0 4.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.8 27.1 4.2 0.0 48

Baihar 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 2.0 0.0 3.9 82.4 2.0 3.9 5.9 51

Kusumi 2.0 0.0 0.0 63.3 12.2 6.1 16.3 49

Total 3.2 1.0 6.8 67.7 5.2 11.8 4.2 498

Table – 22: Frequency of Use of Toilet

S. No. District Always Sometimes Never Total

1 Gwalior 88.1 6.9 5.0 101

2 Sagar 88.9 6.1 5.1 99

3 Ujjain 84.0 2.0 14.0 100

4 Balaghat 84.7 2.0 13.3 98

5 Sidhi 33.0 16.0 51.0 100

Total 75.7 6.6 17.7 498

Table – 23: If always then who uses in your family

S. No. District Block No

Respons

e

All Family

Members

Only

Females

Only Males Only used

by Adults,

children go

outside

Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 6.0 94.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 15.7 84.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 44.0 52.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 50

Deori 4.1 95.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 6.0 92.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 50

Badnagar 24.0 74.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 64.6 35.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 48

Baihar 2.0 90.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 64.7 19.6 2.0 0.0 13.7 51

Kusumi 67.3 22.4 0.0 2.0 8.2 49

Total 29.7 66.1 1.6 0.2 2.4 498



19. Impact of shortage of water on Toilet Use Table – 25: Use of toilet: Shortage of Water

S. No. District Block No Answer Toilet is used even in

shortage of water

Use

Decreases No Use Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 32.0 62.0 6.0 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 47.1 39.2 11.8 2.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 14.0 62.0 18.0 6.0 50

Deori 49.0 36.7 12.2 2.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 50.0 48.0 0.0 2.0 50

Badnagar 36.0 52.0 10.0 2.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 85.4 2.1 2.1 10.4 48

Baihar 0.0 90.0 8.0 2.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 98.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 51

Kusumi 95.9 0.0 2.0 2.0 49

Total 50.6 39.4 7.0 3.0 498

20. Quantity of Water Used while using toilet

21. Fetching Water for use of Toilet

22. Observation on Practice of Open Defecation

Table – 26: Quantity of water used for one time use of toilet

S. No. District Block 1 Litre 2 to 3 Litre More than 3

Litre

Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 0.0 2.0 98.0 50

Bhitarwar 0.0 5.9 94.1 51

2 Sagar Rehli 0.0 60.0 40.0 50

Deori 79.6 20.4 0.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 6.0 30.0 64.0 50

Badnagar 32.0 28.0 40.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 2.1 2.1 95.8 48

Baihar 10.0 42.0 48.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 47.1 29.4 23.5 51

Kusumi 34.7 34.7 30.6 49

Total 21.1 25.5 53.4 498

Table – 27 : Who fetches Water

S. No. District Block All members as per their

need

Children Women Other Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 10.0 20.0 11.5 0.0 50

Bhitarwar 9.4 0.0 14.4 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 11.5 20.0 7.2 4.2 50

Deori 13.6 0.0 2.9 0.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 9.4 60.0 11.5 0.0 50

Badnagar 10.3 0.0 11.5 0.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 13.9 0.0 1.4 0.0 48

Baihar 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 3.9 0.0 18.7 50.0 51

Kusumi 2.7 0.0 20.9 45.8 49

Total 66.3 1.0 27.9 4.8 498

Table – 28: Have you Seen anyone defecating in open




2 Sagar Rehli 48.0 52.0 50

Deori 32.7 67.3 49


Badnagar 38.0 62.0 50


Baihar 100.0 0.0 50


Kusumi 71.4 28.6 49

Total 51.2 48.8 498



23. Message on sanitation in last 3 months

24. Slogan or the Message Remembered by the Community

Table – 30: Slogans related to ODF and SBM remembered by Community

S. No. District Block

Do

No

t R

em

em

ber

Exa

ct

Mess

age

Toil

et

is i

mp

orta

nt

an

d g

ov

ern

men

t is

giv

ing

mo

ney f

or c

on

stru

cti

on

of

toil

et

imp

orta

nce o

f sa

nit

ati

on

rela

ted

to

hea

lth

Sa

ve l

ife f

rom

sn

ak

es

an

d o

ther

da

ngero

us

rep

tile

s

Cle

an

In

dia

, C

lea

n H

om

e:

Hea

lth

y

Ind

ia

Wa

ste

dis

po

sal

an

d m

an

agem

en

t

Slo

ga

ns

rela

ted

to

resp

ect

an

d s

afe

ty o

f

wo

men

Op

en

Defe

ca

tio

n F

ree V

illa

ge

To

tal

1 Gwalior Dabra 92.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 50

Bhitarwar 94.1 2.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51

2 Sagar Rehli 88.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

Deori 79.6 0.0 10.2 0.0 4.1 0.0 6.1 0.0 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 82.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 50

Badnagar 82.0 2.0 0.0 6.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 93.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 48

Baihar 14.0 56.0 24.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 98.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51

Kusumi 95.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 49

Total 81.9 6.0 3.4 1.6 5.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 498

25. Information about Techniques and Methods of repair and Maintenance

26. Participation in Gram Sabha Meeting

Table – 29: Message on sanitation in last 3 months

District Block Yes No Total Respondents

Gwalior Dabra 2.48 15.20 50

Bhitarwar 1.49 16.22 51

Sagar Rehli 11.88 8.78 50

Deori 7.43 11.49 49

Ujjain Ujjain 12.87 8.11 50

Badnagar 9.90 10.14 50

Balaghat Katangi 23.76 0.00 48

Baihar 24.75 0.00 50

Sidhi Rampur Naikin 3.47 14.86 51

Kusumi 1.98 15.20 49

Total 40.6 59.4 498

Table – 31: Informed and oriented about repair of toilet in case of damage


1 Gwalior Dabra 15.59 6.73 10.04

Bhitarwar 11.29 9.62 10.24

2 Sagar Rehli 5.91 12.50 10.04

Deori 11.83 8.65 9.84

3 Ujjain Ujjain 10.22 9.94 10.04

Badnagar 14.52 7.37 10.04

4 Balaghat Katangi 0.00 15.38 9.64

Baihar 26.34 0.32 10.04

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 0.54 16.03 10.24

Kusumi 3.76 13.46 9.84

Total 37.35 62.65 100.00

Table – 32: Do You Attend the meetings of Gram Sabha




2 Sagar Rehli 52.0 48.0 50

Deori 93.9 6.1 49


Badnagar 56.0 44.0 50


Baihar 100.0 0.0 50


Kusumi 38.8 61.2 49

Total 55.4 44.6 498



27. Agenda of the Gram Sabha

28. Constitution of Monitoring Committee

Table – 34: Have Information About Monitoring Committee

S. No. District Block No Idea No Yes Total

1

Gwalior

Dabra 72 6 22 50

Bhitarwar 88.24 9.80 1.96 51

2

Sagar

Rehli 58 40 2 50

Deori 12.24 73.47 14.29 49

3

Ujjain

Ujjain 14 82 4 50

Badnagar 14 82 4 50

4

Balaghat

Katangi 54.17 41.67 4.17 48

Baihar 4 46 50 50

5

Sidhi

Rampur Naikin 21.57 76.47 1.96 51

Kusumi 14.29 83.67 2.04 49

Total Total 35.34 54.02 10.64 498

29. Action Taken by Monitoring Committee Table – 35: Has fine been imposed

S. No. District Block No Yes Total



2 Sagar Rehli 100.0 0.0 50

Deori 85.7 14.3 49


Badnagar 98.0 2.0 50


Baihar 46.0 54.0 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 100 0.0 51

Kusumi 100 0.0 49

Total 90.4 9.6 498

30. Efforts Made by Gram Panchayat Table – 36: Efforts by Gram Panchayat

S. No. District Block Cannot

list

specifics

Giving

Suggestions

Monitoring of

Toilet

Construction

Imposin

g Fine

To find

the

solution

of the

technical

problems

Suggestive,

Monitorin

g,

Providing

Technical

support

Total

1 Gwalior Dabra 0 28 10 12 2 48 50

Bhitarwar 2 29 2 2 0 65 51

2 Sagar Rehli 0 52 22 0 0 26 50

Deori 0 0 0 0 0 100 49

3 Ujjain Ujjain 0 12 8 2 0 78 50

Badnagar 0 4 4 0 0 92 50

4 Balaghat Katangi 2 2 0 0 0 96 48

Baihar 0 0 0 0 0 100 50

5 Sidhi Rampur Naikin 22 43 22 0 0 14 51

Kusumi 29 39 12 0 0 20 49

Total 5 21 8 2 0 64 498

Table – 33: Issue included in the agenda of Gram Sabha




2 Sagar Rehli 36.0 64.0 50

Deori 93.9 6.1 49


Badnagar 62.0 38.0 50


Baihar 100.0 0.0 50


Kusumi 42.9 57.1 49

Total 67.7 32.3 498



Glimpses

Study Report - Madhya Pradesh

Documents

Transcript of Study Report - Madhya Pradesh