Study QCD Phase Diagram in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions · Nu Xu “New Frontiers in QCD ... Dec....
Transcript of Study QCD Phase Diagram in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions · Nu Xu “New Frontiers in QCD ... Dec....
Nu Xu 1/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
QCD Emergent Properties
Study QCD Phase Diagram in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
Nu Xu
(1) Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
(2) College of Physical Science & Technology, Central China Normal University, China
Many Thanks to the Organizers!
Nu Xu 2/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Outline
1) Introduction: QCD Phase Structure
2) Part I: STAR BES-I Results (selected)
3) Part II: Quarkonia in HIC
Nu Xu 3/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
QCD Emergent Properties
1) After the discover of the Higgs boson the QCD degrees of freedom are well defined, at short distance.
2) Study dynamical structures of matter that made from q, g. E.g. the confinement, nucleon spin, the QCD phase structure... Large αS and strong coupling – QCD at long distance.
Short distance
Long distance
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Nu Xu 4/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Study QCD Phase Structure at RHIC Observables: 1st order phase transition
(1) Azimuthally HBT
(2) Directed flow v1
Partonic vs. hadronic dof
(3) RAA: N.M.F.
(4) Dynamical correlations
(5) v2 - NCQ scaling*
Critical point, correl. length
(6) Fluctuations* (7) Di-lepton production* Study QCD Phase Structure
- Phase boundary? - Critical point?
QCD Emergent Properties
BES-I: √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39GeV
Nu Xu 5/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Student Lecture, “Quark Matter 2006”, Shanghai, Nov. 14 - 20, 2006
RHIC! BRAHMS"PHOBOS"PHENIX"
STAR"
AGS!
TANDEMS!
v = 0.99995⋅c = 186,000 miles/sec Au + Au at 200 GeV
Animation M. Lisa
- RHIC: The high-energy heavy-ion collider (i) Dedicated QCD collider (ii) √sNN = 200 - 5 GeV (iii) U, Au, Cu, d, p
- RHIC: The highest energy polarized proton collider! √s = 200, 500 GeV
Nu Xu 6/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Part I
Recent Results from RHIC BES-I Program
Nu Xu 7/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
STAR Experiment TPC MTD Magnet BEMC BBC EEMC TOF
HFT
Nu Xu 8/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Particle Identification at STAR
TPC
TOF
EMC
HFT
Neutral particles
e, µ
π K p d
TPC TOF TPC
Log10(p)
Multiple-fold correlations for the identified particles!
Hyperons & Hyper-nuclei
Jets
Heavy-flavor hadrons
MTD
High pT muons Jets & Correlations
Charged hadrons
STAR PID for (π, K, p) Au+Au at 7.7 GeV Au+Au at 39 GeV Au+Au at 200 GeV
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Au+Au 7.7 GeV
STAR Preliminary
π TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Au+Au 7.7 GeV
STAR PreliminaryK TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Au+Au 7.7 GeV
STAR Preliminaryp TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Au+Au 39 GeV
STAR Preliminary
π TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Au+Au 39 GeV
STAR Preliminary
K TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Au+Au 39 GeV
STAR Preliminaryp TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Au+Au 200 GeV
STAR Preliminaryπ TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Au+Au 200 GeV
STAR Preliminary
K TPC
Rapidity-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(G
eV
/c)
Tp
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Au+Au 200 GeV
STAR Preliminary
p TPC
Nu Xu 10/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
STAR Detector Configurations
STAR: Large coverage, excellent PID, fast DAQ - detects nearly all particles produced at RHIC - multiple fold correlation measurements - Probes: bulk, penetrating, and bulk-penetrating
STAR: Perfect mid-y collider experiment
STAR: Expanding into forward rapidity regions
Period Detectors Physics 2001-2010 TPC u, d, s 2010 TPC + TOF u, d, s + dilepton 2013 TPC + TOF + MTD u, d, s, c, b +
dilepton 2014 TPC + TOF + MTD + HFT
Nu Xu 11/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
(1) Hadron Spectra
STAR Preliminary
√sNN = 39 GeV Au+Au Collisions
Nu Xu 12/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Bulk Properties at Freeze-out
Kinetic Freeze-out: - Central collisions => lower value of Tkin and larger collectivity β
- Stronger collectivity at higher energy
Chemical Freeze-out: (GCE) - Centrality dependence in Tch and µB
- The effect seems stronger at lower energy.
Nu Xu 13/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
(2) BES Dependence Dielectrons
1) Low mass reg. (Mee ≤ 1GeV): no obvious energy dependence in the ratio of data/cooktail. At 19.6, the ratio is consistent with SPS results.
2) Intermediate mass reg. (1 ≤ Mee ≤ 3GeV): clear energy dependence, correlated charm? Thermal radiation, ~exp(-Mee/T)?
√sNN
200 GeV
62.4 GeV
39 GeV
ω ϕ
J/ψ
Nu Xu 14/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
BES Dependence of Di-electrons
1) With in-medium broadened rho, model results are consistent with experimental data (mee ≤ 1 GeV/c2) at √sNN = 200, 62.4, 39, 27 and 19.6GeV
2) In Au+Au collisions at 200GeV, the centrality and pT dependence results on data/hadronic cocktails (mee ≤ 1 GeV/c2) understood with current model calculations
Nu Xu 15/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
(3) NCQ Scaling in v2
- mφ ~ mp ~ 1 GeV - ss ➯ φ not K+K- ➯ φ - σφh << σpπ, ππ
In the hadronic case, no number of quark scaling and the value of v2 of φ will be small.
* Thermalization is assumed!
➠
0 0.5 1 1.5
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
!
sK
"
#
K
p
(a) Default
0 0.5 1 1.5
(b) String Melting
)2 (GeV/cq
)/n0-mT
(m
q/n
2v
|<1$AMPT, Au+Au, 9.2GeV, b<14fm, |
➠
Nu Xu 16/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Collectivity v2 Measurements
(GeV)NNs0 20 40 60
)X( 2
(X)-v
2v
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08Au+Au, 0-80%-sub EPη
+Ξ--Ξ
pp-Λ-Λ --K+K
-π-+π
1) Number of constituent quark (NCQ) scaling in v2 => partonic collectivity => deconfinement in high-energy nuclear collisions
2) At √sNN < 11.5 GeV, the v2 NCQ scaling is broken, indicating hadronic interactions become dominant.
2v
0
0.1
0.211.5 GeV a)
p�
-�
-�
+�+Ks0K
�
0 1 2 3
(B)-
fit2v 0
0.05
62.4 GeV b)
Au+Au, 0-80%
0 1 2 3
0-mTm
11.5 GeV c)
p�
+�
+�
-�-Ks0K
�
0 1 2 3)2 (GeV/c
62.4 GeV d)
-sub EP�
0 1 2 3
STAR: Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 142301
Nu Xu 17/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
BES v2 and Model Comparison
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0 100 200 300 400
pR
K/
Exp. data Hydro model
p
K
/
MB Au + Au Collisions at RHIC
Baryonic Chemical Potential µB (MeV)
200 62.4 39 27 19.6 11.5 7.7 3sNN (GeV)
v 2(pa
rt.) -
v2(
anti-
part.
)
0 100 200 300 400
RV=0.5
RV=1.1
pR
K/
Exp. data NJL model
200 62.4 39 27 19.6 11.5 7.7 3sNN (GeV)
(b)(a)//STAR
//11 BESII//References//plot1_D
v2_2013.kumac//
(a) Hydro + Transport: consistent with baryon results. [J. Steinheimer, V. Koch, and M. Bleicher PRC86, 44902(13).]
(b) NJL model: Hadron splitting consistent. Sensitive to vector-coupling and net-baryon density dependent. [J. Xu, T. Song, C.M. Ko, and F. Li, arXiv:1308.1753]
Nu Xu 18/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
(4) Higher Moments 1) High moments for conserved quantum numbers:
Q, S, B, in high-energy nuclear collisions
2) Sensitive to critical point (ξ correlation length):
3) Direct comparison with calculations at any order:
4) Extract susceptibilities and freeze-out temperature. An independent/important test on thermal equilibrium in heavy ion collisions.
References: - A. Bazavov et al. 1208.1220 (NLOTE) // STAR: PRL105, 22303(2010) // M. Stephanov: PRL102, 032301(2009) // R.V. Gavai and S. Gupta, PLB696, 459(2011) // S. Gupta, et al., Science, 332, 1525(2011) // F. Karsch et al, PLB695, 136(2011) // S.Ejiri etal, PLB633, 275(06) // M. Cheng et al, PRD79, 074505(2009) // Y. Hatta, et al, PRL91, 102003(2003)
€
δN( )2 ≈ ξ2, δN( )3 ≈ ξ4.5, δN( )4 ≈ ξ7
S *σ ≈χB3
χB2 , κ *σ 2 ≈
χB4
χB2
Nu Xu 19/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
0.20.40.60.81.01.2 Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
Net-proton<0.8 (GeV/c),|y|<0.5
T0.4<p
Skellam Distribution70-80%0-5%
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
p+p dataAu+Au 70-80%Au+Au 0-5%Au+Au 0-5% (UrQMD)
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 100 2000.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
mS
2m
g)/S
kella
mm
(S
(GeV)NNsColliding Energy
STAR net-proton results:
1) All data show deviations below Poisson beyond statistical and systematic errors in the 0-5% most central collisions for κσ2 and Sσ at all energies. Larger deviation at √sNN ~ 20GeV
2) Independent p and pbar production reproduces the observed energy dependence of κσ2 and Sσ
3) UrQMD model show monotonic behavior in the moment products
4) Higher statistics needed for collisions at √sNN < 20 GeV. BES-II is needed.
STAR: 1309.5681
Net-proton Higher Moments BES-II RHIC
BES-I
Nu Xu 20/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
BES-II: e-cooling, iTPC Upgrades A. Fedotov, W. Fischer, 2012
√sNN (GeV) ~ 5 ~ 20 Increasing factor 3-5 10
1) BES-II at √sNN < 20 GeV
2) RHIC e-cooling will provide increased luminosity ~ x3 - 10
3) STAR iTPC upgrade extend mid-rapidity coverage – beneficial to several crucial measurements
Relativistic Gamma
Lum
inos
ity 1
/(sec
.cm
2 )
iTPC Upgrade: |η| ≤ 1.1 |η| ≤ 1.7 i) Crucial for BES-II ii) Important for eSTAR
Nu Xu 21/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Part I: Summary
(1) In high-energy nuclear collisions, √sNN ≥ 200 GeV, hot and dense matter, with partonic degrees of freedom and collectivity, has been formed
(2) RHIC BES-I: [partonic] < µB ~ 110 (MeV) ( √sNN ≥ 39 GeV ) [hadronic] > µB ~ 320 (MeV) ( √sNN ≤ 11.5 GeV )
(3) RHIC BES-II: focus at √sNN ≤ 20 GeV region with higher luminosity (x10) + detector upgrade iTPC: Run18 (2017)
Nu Xu 22/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 80
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8
quark-gluon plasma
hadronic phase
(TC = 175 MeV)
Baryon Chemical Potential µB/TC
Tem
pera
ture
T/T
C//m
odels/kurtosis4Science/figure/tmu_dl_15July2012.kum
ac//LHC SPS AGS SIS
RHICFAIR/NICA
Chemical freeze-out*
2 TE RHIC, SPS, FAIR
3
3 Phase boundary RHIC, FAIR/NICA
Exploring QCD Phase Structure
1
1 Tini, TC LHC, RHIC
2
Part
onic
Mat
ter
Had
roni
c M
atte
r
LHC+RHIC sQGP properties √sNN ~ 0.05 - 5 TeV
RHIC BES-II QCD phase
structure and critical point √sNN ≤ 20 GeV
Future EIC Cold nuclear
matter properties
e + ion collisions
RHIC+FAiR Quarkyonic? √sNN ≤ 12 GeV
Nu Xu 23/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
eSTAR: The Future of RHIC eSTAR: A Letter of Intent
The STAR Collaboration
October 1, 2013
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 80
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8
quark-gluon plasma
hadronic phase
(TC = 175 MeV)
Baryon Chemical Potential µB/TC
Tem
pera
ture
T/T
C
//models/kurtosis4Science/figure/tm
u_dl_15July2012.kumac//
LHC SPS AGS SIS
RHICFAIR/NICA
Chemical freeze-out*
Hot QCD Matter
Cold QCD Matter gluon degrees of freedom dominant
Nu Xu 24/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Part II
Study Quarkonia Production at RHIC and LHC
Yunpeng Liu1, Zebo Tang2, Kai Zhou3, NX4, Pengfei Zhuang3
1: Texas A&M, USA 2: USTC, Hefei, China 3: Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 4: CCNU and LBNL, China/USA
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 80
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8
quark-gluon plasma
hadronic phase
(TC = 175 MeV)
Baryon Chemical Potential µB/TC
Tem
pera
ture
T/T
C//m
odels/kurtosis4Science/figure/tmu_dl_15July2012.kum
ac//
LHC SPS AGS SIS
RHICFAIR/NICA
Chemical freeze-out*
2 TE RHIC SPS, FAIR 1 Tini, TC
LHC, RHIC 3 Phase Boundary
RHIC, FAIR/NICA
The QCD Phase Diagram and High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
1 2 3
heavy quark (hq): clean, penetrating, bulk probes for studying the
sQGP medium properties
Nu Xu 26/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Why Heavy Quark? Mass Matters: - Heavy quark masses are not
altered in QCD medium - Negligible thermal production
in collisions
Tool for studying properties of the hot/dense medium at the early stage of collisions
Heavy quark collectivity Thermalization Deconfinement
B. Mueller, arXiv: 0404015 X. Zhu, et al, PLB647, 366(2007)
1
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
1 10 102
103
104
105
1
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
1 10 102
103
104
105
Total quark mass (MeV)
Hig
gs q
uark
mas
s (M
eV)
t
bc
s
d
u
QCD Vacuumχc symmetry breaking
Higgs VacuumElectroweak symmetry breaking
/Models/00_jpsi_Science/plot2_qcd_m
ass_dec2011
Nu Xu 27/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Key Effects
(GeV)s10 210 310 410
b)µ ( cc
m
1
10
210
310
410
510 b)µ ( bb
m
1
10
210
310
410
510SPS/FNAL/HERA-B (pA)PHENIX (pp, AuAu)STAR (pp, dAu, AuAu)
)pUA1 (pALICE (pp)ATLAS (pp)LHCb (pp)
NLO (MNR)
cc
bb
FONLL
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
RH
IC(<y>=0)
RH
IC(<y>=1.7)
LHC
(<y>=0)
Gluon Distribution Function (EKS89)
Q2 = 13 GeV2
Q2 = 2 GeV2
Momentum Fraction xBJ
RPbG
(x, Q
2 )
/Models/00_jpsi_Science/plot4_pdf_15june2012/
L (fm)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
]2 [(
GeV
/c)
� 2 T p�
1
2
3
4
5
L (fm)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NA50, 27.4 GeV (pA)NA3/NA38, 19.4 GeV (pA, OA, SU)NA50, 17.2 GeV (PbPb)NA60, 17.2 GeV (InIn)PHENIX, 200 GeV (pp, dAu)PHENIX, 200 GeV (CuCu)PHENIX, 200 GeV (AuAu)PHENIX (forward), 200 GeV (pp, dAu)PHENIX (forward), 200 GeV (CuCu)PHENIX (forward), 200 GeV (AuAu)
partN1 2 3 4 5 10 20 100 200
SPS
RHIC
Cold Matter Effects: 1) Npdf: shadowing effect 2) Production cross-sections 3) Cronin effect
Hot Matter Effects: 1) Debye screening 2) Regeneration
Nu Xu 28/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
In Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
1
� J/
Surv
ival
Pro
babi
lity
�(2S) �(1P)
(2S)(1P) (1S)
(1S)�
Energy Density
J/
Pro
duct
ion
Prob
abili
ty�
1
Energy Density
thermal dissociation
exogamous regeneration
Sequential Suppressions Regenerations
Matsui & Satz, PLB178, 178(1986).
Debye Screening:
1) Total # of J/ψ reduces 2) Sensitive to hot/dense medium
€
J /ψ →c + c_
rJ /ψ ≥ λD ≈1
g T( ) • T
At the boundary of hadronizatipn:
1) Total # of J/ψ increases 2) Sensitive to hot/dense medium
€
c + c_→J /ψ
A. Adronic, et al, PLB652, 659(2007).
Nu Xu 29/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
1) Traditional RAA depends on the (TMD) pT integrated yields. Sensitive to Npdf* and model dependent parameter nbin.
2) The TMD dependent rAA(pT2) **
more sensitive to dynamical medium effects including Cronin effect, Debye Screening, and Regeneration.
* H. Satz, arXiv: 1303.3493 ** Kai, Xu, Zhuang, NPA834, 249(2010)
Modification Factors
€
RAA =N AA
nbinAA N pp
rAA(pT2 ) =
pT2 AA
pT2 pp
TMD: transverse momentum distribution
Nu Xu 30/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Charm Production at RHIC
QM 2011, QM 2012
He, et al. arXiv: 1204.4442; Gossiaux, et al. arXiv: 1207.5445 Where is the true QCD medium effect?
Open Charm: (1) Initial production
follows binary collisions
(2) Suppressed at pT> 3GeV/c.
J/ψ: (closed Charm) (1) Suppressed in more
central collisions. Similar observations at LHC
(2) Near zero v2.
Nu Xu 31/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Charm Interactions with Medium
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
PHENIX /0, PRL96, 202301(96)STAR KS
0, PRL108, 72302(12)STAR D0, QM12
0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Transverse Momentum pT (GeV/c)
Mod
ifica
tion
Fact
or R
AA 1) As for light-quark hadrons, charm-quark hadrons show suppression at intermediate pT region: energy loss of hq!
2) At LHC, charm-quark hadrons show non-zero collectivity: strong interactions among hq and the hot/dense medium.
RHIC
LHC
Nu Xu 32/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Onia Production in HI Collisions
Pythia* heavy-quark
Cold QCD effects Shadowing, Cronin
Hot QCD effects Debye screening
Energy loss
Regeneration
pT broadening (for all hadrons)
- pT decreasing - thermalization
(hq hadrons)
Hydro + Transport
Hadronization
(GeV)s10 210 310 410
b)µ ( cc
m
1
10
210
310
410
510 b)µ ( bb
m
1
10
210
310
410
510SPS/FNAL/HERA-B (pA)PHENIX (pp, AuAu)STAR (pp, dAu, AuAu)
)pUA1 (pALICE (pp)ATLAS (pp)LHCb (pp)
NLO (MNR)
cc
bb
FONLL
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
AA
R
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
pNumber of Participant N
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
NA50/60, 17.2 GeV, 0<y<1PHENIX, 200 GeV, |y|<0.35ALICE Prel., 2760 GeV, |y|<0.9
(a) mid-rapidity
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
PHENIX, 39/62 GeV, 1.2<|y|<2.2PHENIX, 200 GeV, 1.2<|y|<2.2ALICE Prel., 2760 GeV, 2.5<|y|<4
(b) forward rapidity 0
0.5
1
1.5
0 100 200 300 400
(a) mid-rapidity J/^
Model predictions
SPS: Pb+Pb at 3sNN = 17.3 GeVRHIC: Au+Au at 3sNN = 200 GeVLHC: Pb+Pb at 3sNN = 2760 GeV
Number of Participants Npart
r AA(p
2 T) =
<p2 T>
AA/<
p2 T>pp
SPS
RHIC
LHC
0 100 200 300 400
(b) forward-rapidity J/^
Pb+Pb at 3sNN = 17.3 GeVAu+Au at 3sNN = 200 GeVPb+Pb at 3sNN = 2760 GeV
Experimental data
RHIC
LHC
/Models/00_jpsi_Science/plot2_ptraa_22dec2011/
σhf RAA rAA
Nu Xu 33/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400
Pb+Pb at √s−−NN = 2.76 TeVAu+Au at √s−−NN = 200 GeV
|y| < 0.9
2.5 < y < 4
|y| < 0.35
1.2 < y < 2.5
Number of Participants Npart
f regJ/Ψ (%
)/M
odels/00_jpsi_Science/plot2_freg_062012/
Driven by the initial heavy quark production cross-sections, much larger fraction of J/ψs are formed via regeneration, at hadronization, at LHC than that from RHIC!
Nu Xu 34/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
T.M.D.: Charmonium Production
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 100 200 300 400
(A) mid rapidity
Model predictions
SPS: Pb+Pb at √sNN = 17.3 GeVRHIC: Au+Au at √sNN = 200 GeVLHC: Pb+Pb at √sNN = 2760 GeV
Number of Participants Npart
r AA(p
2 T) =
<p2 T>
AA/<
p2 T>pp
SPS
RHIC
LHC
0 100 200 300 400
(B) forward rapidity
Pb+Pb at √sNN = 17.3 GeVAu+Au at √sNN = 200 GeVPb+Pb at √sNN = 2760 GeV
Experimental data
RHIC
LHC
/Models/00_jpsi_Science/plot2_ptraa_22dec2011/
1) LHC: large fraction of final J/ψs produced via regeneration leads to lower value of <pT>
2) SPS: all final J/ψs are survivors. Increase of <pT> due to the initial Cronin scatterings
3) RHIC: mixture of initial and regenerated J/ψs
Nu Xu 35/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
J/ψ v2 Results
(1) J/ψ v2 is consistent with zero for MB Au+Au collisions at RHIC.
(2) At LHC energy, finite value of the J/ψ v2 is seen at the forward-y. Larger v2 is predicted for mid-y J/ψs.
Stronger regeneration effect at LHC!
Hydro model calculations failed.
Nu Xu 36/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 100 200 300 400
(A) J/Ψ
Pb+Pb at √s−−NN = 17.3 GeVAu+Au at √s−−NN = 200 GeV
Experimental data
Number of Participants Npart
RAA
(p2 T)
= <
p2 T>AA
/<p2 T>
ppSPS
RHIC
LHC
0 100 200 300 400
(B) Υ
Model predictionRHIC: Au+Au at √s−−NN = 200 GeVLHC: Pb+Pb at √s−−NN = 5500 GeV
RHIC
LHC
/Models/00_jpsi_Science/plot1_ptraa_22dec2011/
(A) J/ψ productions at SPS, RHIC and LHC (B) Upsilon production: - RHIC: negligible regenerations, Cronin effect dominant. - LHC: sizable contributions from regenerations.
T.M.D.: Quarkonia Production
Nu Xu 37/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
Regeneration at Low pT Region
Coalescence J/ψ concentrate at the small transverse momenta: from low pT charm quarks and lower averaged J/ψ <pT> and <pT
2>. Initial shadowing effect is small on rAA.
At LHC: Deconfinement and Thermalization of charm quarks!
Nu Xu 38/38 “New Frontiers in QCD”, Kyoto, Nov. 18 – Dec. 20, 2013
(1) In high-energy collisions, transverse momentum distributions (TMD) are important!
(2) The effects of Debye Screening and Regeneration are opposite for quarkonia production. They are all medium effects.
(3) J/ψ production showing by rAA(pT2), demonstrated
the influence of Debye screening and the regeneration, implying the formation of the hot/dense medium, the QGP, at RHIC and LHC. At LHC: charm quarks are consistent with the scenario of thermalization.
Part II: Summary
Thank you!