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STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CURRENT AFRICAN LION AND THE THREAT OF

TROPHY HUNTING.- 1

STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

CURRENT AFRICAN LION AND THE

THREAT OF TROPHY HUNTING.-

(by Sergio Navarro Milián; www.africasalvaje.org 2012)


TROPHY HUNTING.- 2

1.1) INTRODUCTION.-

The lion (Panthera leo) is, without doubt, the biggest of the big cats of Africa,

and the second in size after the tiger (Panthera tigris). The size of adult males

range from 2.5 -3.3 mts in length including the tail, while the females are

smaller, between 2.3 -2.7 meters. The males are quite heavier than females,

since while it is weight of the first ranges between the 150-225 kgs., females

is maintained between the 110-155 kgs. Adult males may reach a height at

withers of 1.25 cms, while females rarely exceed 110 cms. From ancient

times, the big cats have always inspired fear and admiration in equal parts,

but none so much as the lion. As Evelyn Ames wrote in "A Glimpse of Eden"

(a vision of Eden):

"The lions are more than animals, are symbols, totems and legend ( ... ) When

we look into the eyes of a lion in freedom and we note the grace of his long

stride, when we see the noble serenity of your mouth and nose, the authority

of its proud bearded chin, we will recognize up to the bone marrow that we

were born with that recorded image".

When you look at a lion in freedom, a mixture of feelings invade our body, an

ancient mixture of fear and admiration. The lions are without doubt the most

sought after animals and defendants in photographic safaris by visitors.

Already, any safari is a breathtaking experience and the sensations that one

has the chance to experiment in this experience are abundant; but no safari

would be fully complete without sighting to the lions. The great majority of

the tourists that get close to photographing the fauna themselves they will

not fail to match satisfied but they could have observed lions, although he be

dozing to the shade of an acacia.

You can consider the lion like the odd man out in the family of the cats that

they are very social animals as to ( neither tigers, neither leopards nor

jaguars are it, and the leopards that at times coalitions form neither can

catalogue them like social ). So much the males like females live together

jointly in large numbers. The lions' society is based in feminine alliances with


TROPHY HUNTING.- 3

very thin loops since in general all females use to be related among

themselves ( sisters, aunts, cousins, mothers, ... ). Individuals' number of a

herd will prepare of exceedingly same the future of her, which is why

females' number is of vital importance in the group.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 4

1.2) DISTRIBUTION.-

Nobody knows for certain as many as the lions agree on Africa, but it is

thought that these cats' population oscillates between 35000-40000

exemplary, concentrating the great majority of these cats in Eastern Africa (

some 23000 issues ) and the south of Africa ( and, in minor measured, in

central Africa 3000 issues aprox ( some 18000 issues ).) And in occidental

Africa ( 1000 issues aprox.). In India, some 350 Asiatic lion's specimens at

Gir's Forest in Gujarat's status survive . According to the CITES (Convention

on the International Commerce of Especies Threatened of Fauna and Flora

wild ) the lions' situation is of vulnerable grade. At present, the African

countries where still they inhabit the lions are Angola, Benín, Botswana,

Burkina Faso, Cameroon, African Republic Centro, Chad, Democratic Republic

of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya,

Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Ruanda, Senegal,

Somalia, South Africa, Sudan of the south, Swazilandia, Tanzania, Uganda,

Zambia and Zimbabue, in addition to the India in Asia. Inside the bigger mass

meetings locate themselves in Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana and South Africa of

these countries. If let's go park to park or reserve for reserve, many of them

that will give us the possibility to catch sight of lions exist, but always there

are some that the guaranties to catch sight of them will increase . Without a

doubt, the Masai Mara with the ideal place is for observing cats since

probably you count with lions' bigger density for km2 of the continent close

to 850 issues in spite of his reduced size. After the Masai Mara, we find the

Serengeti with 2300 individuals. The Lake Manyara, also in Tanzania, has an

important density of lions to weigh the his little extension; the Selous's

reserve in Tanzania, with certainty the place of Africa with bigger quantity of

these cats with close to 4000 issues; The South African Kruger with a

population stipulated of some 2000 individuals. Also in South Africa the

private stock that they constitute Sabi Sands they count on important lions'

populations. We can find these magnificent cats' three points of important

concentration in Botswana, on the one hand we have the Okavango's Delta

and Chobe's park north of the country, and for another one, the Kalahari's


TROPHY HUNTING.- 5

desert. Botswana has the reputation of counting on the most numerous

herds of lions of Africa that way like with the specimens of bigger size,

perhaps have enough that to see the fact that so much in the Okavango like

in Chobe these cats have majored in to pursue large-sized animals like

buffalos and elephants themselves that they constitute important part of his

diets. The crater of the Ngorongoro in Tanzania and the south of Luangwa in

Zambia constitute others of the best places for their observation.

Having in account than almost 50 % of the population survives at the African

continent with less than up-to-date 1$, to think that the immediate future for

the lions be very encouraging it is difficult. Each day the human population

grows and the fields of cultivations stretch out coming into conflict with the

protected zones where the lions inhabit . A great deal of the population is

due to the field and to the sheepherding so that heads of livestock constitute

the only resource of value for shepherds practically and cattle farmers. Every

time that a lion attacks a head of cattle, it is an earth-shattering loss for the

person, a loss than nobody is going to compensate, which is why the revenge

of cattle farmers and shepherds against the cat is suited someone's purposes

for general standard. If we want to assure the cats' survival, we will have to

be able to find a formula that a formula in which men and cats may live

together in in harmony, that but the lion's destination will be sealed

compensate these losses to the shepherds.

Nowadays the conflicts between lions and cattle farmers are continuous, in

the Masai Mara for example, every time that a cat collects a cow's life itself,

the masais are not going to hope that nobody compensate such loss; They

will take the justice for his hand and they will kill the animal. It is a situation

that takes place for all the continent from South Africa to Uganda and not

only with the lions, the leopards and leopards also are knocked down when

the cattle is its objective. In the course of time, more and more they see their

protected zones limited by the increasing demographic explosion, so that

many times the impact in the fauna is brutal and lions have to look for the


TROPHY HUNTING.- 6

food out of the protected zones and he is here when they come into conflict

with the man.

Historically, the lions spread over everything Africa, Asia and Europe. Lions'

first records come from the occidental Africa of some 750 thousand years

ago. Ever since they went away expanding towards the north, for Europe and

Asia. The lion and caverns ( Panthera spelaea ) you had an enormous

amplitude and the proof of it is that his remains have been found at caves of

many points of Europe. They possessed a size a 25% bigger than the one

belonging to the present-day lions. These lions agreed with another sort that

you were wandering around for the American continent, the lion of ice (

Panthera atrox). This survived in North America even some 11600 years ago.

Even you do almost 10000 years, the lions roamed all Europe and Asia. The

last few lions of the caverns disappeared in Europe between the 340 a.C and

100 d.C, but the Asiatic lion ( Panthera Leo Persica ) lasted in some places: In

Palestine to the crusades, in Syria and Iraq to beginnings of the s.XX and in

Iran to the decade of 40. Nowadays, as we said before, only 5000 square

kilometers survive some 350 specimens in the India at Gir's Forest, in

Gujarat's status at a territory of little over. The lion of the End of black bob (

Panthera Leo melanochaita ) and in the decade of the years extinguished 30

itself at the beginning of the s.XX the last few lion's issues of Barbary

disappeared at the mountains of the Atlas of Morocco ( Panthera Leo Leo).

But not the dramatic dyes since they took those dates constituting the first

parks and stock with protective true calling were everything. Many

Governments began to raise sometheir consciousness themselves that the

fauna was suffering a very important descent. Years and years of sports and

furtive hunting were decreasing the African sorts, specially cats' population.

were seen with suspiciousness since they thought that they would decimate

herbivora's population and they would be a threat for the cattle during years,

to the predators, which kept proving to be ironical because the man during

decades had almost taken to the extermination to animals like the

rhinoceroses and elephants to give some an appointment. Without going any


TROPHY HUNTING.- 7

further enter 1900 and 1927 almost 20000 predators in the neighboring stock

to the Kruger, of which some the lions were 1275. But the things began to

change thanks to some conservationists' work. The first national park of

Africa was created in 1926, the one belonging to the Kruger and little by little

many other countries went doing the same thing. When parks went away

opening the public, the arms gave way to the photographic and video and

ready cameras you gave in patent of that you enter all animals the ones that

bigger admiration and curiosity were waking up between the public were

lions. Unfortunately not everything changed, as from 1925 the Serengeti all

of a sudden you became the ideal destination for hunters of avid trophies to

kill big prisoners. This bad practice lasted to 1937, date hunting stopped in,

but the damage already was done . Nowadays, even though it is certain that

the sports hunting has not unfortunately finalized, bullets have been

substituted by cameras of photo and video and the vast majority of the

tourists that visit Africa do it to enjoy their fauna. At countries like Zimbabue,

Namibia or South Africa still follows itself permitting the sports hunting

although controlled. In Kenya, although exists prohibition to kill lions, this it is

a practice that still today continues to be in use between the masais. What

you fight for to abolish lions' hunting anyone than himself his nature still

keeps on.

At present the main equal threat for the lion is the human being. Without

practically natural enemies, the man continues to be the principal hindrance

for the future of these cats. With a super populated world and in constant

growth, the resulting space for the preservation of the fauna each time looks

more limited, besides the increasing request of lands for cultivation and the

calf is little by little eating space to the last few last resorts of wildlife. So

much the poaching like the sports hunting continues to be a grave problem

to take a shortcut. Big cats' population decimated the sports hunting during

centuries. Poaching is a serious problem that still today slams many lands of

Africa. It is essential to find the formula in order that villagers, cattle farmers

and shepherds not see the lions like a threat. Lions, somehow, are a tool of

the nature to balance the fauna and to maintain herbivora's growth like the


TROPHY HUNTING.- 8

gnus, zebras or buffalos since the good account of those weak issues, old

men or sick persons will hit under strict control. A head of livestock's loss

signifies very much for a shepherd, which is why if not they see

compensation some for the governmental authorities's part they will apply

the law of retaliation, and all to lose will have in those, the feline. But it is

logical to think than if everybody ( parks, Government, companies of safaris,

... ) benefits of the foreign exchange that the safaris generate, also the

villagers make a profit on everything it. For it, a solution would be to create a

Common Fund for all of the victims of the savage fauna from peasants, that

its harvests lose to the even cattle elephants' hands that lose his heads of

livestock to hands of the predators. This Common Fund's funds would go

destined to compensate these losses and to avoid well then villagers take the

justice for his hand. A good shape to supply this Common Fund would be

destining part of the entrances than parks and stock obtain of the tourists.

Some countries like Kenya through the Apartment of Wildlife to taken to end

a similar initiative. This would be a good shape that villagers see than the

losses generated by them the wild beasts will be palliated somehow and

there would be no need to go out in search of the guilty animals to knock

them down. Since the solution would by no means be that one, because

sooner or later another head of cattle would fall or another field of

cultivation would be ravaged. A thing is clear, we will be able to save the lions

but we raised the local communities of the importance that wildlife has 's

consciousness. The efforts to preserve the fauna by no means can enable the

privilege themselves of circumventing to the local people.

A little while ago less than a century lions' number the fact that they roamed

Africa wrote in code itself in 100 thousand issues. Today with great difficulty

you get to a third part. Only there are 5 places where his population surpass

the 1500 individuals ( Kruger, Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, Selous reserve, the

north of Bostwana and Kafue NP). Without a doubt, there are hopes. Lions'

population has happened in a few years of 100 issues at a so country

populated like the India where the need of lands is important to you fence

them of 350 to today. In Amur, in Siberia, tigers' population in the decade of


TROPHY HUNTING.- 9

40 wrote in code itself in less than half a hundred; Nowadays you get close

to some 500 issues. In the times that circulate, to pursue lions for sports is an

anachronism and one senseless ( if the fact that occasionally to time it is you

had it ). To kill animals for pure pleasure is something that does not fit into

the head. Killing lions without ihaving in account the consequences of these

acts and the repercussions for the ecosystem he is of silly. Always his hunting

alleging that it is necessary to control the population, the same population

that is sloping for years justifies itself and than the CITES to catalogued like

vulnerable. Never I could have understood that they may pay enormous

quantities of money to see the head of a lion hung up at the living room of

his house or at an office. In days gone by perhaps admiration would be able

to wake up, but today only you repulse and pity. Many Governments due to

his big cost-reducing problems ( in Africa there are a great deals, see

Zimbabue ) are permissive with these practices. Many private stock attract

well-to-do class only stops to exercise the big game. Each animal has a price.

Nowadays the lions are present at 32 African countries ( 33 if we told India),

of whom in 28 of these countries have him of permanent form and in 4 of

occasional or occasional form (Burundi, Togo, Gabon and Congo ). The lions

have become extinguished at Gambia, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Equatorial

Guinea, Ivory Coast, Djbouti, Eritrea and Lesotho, while in Swazilandia they

have been reintroducidos at the beginning of the 90 in last decade. There are

no official data that never the lions had existed in Liberia.

Sincerely the idea to murder a lion or a leopard only to look like trophy is

indefensible with argument any one. One can understand, no sharing, than a

masai, stops which the cattle is been by everything, execute a lion if to

devoured a head of cattle and compensation does not receive any one for

such loss. But, paying to murder a lion does not have justification. Nothing is

not of heroic in this action. The lions many times show up tranquil in front of

the human presence since they accustom the tourists rapidly and, therefore,

do not tend to flee themselves as another animals would do . To shoot at an

animal that not even is defending oneself is a coward and stingy act. The


TROPHY HUNTING.- 10

lions pass many hours dozing in the daytime, if are surprised rarely they

attack the man if not there are cubs in between. Only the adult males are

lions' 10 % of the population, with that the loss of one only the issue can

suppose the end of a cycle or sealing a herd's destination. But the desires of

the human being to dominate all living being and to feel superior always to

existed. Africa by chance is a practice, that each time to time have less

follower in. As George Schaller said : “ All hunter that feel the need of trying

on annihilating a lion, that you would want to see his inserted name in the

column of obituaries of a book of trophies, you should be able to contemplate

his future victim awhile. With luck, a moment that distrainee for humanity's

sentiment no longer may kill more for very pleasure in will come ”.

He gets difficult to me to imagine the African savannas without lions one day.

You find the key to assure the future to this beautiful animal, all a continent's

emblem only upon the man's will.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 11

1.3) PRESENET-DAY DEAR POPULATION.-

1.3.1) WEST AFRICA.-

Benin's countries, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau,

Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo will encompass in this post office box.

It is where according to the older experts reduction of lions' number has

been produced historically with a 91 % at the continent's this zone.

According to the studies accomplished by Chardonnet ( 2002 ), the

distribution of this zone would be constituted for 43190 square kilometers

(sq) of national parks ( NP ), 14690 sq of national stock ( NR ), 18400 sq of

dedicated zones to the hunting of trophies ( HZ ) and some 45700 sq once

another surfaces were destined to.

Today that lions have themselves of permanent form at this region of Africa

at the following countries can be considered: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana,

Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal; Being present in of

occasional form Togo and having disappeared or extinguished at Gambia,

Mauritania and Sierra Leone. 2002, the lions have disappeared from the year

of, to the less, five countries.

Chardonnet, in his study accomplished in 2002 wrote in code lions' number

at this region of Africa in a minimal population of 968 individuals and a

maximum population of 1358 issues, with some 1163 lions' dear total

population that represented according to its studies a rate at that time of

only the 3 % on lions' total population at the continent. A couple of years

later, in 2004, Bauer and Van der Merwe establisehd the lions' total minimal

population at this region in 450 issues and the maxim in 1250 individuals,

writing in code the total population estimated according to his studies in 850

issues wrote Merwe in code.

BENIN.- (Ranking nº16)

Chardonnet ( 2002 ) wrote in code the lions' n in 325 issues, in the meantime

than Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 2004 ) stipulated than the cats' n was quite


TROPHY HUNTING.- 12

minor, only 65 lions. In the 2006, ( International Union for Nature

Conservancy ) you considered studies accomplished by the IUCN than lions'

number the fact that they wandered about in liberty found itself between

the 100 and the 500 individuals. Just after, Mesochina wrote in code the n of

these cats in some 390 issues. It is estimated that to today lions' number at

this country comes from some 390 issues distributed of the following way:

Pendjari NP ( 180 lions ), W NP ( 80 ), Batia ( 17 ), Mékrou ( 22 ), Pargo ( 18 ),

Konkombri ( 15 ), Troi Rivieres ( 20 ) and Alibori Superieur ( 19 ). They locate

the greater part of the feline located in Benin at the north zone of the

country tight at the frontier with Burkina Faso and Niger.

The sports hunting has also been present at this country, having fallen victim

to such destiny according to data once 11 issues between 2000 and 2009

were made easy by Lion Aid, distributed of the following way: 2000 ( 4 lions

), 2001 ( 3 ), 2005 ( 2 ) and 2006 ( 2 ), being France ( 54 % ) and USA ( 27 % ) I

number the countries with principal of imports of trophies. The result of

lions' hunting is that these cats are pursued without having authorities a

clearing census of these cats.

BURKINA FASO.- (Ranking nº 19)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) stipulated his lions' population in 444 issues, in the

meantime than the studies accomplished by Bauer and Van der Merwe wrote

in code the number of cats two years after in a hundred. IUCN established in

2006 that lions' population would be between the 100 and 500 issues. At

present the number of these big cats in Burkina Faso in some 250 issues is

considered, locating oneself the great majority of them in the Pendjari NP (

some 180 issues ). Another points where W's NP ( 80 ) and the Nazinga NR

localize with a quarantine of individuals.

Lions' hunting like trophies has not been exempt in Burkina Faso, where 151

issues from 2000 to 2009 have been knocked down. In 2000 ( 20 ), 2001 ( 10

), 2002 ( 13 ), 2003 ( 20 ), 2004 ( 14 ), 2005 ( 13 ), 2006 ( 16 ), 2007 ( 15 ),

2008 ( 14 ) and 2009 ( 16 ), being France with a 78 % the principal destination


TROPHY HUNTING.- 13

of the trophies. The heights of hunting are unsustainable for this country

considering that these cats' population is sloping.

IVORY COAST.-

Ivory Coast is one of the few countries conservationists and biologists do not

come to an agreement in on existence or not give lions in. Some affirm that

cats became extinguished here in last decade, other ones that his presence is

uncertain, and other ones that still wander about at some corners. Lions'

population in his study in a hundred issues ( 02 ) wrote Chardonnet in code;

Just after Bauer and Van der Merwe wrote in code some thirty lions'

presence. Both believed that these cats' small population would be

distributed for Comoe Leraba's region where they enjoyed certain protection.

The IUCN in 2006 wrote in code these cats' number in less than 50 issues.

Nowadays, the odds are that lions had become extinguished of Ivory Coast

since there are no data of recent sightings. Henshel accomplished a study on

the presence or not give lions in 2010 and you did not find these animals'

indications.

There has been no lions' exportation due to the sports hunting in last decade,

the last few trophies date from 1995.

GHANA.-

Lions' population in some 15 individuals ( 02 ) took a census of Chardonnet,

in the meantime than Bauer Van's der Merwe studies ( 04 ) lifted it to the

treintena of taken a census of issues. What's curious is how only two years

after, the IUCN wrote in code in number of these cats in some 220 issues. An

increment is inexplicable so poblacional lifted in so short space of time.

Considering that you tell them apart between Chardonnet and Bauer and Van


TROPHY HUNTING.- 14

Der Merwe were half notes and perfectly logics for a time interval of two

years, this increment in the same period is him not two years after.

Nowadays it is believed that some 20 individuals at Digya's National Park

survive .

GUINEA.-

Chardonnet ( 02 ) wrote in code lions' number at this country in some 27

individuals, just after Bauer's and Van der Merwe studies indicated that lions'

population at that time came from some 200 issues. Nowadays it is believed

that lions' number comes from some 85 issues distributed principally by the

region of Koundova and the Tall Niger NP ( Upper Niger ).

GUINEA BISSAU.-

The population of lions written in code by Chardonnet ( 02 ) was fixed in a

group of ten of issues, in the meantime than give it Bauer and Van der

Merwe ( 04 ) was valued in 30 lions. Nowadays it is thought that his

population does not surpass the 25 individuals in the Boe NP.

MALI.-

Chardonnet ( 02 ) stipulated the number of these cats in 21 issues, in the

meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) firm than lions' in freedom

number caught up with the midway to the less hundred. Lions' number

between 30 and 50 issues ( 06 ) took a census of the IUCN. Nowadays it is

believed that lions' number is returning to normal and his population would

be able to catch up with the 70 issues located principally and, perhaps, only

in the Baulé NP and the regions of the river Faleme and Haut Bakey.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 15

NÍGER.-

Lions' population in 47 issues ( 02 ) wrote Chardonnet in code, just after

Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 06 ) lifted the number to 70 individuals. Lions'

population of Niger is to today very reduced; Only some 50 individuals at

Tamou's southern region at the frontier with Burkina Faso survive .

NIGERIA.-

Lions' population according to Chardonnet ( 02 ) belonged to some 85

individuals. Bauer and Van der Merwe (04) lifted the number of these cats to

the 200 issues. The population in some 170 issues ( 06 ) valued the IUCN.

Nowadays the descent of lions' population at this country has accelerated

very much and a serious danger to disappear in a few years if not exists they

embrace protectionist policies but severe. These cats' number nowadays

hovers around the 45 issues located only in the country's two points: A

minimal population in Yankari's reserve that hovers around the five issues,

and the rest in the Lake Kainji's NP.

SENEGAL.- (Ranking nº 20)

This is other of the countries than to of embracing news and urgent

measures to repopulate his parks and lions' stock right now than to today

only exist some 100 issues located only in the Niokolo Koba NP southeast of

the country. These cats' population ( 02 ) wrote Chardonnet in code at that

time in 156 issues, in the meantime than Bauer's and Van der Merwe studies

( 04 ) reduced to his population only 60 individuals.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 16

In short, it can be affirmed that this is the zone of Africa with a lot of

difference where lions' number is but reduced with a population whose

number is estimated between 1000 and 1100 issues, and whose tendency is

decreasing to today. Only they outlive today at 9 countries ( Benin, Burkina

Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal ) and in

many his presence is merely testimonial that to of not adopting its

Governments of these countries politic but you last and you would be for his

conservation, shortly we would be able to be talking about complete

extinction of the African lion at the continent's this zone. The lions have

become extinguished in last decade at countries like Ivory Coast, Gambia,

Mauritania and Sierra Leone. They do not fail to see 2005 in Togo and in

Liberia they never existed .

1.3.2) CENTRAL AFRICA.-

We will include the countries of Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Central African

Republic (C.A.R.), Democratic Republic of the Congo ( D.R.C.), Chad and

Sudan of the south. This African region is constituted of the following way

according to the thorough study accomplished by Chardonnet (02):

National parks ( NP ): 67555 sq (comprising 10 % of the total surface).

Stock: 24860 sq (4 % of the total surface supposes that).

Zones of hunting ( HZ ): 247860 sq with 38 % of the territory.

Not classified areas: 311695 sq with a 48 %.

The total of all these surfaces of the Central Africa suppose, according to

Chardonnet, 22 % of the total sub-Saharan territory of the distribution of the

cat in the Africa. In this same study accomplished in 2002, Chardonnet

determined that lions' minimal population at this region of Africa took care of

itself in 2092 issues, in the meantime than the maxim placed her in 3538

individuals, determining a total population estimated of some 2815 lions.

Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ), deferred enough of these data a couple of

years after and lions' minimal population at this region came from 500 issues


TROPHY HUNTING.- 17

and the maxim of 1550, with a population estimated total according to his

calculations of only 950 issues.

The hunting of trophies neither to drawee to the continent's this region right

now than the countries like the C.A.R. and Cameroon allowed her in last

decade to the less.

CAMEROON.- (Ranking nº 18)

Lions' population in 415 individuals ( 02 ) wrote Chardonnet in code, in the

meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe( 04 ) reduced to 260 issues

according to his analyses only. The IUCN, in 2006, established that these cats'

population hovered around between the 260 and 360 individuals. It is

believed that to today lions' population of Cameroon does not catch up with

the 300 issues and you write in code in some 270 individuals located

principally at Waza's ( some more half a hundred of issues and descending ),

Bouba Ndjida's ( with a very similar population to Waza ), Bénoué's national

parks ( with something less than half a hundred ) and Gasahaka Gumti's

region where only they are somewhat protected over the part of the region.

The hunting of trophies, although large-scale no, to present status in

Cameroon, where at least 101 issues have been knocked down between

2000 and 2009 for his exportation like trophies, being France with a 54 % the

country with bigger importing followed of USA. The hunting of trophies was

distributed of the following way: 2000 ( 20 ), 2001 ( 6 ), 2002 ( 9 ), 2003 ( 1 ),

2004 ( 10 ), 2005 ( 19 ), 2006 ( 16 ), 2007 ( 5 ), 2008 ( 3 ), 2009 ( 12 ).

An undetermined moratorium in the hunting of the lion at a country whose

these cats' population seriously is in backward movement and, certainly, the

heights of hunting are unbearable to today becomes approximately forced.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 18

CONGO.-

Officially a decade is considered extinct to the lion a little while ago over in

Congo, although some experts consider than at Odzala's and Beleke Plateau's

regions some issues can exist. In spite of being considerate extinct for the

governmental instances, lions' population in his study in some 60 issues ( 02 )

wrote Chardonnet in code, in the meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe (

04 ) they concluded that there were no lions in Congo. You determined in

2006, the IUCN than of existing lions in Congo, his population would not

catch up with the midway individuals' hundred. But recently, in 2010

Henschel you did not observe in his study a cat in Odzala's area.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (C.A.R.).- (Ranking nº 8)

We are without a doubt in the position of in front of the country of this

region Africa with bigger number of lions. Chardonnet ( 02 ) wrote in code

cats' population in 986 issues, however, Bauer and Van der Merwe( 04 )

reduced to the aforementioned number only 300 issues. The studies

accomplished by the IUCN in 2006 valued the number of these predators in

individuals' thousand. Just after, Mesochina ( 10 ) lifted lions' number to

almost 1300 individuals. It is difficult to determine these cats' present-day

population to today, since many individuals are joint with the nearby Chad,

but it is considered that lions' population can hover around the 1250 issues.

To being a country of quite big proportions, these cats' population is quite

distributed for all the national territory, being the principal enclaves for his

observation: Bamingui Bangora's ( some 360 issues ), Mobomou's ( I number

the previous similarly ), Haute Kotto's ( some 165 lions ), Vakaga's ( close to

300 ) and Ovaka's regions ( some 60 issues ).

The hunting of trophies has not been exempt at this country, although it is

necessary to say than in very limited number since you enter 2000 and 2009

almost destined to the importing of trophies 57 lions, principally to France


TROPHY HUNTING.- 19

with 72 % of the total imports. They suppose here a principal threatens the

poaching to her survival.

GABON.-

This is other of the countries where lions' presence is believed that it is

improbable since they have not been obvious from 2002 and, although they

have not officially been declared extinct, his existence not only that than

doubtful. Some scientists believe than there can be a group of ten of issues at

Mpassa's zone, but the fact of the matter is that there are no proofs that

demonstrate it. Chardonnet ( 02 ) valued lions' number in almost 20

individuals, in the meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe they concluded

that the lions in Gabon did not exist .

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO (C.A.R.).- (Ranking nº 17)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) stipulated that lions' population in C.A.R. belonged to 556

individuals; Although just after Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) wrote in code

these cats' number in almost 240 issues. The IUCN concluded its analysis for

the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2006 with lions' population it

oscillated between 425 and 750 issues. These big beasts of prey' number is to

today very inferior hovering around the 325 issues at all the country, being

located principally in the complex Garamba Bili Uere ( with less than 200

issues ), Albertibe sector ( close to 200 shared with Angola ), Upemba ( some

40 ), Kundelungu ( 40 ), Hombwe Massif ( half a hundred ) and Lauma's

reserve of hunting ( with close to cats' quarantine ).

They do not get ready of really reliable data of if in the R.D.C. you devote

yourself to today lions' hunting like trophies for his importing.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 20

CHAD.- (Ranking nº 15)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) wrote in code the population of lions of this country it is

some 520 issues, very far from the 150 individuals than Bauer and Van der

Merwe held that existed in his studies two years after. The IUCN said in code

cats' number in 2006 in some 300 issues. The idea that lions' population

hovers around today the 500 issues seems accepted, distributed of the

following way: Guerra's and Salamat's area ( some 250 individuals ), Aouk's

area ( some 120 lions ), Zakouma NP ( 140 issues ) and less than 10

individuals at the Lake Fitri's surroundings.

They do not get ready of statistical truthful data of if lions' hunting for

importing of trophies is allowing Chad.

SOUTH SUDAN.- (Ranking nº 12)

The studies on lions' population at this country are practically non-existent to

be a country of recent creation, as soon as you validate the esteems of

Chardonnet ( 02 ) that the only are really unrolled at this country in last

decade, turned perhaps be more than enough Sudan before his recent

separation declares her obsolete. At that time, lions' population in some 800

issues established Chardonnet. It is believed that to today the population

keeps quite constant and Chardonnet, since it is accepted that the

population of these big beasts of prey in the south of Sudan belongs to some

750 individuals, located principally in four points does not differ almost from

the given numbers: Boma NP ( some 250 issues ), Badingillo NP ( 170 lions ),

Southwestern NP ( some 275 cats ) and Kidepo NP that you make frontier

with Uganda where they localize half a hundred of issues.

They do not get ready of official neither unofficial data about lions' hunting

like trophies at the country.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 21

In short, you can get firm than only 5 are the countries that still lodge to

today lions in their inside at the continent's this region ( Cameroon, Chad,

R.C.A, R.D.C. and South Sudan ). In Gabon and they consider Congo recently

extinct and data that occasionally they had had lions do not exist in

Equatorial Guinea. In total the population of these cats in the Central Africa

surroundings to the 3050 and 3200 issues oscillate.

1.3.3) EAST AFRICA.-

This is the region of Africa without a doubt where to today subsist I number a

principal of lions in freedom. These cats' population at that time came from

at least 11268 issues according to Chardonnet (02) and granted 18811

individuals' maximum quantity, for a total of a population estimated of 15744

issues in this part of the continent. Bauer and Van der Merwe´s studies ( 04 )

wrote in code lions' minimal population in some 8000 individuals, while was

written the limit in code by 15000 in some, with one real population

estimated total of 11000 lions.

The continent's this region is also the one that you endow with bigger

quantity of territory where the lion, with 1.137,205 square kilometers total

distribution that suppose itself almost 40 % of the total Sub-Saharan surface

of the Africa where these cats inhabit . His distribution would be left of the

following way:

National Parks (NP): 149,347 square kilometers (13%)

Reserves: 139,594 square kilometers (12%)

Hunting zones (HZ): 116,730 square kilometers (10%)

Not classified surfaces: 731,534 square kilometers (64%)

7 countries that they are will include here: Ruanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,

Somalia, Ethiopia and Burundi; Lions' presence is merely occasional at this


TROPHY HUNTING.- 22

last country, since they have gotten in touch punctually when cats come from

Tanzania, but a population is not stipulate of resident lions.

ETHIOPIA.- (Ranking nº 9)

Incredible as it may seem, Ethiopia is one of the few countries whose lions'

population surpasses the thousand issues, since they are estimated that you

hover around today the 1050 individuals. Chardonnet ( 02 ) thought that

these cats' population came from 1477 issues, in the meantime than Bauer

and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) they valued it tightly in 1000 individuals.

The present-day distribution of lions' population would be of the following

way: They would localize the great majority in Omo's and Mgo's NP ( 180

individuals ), Ogaden's ( 65 ), Awash's ( 50 ) and Bale's and Sof Omar's ( 80),

complex of Afer ( some 425 individuals ), in the area of Bable ( some 300

issues ) and Gombella NP ( 160 lions ).

Lions' hunting like trophies for his exportation to present status at the

country, although large-scale no, since data indicate how only 16 lions they

were depressed between 2000 and I motivate 2009 of the sports hunting,

being USA with a 34 %, followed of Germany, the principal importing country

of trophies.

Lions' population in Ethiopia seems to keep on regarding another years, but

the conflicts with humans and his cattle, since you live a great majority of the

population of this pillaged and punished country of sheepherding are

inevitable .

KENYA.- (Ranking nº 4)

This is one of the big bastions of lions' population of Eastern Africa without a

doubt, that way I eat of all the continent. Perhaps the most classical

destination for the tourists to the hour to accomplish a photographic safari at


TROPHY HUNTING.- 23

the continent; But the fact of the matter is that to today lions' population in

Kenya is suffering an important backward movement that is seen increased

every year. Except the Tsavo NP and the Masai Mara NR, these big cats'

significant numbers present the rest of spaces protected of the country

almost.

Chardonnet ( 02 ) concluded his analysis on the population of this majestic

beast of prey in Kenya lions' number was going up with to 2749, in the

meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe´s studies ( 04 )decreased this

number to the 2280 issues. It is thought that to today lions' total population

in Kenya belongs to 2100 individuals, distributed of the following way: Masai

Mara NR( 825 issues ), Eastern and western Tsavo NP ( 675 lions ), region of

Laikipia ( 200 ), reserve of Samburu ( 100 ), north of the country ( some

exemplary 125 ), Amboseli NP( 60 ), Nairobi NP( 35 ), Meru NP ( 40 ), Nakuru

NP ( some 20 issues ) and Aberdares NP( 50 ).

Official and unofficial data on if they are exporting lions like trophies of

hunting in Kenya do not exist .

UGANDA.- (RANKING Nº 14)

This country, known as the "Pearl of Africa", it is where minus differences

they have found themselves in the studies accomplished on lions' number.

These cats' population wrote Chardonnet (02) in code in 618 issues, in the

meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) indicated that the number of

issues came from 575. Just after, lions' of the country population in 485

valued the IUCN. Nowadays, lions' number does not differ almost from the

numbers given at that time, since he is the fact that these beasts of prey'

population comes from 500 issues located principally in these four points

little over stipulates: Albertine´s region (some 150 individuals ), Queen

Elizabeth NP ( some 160 ), Murchison Falls NP( 135 ) and Kidepo NP (40 ).


TROPHY HUNTING.- 24

They do not get ready of truthful data of if the lion's sports hunting is

causing to itself today.

RWANDA.-

The lions have declared themselves to today extinct a couple of years ago,

but at times can observe him some issues in the Akagera NP appropriate of

Tanzania. Chardonnet ( 02 ) affirmed that these cats' population came from

some 45 issues, in the meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) they

wrote his status in code in the middle. Today lions' presence is merely

occasional.

SOMALIA.- (Ranking nº 10)

Certainly the country whose lions' population has experienced a bigger

growth in last decade. It is considered that these cats' present-day

population comes from some 925 issues, without a doubt, many more that

Chardonnet (02) firm of that were existing at that time ( 217 ).

The lions in Ethiopia locate themselves at two regions: In Arboweerow

Alafuuto, where it is estimated that there are some 200 issues, and, overcoat,

in Bush Bush's area with some 700 individuals' population.

TANZANIA.- (Ranking nº 1)

We are, without a doubt with, in front of the country lions' bigger number of

everything Africa. They exist but lions in freedom at this country, than in

occidental Africa, Eastern Africa and southern Africa side by side. In fact,

some experts think that they have the half of the population of all of the lions

that still today they survive in liberty in Tanzania. Lions' number in 14432


TROPHY HUNTING.- 25

issues took a census of Chardonnet (02); However, just after Bauer and Van

der Merwe´s studies ( 04 ) wrote in code cats' number in less than one half,

since they took a census of his population in only 7073 lions. The IUCN ( 06 )

determined that these cats' population hovered around the 15400

individuals, and but recently, Mesochina's analyses ( 10 ) affirmed that lions'

population came from some 16800 issues. One of them is today, lions'

population of Tanzania but studied and followed and the total number of

these powerful beasts of prey in some 16850 issues with the following

distribution is written in code:

Serengeti NP: Some 2190 lions. Lions' density at this grand park comes from a

lion for each 15 square kilometers.

Ngorongoro CA: 135 issues.

Selous NP: Some 4470 lions. It is the park or I number African reserve with

principal of these cats.

Ruaha NP: 580 individuals

Tarangire NP: 180 lions.

Muhesi Reserve ( GR ): 240 issues

Burigi Reserve ( GR ): 70

Mkungunero Reserve ( GR ): 30

Swagawaga Reserve ( GR ): 35

Lago Manyara NP: 25

For regions, the distribution of lions' population would be the following:

Morogoro ( 2940 ), Pwani ( 910 ), Ruvuma ( 1300 ), Tabora ( 705 ), Mara (

2190 ), Rukwa ( 650 ), Shinyanga ( 590 ), Singida ( 865 ), Manyara ( 750 ), Lindi

( 3010 ), Kilimanjaro ( 230 ), Kigama ( 400 ), Iringa ( 345 ), Dodoma ( 275 ) and

Arusha ( 390 ). At some zones and areas of the country like Urombo,

Namtumbo, Lindi, Iringa, Rufiji or Mborali the cats go constantly at odds in

with the population and the cattle.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 26

Of all the areas protected of the country, lions are seen weekly in 73 of these

areas.

Unfortunately, Tanzania is a country that destines a large number of lions to

the hunting of trophies ( the second one but lifted of Africa after South Africa

), since between the years 2000 and 2009, 1955 lions were knocked down to

be exported like trophies ( almost lions' population of Kenya ). I grasped, in

2000 ( 317 lions ), 2001 ( 230 ), 2002 ( 228 ), 2003 ( 216 ), 2004 ( 141 ), 2005 (

210 ), 2006 ( 223 ), 2007 ( 108 ), 2008 ( 138 ) and in 2009 ( 144 ). USA leader

with a 47 % the importing of trophies of lions followed by France ( 13 % ).

The great problem of the country, they are the lofty conflicts between the

cats and the humans to I deliver it and width of the national territory. At least

50 people die a year at the country for attacks of lion. The big extensions are

another problem that the Government allows for hunting ( over 200.000

square kilometers ) and the hunters not even obey the minimal ages to knock

down the animal imposed by the government in many abatements. The

present-day quota permitted for the hunting of trophies is unthinkable from

maintaining . The lions are being more tan enough hunted taking shelter in

the great existent population.

Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Somalia lodge hovers around between the

21300 and the 21500 issues. At countries like Ruanda or Burundi lions'

presence not only that well occasional, while in other ones like Djibouti or

Eritrea does not have indications of her existence to today, although in this I

end it is believed for some issues at the river's valley to be able to have

Tezeke appropriate of Ethiopia. Tanzania is by far the country with principal

number of these cats in everything Africa, but also that one where the

slatings because of the bigger hunting are bigger lions' number and also

where they produce bigger death-toll because of the attacks with some 50

dead people's stocking a year.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 27

1.3.4) SOUTHERN AFRICA.-

After Eastern Africa, constitute second zone with bigger number of lions. The

continent's this region is also the one that encompasses a bigger number of

countries with superior lions' population to the 1000 issues, to 5 countries

they surpass cats' thousand ( Bostwana, South Africa, Mozambique, Angola

and Zambia ). These cats' minimal population belonged to 7500 individuals at

the continent's this region, while the maxim wrote it in code in 12500 issues

according to Chardonnet (02). A population estimated total of lions of some

gave as a result the result of his study 10000. Just after, Bauer and Van der

Merwe ( 04 ) lifted these cats' minimal population to 8000 individuals, in the

meantime than the maxim they stipulated it in 15000, with a total population

estimated of 11000 issues.

In addition, Chardonnet's studies ( 02 ) determined that the total of surface

where the lion's habitat was distributed climbed to 1,039.212 sq ( 35 % of

the total Sub-Saharan distribution of the Africa ), of the ones that 289.139 sq

were belonging of to national parks (NP), 405.404 sq to stock, 27.472 to

zones of hunting (HZ) and 317.197 sq to another not classified surfaces.

9 countries will encompass at this region of Africa: South Africa, Angola,

Bostwana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Suazilandia, Zambia and

Zimbabwe.

SOUTH AFRICA.- (Ranking nº 3)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) wrote in code lions' number in 3852 issues at that time;

Just after Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) stipulated that the total of lions

came from 2716 issues. The IUCN, in 2006, came to the conclusion that cats'

number oscillated between the 2130 and the 2180 individuals. Nowadays,

lions' population of South Africa is estimated that Kruger where some 1700


TROPHY HUNTING.- 28

cats and the Kgalagadi TP with Bostwana where some 500 specimens locate

themselves comes from some 2300 issues distributed principally in two

places, the Hlulhuwe Imfolozi NP ( some 80 lions ), Pilanesberg NP ( half a

hundred ), Addo Elephant NP can locate lions in the themselves in minor

measure ( a score ) and in Mapungubwe ( some 25 ).

South Africa, aside from having some of the best parks for these magnificent

predators' observation, is known also sadly to endow of the bigger number of

these cats the big game with trophies. Only enter the years 2000 and 2009

2651 lions fell victim to such motive. In 2000 ( 189 ), 2001 ( 149 ), 2002 ( 192

), 2003 ( 177 ), 2004 ( 182 ), 2005 ( 235 ), 2006 ( 284 ), 2007 ( 414 ), 2008 (

455 ) and 2009 ( 374 ); That is, that each day is stamped out over a lion

because of the hunting of trophies. This rhythm is unsustainable since in last

decade they have been assassinated but lions today they exist of in liberty.

An indefinite moratorium has a craving more than necessary. The USA, with a

71 %, is the country with bigger importing of trophies by far. South Africa is

to today lion's older exporter of trophies of lion and products ( teeth, furs,

canine teeth, ) of everything Africa. He is also the only country that allows to

lions' farms to destine them to the big game ( over 4000 lions live in captivity

for such motive ). Many private stock to I deliver it and width of the country

also they enable the lion's hunting. Another serious situation for the survival

of the lion at this country, the prosperity of these farms is for extracting from

the cat all type of parts due to the incessant increment of the request of the

traditional Chinese medicine as an alternative to tiger's bones. He is to not to

change the protectionist laws with this sort, the future of this cat in South

Africa as much as less complicated.

ANGOLA.- (Ranking nº 5)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) wrote in code lions' number in 749, many more of the

stipulated for Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) that reduced it to some 450

individuals. To today. Fortunately, these cats' population seems to have


TROPHY HUNTING.- 29

recovered since his number is estimated that you hover around the 1970

issues distributed of the following way: Luchazes's (between 400 and 700 ),

Cameia's NP ( 100 ), Mupa's region ( some 75 ) to the equal than in Bicuan

NP, at the region of the Height Zambezi ( some 50 ) just like the issues taken

a census in the natural reserve of Luando and in the Kissoma NP.

There are no truthful data on the practice of the sports hunting in Angola.

BOTSWANA.- (Ranking nº 2)

After Tanzania, the second African country with bigger number comes from

lions at its territory. Bostwana always himself to characterized to be one of

the destinations but propitious for lions' observation. Chardonnet ( 02 )

valued the population of these cats in some 3207 issues, no very far from the

2918 individuals than Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) made firm. It is

estimated that to today these predators' population hovers around the 2535 issues distributed in five points principally: The Okavango's ( where they are

estimated that some 1600 lions reside ), Kgalagadi TP ( some 400 ), Kalahari

CR ( some 300 ), Chobe NP ( some 250 ) and some tens of issues in

Makgadikgadi and Nxai Pan NP.

Botswana, by chance, one does not belong to lions' principal exporters like

trophies in spite of his good lions' population as his 134 issues exported

between 2000 and 2009 demonstrate . Years where but they had prosperity

of trophies 2000 ( 30 ), 2005 ( 27 ), 2006 ( 26 ) and 2007 ( 28 ) being USA with

a 75 % were the older importer.

MALAWI.-

Lions' presence at this country is merely testimonial. The population of this

cat in some 25 issues wrote in code Chardonnet ( 02 ) in his moment.

Nowadays his population has not experienced big advances, neither

backward movements, since it is written in code in some 35 individuals

located of the following way: Some 20 lions ne the reserve of Nkhota Kota,


TROPHY HUNTING.- 30

some 6 the Liwonde NP, other ones 6 in the Kasungu NP and some 5 in the

reserve of wildlife of Vwaza Marsch.

MOZAMBIQUE.- (Ranking nº 6)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) stipulated that lions' population came from some 955

issues, very far from them only 400 issues that they took a census of Bauer

and Van der Merwe ( 04 ). Years after, the IUCN ( 06 ) affirmed that lions'

population met between the 1300 and the 1500 issues. Nowadays, it seems

like these cats' population has recovered pretty well, in part, thanks to the

creation of the Limpopo Great Park that comprises the South African Kruger

NP. One believes than lions' population Gorongosa oscillates about the 1810 issues located principally at the Mozambican Gran Limpopo ( some 380

individuals ), frontier Niassa's reserve with Tanzania ( some 900 ), Quirimbas

NP ( 100 ), Tete's ( some 390 ) and Gorongosa PN ( some 25 ).

Lions' hunting like exportation of trophies has not been exempt at this

country. Enter 2000 and 2009 at least 188 lions have been assassinated by

such motive, being USA ( 27 % ), South Africa ( 26 % ) and Spain ( 22 % ) the

principal importing countries. That way in 2000 ( 29 ), 2001 ( 15 ), 2002 ( 10 ),

2003 ( 15 ), 2004 ( 15 ), 2005 ( 26 ), 2006 ( 18 ), 2007 ( 15 ), 2008 ( 18 ) and

2009 ( 27 ).

In this case, the country himself to beneficiary to share lions with intervening

South Africa the mega's creation park Limpopo that way I eat with Tanzania

by means of Niassa's reserve, if it were not so cats' population in

Mozambique would be very inferior.

NAMIBIA.- (Ranking nº 13)

Chardonnet ( 02 ) established a total of 691 issues in his study, in the

meantime than Bauer and Van derMerwe ( 04 ) valued cats' number in 910

individuals. Just after, the study accomplished by the IUCN ( 06 ) affirmed


TROPHY HUNTING.- 31

that lions' number in Namibia was between the 415 and 795 individuals.

Nowadays namibian lions have him located in four or five points principally

with a total population estimated of 605 issues, highlighting approximately

350 issues in Etosha NP, some 150 in Khaudom's reserve and other ones 125

issues at Kunene's region. Also it is possible to catch sight of these cats at

Damaraland's desert-like zone, but it is not common knowledge for certain as

many as you have lions at this region.

In spite of counting on one of the more important parks of Africa and an

enough low population density as compared with another African countries,

lions' number in Namibia is not very elevated comparing it to the total of

lions destined to the sports hunting. At least 188 lions have been to 2009

knocked down to supply this market from 2000. In 2000 ( 11 ), 2001 ( 12 ),

2002 ( 6 ), 2003 ( 16 ), 2004 ( 20 ), 2005 ( 31 ), 2006 ( 18 ), 2007 ( 23 ), 2008 (

23 ) and 2009 ( 28 ), being USA the principal cared about of lion's trophies

with a 34 %. Granted that lions' population in Namibia is not precisely very

lifted, has a craving more than necessary an undetermined moratorium in

lions' hunting to guarantee in one future one of these cats' healthy

populations.

SWAZILAND.-

These cats' population wrote Chardonnet (02) in code in only 27 issues, in the

meantime than Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) valued the population in

almost half as much, in 15 issues. Nowadays, the fact that the lions in

Swaziland disappeared in liberty can affirm itself, and the few issues that you

have were re-introduced in 1994 in areas fenced for their reproduction.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 32

ZAMBIA.- (Ranking nº 7)

One of lions' populations that are suffering a bigger decrease is this.

Chardonnet ( 02 ) stipulated the population of these cats in some 3199

issues, very very far from the 1500 than years after they diagnosed Bauer and

Van der Merwe ( 04 ). Lions' population in Zambia between 1050 and 1950

issues ( 06 ) valued the IUCN. The fact of the matter is that nowadays this

powerful predator's population comes near plenty of to the established in

2004, since it is believed that you are of 1430 lions located principally in:

Kafue NP ( 400 ), Lower Zambezi NP ( some 450 ), South Luangwa NP ( some

350 ), North Luangwa NP ( 170 ), west of Lunga ( some 150 ) and a very

population reduced in Liuwa Plains that would hover around between 3 and

5 issues.

One of the bigger problems that are up for the survival of the lion in Zambia,

the elevated quotas permitted for the hunting of this cat like trophies, since

they enter 2000 and 2010 were murdered are 675 issues for such cause; That

way in 2000 ( 47 ), 2001 ( 24 ), 2002 ( 3 ), 2003 ( 38 ), 2004 ( 45 ), 2005 ( 70 ),

2006 ( 70 ), 2007 ( 64 ), 2008 ( 63 ), 2009 ( 58 ) and 2010 ( 193 ). As the

increase of issues destined to the sports hunting is appreciated it has been

on the increase of late years, being USA with a 62 % the older importer of

these trophies. Another problem is that they are hunting the lions close by

the protected areas. A moratorium in the hunting of this animal rather than

his recuperation becomes indispensable and urgent be very complicated.

ZIMBABWE.- (Ranking nº 11)

Lions' population in 1686 issues wrote Chardonnet (02) in his code. Just after,

Bauer and Van der Merwe ( 04 ) thousand individuals valued it in little over,

concretely in 1037. The studies and the IUCN's analysis ( 06 ) reached the

conclusion that these cats' population came from 1050. Nowadays numbers

are even worse, since lions' population of Zimbabwe does not attain


TROPHY HUNTING.- 33

individuals' thousand, in short it is valued in 850 issues, so that you put

yourself in of manifesto the fast decrease clearly the number of these cats at

the country. Lions have him located in the following places: Hwange NP (

some 400 individuals ), Matusadona NP ( some 180 ), Mana Pools NP ( 100 ),

Matetsi NP ( 60 ), Gonarezhou NP ( some 25 ) and other ones 25 issues in

Mapungbwe.

The lion's sports hunting is very extended attaining heights more than

dangerous for his weakened status. In total enter 2000 and 2009 were

knocked down to supply this market; That way in 2000 ( 95 ), 2001 ( 101 ),

2002 ( 105 ), 2003 ( 107 ), 2004 ( 94 ), 2005 ( 90 ), 2006 ( 63 ), 2007 ( 47 ),

2008 ( 43 ) and 2009 ( 61 ). As it is appreciated, depressed lions' number is

unsustainable, almost they have been slain in last decade the same lions'

number than the ones that today you have at the country. He is a country

that counts on a lot of corruption around this market of which neither the

lionesses are freed, a market. An indefinite moratorium in this animal's

sports hunting, since his situation begins to be very worrisome is urgent more

than ever.

In short, in south of Africa, the zone comprised by 9 countries ( South Africa,

Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and

Zimbabwe ) is where one pulls localized bigger lions' population of Africa

seconds her with one population that meets between the 11000 and the

12000 issues. The region comes also from the continent where there is but

countries ( Botswana, Angola, South Africa, Zambia and Mozambique ) with

superior cats' population to thousand, but also you lodge some of the

countries than a bigger decrease poblational they are in pain as the case

comes from Zimbabwe, Zambia or Namibia. You threaten an one belonging

to the principals to the lion at the continent's this region for survival the

hunting comes without any doubt from trophies. You are assassinated at this

region of Africa where they are bigger cats' number every year to supply this

market. The countries like South Africa, Zimbabwe or Zambia bear lifted


TROPHY HUNTING.- 34

quotas of hunting that are to today unsustainable, which is why an indefinite

moratorium is urgent, the least at these countries, in order to safeguard the

future of the sort. Only the slatings have been over 4500 issues to serve them

like trophies in the decade from 2000 to 2009.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 35

1.3.5) ILLUSTRATIVE BOARD OF LIONS´POPULATION FOR REGIONS.-

COUNTRY.- REGIÓN.- Nº LIONS APROX.- TOTAL.-

1.- Benin WA 340 340 2.- Burkina Faso WA 250 590 3.- Ivory Coast WA 50 640 4.- Ghana WA 20 660 5.- Guinea WA 85 745 6.- Guinea Bissau WA 25 770 7.- Mali WA 70 840 8.- Niger WA 50 890 9.- Nigeria WA 45 935 10.- Senegal WA 100 1035 11.- Togo WA 0 1035

12.- Cameroon CA 270 1305 13.- Congo CA 0 1305 14.- Gabon CA 10 1315 15.- C.A.R. CA 1300 2615 16.- D.R.C. CA 325 2940 17.- Chad CA 500 3440 18.- Burundi EA 0 3440 19.- Ethiopia EA 1050 4490 20.- Kenya EA 2100 6590 21.- Uganda EA 605 7195 22.- Rwanda EA 20 7215 23.- Somalia EA 925 8140 24.- Tanzania EA 15590 23730 25.- South Sudan EA 785 24515 26.- South Africa SA 2300 26845 27.- Angola SA 1970 28815 28.- Botswana SA 2535 31350 29.- Malawi SA 35 31585 30.- Mozambique SA 1810 33160 31.- Namibia SA 605 33765 32.- Zwaziland SA 20 33785 33.- Zambia SA 1430 35215 34.- Zimbabwe SA 850 36065


TROPHY HUNTING.- 36

WA: West Africa

CA: Central Africa

EA: East Africa

SA: Southern Africa


TROPHY HUNTING.- 37

1.4) POPULATION CENSUS OF THE LION FOR AREAS, REGIONS AND

ECOSYSTEMS.-

We will go aboard those regions in this post office box, right now be

ecosystems, complexes, areas, regions, parks or stock where existent cats'

number surpasses individuals' hundred; For it, we will divide the study into

stretches of 100 issues. Many parks and stock to I deliver it and they give

width of the continent to shelter these powerful but we will not encompass

them to be in inferior number to individuals' hundred here. That way, the

resulting picture of those areas, regions or ecosystems with over 100 lions

between his frontiers would get summarized of the following way:

1.4.1) Enter 100 and 200 issues.-

Place.- Country.- Ext.(sqk).- Total lions.-

Pendjari NP Benin-Burkina Faso 2755 180

Niokolo-Koba NP Senegal 9130 100

Manovo-Gounda

St.Floris NP C.A.R. 17400 135

Garamba-Bili Uere

region C.D.R. 131640 150-200

Aouk región Chad 96000 120

Zakouma NP Chad 3000 140

Samburu-Shaba y

Buffalo Springs Kenya 580 100

Turkana región Kenya - 125

Murchison Falls NP Uganda 3895 135

Queen Elizabeth NP Uganda 2000 160

Albertine región Uganda-C.D.R. 6160 150

Ngorongoro CA Tanzania 265 135

Tarangire NP Tanzania 2600 180


TROPHY HUNTING.- 38

Chamwino area Tanzania 9055 100

Moyowosi GR Tanzania 11390 280

Mkomazi area Tanzania 3445 175

Liwale area Tanzania 12870 200

Kilwa area Tanzania 6695 105

Lindi area Tanzania 6360 100

Lukwati GR Tanzania 3480 105

Kilosa area Tanzania 11800 185

Mtwara region Tanzania 11660 130

Msima west Tanzania 6135 100

Mbinga area Tanzania 7175 110

Namtumbo area Tanzania 8080 130

Maswa Kilami GR Tanzania 1340 155

Wembere area Tanzania 8435 135

Badingillo NP South Sudan - 170

Khaudom-Caprivi

region Namibia 24700 150

Cameia NP Angola 14000 100

Quirimbas NP Mozambique 7510 100

North Luangwa NP Zambia 4635 170

West Lunga NP Zambia 1700 150

Mana Pools NP Zimbabue 2200 100

Matusadona NP Zimbabue 1500 180


Place.- Country.- Ext. (sqk).- Total lions.-

Guerra & Salamat Chad - 250

Omo region Ethiopia 19310 200

Laikipia region Kenya 21890 200

Arboweerow-Alafuuto Somalia 24525 200

region

Dodoma region Tanzania 28865 275


TROPHY HUNTING.- 39

Liwale area Tanzania 12870 200

Controled area of

Kilombero Tanzania 5800 245

Tunduru area Tanzania 11020 260

Kizigo GR Tanzania 4955 270

Muhesi GR Tanzania 4430 245

Ruangwa area Tanzania 8975 270

Rufiji river area Tanzania 10230 250

Boma NP South Sudan 22800 250

Southwestern NP South Sudan - 275

Chobe NP Botswana 11700 250



Etosha NP Namibia 22270 350

South Luangwa NP Zambia 19200 350

Tete province Mozambique 39475 390

Limpopo region Mozambique 7420 380

Central Kalahari GR Botswana 52800 300

Iringa region Tanzania 44220 345

Tunduru area Tanzania 12040 305

Kilwa area Tanzania 6790 365



Kigoma region Tanzania 35985 400

Maswa area Tanzania 4130 410

Kgalagadi TP Botswana-S.Africa 28400 450

Kafue NP Zambia 22500 400

Lower Zambeze NP Zambia 4095 450

Hwange NP Zimbabwe 14650 400


TROPHY HUNTING.- 40



Luchazes region Angola 139000 550

Ruaha NP Tanzania 10300 580

West and east Tsavo NP Kenia 22000 675

Bush-bush area Somalia 22540 700

1.4.6) More than 750 issues.-


Masai-Mara NR Kenya 1510 825

Selous NR Tanzania 55000 4470

Serengeti NP Tanzania 14800 2190

Kruger NP S.Africa 19000 1700

Okavango delta Botswana 15000 1600

Niassa region Mozambique 16740 900


TROPHY HUNTING.- 41

1.5) DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF THE AFRICAN LION.-

1.5.1) Distribution of the african lion (Panthera leo leo).-


TROPHY HUNTING.- 42

1.5.2) Distribution of the african lion in West Africa.-


TROPHY HUNTING.- 43

1.5.3) Distribution of the african lion in Central Africa.-


TROPHY HUNTING.- 44

1.5.4) Distribution of the african lion in East Africa.-


TROPHY HUNTING.- 45

1.5.5) Distribution of the african lion in Southern Africa.-


TROPHY HUNTING.- 46

1.6) SUMMARY TABLE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OFAFRICAN LION BY

COUNTRY, EVOLUTIONVAND CURRENT STATUS.-

COUNTRY REGION STATUS PRESENCE TROPHY

HUNTING

RANK TOTAL

LIONS

Benin WA ↔ permanent high 16 340

Burkina Faso WA ↓ permanent low 19 250

Ghana WA ↓ permanent null - 20

Guinea WA ↓ permanent null - 85

Guinea

Bissau

WA ↔ permanent null - 25

Mali WA ↑ permanent null - 70

Niger WA ↔ permanent null - 50

Nigeria WA ↓ permanent null - 45

Senegal WA ↔ permanent null 20 100

Togo WA ↓

occasional

null - -

Ivory Coast WA ↓ extinct null - -

Congo CA ↓ extinct null - -

C.A.R. CA ↑ permanent low 8 1300

C.D.R. CA ↓ permanent null 17 325

Chad CA ↑ permanent null 15 500

Cameroon CA ↓ permanent very high 18 270

Ethiopia EA ↔ permanent low 9 1050

Kenya EA ↓ permanent null 4 2100

Uganda EA ↓ permanent null 14 605

Rwanda EA ↓ occasional null - -

Somalia EA ↑ permanent null 10 925

Tanzania EA ↔ permanent very high 1 15590

S. Sudan EA ↔ permanent null 12 785

Burundi EA ↓ occasional null - -

Angola SA ↑ permanent null 5 1970

Botswana SA ↓ permanent medium 2 2535

Malawi SA ↔ permanent null - -

Mozambique SA ↔ permanent medium 6 1810

Namibia SA ↓ permanent high 13 605


TROPHY HUNTING.- 47

Swaziland SA ↓ permanent null - 20

Zambia SA ↓ permanent very high 7 1430

Zimbabwe SA ↓ permanent very high 11 850

S.Africa SA ↓ permanent very high 3 2300

TOTAL.- ↓ ±36000


TROPHY HUNTING.- 48

1.7) CONCLUSIONS.-

The lions of Africa are disappearing at a blistering pace, which if allowed to

continue as well in little more than 20 years could be extinct by full in the

African continent. How do you can imagine the African savanna without

lions? not to take immediately strong protectionist measures for with this

beautiful feline, the future that awaits him is more than doubtful. The first

records of the current lions dating back some 750 thousand years ago in

West Africa from where it spread to the north, through Asia and Europe. A

little more than a century ago roamed the plains of almost the whole of

Africa more than 200 thousand issues, some experts suggest that the number

could reach 450 thousand individuals. There is no doubt that those were

other times. The IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)

has catalogd to day of today of this feline species as "vulnerable" in the list of

endangered species. In any case, this powerful predator seems to have the

hours if measures are not taken to repopulate imminent parks, reserves and

other conservation areas. Few mammals have lost both habitat in recent

years due to the fault of the human being. It is estimated that the lions have

lost close to 80% of their historic homeland through the fault of the human

being. Today, it is considered that the lion is present in 31 African countries,

of which 28 of them is located on a permanent basis and 3 of form merely

occasional. Nearly thirty countries have seen their lions have disappeared

with the passage of time. Other countries such as Liberia or Equatorial

Guinea never housed lions. From among the current countries that still

harbors to these powerful felines to day of today, only in 9 of them the

number more than a thousand individuals, being Tanzania by far the country

with the largest number of cats.

The current widespread trend is that the number of lions decreases by leaps

and bounds. Thus, for example, in the region of West Africa the number of

cats is very low, only 1000 issues scattered among 11 countries; countries

that on the other hand, are increasingly experiencing a greater population

growth with what its habitat continues to decline year after year. The major


TROPHY HUNTING.- 49

threats to the survival of the cat in Africa could be summed up in three

points: 1)The loss of habitat and therefore the loss of natural prey, this would

lead us to 2) conflict with human beings and the head of cattle due to the

first point, and 3) trophy hunting.

In terms of the loss of their traditional habitat, as we said, this is increasingly

being reduced and more than three-quarters of its initial distribution has

been usurped by the man mainly because of its demographic expansion and

extension of the land dedicated to the cultivation and grazing. Today, the

vast majority of the lions that exist in Africa are located in reserves or parks

where, a priori, living with the exception of the poachers or trophy hunters,

although this is not always the case, since many times the felines are carried

with baits to the limits of the parks or reserves in order to be able to shoot

them without which the authorities can do anything, either by apathy and

laziness or because they lack the means to check these facts.

The case is that those cats in search of food decide to go beyond the

protected spaces across the natural borders and have the luck to avoid to the

professional hunters, it is more likely that sooner or later try to fold any head

of livestock to survive, going directly in conflict with local communities. It is

then and only then, when the feline becomes an enemy of the human being

as he is being persecuted. In Kenya, for example, near a hundred lions are

killed by the locals as a sign of revenge by killing the cattle; not by what we

can be surprised when a Masai shepherd uses his spear to protect their

livestock from the attack of the feline since this is your only asset. It is

imperative that we find a way to resolve these conflicts. Find a formula in

which neither the rancher got nothing to lose its res or in which the feline

driven by hunger or by the reduction of its habitat is dead because of his

attack. Not to be as well and if the authorities do not properly compensated

each loss to those who suffer from attacks of lions in their livestock, the

locals will continue opting to take justice into their own hands. Situations

very similar is living in Uganda or Tanzania, where for example the lions fall


TROPHY HUNTING.- 50

heavily in conflict with people in many areas or regions causing the death

each year of close to 50 people due to the attacks of the felines.

The activity of hunting trophies as lions is a direct threat that threatens the

survival of the felines. Those who advocate because the lion hunting helps

the very survival of the animal fall into its own contradiction. How to save a

species by placing price on his head? They argue that the lions that are folded

in the hunts lions are bred in farms, but the truth is that it is not as well. To

date, only South Africa has undertaken the creation of farms of lions to

earmark them for that purpose and is being very criticized for allowing such

activity. There is no greater trophy for a hunter to a lion. It is the symbol of

Africa, and to be honest, a hunting is the reaches of wealthy pockets and the

money for the people who practice this outrageous activity is not a problem,

that is to say, why pull down a buffalo if by a little more can assassinate the

great feline african?. In spite of the fact that today the number of lions in

freedom continues to decline year after year, the hunting industry of lions as

trophies seems to be booming, the evidence of this is that based on data

obtained from the organization Lion Alert the number of lions killed by

trophy hunting in Africa in the last decade, from 2000 until 2009 to be exact

was 6740 issues. Today the hunting trophies of lions as is allowed in countries

such as Burkina Faso, Benin, R. C. A. , Cameroon, Namibia, Zimbabwe,

Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Ethiopia and Tanzania. In

some of the countries mentioned the lions share for that purpose is

practically insignificativa, as is the case of Benin (11 animals killed by the

trophy hunting since 2000 to 2009) or Ethiopia (16 in the same period);

However, in other countries such as Burkina Faso, Cameroon, or Namibia the

number of lions shot for this purpose in the same period is much higher in

some cases reaching to provide nearly the same number of copies to such

industry as half of the lions that boast in freedom as is the case of Burkina

Faso that allowed the killing of 151 lions in this period when its lion

population is about 250 issues. Also worth mentioning are countries such as

Zimbabwe where strongly urges an indefinite moratorium on hunting lions as

trophies. The estimated population of lions in this country round the 850


TROPHY HUNTING.- 51

issues and in clear decline and, however, in this period have almost the same

number of cats for trophy hunting (806). It is unsustainable. To do so in a

couple of years the lions will have disappeared.

Zambia is one of the other countries that may represent a serious risk of

losing the lion as the game fees currently are very high in proportion to the

number of lions that drops year after year. In 2010 almost 200 specimens

were killed for this purpose. Some figures that are maintained in the past few

years when the population of cats does not reach the 1500 issues. An

indefinite moratorium is compulsory for trying to safeguard the future of the

lion. Separate cases are those in South Africa and Tanzania. Both countries

are so grim that lead ranking in regard to the killing of lions to satisfy the

pockets of wealthy people. Tanzania has exported 1955 Lions for this

purpose in this period. It is a very large number, but taking into account that

the population of lions in the country round the 16000 issues, the %

earmarked for such an industry in proportion to the total number of cats is

the smallest of all the countries that allow the lion hunting.

South Africa is a case apart because it is the only country in all the allowing

such aberrant practice where the number of lions killed in this decade

exceeds the number of lions that roam in freedom in the country. With a

population of about 2200 stipulated lions, 2651 issues have been killed by

trophy hunters. Good part of the blame lies with the activity to create farms

where they are reared lions for relending to trophy hunting. This is a cruel

practice done the animal never have a chance to survive, due to the fact that

on many occasions to the lions fired at them in enclosures infinitely small to

ensure that the customer does not fail their shot. In addition as the cats get

used to the man to be bred by these, in many occasions do not make any

gesture by flee or attack, but that look indifferent until they reach the final

draft. The lion is sentenced from birth. In his day as George Schaller said: " All

hunter who feels the need to prove himself by killing a lion, you would want

to see your name inscribed in the column of obituaries of a book of trophies,

you should consider a while his future victim. With luck, there will come a


TROPHY HUNTING.- 52

time that, seized with a feeling of brotherhood, can no longer kill for

pleasure".

Many of the countries mentioned set annual quotas in terms of the number

of lions that may be mown down by trophy hunters and in what time of the

year may be mown down. Adult males constitute a small proportion of the

total population of lions (about 20 % ), so the game fees have to be rather

conservative. In many occasions the government authorities turn a blind eye

and allow the number of lions far exceed the quotas established initially.

Taking into account that the hunting safaris are a business much more

lucrative than the photographic safaris, have more than enough reasons to

allow more lions fall if fulminated by such activity. To get an idea, the

industry of the lion hunting trophy as moves in Tanzania, for example, more

than 25 mill$ a year and indirectly generates many jobs. The vast majority of

the countries allow only male lions fold and with a minimum age for three

years, but the reality is that many times this is not enforced and males of less

age and females are victims of this heinous practice. Of course, a male lion in

its full swing is the victim more precious by the hunter by what fold a male

has an average cost of between 17500 and 22000 $ on average, whereas

down a female assumes a disbursement of between 7500 and 9000 $ on

average. Unfortunately, for a hunter it is almost impossible to know if the

male is about to tip comes from a sends in its heyday, is a lion banished or is

part of a coalition; thus the argument that the companies dedicated to

hunting that the lions that are folded issues are sick or older, for nothing is

true; as well there could be a male in full physical fullness that is part of a

herd and the loss of one copy of such features can condition very negatively

the future of the remaining herd.

The reality is that the population of lions in Africa drops each year at an

alarming rate and the practice of trophy hunting, far from helping to

maintain the species as ironically say defenders of this practice, but does not

reduce the chances of survival of the feline. Cannot be set quotas for hunting

without having complete certainty of which is the current population of these


TROPHY HUNTING.- 53

felines in the area devoted to this purpose or in the country. The censuses of

lions were carried out to date are informational only, so for nothing can

protect on them to set quotas of annual hunting. There is a need for a more

comprehensive study and with greater scientific rigor in the census of lions

before determining how many lions may be mown down for this purpose.

We cannot grasp the idea that this practice produces many foreign currency

into the country and so many jobs, as if this practice is done without

supervision or control by the authorities of the wildlife population in each

country there is a risk that in the short or medium term, the survival of the

lion run serious danger and then it will be when will destroy thousands of

jobs and will no longer receive currency. We have to remember that millions

of tourists choose many of these countries to enjoy the photographic safaris,

that is if that is an industry that in their computation total annual generates

hundreds of millions of foreign currency into the country, in addition to

thousands and thousands of jobs result of tourism. And here, let us not fool

ourselves, the lion plays an important role, as any park or reserve that is

worth its salt will require their good flocks of lions that every visitor you want

to capture with your camera. Therefore, the slogan is that a lion live is worth

significantly more than one dead, and it is necessary to raise the local

communities who kills their lions of some form is killing your future.

There is no doubt that the biggest problem for today for the survival of the

lion is the human being, as is the fact that only and exclusively with the will of

the man will save the species. No animal better represents the fauna of the

continent as the lion, the symbol of Africa. I do not think a morning without

the lions prowl the plains and African savannahs and for this reason, more

urgent than ever that a moratorium on the hunting of this majestic predator.

Only in this way, and in instilling that the future of the species is closely

linked to the future of local communities, it will be possible to provide an

opportunity to this majestic animal. It is imperative that ranchers, farmers

and other people who live day to day in territories with these cats, see this

animal as an opportunity and not a threat to their lives and/or livestock and

for the competent authorities have to mediate precisely for each loss of


TROPHY HUNTING.- 54

cattle that local communities suffer. Just finding a harmony between the lion

and the human being we can ensure the survival of this powerful animal.


TROPHY HUNTING.- 55

1.8) GLOSSARY.-

NP: national park

NR: national reserve

GR: game reserve

CA: conservation area

FR: Forest reserve

PA: Protected area

KWS: Kenya Wildlife Service

UWA: Uganda Wildlife Authority

ZAWA: Zambia Wildlife Authority

TP: transfrontier park

C.A.R.: Central African Republik

D.R.C.: Democratic Republik of Congo

HZ: Hunting zone

WA: West Africa

EA: East Africa

SA: Southern Africa

CA: Central Africa

IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of the Nature

SSA: Sub-Saharian Africa

WCS: Wildlife and Conservation Society

LCU: Lion Conservation Unit


TROPHY HUNTING.- 56

1.9) REFERENCES.-

• Status and distribution of the lion (Panthera leo) in east and southern

Africa (dec.2005, H.Bauer, P. Chardonnet & K.Nowell)

• Regional lion conservation strategy for the lion (Panthera leo) in

eastern and southern Africa (dec.2006)

• Conservation strategy for the lion (Panthera leo) in west and central

Africa (feb.2006)

• Summary Report: Trophy hunting and lion population status in Eastern,

western and central, and southern Africa (LionAid 2011)

• The african lion (Panthera leo leo): a continent-wide species

distribution study and population analysis (J.Riggio, Dr.Stuart L.Pimm,

may 2011)

• Conservation status of the lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) in

Tanzania (june 2010, P.Mesochina, O.Mbangwa, P.Chardonnet,

R.Mosha, B.Mtui, N.Drouet, W.Crosmary and B.Kissui)

• Bauer, H. and Van Der Merwe, S.2004. Inventory of the free-ranging

lions in Africa

• Chardonnet, P. (ed.) 2002 Conservation of the african lion: contribution

to a status survey. International Foundation for the Conservation of

Wildlife, France & Conservation Force, USA

• Diario de grandes felinos: Leones (Jonathan y Angela Scott, 2006)

• www.lionalert.org

• www.iucnredlist.org

• www.panthera.org

• www.africasalvaje.org

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