Study OLPC: Technology and Child Development

8/2/2019 Study OLPC: Technology and Child Development

1/43

^`lmkfifdx ekn Lmhin

N`zìfso`k~1

@zhn`kl` jwfo ~m` Fk` Ies~fs

s`w Lmhin Swfdweo

Apihk S+ Lwh|~heSegif Hgewwewk\ek~hedf Lp`~fEke \ek~hedf@pd`khf \`z`wk

N`sew~o`k~ fj W`|èwlm ekn Lmh`j @lfkfoh|~

HNG/TS/HNG TFWBHKD SES@W \@WH@\ Kf+

Hk~`w/Eo`whlek N`zìfso`k~ Gekb

J`gwpewx 7357


2/43

^`lmkfifdx ekn Lmhin N`zìfso`k~1

@zhn`kl` jwfo ~m` Fk` Ies~fs

s`w Lmhin Swfdweo

Apihk S+ Lwh|~he!Segif Hgewwewk!!\ek~hedf Lp`~f!!!

Eke \ek~hedf!@pd`khf \`z`wk!

! Hk~`w/Eo`whlek N`zìfso`k~ Gekb!! Hk~`w/Eo`whlek N`zìfso`k~ Gekb -HNG( ekn HQE!!! Dwpsf n` Ekih|h| sewe ì N`|ewwfiif -DWEN@(

7357

Hk~`w/Eo`whlek N`zìfso`k~ Gekb


3/43

m~~s1&&ttt+heng+fwd

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^`lmkfifdx ekn lmhin n`zìfso`k~ 1 `zhn`kl` jwfo ~m` Fk` Ies~fs s`w Lmhin Swfdweo & Apihk S+ Lwh|~he R`~ ei+_+

s+ lo+ -HNG tfwbhkd ses`w |`wh`| 2 (

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5

Eg|~wel~5

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5/43

7

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6/43

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7/43

>

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ekn Iekdped`+

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: D`k`wei ùphihgwhpo `jj`l~| oex ewh|` hj `jj`l~| jfw hknhzhnpei |~pn`k~| lmekd` e| ~m` s`wl`k~ed` fj ~m`hw s``w| ~me~ew` g`k`jhlhewh`| hklwè|`|+


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0

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9/43

:

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10/43

4

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~m` ies~fs| ~f ezfhn jhkeklhei wh|b|+ ^m`|` hosiò`k~e~hfk swfgiò| w`|pi~`n) e| t` nflpo`k~

gìft) hk fkix egfp~ >3 s`wl`k~ fj |~pn`k~| ~ebhkd ~m` ies~fs| mfo`| hk ~m` t``b g`jfw` ~m`

|pwz`x+

E| ~f |fj~tew`) hknhzhnpei dfz`wko`k~| lek lmff|` jwfo e ifkd ih|~ fj ezehiegièssihle~hfk| ~f g` hk|~eii`n fk ~m`hw ies~fs|+ ^m` S`wpzhek dfz`wko`k~ lmf|`


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8

ekn ofw` ~mek jfpw |~pn`k~| ew` `kwfii`n hk |`lfkn dwen`+5< \lmffi| |ì`l~`n gx ~m` dfz`wko`k~

t`w` of|~ix spgihl ekn wpwei) th~m ift i`zì| fj ell`|| ~f ge|hl |`wzhl`| -te~`w) |`ted`( ekn

~`lmkfifdx ekn sffw |~pn`k~ s`wjfwoekl` hk ~m` ke~hfkei |~eknewnhq`n elmh`zò`k~ ~`|~| hk Oe~m

ekn Iekdped`+ W`|pi~| hknhle~` ~me~ fg|`wzegi` lmewel~`wh|~hl| fj |lmffi| hk ~m` jhkei |eosi` ew`

|hohiew ~f ~mf|` fj |lmffi| hk ~m` fwhdhkei |eosi` ekn ~f ~m` |`~ fj |lmffi| |ì`l~`n gx ~m`

dfz`wko`k~ jfw ~m` swfdweo+


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T` essih`n elmh`zò`k~ ~`|~|

hk Oe~m ekn Wènhkd lfk|~wpl~`n gx ~m` `nple~hfkei `}s`w~ fk ~m` w`|èwlm ~èo |`sewe~ìx jfw

~m` ~mw`` o`k~hfk`n dwfps|) p|hkd h~ò| nwetk jwfo sw`zhfp| ke~hfkei |~eknewnhq`n

`}eohke~hfk|+

W`dewnhkd lfdkh~hz` |bhii|) t` essih`n ~m` Wez`k| Swfdw`||hz` Oe~whl`| ~`|~ `|s`lheiix

n`|hdk`n jfw lmhinw`k ed`n 0 ~mwfpdm 55 -Lfifw`n Swfdw`||hz` Oe~whl`|( ~f oè|pw` kfk/z`wgei

eg|~wel~ wè|fkhkd+50 ^mh| ~`|~ h| w`dewn`n e| e dffn oewb`w jfw d`k`wei hk~ìihd`kl` ekn sw`zhfp|

w`|èwlm |pdd`|~| e lep|ei `jj`l~ fj lfosp~`w p|` fk h~| |lfw` -Nèwx) S`kb` ekn Afmk|fk) 73532

Oeieopn ekn Sfs/@i`lm`|) 7355(+ Wez`k| Swfdw`||hz` Oe~whl`| mez` g``k thnìx p|`n ~f

e||`|| kfk/z`wgei lfdkh~hz` eghih~x -Jixkk) 7334(+ W`|sfkn`k~| ew` sw`|`k~`n th~m e |`wh`| fj

swfdw`||hzìx ofw` nhjjhlpi~ oe~lmhkd `}`wlh|`| ~me~ wùphw` lmff|hkd ~m` jhdpw` ~me~ lfosi`~`| e

se~~`wk+

^f mez` e gwfen`w oè|pw` fj lfdkh~hz` eghih~h`|) t` essih`n ennh~hfkei lfdkh~hz` ~`|~|+

Enohkh|~we~hfk fj e ~`|~ fj z`wgei jip`klx hkzfiz`n hk|~wpl~hkd |~pn`k~| ~f twh~` e| oekx tfwn|e| ~m`x lfpin ~me~ g`dek th~m e dhz`k i`~~`w -S( hk ~mw`` ohkp~`|+ ^mh| ~`|~ oè|pw`| lfdkh~hz`

eghih~h`|) hk sew~hlpiew `}`lp~hz` jpkl~hfk|) iekdped` jpkl~hfk| -zflegpiewx() w`|sfk|` |s``n)

fwdekhqe~hfk) |èwlm |~we~`dh`| ekn ifkd/~`wo oòfwx -Wpjj `~ ei+) 5884(+ T` ei|f essih`n ek

enes~`n z`w|hfk fj ~m` Lfnhkd ~`|~ jfw lmhinw`k hklipn`n hk ~m` T`lm|i`w hk~ìihd`kl` ~`|~ -Jfwo

G(+ ^mh| ~`|~ eho| ~f oè|pw` tfwbhkd oòfwx ekn swfl`||hkd |s``n+ Npwhkd ~m` ~`|~) 53 sehw| fj

fk`/nhdh~ kpog`w| ekn dwesmhlei |xogfi| t`w` |mftk ~f |~pn`k~|) tmf ~m`k men ~f lfosi`~` e|

5> G`lep|` fj ~m` iewd` hk~we/lip|~`w lfwwìe~hfk elwf|| |lmffi| -egfp~ 3+>3() ~m`w` t`w` |oeii sw`lh|hfk dehk| fj~`|~hkd ofw` ~mek 50 |~pn`k~| s`w |lmffi+ Jflp|hkd fk |~pn`k~| elwf|| zewhfp| dwen`| eiift| lm`lbhkd m`~`wfd`k`fp|`jj`l~| ekn w`nplhkd ~m` hk~we/lip|~`w lfwwìe~hfk+ G`lep|` kf ge|ìhk` ne~e t`w` lfii`l~`n) t` lmf|` ~f |pwz`x|~pn`k~| hk ~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ e| ~m`w` t`w` enohkh|~we~hz` ge|ìhk` ne~e jfw ~mò) tmhlm t` p|` ~f ~`|~ sw`/~wè~o`k~ geiekl`+ @hdm~x s`wl`k~ fj |~pn`k~| hk ~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ ew` hk jfpw~m dwen` e~ jfiift/ps) 58 s`wl`k~ ew`hk ~mhwn dwen` ekn 5 s`wl`k~ e~~`kn |`lfkn dwen`+50 ^m` ~`|~ oè|pw`| `npl~hz` eghih~x~m` eghih~x ~f oeb` |`k|` ekn oèkhkd fp~ fj lfosi`} ekn lfkjp|hkd ne~e2~m` eghih~x ~f s`wl`hz` k`t se~~`wk| ekn wìe~hfk|mhs|) ekn ~f jfwd` -iewdìx kfk/z`wgei( lfk|~wpl~|) tmhlm oeb` h~è|x ~f mekni` lfosi`}h~x -Sèw|fk E||`||o`k~) 7355(+


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55

oekx lfww`|sfknhkd |xogfi| e| sf||hgi` jfw e ifkd ih|~ fj kpog`w| hk ~mw`` ohkp~`|+ 5: Jfw ~m`

òshwhlei |`l~hfk) ~m`|` lfdkh~hz` oè|pw`| ew` |~eknewnhq`n |`sewe~ìx jfw |~pn`k~| hk |`lfkn

dwen`) ~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ ekn |h}~m dwen`) |pg~wel~hkd ~m` oèk ekn nhzhnhkd gx ~m` |~eknewn

n`zhe~hfk hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps+

T` `}~wel~`n ifd jhi`| jwfo ~m` ]F ies~fs| ~f fga`l~hzìx e||`|| p|` se~~`wk|+ E| sew~ fj

~m` kfwoei lfosp~`w fs`we~hfk) ifd| jwfo ~m` ie|~ jfpw |`||hfk| ew` d`k`we~`n) w`lfwnhkd ne~` ekn

~ho` tm`k èlm |`||hfk h| |~ew~`n e| tìi e| wfpdmix tm`k essihle~hfk| ew` lif|`n+ ^mfpdm

`kpo`we~fw| t`w` nhw`l~`n ~f w`~wh`z` ifd| jwfo eii ies~fs|) ~m`x lfpin lfii`l~ ~mò jfw 4:

s`wl`k~ fj lmhinw`k hk ~m` |`lfkn dwen`) jfiift`n lfmfw~ ekn |h}~m dwen` dwfps|+ @kpo`we~fw|

lfpin kf~ lfii`l~ ifd| tm`w` ~m` |~pn`k~ nhn kf~ mez` ek e||hdk`n ies~fs) h~ te| kf~ tfwbhkd) fw h~

te| hosf||hgi` ~f ell`|| h~+ Nòfdwesmhl lmewel~`wh|~hl| ekn |ìj/w`sfw~`n oè|pw`| fj lfosp~`w

p|` jfw |~pn`k~| tmf|` ifd| t`w` `}~wel~`n ew` |hohiew ~f eii |eosi`n |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~

dwfps) |pdd`|~hkd ~me~ |~e~h|~hl| lfk|~wpl~`n jwfo ifd| `}~wel~`n swfzhn` e dffn shl~pw` fj p|`

se~~`wk|+

S`w|fkei hk~`wzh`t| t`w` lfknpl~`n th~m |~pn`k~| ekn ~m`hw lew`dhz`w| hk ~m` jfiift`n

lfmfw~ ekn |h}~m/dwen` dwfps| -~m` hk~`wzh`t`n |eosi`(+54 ^m`|` hk~`wzh`t| les~pw`n hkjfwoe~hfk

fk |flhf/nòfdwesmhl lmewel~`wh|~hl|) ell`|| ~f ekn p|` fj lfosp~`w| ekn ~ho` eiifle~`n ~f

|s`lhjhl wì`zek~ el~hzh~h`| -jfw `}eosi`) wènhkd ekn nfhkd mfo`tfwb(+ T` ìhlh~`n ne~e fk kfk/

lfdkh~hz` fp~lfo`| p|hkd ~tf hk|~wpo`k~|+ Of~hze~hfk ~ftewn |lmffi e~~`knekl` ekn mfo`tfwb

te| fg~ehk`n essixhkd ek hk|~wpo`k~ ~me~ te| n`|hdk`n jfiifthkd ~m` Hk~whk|hl Of~hze~hfk Hkn`}

hkz`k~fwx -Wxek) 58=7(+ \ìj/s`wl`hz`n lfos`~`kl` hk Oe~m) Iekdped` ekn f~m`w |lmffi |pga`l~|

te| lfk|~wpl~`n jwfo e 50/h~ò up`|~hfkkehw` enes~`n jwfo Oew|m -5887(+ T` ei|f essih`n ~f

|~pn`k~| hk ~m` hk~`wzh`t`n |eosi` fj ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps ek hknhzhnpei ~`|~ ~f e||`||

lfos`~`klh`| hk ies~fs p|`+ ^`|~/~eb`w| t`w` nhw`l~`n ~f s`wjfwo |s`lhjhl el~hzh~h`| -jfw `}eosi`)

~pwk fk ~m` lfosp~`w) |èwlm jfw hkjfwoe~hfk fk l`w~ehk ~fshl( ekn `kpo`we~fw| jfiift`n |s`lhjhl

dphnìhk`| w`dewnhkd tm`k w`|sfk|`| t`w` lfk|hn`w`n lfww`l~+ Jhkeiix) eii ~èlm`w| ekn nhw`l~fw|

lfosi`~`n e up`|~hfkkehw` ~me~ lfii`l~`n gelbdwfpkn hkjfwoe~hfk ekn jflp|`n fk ell`|| ~f ekn

p|` fj lfosp~`w| e~ ~m` |lmffi+

5: Hk >3 s`wl`k~ fj |lmffi| hk fpw |eosi` |~pn`k~| t`w` dhz`k ofw` ~mek ~mw`` ohkp~`| -~xshleiix 53( ~f ek|t`w ~m`Lfnhkd fw z`wgei jip`klx ~`|~|+ T` `}sifw` ~m` wfgp|~k`|| fj fpw jhknhkd| ~f ~mh| h||p` hk \`l~hfk >+54 \`lfkn/dwen`w| t`w` kf~ hklipn`n sew~ix g`lep|` fj ~m` `}s`l~e~hfk ~me~ oekx xfpkd lmhinw`k hk ~mh| lfk~`}~ oexkf~ swfzhn` wìhegi` hkjfwoe~hfk+


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Geiekl` ekn Lfosihekl`

T` `}sifh~ ~`|~ |lfw`| ekn nòfdwesmhl ne~e jwfo ~m` 733= ke~hfkei |`lfkn/dwen` `}eohke~hfk

~f lm`lb ~m` geiekl` g`~t``k ~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi dwfps| jfw |~pn`k~| hk ~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ e~

ge|ìhk`+ êgi` 7 |mft| ~me~ oèk| hk ge|ìhk` Oe~m ekn Iekdped` ~`|~ |lfw`| t`w` |hohiew ekn

kf~ |~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~ix nhjj`w`k~ g`~t``k gf~m dwfps|+ E |hohiew jhknhkd ewh|`| tm`k

`}sifwhkd nhjj`w`kl`| hk ~m` |mew` fj |~pn`k~| tmf t`w` fz`w/ed`) jòei`) ke~hz` \sekh|m

|sèb`w| ekn men e~~`kn`n sw`|lmffi+ ^m` ~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi dwfps| lfpin g` tìi geiekl`n hk

~m` ge|ìhk`) gp~ |fo` nhjj`w`kl`| oex ewh|` ie~`w g`lep|` ~m` lfosf|h~hfk fj |~pn`k~| hk ~m`

~wè~o`k~ dwfps h| |x|~òe~hleiix ejj`l~`n gx ~m` swfdweo+ T` `}sifw` ~mh| sf||hghih~x gx

lm`lbhkd nhjj`w`kl`| hk nòfdwesmhl| ekn f~m`w lmewel~`wh|~hl| fj |~pn`k~| hk ~m` hk~`wzh`t`n

|eosi` g`~t``k ~m` ~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi dwfps| e~ jfiift/ps+ êgi` < nflpo`k~| ~me~

nhjj`w`kl`| hk ~m`|` zewhegi`| ew` |oeii ekn ~xshleiix kf~ |~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~) |pdd`|~hkd ~me~

~m` swfdweo nhn kf~ nhjj`w`k~heiix ejj`l~ |~pn`k~ lfosf|h~hfk hk ~wè~o`k~ |lmffi|+

T` k`}~ e||`|| tm`~m`w swfdweo enohkh|~we~fw| jfiift`n ~m` weknfo e||hdko`k~ fj

|lmffi| hk~f ~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi dwfps|+ êgi` > nflpo`k~| mhdm lfosihekl`1 eii |lmffi| hk ~m`

~wè~o`k~ dwfps w`l`hz`n ]F ies~fs|) lfosew`n th~m fkix `hdm~ s`wl`k~ hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps+ ^m`

~egi` ei|f sw`|`k~| hkjfwoe~hfk fk wìe~`n ~`lmkfifdx hksp~|+ @i`l~whlh~x ell`|| te| lif|` ~f

pkhz`w|ei hk gf~m ~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi |lmffi|) gp~ Hk~`wk`~ ell`|| te| swel~hleiix kfk/`}h|~`k~

hk gf~m dwfps|+ ^m` ift lfz`wed` fj Hk~`wk`~ ell`|| lek g` `}siehk`n gx ~m` h|fie~hfk) iftsfspie~hfk n`k|h~x ekn mhdm jh}`n lf|~| e||flhe~`n th~m swfzhnhkd ~mh| |`wzhl` ~f ~m`|`

sfspie~hfk|) fw ei~`wke~hzìx) e| e n`|hdk n`lh|hfk+ Jhkeiix) ~m` ~egi` |mft| ~me~ egfp~ 43 s`wl`k~

fj ~èlm`w| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps -4 s`wl`k~ fj ~mf|` hk ~m` lfk~wfi( e~~`kn`n e >3/mfpw ~wehkhkd

ofnpi` eho`n e~ jelhih~e~hkd ~m` p|` fj ~m` ies~fs| jfw s`nedfdhlei spwsf|`|+

>+ W`|pi~|Hk ~mh| |`l~hfk t` `}sifw` ~m` swfdweo| `jj`l~| fk e wekd` fj nho`k|hfk|+ T` |~ew~ gx `}eohkhkd

`jj`l~| fk lfosp~`w ell`||) p|` ekn |bhii|+ T` swfl``n gx ekeixqhkd tm`~m`w ~m` hk~`wz`k~hfk

hkjip`kl`n l`w~ehk g`mezhfw| hklipnhkd `kwfiio`k~) e~~`knekl`) mfo`tfwb ekn wènhkd megh~|)

ekn kfk/lfdkh~hz` fp~lfo`|+ Jhkeiix) t` e||`|| ~m` hosel~ fk ~m` oehk fp~lfo`|1 elenòhl

elmh`zò`k~ ekn lfdkh~hz` |bhii|+


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5+5 Lfosp~`w Ell`||) P|` ekn \bhii|êgi` 0 nflpo`k~| ~m` hkjip} fj ~`lmkfifdx ~me~ ~m` swfdweo d`k`we~`n+ Eii ~wè~o`k~ |lmffi|

men lfosp~`w|) lfosew`n th~m 0> s`wl`k~ fj lfk~wfi |lmffi|+ Nhjj`w`kl`| hk oè|pw`| fj ell`||

hk~`k|h~x ew` `z`k |~ewb`w+ ^m`w` t`w` 5+5= lfosp~`w| s`w |~pn`k~ hk ~wè~o`k~ |lmffi| lfosew`n

th~m 3+57 hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps e~ jfiift/ps+ Nhjj`w`kl`| hk w`sfw~`n lfosp~`w ftk`w|mhs gx

|~pn`k~| t`w` ei|f |pg|~ek~hei1 egfp~ =4 s`wl`k~ fj ~wè~o`k~ |~pn`k~| w`sfw~`n mezhkd e

lfosp~`w) lfosew`n th~m 8 s`wl`k~ hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps+

^m`|` iewd` `jj`l~| fk ell`|| ~f lfosp~`w| ~wek|ie~`n hk~f e |pg|~ek~hei hklwè|` hk t``bix

oè|pw`| fj lfosp~`w p|`+ Egfp~ =7 s`wl`k~ fj |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps w`sfw~`n mezhkd

p|`n e lfosp~`w e~ |lmffi npwhkd ~m` sw`zhfp| t``b z`w|p| 7: s`wl`k~ hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps+

@jj`l~| fk lfosp~`w p|` e~ mfo` ew` ei|f iewd`1 >7 s`wl`k~ fj ~wè~o`k~ |~pn`k~| w`sfw~`n p|hkd e

lfosp~`w e~ mfo` hk ~m` sw`zhfp| t``b lfosew`n th~m > s`wl`k~ fj |~pn`k~| hk lfk~wfi |lmffi|+

Fpw |pwz`x `}sifw`n ~m` wè|fk| ~me~ ~xshlei mfo` lfosp~`w p|` nhn kf~ esswfelm mhdm`w i`zì|

hk ~wè~o`k~ |lmffi|+ Sew`k~| tmf|` lmhinw`k nhn kf~ ~eb` ~m` lfosp~`w mfo` w`dpiewix ek|t`w`n

~me~ ~m` oehk wè|fk te| ~me~ |lmffi| swfmhgh~`n ~mh| el~hfk ->7 s`wl`k~() jfiift`n gx sew`k~|

sw`j`wwhkd ~me~ ~m` |~pn`k~ kf~ ~eb` ~m` ies~fs mfo` ~f ezfhn lfosp~`w oeijpkl~hfk ekn ~m`j~ -74

s`wl`k~(+ ^m` ne~e lfii`l~`n kfk`~mì`|| |pdd`|~ ~me~ ~m`|` wh|b| t`w` wìe~hzìx ift+ ^mhw~``k

s`wl`k~ fj ies~fs| oeijpkl~hfk`n e~ |fo` sfhk~) ekn egfp~ meij fj ~mò t`w` |pll`||jpiix

w`sehw`n+ ^m`j~ hkzfiz`n fkix 3+< s`wl`k~ fj ies~fs|+ ^m`|` swfgiò| kf~th~m|~eknhkd) h~ h|hosfw~ek~ ~f b``s hk ohkn ~m` d`k`wei jhknhkd ~me~ ~m` swfdweo d`k`we~`n e iewd` hklwè|` hk

lfosp~`w p|` e~ gf~m |lmffi ekn mfo`+

T` swfl``n ~f nflpo`k~ ~m` p|` fj ies~fs| gx |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps `}sifh~hkd

ne~e jwfo ies~fs ifd|+ Jhdpw` 5 sw`|`k~| ~m` nh|~whgp~hfk fj |~pn`k~| gx kpog`w fj ies~fs |`||hfk|

hk ~m` sw`zhfp| t``b+ Eiof|~ meij fj |~pn`k~| |~ew~`n jfpw fw ofw` |`||hfk|) 3 ohkp~`|+ ^mh| nhw`l~ `zhn`kl` |pdd`|~| ~me~ e

|hqegi` |mew` fj |~pn`k~| p|`n ~m` ies~fs hk~`k|hzìx) ekn h~ oe~lm`| tìi th~m oè|pw`| fj

w`sfw~`n p|` n`|lwhg`n egfz`+ @}sifh~hkd ne~e fk |`||hfk |~ew~hkd ~ho` lek swfzhn` e lièw shl~pw`

fk tm`~m`w lfosp~`w| t`w` p|`n ofw` e~ mfo` ~mek e~ |lmffi+ ^f ~me~ `kn) jfw èlm ies~fs t`

lfk|~wpl~ ~m` nh|~whgp~hfk fj ~m` |~ew~ ~ho` fj ~m` ie|~ jfpw |`||hfk|+ Jhdpw` 7 sw`|`k~| ~m` ez`wed`

nh|~whgp~hfk elwf|| |~pn`k~|+ ^m` jhdpw` |mft| ~me~ ies~fs p|` te| lfkl`k~we~`n g`~t``k =133


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5>

e+o+ ekn 5133 s+o+ -w`dpiew lie|| ~ho`() ellfosekh`n gx e |off~m hklwè|` g`jfw` ~mh| s`whfn ekn

e n`lihk` ej~`w+ ^mh| h| ei|f fg|`wz`n hk Jhdpw` |mft| ~m` ez`wed`

nh|~whgp~hfk fj dwfps| fj essihle~hfk| p|`n+ ^m` |~eknewn dwfps hklipn`n egfp~ >0 s`wl`k~ fj

essihle~hfk| fs`k`n ekn < fp~ fj ~m` ~fs 53 p|`n essihle~hfk| -tfwn swfl`||fw) 50 s`wl`k~2

gwft|`w) 5< s`wl`k~2 leilpie~fw) > s`wl`k~(+ ^m` deo`| dwfps ellfpk~`n jfw 5= s`wl`k~ fj p|`

th~m e uph~` pkhjfwo nh|~whgp~hfk eofkd ~m` khk` ezehiegi` essihle~hfk|+ ^m` op|hl dwfps fj

essihle~hfk| w`sw`|`k~`n egfp~ 5> s`wl`k~) tmhi` ~m` swfdweoohkd dwfps hklipn`n fkix 0

s`wl`k~ fj ~m` essihle~hfk| fs`k`n+ Jhkeiix) ~m` w`|~ fj ~m` essihle~hfk| ellfpk~`n jfw 5= s`wl`k~

fj p|`) ekn ~m` of|~ hosfw~ek~ t`w` ek essihle~hfk jfw w`lfwnhkd |fpkn ekn zhn`f ekn Thbhs`nhe

-= ekn > s`wl`k~) w`|s`l~hzìx(+

Iewd` hklwè|`| hk ell`|| ekn p|` fj ies~fs| |mfpin ~wek|ie~` hk~f hoswfzò`k~| hk

lfosp~`w |bhii|) ekn t` e||`|| ~m` |~w`kd~m fj ~mh| `}s`l~`n ihkb+ ^m` up`|~hfk mhkd`| fk ~m` ~xs`

fj |bhii| ~me~ |mfpin g` ~`|~`n+ ]F ies~fs| wpk fk Ihkp} ekn mez` e |s`lhjhl dwesmhl hk~`wjel`

leii`n \pdew+ M`kl`) t` lek `}s`l~ ~me~ hk~`k|` p|` fj ~m` ies~fs| |mfpin ~wek|ie~` hk~f g`~~`w

|bhii| jfw |~pn`k~| hk fs`we~hkd hk ~mh| ~xs` fj lfosp~`w `kzhwfko`k~+ Mft`z`w) |~pn`k~| hk ~m`

lfk~wfi dwfps nhn kf~ mez` ell`|| ~f ~mh| ~xs` fj lfosp~`w `kzhwfko`k~ ekn m`kl` h~ |mfpin kf~

g` `}s`l~`n ~me~ ~m`x tfpin g` egi` ~f fs`we~` hk h~+ Fk ~m` f~m`w mekn) `zeipe~hkd |~pn`k~| hk ~m`

~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi dwfps| fk ~m`hw eghih~x ~f fs`we~` hk e Thknft| `kzhwfko`k~ tfpin g`

pkjehw ~f |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps+ T` n`lhn`n ~f `zeipe~` |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps

fkix fk ~m`hw eghih~x ~f fs`we~` ~m` ]F ies~fs|+ Hk sew~hlpiew) t` hknhzhnpeiix ~`|~`n |~pn`k~| hk

~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ ekn |h}~m dwen`w| ~f oè|pw` mft w`|fpwl`jpi ~m`x t`w` hk fs`we~hkd ~m` ]F

ies~fs+

Jhdpw` 0 sw`|`k~| |pooewx |~e~h|~hl| |mfthkd ~m` s`wl`k~ed` fj lfww`l~ h~ò| jfw zewhfp|

|pg/|lei`| ekn ~m` fz`weii lfos`~`kl`+ W`|pi~| hknhle~` ~me~ of|~ |~pn`k~| lfpin s`wjfwo ge|hl

ies~fs fs`we~hfk| |plm e| ~pwkhkd ~mò fk ekn fjj) jhknhkd wì`zek~ hlfk| ekn ofzhkd ewfpkn


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sed`|+ \~pn`k~| t`w` ei|f w`|fpwl`jpi hk p|hkd ~m` Afpwkei) ek essihle~hfk ~me~ b``s| ~welb fj

w`l`k~ el~hzh~x+ Jhkeiix) |~pn`k~| fk ez`wed` ek|t`w`n lfww`l~ix egfp~ :3 s`wl`k~ fj h~ò| wìe~`n

~f tfwn swfl`||fw fs`we~hfk ekn ~m`hw eghih~x ~f |èwlm jfw |s`lhjhl hkjfwoe~hfk hk Thbhs`nhe ekn

f~m`w lfk~`k~ fk ~m`hw ies~fs|+ \poohkd ps) ~m`|` w`|pi~| hknhle~` ~me~ |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~

dwfps nh|siex`n |fo` p|`jpi |bhii| hk fs`we~hkd ~m` ies~fs) ~mfpdm ~m`x |mft`n l`w~ehk

ihoh~e~hfk| hk oe|~`whkd e wekd` fj essihle~hfk|+

>+7 G`mezhfw ekn Kfk/Lfdkh~hz` Fp~lfo`|

Hk ~mh| |pg|`l~hfk) t` `}sifw` `jj`l~| fk g`mezhfwei ekn kfk/lfdkh~hz` fp~lfo`|+ W`dewnhkd

g`mezhfw) t` ekeixq` tm`~m`w ~m` hk~wfnpl~hfk fj ~`lmkfifdx swfnpl`n lmekd`| hk jfpw

nho`k|hfk|1 `kwfiio`k~) e~~`knekl`) |~pnx e~ mfo`) ekn wènhkd megh~|+ Lm`lbhkd `jj`l~| fk

`kwfiio`k~ ekn e~~`knekl` h| tewwek~`n gx upeih~e~hz` ekn ek`lnf~ei `zhn`kl` |pdd`|~hkd ~me~ ~m`hkjip} fj lfosp~`w| e~ |lmffi| oex hklwè|` |lmffi e~~wel~hz`k`|| ekn m`kl` hkjip`kl` ~m`

o`k~hfk`n nho`k|hfk| -Kpdwfmf ekn Ifkn|nei`) 7338(+ Ekeixqhkd ~m` hosel~ fk |~pnx ekn

wènhkd g`mezhfw h| of~hze~`n gx ~m` n`|hw` ~f pkn`w|~ekn sf~`k~hei o`nhe~hkd o`lmekh|o| jfw

`jj`l~| fk jhkei elenòhl fp~lfo`|+ êgi` : sw`|`k~| ~m` w`|pi~|+ @|~hoe~`| hknhle~` kf

|~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~ `jj`l~ fk `kwfiio`k~ ekn e~~`knekl`+ ^m` eg|`kl` fj ek hosel~ fk

`kwfiio`k~ ohdm~ g` `}s`l~`n dhz`k ~me~ ~m`w` h| lif|` ~f pkhz`w|ei `kwfiio`k~ jfw swhoewx

`nple~hfk hk S`wp+ Ofw`fz`w) ~m` h|fie~`n ke~pw` fj ~m` sew~hlhse~hkd lfoopkh~h`| d`k`we~`|

|hdkhjhlek~ gewwh`w| jfw sew`k~| tmf lfk|hn`w ~m` fs~hfk fj |th~lmhkd ~m`hw lmhinw`k ~f g`k`jhlhewx

|lmffi|+ Ielb fj lfk|h|~`k~ sf|h~hz` `jj`l~| fk e~~`knekl` nf`| |pdd`|~ ~me~ ~m` eghih~x fj

lfosp~`w| ~f e~~wel~ |~pn`k~| ~f |lmffi| oex g` ihoh~`n -`|s`lheiix tm`k ~m`x lfpin sf~`k~heiix

~eb` ies~fs| mfo`(+

^m` nflpo`k~`n hklwè|`n p|` fj lfosp~`w| e~ mfo` ohdm~ mez` sf|h~hz` fw k`de~hz`

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e||hdk `}~we mfo`tfwb jfw lfosi`~hfk fk ~m` ies~fs| fw hj ~m` wh|` hk ell`|| ~f gffb| hknpl`|

hklwè|`n wènhkd+ Fk ~m` f~m`w mekn) ies~fs p|` oex |mhj~ ~ho` |s`k~ wènhkd ekn nfhkd

mfo`tfwb ~f f~m`w ~xs`| fj el~hzh~h`| |plm e| siexhkd lfosp~`w deo`|+ W`|pi~| hknhle~` ~me~

hklwè|`n lfosp~`w p|` nhn kf~ ei~`w ~m` ~ho` eiifle~`n ~f wènhkd fw ~f nfhkd mfo`tfwb+5=

5= ^f jpw~m`w `}sifw` `jj`l~| fk wènhkd g`mezhfw) t` e|b`n ~wè~o`k~ |~pn`k~| ~m` kpog`w fj gffb| wèn fk ~mìes~fs |hkl` ~m`x men w`l`hz`n h~+ Fk ez`wed` |~pn`k~| w`sfw~`n mezhkd wèn ~mw`` gffb|+


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|~eknewnhq`n |lfw`| jfw ~m` ~mw`` ~`|~|+ ^m` w`|pi~| ew` lif|` ~f ~mf|` jfw ~m` Wez`k| Swfdw`||hz`

Oe~whl`| -3+55 |~eknewn n`zhe~hfk| ekn |~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~ e~ ~m` 53 s`wl`k~(+ \hkl` sf|h~hz`

ekn |hohiew `jj`l~| ew` jfpkn jfw ~m` ~mw`` ~`|~|) tmhlm oè|pw` nh|~hkl~ nho`k|hfk| fj lfdkh~hz`

|bhii| -eg|~wel~ wè|fkhkd) z`wgei jip`klx ekn swfl`||hkd |s``n() ~m` w`|pi~| |pdd`|~ ~me~ hklwè|`n

hk~`wel~hfk th~m ~`lmkfifdx hoswfz`n d`k`wei lfdkh~hz` |bhii|+

^f g`klmoewb ~m` oedkh~pn` fj ~m` hosel~ pklfz`w`n) t` lfk|~wpl~ ek `|~hoe~` fj ~m`

`}s`l~`n ofk~mix dehk| hk èlm lfdkh~hz` ~`|~+ T` d`k`we~` ~mh| `|~hoe~` gx lfosp~hkd ~m` oèk

nhjj`w`kl` hk ~m` wet |lfw` g`~t``k |~pn`k~| hk ~m` |h}~m ekn |`lfkn dwen`| fj ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps

ekn nhzhnhkd h~ gx >= ofk~m|+ T` ~m`k `}sw`|| ~m` hosel~| hk ~`wo| fj `}s`l~`n ofk~mix dehk|

gx nhzhnhkd ~m` `|~hoe~`n `jj`l~ gx ~m` `|~hoe~`n ofk~mix dehk+ ^mh| òshwhlei `}`wlh|` |pdd`|~|

~me~ ~m` `jj`l~| fk ~m` Lfnhkd ~`|~ lfww`|sfkn ~f >+: ofk~m| fj `}s`l~`n swfdw`||hfk) fk ~m`

Wez`k| oe~whl`| >+= ofk~m| ekn fk ~m` z`wgei jip`klx ~`|~ :+3 ofk~m|+ ^m` lfww`|sfknhkd `jj`l~

jfw ~m` lfdkh~hz` |bhii| hkn`} eofpk~| ~f 0+5 ofk~m|+ ^m`|` ew` |hqegi` `jj`l~| pkn`w ~mh| o`~whl

lfk|hn`whkd ~me~ ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps men ek ez`wed` `}sf|pw` fj 50 ofk~m| ~f hklwè|`n

~`lmkfifdx ell`||+

E| o`k~hfk`n hk \`l~hfk


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0+ M`~`wfd`k`fp| @jj`l~|

Nf ~m` `jj`l~| fj hklwè|`n ~`lmkfifdx ell`|| zewx elwf|| sfspie~hfk|6 T` jhw|~ ennw`|| ~mh|

up`|~hfk gx sw`|`k~hkd |~e~h|~hl| fk ies~fs p|` ekn lfos`~`kl` jfw ~wè~o`k~ |~pn`k~| gx |ì`l~`n

|pg/dwfps|+ êgi` 8 |mft| ~me~ |~pn`k~| hk mhdm`w dwen`| ~`kn ~f p|` ~m` ies~fs ofw` hk~`k|hzìx)lfkl`k~we~` ~m`hw p|` ofw` fk |~eknewn ekn op|hl/wìe~`n essihle~hfk| -e~ ~m` `}s`k|` fj deo`|(

ekn |mft |pg|~ek~heiix dwè~`w lfos`~`kl` hk fs`we~hkd ~m` ies~fs+ ^m` enzek~ed` hk ies~fs

lfos`~`kl` fj |h}~m/dwen`w| e| fssf|`n ~f |~pn`k~| hk ~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ h| egfp~ meij e

|~eknewn n`zhe~hfk+58 Lfipok| ->( ekn -0( |mft ~me~ gfx| p|` ~m` ies~fs e| jwùp`k~ix e| dhwi|)

~mfpdm ~m` jfwo`w ~`kn ~f p|` h~ ofw` jfw ih|~`khkd ekn lwè~hkd op|hl ekn jfw swfdweoohkd) ekn

i`|| hk |~eknewn essihle~hfk|+ ^m` w`|pi~| hknhle~` e |oeii ~mfpdm |hdkhjhlek~ enzek~ed` jfw gfx|

hk ~m`hw |bhii| hk fs`we~hkd ~m` ies~fs -e ~`k~m fj e |~eknewn n`zhe~hfk(+ Jhkeiix) lfipok| -:( ekn

-4( nflpo`k~ ~me~ ~m`w` ew` kf hosfw~ek~ nhjj`w`kl`| hk ies~fs p|` ekn lfos`~`kl` elwf|| |lmffi|

|~we~hjh`n gx ge|ìhk` o`nhek elenòhl elmh`zò`k~+

Hk êgi` 53 t` `}sifw` tm`~m`w hosel~| ew` nhjj`w`k~ elwf|| ~m` o`k~hfk`n |pg/dwfps|+

^m` ~fs sekì |mft| ~me~ ~m` d`k`wei jhknhkd fj ielb fj hosel~| fk elenòhl elmh`zò`k~

d`k`weiix mfin| tm`k jflp|hkd fk |s`lhjhl |pgsfspie~hfk|+ ^m` |fi` `}l`s~hfk h| jfw |~pn`k~| hk

|h}~m dwen`) tmf sw`|`k~ e |~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~ sf|h~hz` hosel~ hk oe~m ekn hk ez`wed`

elenòhl elmh`zò`k~+ ^mh| w`|pi~ h| ei|f sw`|`k~ tm`k lfosewhkd ~m` ~wè~o`k~ `jj`l~| g`~t``k

|h}~m/dwen`w| ekn |`lfkn/dwen`w|+ Mft`z`w) tm`k ekeixqhkd w`|pi~| hk opi~hsi` |pg/|eosi`| ~m`

ihbìhmffn fj n`~`l~hkd |hdkhjhlek~ nhjj`w`kl`| hklwè|`|) m`kl` ~mh| jhknhkd |mfpin g` jpw~m`w

`}sifw`n hk jp~pw` w`|èwlm+

W`|pi~| jwfo ~m` ift`w sekì |pdd`|~ ~me~ sf|h~hz` `jj`l~| fk lfdkh~hz` |bhii| ew`

thn`|swèn elwf|| eii dwfps| ekeixq`n+ ^m` `|~hoe~`n hosel~ jfw ez`wed` lfdkh~hz` |bhii| h|

sf|h~hz` jfw ~m` |`z`k |pg/|eosi`|+ \hohiewix) 58 fj 75 fj ~m` `|~hoe~`n `jj`l~| jfw ~m` hknhzhnpei

~`|~| sw`|`k~ sf|h~hz` lf`jjhlh`k~|+ ^m` fkix nho`k|hfk jfw tmhlm ~m`w` oex g` |fo`

m`~`wfd`k`h~x lfkl`wk| ge|ìhk` elenòhl elmh`zò`k~) tm`w` sf|h~hz` hosel~| ew` lfkl`k~we~`n

eofkd |lmffi| th~m mhdm`w elenòhl s`wjfwoekl` g`jfw` ~m` hk~wfnpl~hfk fj ~m` swfdweo+

Mft`z`w) `|~hoe~`n `jj`l~| ew` kf~ |~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~ix nhjj`w`k~ tm`k lfosewhkd |lmffi|

th~m mhdm z`w|p| ift ge|ìhk` elmh`zò`k~) sew~ix g`lep|` lf`jjhlh`k~| ei|f ~`kn ~f g` sf|h~hz` hk

~m` ie~~`w dwfps+

58 \~pn`k~| hk |`lfkn dwen` t`w` kf~ ~`|~`n hk ~m`hw eghih~x ~f p|` ~m` ies~fs+


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:+ Nh|lp||hfk

Lfpin |~whl~`w enm`w`kl` ~f ~m` FISL swhklhsi`| mez` gwfpdm~ egfp~ g`~~`w elenòhl fp~lfo`|6

Hk ~m` |`~~hkd ekeixq`n ~m`w` t`w` ~tf hosfw~ek~ n`sew~pw`| jwfo ~m` swhklhsi`| swfof~`n gx ~m`

FISL Jfpkne~hfk1 e |pg|~ek~hei sfw~hfk fj |~pn`k~| lfpin kf~ ~eb` ~m`hw ies~fs| ~f ~m`hw mfo`|)ekn Hk~`wk`~ ell`|| te| swel~hleiix kfk/`}h|~`k~+ W`dewnhkd ~m` jhw|~ h||p`) pkn`w ~m` `}~wò`

e||pos~hfk ~me~ eii `jj`l~| ew` lep|`n gx p|hkd ~m` ies~fs e~ mfo`) t` lek `|~hoe~` ~m` `}s`l~`n

`jj`l~| tm`k eii lmhinw`k ~eb` ~m`hw ies~fs| mfo`) |leihkd/ps ~m` w`npl`n/jfwo `|~hoe~`| gx ~m`

jwel~hfk fj |~pn`k~| tmf lpww`k~ix w`dpiewix ~eb` ~m`hw ies~fs| mfo` ->3 s`wl`k~(+ ^m` `|~hoe~`n

`jj`l~ fk ez`wed` elenòhl elmh`zò`k~ xhìn| e lf`jjhlh`k~ fj 3+35 |~eknewn n`zhe~hfk| th~m ek

e||flhe~`n |~eknewn `wwfw fj 3+5>+ ^mfpdm sft`w h| |pg|~ek~heiix w`npl`n) ~m` w`|pi~| |pdd`|~ e

ift lmekl` fj |pg|~ek~hei sf|h~hz` `jj`l~|+73 W`dewnhkd ~m` `jj`l~| fj ~m` Hk~`wk`~) ~m` eg|`kl` fj

zewhe~hfk hk ~mh| w`|fpwl` hk ~m` |lmffi |~pnx |eosi` sw`z`k~| p| jwfo e||`||hkd h~| sf~`k~hei

hosel~|+ Mft`z`w) ~m` |oeii `}h|~hkd ih~`we~pw` nf`| kf~ |`ò sew~hlpiewix swfoh|hkd+75

W`dewnhkd ei~`wke~hz` n`|hdk|) fk` sf~`k~heiix swfoh|hkd wfp~` h| ~m` p|` fj enes~hz`

|fj~tew` eihdk`n th~m ~m` Oe~m ekn Iekdped` lpwwhlpipo+ ^mh| ~xs` fj lfosp~`w swfdweo

nhedkf|`| |~pn`k~| |bhii| hk nhjj`w`k~ |pg/ewè| ekn enap|~| lfk~`k~| ekn `}`wlh|`| hk fwn`w ~f

jflp| fk tm`w` ~m` |~pn`k~ |mft| tèbk`||`|+ ^mfpdm ~m` `zhn`kl` h| kf~ fz`wtmìohkdix

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n`zìfshkd lfpk~wh`| -Wfp|` ekn Bwpd`w) 733>2 Gek`wa`` `~ ei+) 73342 M`) Ihkn`k ekn OelI`fn)

733=2 Ihkn`k) 733=2 Gewwft) Oewboek ekn Wfp|`) 73382 Lewwhiif) Fkfje ekn Sfkl`) 7353(+77

Ekf~m`w fs~hfk jfw dfz`wko`k~| |``bhkd ~f hosiò`k~ swfdweo| |hohiew ~f FISL h| ~f n`zìfs

~m`hw ftk s`nedfdhlei hk~`dwe~hfk fj ies~fs| hk~f lie||wffo|) lfoghkhkd |s`lhjhl |fj~tew` th~m e

|~wfkd lfosfk`k~ fj ~èlm`w swfj`||hfkei n`zìfso`k~) ek esswfelm ~me~ me| |mftk ~m` sf~`k~hei

73 Ennh~hfkeiix) t` jflp| fk |~pn`k~| hk ~m` jfiift`n lfmfw~ ekn ekeixq` tm`~m`w lmekd`| hk ez`wed` elenòhlelmh`zò`k~ g`~t``k ge|ìhk` ekn ~m` jfiift/ps t`w` nhjj`w`k~ jfw |~pn`k~| hk ~m` ~wè~o`k~ dwfps tmf ~ffb ~m`hwies~fs| mfo` lfosew`n th~m ~mf|` hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps+ Edehk) ~m`w` h| kf `zhn`kl` fj |~e~h|~hleiix |hdkhjhlek~

nhjj`w`k~hei dehk| jfw |~pn`k~| ~ebhkd ~m`hw ies~fs| mfo`+ T` ei|f `}sifw` tm`~m`w e mhdm`w lfz`wed` fj ~èlm`w~wehkhkd lfpin mez` swfnpl`n g`~~`w w`|pi~| gx lfosewhkd ~w`kn| hk elenòhl elmh`zò`k~ g`~t``k ~wè~o`k~|~pn`k~| tmf|` ~èlm`w| t`w` ~wehk`n lfosew`n th~m ~mf|` hk ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps ekn jhkn kf `zhn`kl` |pssfw~hkd ~mh|mxsf~m`|h|+75 Dffi|g`` ekn Dpwxek -733:( `zeipe~`n ~m` `jj`l~| fj e spgihl |pg|hnx ~f hkz`|~o`k~ hk Hk~`wk`~ ell`|| hkLeihjfwkhek spgihl |lmffi| ekn jfpkn kf |hdkhjhlek~ `jj`l~| fk elenòhl s`wjfwoekl`+ Zhdnfw ekn Ienn -7353(`}sifh~`n enohkh|~we~hz` ne~e jwfo Kfw~m Lewfihke ekn jfpkn ~me~ ek hklwè|` hk ~m` kpog`w fj Hk~`wk`~ swfzhn`w| hke qhs lfn` te| e||flhe~`n th~m e ofn`|~ gp~ |hdkhjhlek~ nwfs hk Oe~m ~`|~ |lfw`| -w`|pi~| jfw wènhkd t`w` k`de~hz`~mfpdm kf~ |hdkhjhlek~(+77 \~hii) ~m`w` h| ih~~i` `zhn`kl` |mfthkd ifkd ie|~hkd elenòhl g`k`jh~| fj ~mh| ~xs` fj |fj~tew`+


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~f xhìn dehk| hk ièwkhkd -Wf|lmìi` `~ ei+) 7353(+ \~hii) dfz`wko`k~| |mfpin lfk|hn`w ei~`wke~hz`

p|`| fj spgihl jpkn| g`jfw` hosiò`k~hkd iewd`/|lei` ~`lmkfifdx hk `nple~hfk swfdweo|+ Hk

sew~hlpiew) hk sffw lfpk~wh`| tm`w` ~èlm`w| |eiewh`| ew` ift) ~m` fssfw~pkh~x lf|~| fj

hosiò`k~hkd -lesh~ei/hk~`k|hz`( ~`lmkfifdx swfdweo| oex g` |pg|~ek~hei lfosew`n th~m

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swfj`||hfkei n`zìfso`k~+

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n`zìfso`k~+


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27/43

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30/43

74

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78

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33/43

0 3+>>3!! 3+>5=!! =( -3+3>=(

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34/43

0:+0 )8=5

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-3+3


35/43

: >)555

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3+3>4 3+3:3 3+3::

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37/43

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38/43

!

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Kf~`|1 ^mh| ~egi` sw`|`k~| `|~hoe~`n nhjj`w`kl`| g`~t``k ~m` ~wè~o`k~ ekn lfk~wfi dwfps| e~ ~m` |~pn`k~ i`zì jfwnhjj`w`k~ |pg/|eosi`|+ @elm lìi hk ~m` ~egi` lfww`|sfkn| ~f fk` w`dw`||hfk+ ^m` lfipok ~h~i`| hknhle~` ~m` |eosi`hklipn`n hk ~m` `|~hoe~hfk+ Iegì| hk wft| lfww`|sfkn ~f n`s`kn`k~ zewhegi`|+ \~eknewn `wwfw|) w`sfw~`n hksew`k~m`|`|) ew` lip|~`w`n e~ ~m` |lmffi i`zì+ Eii ~`|~| mez` g``k kfwoeihq`n |pg~wel~hkd ~m` oèk ekn nhzhnhkd gx~m` |~eknewn n`zhe~hfk fj ~m` lfk~wfi dwfps+ \hdkhjhlekl` e~ ~m` jhz` ekn ~`k s`wl`k~ i`zì| h| hknhle~`n gx !! ekn !)w`|s`l~hzìx+


39/43


40/43

:

=

53

57

5>

5:

5=

5 e+o+ < e+o+ 0 e+o+ 4 e+o+ 8 e+o+ 55 e+o+ 5 s+o+ < s+o+ 0 s+o+ 4 s+o+ 8 s+o+ 55 s+o+

%

Jhdpw` 7+ Nh|~whgp~hfk fj Ies~fs P|` gx ^ho`

Kf~`|1 \eosi` hklipn`| ~w`e~`n |~pn`k~| hk |`lfkn dwen`) jfiift`n lfmfw~ ekn |h}~m dwen`+\~e~h|~hl| ew` lfosp~ n ge|`n fk ifd| `}~wel~`n jwfo ~m` ies~fs|+ S wl`k~ fj p| e~ e l w~ehk

mfpw lfww |sfkn| ~f ~m` swfsfw~hfk fj fs`k`n essihle~hfk| e~ ~me~ ~ho` fj ~m` nex ez`wed`nelwf|| |~pn`k~|+ \~e~h|~hl| ew` lfosp~`n p|hkd ~m` ie|~ jfpw ies~fs |`||hfk|+


41/43


42/43

+ Nh|~whgp~hfk fj Ies~fs P|` gx ^xs` fj Essihle~hfk

Kf~`|1 \eosi` hklipn`| ~w`e~`n |~pn`k~| hk |`lfkn dwen`) jfiift n lfmfw~ ekn |h}~m dwen`+\~e~h|~hl| t w` lfosp~`n ge|`n fk ifd| `}~wel~ n jwfo ~m` ies~fs|+ Essihle~hfk| ewdwfps`n hk~f jhz` ~xs`|1 \~eknewn -hklipn | twh~ ) gwft| w) sehk~) leilpie~fw ekn lme~()

Deo |) Op|hl) Swfdweoohkd ekn F~m`w|+ \`` \`l~hfk 7+< jfw e n`|lwhs~hfk fj essihle~hfk|hklipn`n hk ~m` dwfps|+ W`|pi~| ew` d`k`we~`n p|hkd ~m` ie|~ jfpw ies~fs |`||hfk|+


43/43

3 73 >3 :3 =3 533

Ez`wed` lfos`~`kl`

Shl~pw` gffb|

\~fwh`|

Thbhs`nhe essihle~hfk

Afpwkei essihle~hfk

Twh~` essihle~hfk

Ge|hl fs`we~hfk

%

Jhdpw` 0+ Ies~fs Lfos`~`kl`

Kf~`|1 \~e~h|~hl| ew` lfosp~ n p|hkd ~m` hk~ wzh`t`n |eosi` -jfiift`n lfmfw~ ekn |h}~mdwen w|( ekn lfww`|sfkn ~f ~m` ez`wed` jwel~hfk fj lfww l~ ek|t w| elwf|| |~pn k~|+ ^m`jfiifthkd ~e|b| t w` `zeipe~`n hk èlm |pg/|lei`1 h( Ge|hl fs`we~hfk|1 ~pwk fk&fjj ~m`

ies~fs) jhkn wì`zek~ hlfk|) df gelb ~f ~m` mfo` sed`2 hh( Twh~` Essihle~hfk1 fs`k ~mèssihle~hfk) oeb` ~`}~ gfin) pkn wihk` ~`}~) hk| w~ ~egi |) |ez` tfwb) lif| ~m` essihle~hfk2hhh( Afpwkei Essihle~hfk) Thbhs nhe Essihle~hfk) \~fwh`| ekn Shl~pw` Gffb|1 fs`k ~mèssihle~hfk) |èwlm jfw sew~hlpiew hkjfwoe~hfk) lif|` ~m` essihle~hfk+

Study OLPC: Technology and Child Development

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