Study of Legal Timber Product Demand in Major Markets
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Transcript of Study of Legal Timber Product Demand in Major Markets
Forest Governance and Multistakeholder Forestry Programme
i
Study of Legal Timber Products Demand In Major Markets
Bintang C. H. Simangunsong, Ph.D.
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© 2010 Forest Governance and Multistakeholder Forestry Programme Printed by MFP Bintang C. H. Simangunsong, 2011, Study of Legal Timber Products Demand In Major Markets Photo credits : M Syukur Cover design : Basuki Design and layout : M Syukur Dipublikasi oleh Forest Governance and Multistakeholder Forestry Programme Gd. Manggala Wanabhakti Blok IV Lt 6 Wing B, R. 615-616 Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta Tlp : + 62 - 21 - 570 1107 Fax : + 62 - 21 - 570 4397 www.mfp.or.id
Forest Governance and Multi-stakeholder Forestry Programme (MFP-II) Forest Governance and Multi-stakeholder Forestry Programme (MFP-II) merupakan program kerjasama bilateral bidang Kehutanan antara Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Pemerintah Inggris. Orientasi fokus kegiatan MFP-II diarahkan terhadap isyu Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) sebagai instrumen dalam rangka perbaikan tata kelola kehutanan dan kerjasama perdagangan kayu legal seperti Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) sebagaimana diperkenalkan oleh Uni Eropa. Kegiatan MFP-II diarahkan untuk mencapai 3 (tiga) keluaran utama, yakni: (1) Kesiapan kapasitas para pihak dalam rangka implementasi SVLK, (2) Keberterimaan SVLK di pasar-pasar kayu utama, dan (3) Penguatan implementasi SVLK melalui mekanisme review sistemik.
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Contents
Page I. Introduction 1 II. World forest products production, imports, exports,
and consumptions 3 2.1. Plywood 3 2.2. Veneer Sheets 7 2.3. Particleboard 11 2.4. Fiberboard 15 2.5. Woodpulp 19 2.6. Paper and Paperboard 23
III. Indonesia forest product production, imports, exports,
and consumptions 27 3.1. Plywood 27 3.2. Veneer Sheets 29 3.3. Particleboard 31 3.4. Fiberboard 32 3.5. Woodpulp 34 3.6. Paper and Paperboard 35
IV. Shares of forest product imports from Indonesia to total imports
as reported by major importer countries 38 4.1. Plywood 38 4.2. Veneer Sheets 39 4.3. Particleboard 40 4.4. Fiberboard 41 4.5. Woodpulp 42 4.6. Paper and Paperboard 43
V. Drivers and principal policies affecting forest products markets 44
5.1. Drivers 44 5.2. Principal policies 46
VI. Indonesia’s Forest Industry Revitalization 52 VII. Conclusions 56
References 57
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List of Tables Page
Table 1. World World production, imports, and exports of plywood
in 2002-2009 3 Table 2. Apparent consumption and net export of plywood in major
consumer countries, 2002-2009 6 Table 3. World World production, imports, and exports of veneer sheets
in 2002-2009 7 Table 4. Apparent consumption and net export of veneer sheets in
major consumer countries, 2002-2009 10 Table 5. World production, imports, and exports of particleboard
in 2002-2009 11 Table 6. Apparent consumption and net export of particleboard in
major consumer countries, 2002-2009 14 Table 7. World production, imports, and exports of fiberboard
in 2002-2009 15 Table 8. Apparent consumption and net export of fiberboard in
major consumer countries, 2002-2009 18 Table 9. World World production, imports, and exports of woodpulp
in 2002-2009 19 Table 10. Apparent consumption and net export of woodpulp in
major consumer countries, 2002-2009 22 Table 11. World production, imports, and exports of paper and
paperboard in 2002-2009 23 Table 12. Apparent consumption and net export of paper and
paperboard in major consumer countries, 2002-2009 26 Table 13. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia plywood
in 2003-2008 (MOF 2008-2009) 27 Table 14. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia plywood
in 2002-2009 (FAO 2010) 28 Table 15. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia veneer sheets
in 2003-2008 (MOF 2008-2009) 29
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Table 16. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia veneer sheets in 2002-2009 (FAO 2010) 30
Table 17. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia particleboard
in 2003-2008 (MOF 2008-2009) 31 Table 18. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia particleboard
in 2002-2009 (FAO 2010) 31 Table 19. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia fiberboard
in 2003-2008 (MOF 2008-2009) 32 Table 20. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia fiberboard
in 2002-2009 (FAO 2010) 33 Table 21. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia woodpulp
in 2003-2008 (MOF 2008-2009) 34 Table 22. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia woodpulp
in 2002-2009 (FAO 2010) 34 Table 23. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia paper and
paperboard in 2003-2008 (MOF 2008-2009) 36 Table 24. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia fibreboard
in 2002-2009 (FAO 2010) 36 Table 25. Shares of plywood imports from Indonesia to total imports
as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008 38
Table 26. Shares of veneer sheets imports from Indonesia to total imports
as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008 39
Table 27. Shares of particleboard imports from Indonesia to total imports
as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008 40
Table 28. Shares of fibreboard imports from Indonesia to total imports
as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008 41
Table 29. Shares of woodpulp imports from Indonesia to total imports
as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008 42
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Table 30. Shares of paper and paperboard imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008 43
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List of Figures
Page Figure 1. Plywood production, export, and import and their trends
by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009 5
Figure 2. Veneer sheets production, export, and import and their trends
by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009 9
Figure 3. Particleboard production, export, and import and their trends
by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009 13
Figure 4. Fiberboard production, export, and import and their trends
by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009 17
Figure 5. Woodpulp production, export, and import and their trends
by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009 21
Figure 6. Paper and paperboard production, export, and import and
their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers
in the period 2002-2009 25 Figure 7. Major importers of Indonesia's plywood over the
period 2003-2008 28 Figure 8. Major importers of Indonesia's veneer sheets over the
period 2003-2008 30 Figure 9. Major importers of Indonesia's particleboard over the
period 2003-2008 32
Figure 10. Major importers of Indonesia's fiberboard over the
period 2003-2008 33 Figure 11. Major importers of Indonesia's woodpulp over the
period 2003-2008 35 Figure 12. Major importers of Indonesia's paper and paperboard over
the period 2003-2008 37
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Kata Pengantar
Forest Governance and Multitakeholder Forestry Program (MFP II-Kehati)
merupakan program yang mendorong tata keloal kehutanan yang baik
melalui Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK), serta mempromosikan
kimtimen Indonesia dalam meyakinkan dunia bahwa kayu yang keluar
dari Indonesia adalah legal dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan sumbernya.
Salah satu yang akan dilakukan oleh MFP II dalam kerangka kerja ini
adalah melakukan Study Of Legal Timber Products Demand In Major
Markets sebagai bagian dari capaian MFP II untuk mendorong
keberterimaan SVLK oleh pasar internasional.
Buku yang Anda pegang ini bersumber dari laporan Study Of Legal Timber
Products Demand In Major Markets tersebut. Study ini memberikan
analisis proyeksi dan kecenderungan perdagangan dan konsumsi kayu
legal dan pangsa pasar kayu legal di pasar-pasar utama seperti Eropa,
Amerika, Jepang, China dan Korea. Perkembangan pasar kayu di negara-
negara tersebut memang dalam satu dasawarsa terakhir memperlihatkan
perkembangan yang dinamis. Salah satu perkembangan itu adalah
berubahnya sifat permintaan konsumen terhadap kayu. Dimana
sebelumnya permintaan terhadap kayu hanya berkaiatan dengan harga,
kualitas, dan pengiriman (delivery order). Saat ini ditengarai, konsumen
juga menginginkan kayu yang legal dan berasal dari hutan lestari, kayu
yang dipakai tidak membahayakan keamanan dan keselamatan
pemakaiannya, perusahaannya (baik pengelola hutan maupun industri
ix
pengolahan kayu ) memenuhi tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, dan lain-
lain.
Paralel dengan itu, berbagai lembaga di negara-negara maju, baik lembaga
pemerintah maupun swasta, sudah mulai menerapkan kebijakan
pengadaan barang (procurement) baru, yaitu mensyaratkan supaya kayu
yang dipakai/dibutuhkan juga harus legal dan berasal dari hutan yang
dikelola secara lestari. Perkembangan ini mendorong lahirnya babak baru
pasar dan perdagangan kayu; yaitu munculnya rejim perdagangan kayu
yang legal dan lestari.
Beberapa negara tropis pengekspor kayu, termasuk Indonesia,
menunjukan keprihatinan yang serius dan mendalam terhadap
perkembangan ini. Sebab skema perdagangan kayu yang legal dan lestari
ini selain potensial memperbaiki lingkungan dan tata kelola kehutanan.
Juga potensial menghambat akses mereka pada pasar yang adil. Ada yang
menilai persyaratan legal dan lestari atas kayu dan produk-produk
kehutanan merupakan bentuk baru restriksi perdagangan. Hal ini dapat
menjadi hambatan perdagangan non tarif. Pemerintah Indonesia sendiri
sudah mengambil langkah-langkah penting merespon perkembangan ini
diantaranya dengan mengeluarkan Permenhut No .38/2009 tentang
Standar dan Pedoman Penilaian Kinerja Pengelolaah Hutan Produksi
Lestari dan Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu pada pada Pemegang Izin atau Pada
Hutan Hak, Standar dan Pedoman Penilaian Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi
Lestari dan verifikasi legalitas kayu. Serta Peraturan Dirjen BPK No 6/2009
tentang Standar dan Pedoman Penilaian Kerja PHPL dan Verifikasi
Legalitas Kayu. Kedua peraturan ini merupakan tekad dan komitmen
pemerintah untuk melembagakan perdagangan dan pasar kayu legal dan
lestari.
Dinilai juga perkembangan ini akan membatasi perluasan, diversifikasi
produk-produk kayu dan furniture di pasar internasional. Secara spesifik
keprihatinan dan perhatian kelihatannya harus diberikan kepada
kehutanan masyarakat, usaha kecil dan sektor informal yang mungkin
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kurang kemampuannya dalam memenuhi persyaratan baru dari skema
perdagangan kayu legal dan lestari. Mereka riskan terusir dari
perdagangan ekspor untuk pasar-pasar yang mensyaratkan legalitas dan
lestari.
Pada 2007 struktur ekspor produk-produk kehutanan Indonesia
berdasarkan nilai menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 33 % diantaranya di eskpor
ke pasar EU-27, 23 % ke Jepang, 18 % ke USA, 4 % ke Korea, 4% ke Cina, 3
% ke Taiwan, 1 % ke Malaysia, dan 14 % ke negara-negara yang lainnya. Ini
menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya perubahan kualitas permintaan konsumen-
konsumen di negara-negara khususnya Eropa, Jepang dan Amerika
terhadap produk produk kehutanan, termasuk kayu legal dan lestari, akan
punya implikasi serius terhadap ekonomi, perdagangan dan tata kelola
kehutanan. Multi stakeholder kehutanan Indonesia dituntut harus mampu
menyesuaikan diri dengan aturan dan persyaratan pasar dan perdagangan
kayu legal dan lestari.
Perkembangan ini akan memiliki implikasi terhadap peekonomian
perekonomian, perdagangan dan pasar kayu domestik dan tata kelola
kehutanan sehingga diperlukan pemetaan kepada publik dan dipahami
dengan baik.
Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bintang C.H. Simangunsong, Ph.D.
dari Forest Economist Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor yang
telah melakukan study ini. Kementerian Kehutanan RI, Kementerian
Perdagangan RI, dan Kementarian Luar Negeri RI serta kepada semua
pihak yang telah memberikan masukan dan mereview terhadap laporan
study ini.
Kami berharap buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca. Selamat
membaca.
Diah Raharjo
Directur Program
Introduction
1
2
THIS PAPER reviews market data and examine trends to understand what
forest products are sold today and where are they sold with emphasis to
Indonesia’ forest products. The potential for future market growth for
forest products were also reviewed.
The review and analysis are focused plywood, veneer sheets, particleboard,
fiberboard, woodpulp and paper and paperboard. These are known
commodities and have been proven in the marketplace. Industrial
roundwood and sawnwood were not analyzed in this paper. This was is
due to log export ban policy for the former and due to prohibited export
tax policy for the latter. Engineered wood products such as glued-
laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber and parallel strand lumber that
represent emerging markets for tropical timber were also not analyzed
due to the lack of data on production and trade for those products,
In the case of Indonesia, plywood product includes block board and
“laminated veneer lumber” and particleboard includes oriented strand
board (OSB) product. Moreover, as Indonesia’s forest products industry
facing a wood raw materials deficit and government policy and industry
push for innovation and value addition to resources, utilization of small-
diameter logs from plantations, logging waste, community forests, and
rubber estates by this industry continues to rise.
The analysis is based on statistics from the FAOSTAT database (FAO 2010),
the latest summary of global forest statistics available. For each product,
3
year and country, apparent consumption was estimated by production +
imports - exports. The data on production, imports and exports were
obtained from the FAOSTAT database (FAO 2010). Similar data reported
in Forest Products Annual Market Review published by United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and in Annual Review and
Assessment of the World Timber Situation published by ITTO was also
considered. In addition, data on production and trade provided by Ministry
of Forestry of Indonesia (MOF) and related agencies such as Central
Bureau of Statistics of Indonesia (BPS) and Indonesia Wood Based Panel
Association (APKINDO) were also used. Further, description of the drivers
and principal policies affecting forest products markets in the future was
based on Forest Products Annual Market Review published by UNECE and
on Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation
published by ITTO.
There are few data on domestic prices of forest products, and those that
are reported are often export or import prices. For countries that have
both import/export and domestic price, the two are usually highly
correlated, as they should be in competitive markets. Therefore, for this
study, the unit values of imports or exports were used to build the price
index. Quantities and values, in current United States dollars, of imports
and exports have been obtained from the FAOSTAT database. The nominal
price in each country, in current United States dollars, was estimated as the
weighted arithmetic average of the unit value of imports and exports.
The paper first review productions, exports, imports, consumptions, and
trade of forest products for the world and Indonesia. Then, drivers and
principal policies that are likely to affect the global and regional markets
for forest products were described. Finally, the need for Indonesia to
restructure and revitalize its forest products industry was explained.
Word forest product production, imports, exports, and consumptions
2
5
6
2.1. Plywood DURING the period 2002-2009, world’s plywood production increased
from 59.25 millions m3 in year 2002 to 78.20 millions m3 in year 2009, a
32% increase (Table 1). Table 1 also shows world’s plywood export
quantity, import quantity, and price increased by 16%, 1%, and 41% over
the period 2002-2009, respectively.
Table 1. World production, imports, and exports of plywood in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 59.27 68.79 68.64 73.24 73.75 84.46 81.10 78.20 32% 4%Imports Quantity Million M3 20.85 21.96 24.56 24.56 26.47 25.45 22.21 21.07 1% 0%Imports Value US$ Million 7.35 7.88 10.02 10.31 11.91 12.02 11.89 9.57 30% 4%Exports Quantity Million M3 20.75 21.49 24.45 25.30 28.64 28.44 24.99 23.98 16% 2%Exports Value US$ Million 6.69 7.42 9.30 10.25 12.06 13.56 13.27 11.85 77% 9%Price US$/M3 338 352 394 412 435 475 533 475 41% 5%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
Major world’s producers were China, United States of America (USA),
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil and Japan, which together accounted for 78% of
world’s production (Figure 1a). The production increase has occurred
mainly in China followed by Malaysia, Brazil and Japan. In Indonesia and
USA, production decreased (Figure 1b)
Major world’s exporters were China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, and
Russian Federation, which together accounted for 72% of world’s export
(Figure 1c). The export increase has occurred mainly in China, Malaysia
and Russian Federation, while production decreased in Indonesia (Figure
1d).
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In order of importance, major world’s importers were United States of
America (USA), Japan, China, United Kingdom, the Republic of Korea, and
Germany, which together accounted for 61% of world’s import (Figure
1e). The import slightly decreased in those major world’s importers,
except Germany (Figure 1f).
Although China, United States of America and Japan were three of the
largest world’s producers, which together accounted for 59% of world’s
production, they were also importers, which together accounted for 45% of
world’s import.
During the period 2002-2009, world’s plywood consumption
significantly increased from 59.3 millions m3 in year 2002 to 78.2
millions m3 in year 2009, a 32% increase (Table 2). Over this period,
about 491.4 million m3 of plywood were consumed by only 16 countries,
which accounted for 84% of world’s plywood consumption. Three largest
consumers were China, United States of America and Japan, which together
accounted for 65% of world’s plywood consumption. Other important
consumers were Canada, India and the Republic of Korea. Total
consumption all European countries was about 57.5 millions m3 (or 9.8%),
mainly consumed by United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, French, Netherlands,
Denmark and Spain.
Although consumption in Malaysia (524%) and China (156%) were among
the fastest, not only these countries were net exporters but also major
world exporters. Meanwhile, although consumption decreased in United
States of America (-41%), the Republic of Korea (-33%), Japan (-21%) and
United Kingdom (-11%), but these countries were net and major world
importers, which together accounted for 38% of world’s plywood
consumptions (Table 2).
8
China37%
USA18%
Malaysia9%
Indonesia6%
Brazil4%
Japan4%
Others22%
Major World Producers of Plywood over the period 2002-2009
(a)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Plywood production by Major Producer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Japan
Brazil
Indonesia
Malaysia
USA
China
(b)
China24%
Malaysia18%
Indonesia15%
Brazil10%
Russian Federation
5%
Others28%
Major World Exporters of Plywood over the period 2002-2009
(c)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Plywood export by Major Exporter in the period 2002-2009
Others
Russian Federation
Brazil
Indonesia
Malaysia
China
(d)
USA19%
Japan19%
China7%United
Kingdom6%
Korea, Rep.5%
Germany5%
Others39%
Major World Importers of Plywood over the period 2002-2009
(e)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Plywood import by Major Importer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Germany
Korea, Rep.
United Kingdom
China
Japan
USA
(f)
Figure 1. Plywood production, export, and import and their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009
9
Table 2. Apparent consumption and net export of plywood in major consumer countries, 2002-2009
Source: FAO (2010)
Amount % Cum.% annual 2002-2009 China 11.7 21.3 19.0 21.7 21.0 28.7 30.0 30.0 183.6 31% 31% 14% 156% 0.4 0.5 2.8 4.2 7.1 7.7 6.2 6.2 United States of America 18.7 18.6 20.2 20.1 19.6 16.4 12.9 10.9 137.4 23% 55% -7% -41% -3.4 -3.7 -5.4 -5.7 -5.9 -4.0 -2.6 -2.1 Japan 7.8 7.2 8.3 7.9 8.3 7.1 6.2 6.2 59.1 10% 65% -3% -21% -5.1 -4.2 -5.1 -4.7 -5.0 -4.1 -3.6 -3.6 Canada 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 3.5 3.5 2.7 18.6 3% 68% 8% 67% 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 -0.9 -1.3 -0.6 India 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 15.9 3% 71% 4% 34% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Korea, Republic of 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.5 14.9 3% 73% -6% -33% -1.3 -1.4 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2 -0.8 -0.8 United Kingdom 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.1 10.6 2% 75% -2% -11% -1.2 -1.2 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 -1.4 -1.1 Germany 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 9.2 2% 76% -1% -6% -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.0 -0.8 Malaysia 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 4.6 8.7 1% 78% 30% 524% 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.8 5.4 4.6 Indonesia 1.7 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 7.8 1% 79% -9% -50% 5.8 5.1 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.5 Italy 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 6.1 1% 80% -5% -31% -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 France 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.0 5.3 1% 81% 7% 58% -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.6 Netherlands 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 4.0 1% 82% -4% -24% -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6 -0.4 Denmark 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 2.2 4.0 1% 83% 41% 990% -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 -2.2 Saudi Arabia 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 3.1 1% 83% 6% 50% -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 Spain 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 3.1 1% 84% -10% -52% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.1 Others 8.0 8.7 9.2 10.3 11.9 17.0 18.6 12.4 96.1 16% 100% 6% 55%
European Union 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.6 8.1 7.0 8.1 57.5 10% 3% 26% -2.2 -2.4 -2.6 -2.6 -3.1 -3.6 -3.0 -4.7 World Production 59.3 68.8 68.6 73.2 73.7 84.5 81.1 78.2 587.5 100% 4% 32%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2008 2009 2002-2009 Change (%) 2002 2003 Major Consumers Apparent consumption (million m3) Net Export = Export - Import (million m3)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
10
2.2. Veneer sheets
During the period 2002-2009, world’s veneer sheets production increased
from 8.49 millions m3 in year 2002 to 12.06 millions m3 in year 2009, a 42%
increase (Table 3). World’s veneer sheets export and import quantities
decreased by 36% and 39%, respectively, whereas price sharply increased by
76% during the period 2002-2009.
Table 3. World production, imports, and exports of veneer sheets in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 8.49 11.04 11.50 12.37 11.82 11.98 12.23 12.06 42% 5%Imports Quantity Million M3 4.22 4.08 4.56 3.53 3.39 3.96 3.73 2.58 -39% -7%Imports Value US$ Million 2.60 2.90 3.34 3.44 3.81 4.08 3.58 2.86 10% 1%Exports Quantity Million M3 4.22 4.06 4.56 3.98 3.83 3.74 3.05 2.71 -36% -6%Exports Value US$ Million 2.48 2.70 3.19 3.37 3.47 3.67 3.38 2.72 10% 1%Price US$/M3 602 688 716 906 1,008 1,006 1,028 1,056 76% 8%
Item UnitYear Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
Major world’s producers were China, Malaysia, Canada, Brazil, New Zealand,
the Republic of Korea, and Indonesia, which together accounted for 56% of
world’s production (Figure 2a). The production increase has occurred mainly
in China and Malaysia. In the Republic of Korea, Canada and New Zealand
production decreased (Figure 2b).
Major world’s exporters were Canada, United States of America, Malaysia,
Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, China, and New Zealand, which together accounted for
65% of world’s export (Figure 2c). The export increase has occurred mainly
in Canada, Brazil and New Zealand, while production decreased sharply in
United States of America and Malaysia (Figure 2d).
In order of importance, major world’s importers were United States of
America (USA), China, the Republic of Korea, Canada, and Italy, which together
accounted for 50% of world’s import (Figure 2e). The import decrease has
occurred mainly in United States of America (USA) followed by China, the
Republic of Korea and Canada (Figure 2f).
Although China, Canada and the Republic of Korea among the largest world’s
producers, which together accounted for 36% of world’s production, they
were also importers, which together accounted for 23% of world’s import. On
11
the other hand, although, United States of America’s import significantly
decreased, it was still the largest single importer country.
During the period 2002-2009, world’s veneer sheets consumption
significantly increased from 8.5 millions m3 in year 2002 to 12.1 millions m3
in year 2009, a 42% increase (Table 4). Over this period, about 62.6 million m3
of veneer sheets were consumed by only 16 countries, which accounted for
68% of world’s veneer sheets consumption. The largest single consumer was
China (26%). Other important consumers were the Republic of Korea (7%), Italy
(5%), United States of America (5%), and New Zealand (4%). Total consumption
all European countries was about 16.7 millions m3 (or 18%), mainly consumed
by Italy, Germany, French, Spain, Denmark and Poland.
Consumption grew fastest in Indonesia (742%) followed by Malaysia (216%),
China (182%), and Canada (73%). However, Malaysia and Canada were net and
major world exporters, whereas China was a net and one of major world
importers. Although consumption decreased in United States of America and
the Republic of Korea, these countries were still net and major world importers.
12
China25%
Indonesia3%
Canada6%
New Zealand5%
Brazil5%Malaysia
7%
Korea, Rep.5%
Others44%
Major World Producers of Veneer Sheetsover the period 2002-2009
(a)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Veneer Sheets production by Major Producer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Korea, Rep.
Malaysia
Brazil
New Zealand
Canada
Indonesia
China
(b)
Canada21%
USA17%
Malaysia11%Brazil
4%Côte d'Ivoire
3%
China5%
New Zealand4%
Others35%
Major World Exporters of Veneer Sheetsover the period 2002-2009
(c)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Veneer Sheets export by Major Exporter in the period 2002-2009
Others
New Zealand
China
Côte d'Ivoire
Brazil
Malaysia
USA
Canada
(d)
China9%
USA21%
Canada7%
Korea, Rep.7%
Italy6%
Others50%
Major World Importers of Veneer Sheetsover the period 2002-2009
(e)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Veneer Sheets import by Major Importer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Italy
Korea, Rep.
Canada
USA
China
(f)
Figure 2. Veneer sheets production, export, and import and their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009
13
Table 4. Apparent consumption and net export of veneer sheets in major consumer countries, 2002-2009
Amount % Cum.% annual 2002-2009China 1.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 23.9 26% 26% 16% 182% -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Korea, Republic of 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 6.6 7% 33% -8% -46% -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2Italy 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 5.0 5% 39% -4% -24% -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2United States of America 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 4.5 5% 44% -8% -44% -0.3 -0.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0New Zealand 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 3.9 4% 48% -3% -20% 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Germany 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 3.6 4% 52% 0% 3% 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0Malaysia 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 3.1 3% 55% 18% 216% 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3Indonesia 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 2.7 3% 58% 36% 742% 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0India 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.1 2% 60% 2% 15% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0France 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.4 1% 62% -9% -50% -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0Canada 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.3 1% 63% 8% 73% 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2Japan 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 1% 65% -3% -18% -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Spain 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.2 1% 66% -5% -28% -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0Denmark 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 1% 67% 5% 45% -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0Poland 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 1% 68% 1% 7% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Viet Nam 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 1% 68% -255% -2289% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Others 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.4 28.9 32% 100% 6% 54%
European Union 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.7 16.7 18% -2% -15% -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.6 -0.3World Production 8.5 11.0 11.5 12.4 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.1 91.5 100% 5% 42%
2007 2008 20092004 2005 20062005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002-2009Major ConsumersApparent consumption (million m3) Net Export = Export - Import (million m3)
2002 2003 2004 Change (%) 2002 2003
Source: FAO (2010)
14
2.3. Particleboard
During the period 2002-2009, world’s particleboard production significantly
increased from 85.81 millions m3 in year 2002 to 93.95 millions m3 in year
2009, a 9% increase (Table 5). Table 3 also shows world’s particleboard
export quantity and import quantity were decreased by 9% and 11%,
respectively, whereas particleboard price increased by 51% over the period
2002-2009,
Table 5. World production, imports, and exports of particleboard in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 85.81 92.08 100.50 102.71 108.68 110.77 103.61 93.95 9% 1%Imports Quantity Million M3 24.11 25.15 28.68 29.28 30.40 28.81 26.00 21.36 -11% -2%Imports Value US$ Million 3.99 5.39 7.22 7.27 7.05 7.29 6.86 5.34 34% 4%Exports Quantity Million M3 24.32 25.48 28.72 29.38 31.71 32.00 26.70 22.24 -9% -1%Exports Value US$ Million 4.16 5.47 7.43 7.36 7.49 10.34 7.50 5.74 38% 5%Price US$/M3 168 214 255 249 234 290 272 254 51% 6%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
Major world’s producers were United States of America (USA), Canada,
Germany, China, and France, which together accounted for 53% of world’s
production (Figure 3a). The production increase has occurred mainly in China
followed by French and Germany, whereas in United States of America (USA),
and Canada, production drastically decreased (Figure 3b).
Major world’s exporters were Canada, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and France,
which together accounted for 61% of world’s export (Figure 3c). The export
decrease has occurred mainly in Canada and France, while production
increased in Germany (Figure 3d).
The single largest importer country was United States of America followed by
Germany, United Kingdom, China, Poland, and the Republic of Korea, which all
together accounted for 51% of world’s import (Figure 3e). The import
decrease has occurred mainly in United States of America (USA) followed by
United Kingdom, Republic of Korea and China. In Germany and Poland, import
slightly increased (Figure 3f).
Although United States of America, Germany and China were among of the
largest world’s producers, which together accounted for 38% of world’s
15
production, they were also importers, which together accounted for 41% of
world’s import.
During the period 2002-2009, world’s particleboard consumption
significantly increased from 85.8 millions m3 in year 2002 to 93.9 millions m3
in year 2009, a 9% increase (Table 6). Over this period, about 588.2 million m3
of particleboard were consumed by only 16 countries, which accounted for
74% of world’s particleboard consumption. The largest single consumer was
United States of America (27%). Other important consumers were Germany
(9%), and China (8%). Total consumption all European countries was about
292.4 millions m3 (or 37%), mainly consumed by Germany, Poland, Italy,
French, United Kingdom and Spain.
Consumption grew fastest in Romania (244%), followed by China (159%),
Poland (71%), Greece (35%) and Canada (33%). China was a net and major
importer, whereas Canada was a net and major exporter. Although
particleboard consumption in United States of America and United Kingdom
were sharply decreased by 41% and 25%, respectively, these two countries
were net and major importers in the world. Other important net importers were
Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Denmark.
16
USA20%
Canada11%
Germany10%
China8%
France4%
Others47%
Major World Producers of Particleboardover the period 2002-2009
(a)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Particleboard production by Major Producer in the period 2002-2009
Others
France
China
Germany
Canada
USA
(b)
Canada29%
Germany13%
France6%Austria
7%
Belgium6%
Others39%
Major World Exporters of Particleboardover the period 2002-2009
(c)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Particleboard export by Major Exporter in the period 2002-2009
Others
Belgium
Austria
France
Germany
Canada
(d)
USA30%
Germany8%
United Kingdom
4%China
3%Poland
3%
Korea, Rep.3%
Others49%
Major World Importers of Particleboardover the period 2002-2009
(e)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Particleboard import by Major Importer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Korea, Rep.
Poland
China
United Kingdom
Germany
USA
(f)
Figure 3. Particleboard production, export, and import and their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009
17
Table 6. Apparent consumption and net export of particleboard in major consumer countries, 2002-2009
Amount % Cum.% annual 2002-2009United States of America 27.2 29.7 31.5 32.4 32.1 27.5 21.4 16.2 218.1 27% 27% -7% -41% -8.3 -9.0 -9.7 -10.2 -9.7 -6.4 -3.2 -2.7Germany 7.7 8.2 9.0 9.1 9.2 10.1 9.4 8.1 70.8 9% 36% 1% 5% 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.2China 4.6 6.4 7.4 6.7 9.2 9.0 12.0 12.0 67.3 8% 45% 15% 159% -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -0.5Poland 2.9 3.4 4.1 3.9 4.6 5.5 5.4 5.0 34.9 4% 49% 8% 71% 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3Italy 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.0 29.0 4% 53% -2% -15% -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3France 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.7 3.5 4.1 27.4 3% 56% 4% 33% 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.4United Kingdom 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.7 2.8 27.0 3% 59% -4% -25% -1.2 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -0.7 -0.4Canada 3.2 2.8 1.9 3.1 3.6 3.7 2.9 4.2 25.4 3% 63% 4% 33% 8.1 8.9 9.4 9.3 8.9 8.7 5.1 2.9Spain 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.1 1.9 25.2 3% 66% -9% -48% -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.5Japan 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 12.9 2% 67% -1% -7% -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4Korea, Republic of 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 12.8 2% 69% -1% -9% -0.9 -0.7 -0.9 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 -0.5 -0.5Australia 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 8.3 1% 70% 1% 5% -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Romania 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.0 1.5 7.6 1% 71% 19% 244% -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -1.0 0.2Denmark 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.3 1.1 1.1 7.5 1% 72% 3% 20% -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.1 0.0 -0.8 -0.8Greece 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.2 1% 73% 4% 35% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Austria 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 6.9 1% 74% 0% 2% 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.3Others 18.9 20.4 24.3 25.4 28.0 33.1 31.7 28.0 209.9 26% 100% 6% 48%
European Union 33.0 33.9 36.6 37.0 37.5 40.4 37.9 36.1 292.4 37% 1% 9% 2.9 3.4 3.6 3.7 5.4 4.2 3.6 3.2World Production 85.8 92.1 100.5 102.7 108.7 110.8 103.6 93.9 798.1 100% 1% 9%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092008 2009 2002-2009 Change (%) 2002 2003Major ConsumersApparent consumption (million m3) Net Export = Export - Import (million m3)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: FAO (2010)
18
2.4. Fiberboard
During the period 2002-2009, world’s fiberboard production increased from
41.00 millions m3 in year 2002 to 71.20 millions m3 in year 2009, a 74%
increase (Table 7). Table 4 also shows world’s fiberboard export quantity,
import quantity, and price increased by 31%, 9%, and 56% over the period
2002-2009, respectively.
Table 7. World production, imports, and exports of fiberboard in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 41.00 47.86 56.00 63.15 70.11 74.39 71.67 71.20 74% 8%Imports Quantity Million M3 17.31 18.90 21.57 22.44 23.05 24.74 21.26 18.91 9% 1%Imports Value US$ Billion 4.33 5.31 6.68 7.28 7.82 9.15 8.86 7.63 76% 8%Exports Quantity Million M3 16.87 17.58 19.92 21.69 22.39 27.07 23.61 22.11 31% 4%Exports Value US$ Billion 4.44 5.17 6.40 7.17 8.11 10.59 10.27 8.78 98% 10%Price US$/M3 257 287 315 327 351 381 426 400 56% 7%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
Major world’s producers were China, United States of America (USA),
Germany, Poland, Canada, and Brazil, which together accounted for 63% of
world’s production (Figure 4a). The production increase was mostly in China
followed by Germany, Poland, and Brazil. In Canada, production decreased
(Figure 4b).
Major world’s exporters were Germany, Canada, France, Malaysia, Poland,
China, and Spain, which together accounted for 50% of world’s export (Figure
4c). The export increase has occurred mainly in China, Poland and Spain,
while export decreased in Canada, French, Germany, and Malaysia (Figure 4d).
In order of importance, major world’s importers were United States of
America (USA), China, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Republic of
Korea, which together accounted for 37% of world’s import (Figure 4e). The
import increase has occurred mainly in United States of America (USA) followed
by Belgium. In China, Germany, United Kingdom, and the Republic of Korea,
import decreased (Figure 4f).
Although United States of America, China and Germany were three of the
largest world’s producers, which together accounted for 53% of world’s
production, they were also importers, which together accounted for 27% of
world’s import.
19
During the period 2002-2009, world’s fiberboard consumption significantly
increased from 41.0 millions m3 in year 2002 to 71.2 millions m3 in year
2009, a 74% increase (Table 8). Over this period, about 376.2 million m3 of
fiberboard were consumed by only 16 countries, which accounted for 76% of
world’s fiberboard consumption. Two largest consumers were China and
United States of America, which together accounted for 48% of world’s
fiberboard consumption. Other important consumers were Germany, the
Republic of Korea, Japan, United Kingdom, Poland, Italy, Malaysia and Canada.
Total consumption all European countries was about 105.7 millions m3 (or
21%), mainly consumed by Germany, United Kingdom, Poland and Italy.
Although consumption grew fastest in Malaysia (860%) followed by Saudi
Arabia (242), French (223%), China (176%) and Poland (75%), in order of
importance, major world’s net importers were United States of America (USA),
United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Korea.
20
China33%
USA11%
Germany9%Poland
4%
Brazil3%
Canada3%
Others37%
Major World Producers of Fiberboardover the period 2002-2009
(a)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Fiberboard production by Major Producer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Canada
Brazil
Poland
Germany
USA
China
(b)
Germany16%
China8%
France5%
Canada6%
Malaysia5%
Poland5%
Spain5%
Others50%
Major World Exporters of Fiberboardover the period 2002-2009
(c)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Fiberboard export by Major Exporter in the period 2002-2009
Others
Spain
Poland
Malaysia
Canada
France
China
Germany
(d)
USA13%
China9%
Belgium4%
Germany5%
United Kingdom
4%Korea, Rep.
2%
Others63%
Major World Importers of Fiberboardover the period 2002-2009
(e)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ion
M3
Year
Fiberboard import by Major Importer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Korea, Rep.
United Kingdom
Germany
Belgium
China
USA
(f)
Figure 4. Fiberboard production, export, and import and their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009
21
Table 8. Apparent consumption and net export of fiberboard in major consumer countries, 2002-2009
Amount % Cum.% annual 2002-2009China 9.8 13.6 17.4 20.8 24.0 25.4 27.1 27.1 165.0 33% 33% 16% 176% -2.2 -2.3 -1.7 -0.2 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.0United States of America 8.4 8.9 10.1 10.3 10.4 9.0 7.6 7.0 71.8 14% 48% -2% -16% -2.0 -2.2 -2.6 -2.6 -2.5 -2.0 -0.9 -0.7Germany 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.8 2.9 3.3 2.8 24.0 5% 53% 1% 9% 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.1 3.3 3.3 2.2Korea, Republic of 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.0 16.0 3% 56% 0% 3% -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3Japan 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.4 12.5 3% 58% -1% -9% -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6United Kingdom 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.2 12.3 2% 61% -4% -25% -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6Poland 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 12.2 2% 63% 8% 75% 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8Italy 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.6 12.1 2% 66% 3% 21% 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8Malaysia 0.2 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.2 12.0 2% 68% 38% 860% 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4Canada 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.4 10.3 2% 70% 5% 40% 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.1 -0.1Spain 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.5 7.1 1% 72% -8% -43% 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 -0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7France 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.5 6.9 1% 73% 18% 223% 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.1 -0.3Belgium 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 4.4 1% 74% -6% -33% -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1Australia 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 3.5 1% 75% -6% -37% 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Austria 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 3.3 1% 75% 1% 10% 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5Saudi Arabia 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.7 2.9 1% 76% 19% 242% -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.7 -0.7Others 8.8 10.0 11.6 14.6 16.5 20.7 18.1 18.9 119.2 24% 100% 12% 116%
European Union 11.0 12.1 12.6 13.3 15.0 15.2 13.7 12.9 105.7 21% 2% 17% 2.4 2.0 2.6 3.0 2.1 3.4 3.1 2.0World Production 41.0 47.9 56.0 63.2 70.1 74.4 71.7 71.2 495.4 100% 8% 74%
2007 2008 20092004 2005 20062005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002-2009Major ConsumersApparent consumption (million m3) Net Export = Export - Import (million m3)
2002 2003 2004 Change (%) 2002 2003
Source: FAO (2010)
22
2.5. Woodpulp
During the period 2002-2009, world’s woodpulp production slightly
decreased from 167.91 millions ton in year 2002 to 162.30 millions ton in
year 2009, a 3% decrease (Table 9). Table 4 also shows world’s woodpulp
export quantity, import quantity, and price increased by 11%, 8%, and 47% over
the period 2002-2009, respectively.
Table 9. World production, imports, and exports of woodpulp in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 167.91 171.33 175.92 175.11 175.71 180.74 177.15 162.30 -3% 0%Imports Quantity Million M3 40.39 40.85 43.86 44.96 45.78 46.70 46.90 43.80 8% 1%Imports Value US$ Million 17.27 19.33 22.48 23.41 25.84 30.37 33.96 27.87 61% 7%Exports Quantity Million M3 40.04 40.15 42.41 42.57 46.34 47.94 48.91 44.38 11% 1%Exports Value US$ Million 15.93 17.49 20.32 20.85 23.99 28.62 31.81 25.67 61% 7%Price US$/M3 413 455 496 506 541 623 686 607 47% 6%
Growth (%)YearUnitItem
Source: FAO (2010)
Major world’s producers were United States of America (USA), Canada,
Sweden, Finland, Japan, Indonesia and China, which together accounted for
70% of world’s production (Figure 5a). The production decreased mostly in
United States of America (USA) and Canada. In China production increased
(Figure 5b).
Major world’s exporters were Canada, United States of America (USA),
Sweden, Indonesia and Finland, which together accounted for 57% of world’s
export (Figure 5c). The export increase has occurred mainly in United States of
America (USA), Indonesia, Belgium and Spain, while production decreased in
Canada and Finland (Figure 5d).
In order of importance, major world’s importers were China, United States of
America (USA), Germany, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Japan and France, which
together accounted for 65% of world’s import (Figure 5e). The import
increase has occurred mainly in China. In United States of America (USA), Italy,
Japan and France, import decreased (Figure 5f).
Although United States of America, Japan and China were among the largest
world’s producers, which together accounted for 40% of world’s production,
23
they were also importers, which together accounted for 37% of world’s
import.
During the period 2002-2009, world’s woodpulp consumption slightly
decreased from 167.9 million tones in year 2002 to 162.3 million tones in year
2009, a 3% decrease (Table 10). Over this period, about 1,143.3 million tones
of woodpulp were consumed by only 16 countries, which accounted for 82% of
world’s woodpulp consumption. The single largest consumer was United
States of America, which accounted for 31% of world’s woodpulp
consumption. Other important consumers were China, Canada, Japan, Finland,
Sweden and Germany, which together accounted for 37% of world’s woodpulp
consumption.
Consumption grew fastest in China (71%) followed by India (48%) and Spain
(15%), Germany (6%) and Austria (6%). However, in order of importance, major
world’s net importers were China, Germany, Italy, the Republic of Korea,
United Kingdom, India and Austria.
24
United States of America
31%
Canada13%
Sweden7%
Finland7%
Japan6%
Indonesia3%
China3%
Others30%
Major World Producers of Woodpulp over the period 2002-2009
(a)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ions
Ton
ne
Year
Woodpulp production by Major Producer in the period 2002-2009
Others
China
Indonesia
Japan
Finland
Sweden
Canada
United States of America
(b)
Canada24%
United States of America
14%
Sweden8%
Indonesia6%
Finland5%
Belgium2%
Portugal2%
Spain2%
Others37%
Major World Exporters of Woodpulp over the period 2002-2009
(c)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ions
Ton
nes
Year
Woodpulp export by Major Exporter in the period 2002-2009
Others
Spain
Portugal
Belgium
Finland
Indonesia
Sweden
United States of AmericaCanada
(d)
China19%
United States of America
13%
Germany11%
Italy7%Korea, Repu
blic of5%
Japan5%
France5%
Others35%
Major World Importers of Woodpulp over the period 2002-2009
(e)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ions
Ton
nes
Year
Woodpulp import by Major Importer in the period 2002-2009
Others
France
Japan
Korea, Republic ofItaly
Germany
United States of AmericaChina
(f)
Figure 5. Woodpulp production, export, and import and their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009
25
Table 10. Apparent consumption and net export of woodpulp in major consumer countries, 2002-2009
Amount % Cum.% annual 2002-2009United States of America 54.5 54.0 54.9 55.1 54.0 55.6 51.5 45.5 425.1 31% 31% -3% -17% -0.9 -0.8 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 0.0 1.4 2.2China 10.2 10.9 12.1 12.5 14.4 15.6 17.4 17.4 110.6 8% 39% 8% 71% -6.1 -6.9 -8.1 -8.4 -8.7 -9.2 -10.3 -10.3Canada 13.9 15.2 15.2 15.1 13.0 12.6 11.1 10.3 106.5 8% 46% -4% -26% 11.8 11.0 11.2 10.3 10.6 9.9 9.3 6.9Japan 13.0 12.8 13.0 12.9 13.0 12.7 12.5 10.4 100.3 7% 54% -3% -20% -2.4 -2.2 -2.3 -2.1 -2.1 -1.8 -1.8 -1.8Finland 9.8 9.7 10.5 9.4 10.7 10.7 9.8 8.1 78.7 6% 59% -3% -17% 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.1Sweden 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 9.2 8.6 71.9 5% 64% 0% 3% 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0Germany 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.0 6.4 54.1 4% 68% 1% 6% -3.9 -4.1 -4.2 -4.0 -4.2 -4.3 -4.1 -3.5France 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.5 31.4 2% 71% -2% -16% -1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.7 -1.7 -1.5 -1.4 -1.2Italy 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.3 30.6 2% 73% -1% -9% -3.2 -3.2 -3.4 -3.7 -3.7 -3.4 -3.2 -3.0Indonesia 4.1 3.8 4.7 3.9 1.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 28.9 2% 75% -2% -11% 1.4 1.6 0.8 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6Korea, Republic of 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 24.0 2% 77% -1% -4% -2.5 -2.5 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.6 -2.5 -2.5India 1.9 2.1 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 20.7 1% 78% 6% 48% -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5Austria 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 18.2 1% 79% 1% 6% -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3Spain 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1 15.5 1% 81% 2% 15% -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0United Kingdom 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 14.4 1% 82% -3% -21% -1.6 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4Australia 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 12.2 1% 82% 0% -3% -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3Others 27.8 29.4 28.4 28.2 30.6 32.2 34.2 32.0 242.9 18% 100% 2% 15%
European Union 44.2 44.9 46.9 47.0 47.6 47.1 45.5 41.4 364.6 26% -1% -6% -6.8 -6.3 -6.9 -8.0 -6.1 -5.7 -5.7 -5.1World Production 167.9 171.3 175.9 175.1 175.7 180.7 177.1 162.3 1386.2 100% 0% -3%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092008 2009 2002-2009 Change (%) 2002 2003Major ConsumersApparent consumption (million tones) Net Export = Export - Import (million tones)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: FAO (2010)
26
2.6. Paper and Paperboard
During the period 2002-2009, world’s paper and paperboard production
increased from 331.26 millions ton in year 2002 to 372.91 millions ton in year
2009, a 13% increase (Table 11). Table 4 also shows world’s paper and
paperboard export quantity, import quantity, and price increased by 10%, 9%,
and 35% over the period 2002-2009, respectively.
Table 11. World production, imports, and exports of paper and paperboard in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 331.26 340.34 355.19 364.23 378.70 387.20 389.00 372.91 13% 2%Imports Quantity Million M3 96.92 103.23 109.51 111.88 113.44 119.05 114.71 105.56 9% 1%Imports Value US$ Million 67.10 76.83 85.12 88.29 92.85 104.96 111.74 97.88 46% 6%Exports Quantity Million M3 97.01 102.65 111.18 113.10 114.91 118.38 115.34 106.50 10% 1%Exports Value US$ Million 64.42 74.39 84.44 88.27 94.44 103.96 111.39 95.81 49% 6%Price US$/M3 678 735 768 785 820 880 970 913 35% 4%
Growth (%)YearUnitItem
Source: FAO (2010)
Major world’s producers were United States of America (USA), China, Japan,
Germany, Canada, Finland and Sweden, which together accounted for 64% of
world’s production (Figure 6a). The production increase was mostly in China
followed by Germany, Finland, and Sweden. In United States of America (USA),
Canada, and Japan production significantly decreased (Figure 6b).
Major world’s exporters were Canada, Germany, Finland, Sweden, United
States of America (USA), France, and Austria, which together accounted for 60%
of world’s export (Figure 6c). The export increase has occurred mainly in
United States of America (USA), Germany, and Sweden, while export decreased
in Canada, Finland and French (Figure 6d).
In order of importance, major world’s importers were United States of
America (USA), Germany, United Kingdom, China, French, Italy, and Spain,
which together accounted for 50% of world’s import (Figure 6e). The import
decreased in all major world’s importers, except in Spain (Figure 6f).
Although United States of America (USA), China and Germany were among
three of the largest world’s producers, which together accounted for 45% of
world’s production, they were also importers, which together accounted for
30% of world’s import.
27
During the period 2002-2009, world’s paper and paperboard consumption
significantly increased from 31.341.5 million tones in year 2002 to 372.9
million tones in year 2009, a 13% increase (Table 12). Over this period, about
2,287.8 million tones of paper and paperboard were consumed by only 16
countries, which accounted for 78% of world’s paper and paperboard
consumption. Three largest consumers were United States of America, China
and Japan, which together accounted for 50% of world’s paper and
paperboard consumption. Other important consumers were Germany, United
Kingdom, Italy, French, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Canada and India.
Consumption grew fastest in India (91%) followed by Malaysia (82%), China
(75%), and Poland (59%). These countries were also net importers. Although
consumptions in United States of America (USA), Japan, Italy and Netherlands
were declined, these countries were net importers.
28
United States of America
22%
China17%
Japan8%Germany
6%Canada
5%
Finland3%
Sweden3%
Others36%
Major World Producers of Paper and Paperboardover the period 2002-2009
(a)
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ions
Ton
nes
Year
Paper and Paperboard production by Major Producer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Sweden
Finland
Canada
Germany
Japan
China
United States of America
(b)
Canada12%
Germany11%
Finland11%
Sweden9%
United States of America
9%
France4%
Austria4%
Others40%
Major World Exporters of Paper and Paperboardover the period 2002-2009
(c)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ions
Ton
nes
Year
Paper and Paperboard export by Major Exporter in the period 2002-2009
Others
Austria
France
United States of AmericaSweden
Finland
Germany
Canada
(d)
United States of America
14%Germany
9%
United Kingdom
7%
China7%
France5%Italy
4%
Spain4%
Others50%
Major World Importers of Paper and Paperboardover the period 2002-2009
(e)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mill
ions
Ton
nes
Year
Paper and Paperboard import by Major Importer in the period 2002-2009
Others
Spain
Italy
France
China
United Kingdom
Germany
United States of America
(f)
Figure 6. Paper and paperboard production, export, and import and their trends by major world producers, exporters, and importers in the period 2002-2009
29
Table 12. Apparent consumption and net export of paper and paperboard in major consumer countries, 2002-2009
Amount % Cum.% annual 2002-2009United States of America 89.6 89.0 90.6 90.8 91.2 87.9 81.9 71.3 692.3 24% 24% -3% -20% -7.7 -8.3 -8.5 -7.1 -6.9 -4.0 -1.7 0.8China 48.0 53.2 59.7 64.4 71.2 78.0 84.2 84.2 543.0 19% 42% 8% 75% -6.0 -5.8 -5.6 -4.0 -1.8 0.0 -0.5 -0.5Japan 31.6 31.6 29.8 29.9 30.0 29.2 28.3 26.2 236.5 8% 50% -3% -17% -0.9 -1.1 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.1 0.1Germany 18.2 18.8 19.3 19.7 21.4 20.9 20.7 20.1 159.1 5% 56% 1% 10% 0.3 0.5 1.1 2.0 1.3 2.4 2.1 2.7United Kingdom 12.2 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.2 12.1 11.4 11.1 96.4 3% 59% -1% -9% -5.7 -5.8 -6.0 -6.5 -6.7 -6.9 -6.4 -6.2Italy 11.6 11.8 11.9 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.1 9.9 91.6 3% 62% -2% -15% -2.3 -2.3 -2.2 -1.6 -1.7 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4France 11.0 10.9 11.0 10.8 11.0 11.1 10.6 10.5 87.0 3% 65% -1% -4% -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.5 -0.9 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1Korea, Republic of 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.8 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.6 66.9 2% 68% 1% 5% 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.9Spain 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.2 9.0 9.9 8.2 7.6 63.4 2% 70% 1% 10% -1.6 -1.8 -1.8 -1.5 -2.1 -3.1 -1.1 -1.0Canada 7.7 7.6 8.0 7.8 6.9 8.3 7.1 6.0 59.3 2% 72% -4% -22% 12.4 12.4 12.4 11.7 11.3 9.1 8.6 6.9India 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.5 9.0 44.7 2% 73% 10% 91% -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1 -1.1 -1.4 -1.4Indonesia 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.6 37.4 1% 75% -1% -6% 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2Australia 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.3 3.3 29.7 1% 76% 0% 0% -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8Poland 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.3 29.3 1% 77% 7% 59% -0.4 -0.4 -0.7 -0.8 -1.1 -1.3 -1.3 -1.0Netherlands 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.4 29.3 1% 78% -2% -10% -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -1.0 -0.8Malaysia 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.3 21.9 1% 78% 9% 82% -1.0 -1.2 -1.7 -2.0 -2.2 -2.0 -1.7 -1.7Others 65.0 67.6 73.1 77.5 81.8 84.6 92.0 89.5 631.0 22% 100% 5% 38%
European Union 83.1 84.5 85.3 86.8 90.1 92.3 90.1 87.2 699.4 24% 1% 5% 7.7 8.4 11.9 11.0 11.2 10.4 9.3 9.4World Production 331.3 340.3 355.2 364.2 378.7 387.2 389.0 372.9 2918.8 100% 2% 13%
2007 2008 20092004 2005 20062005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002-2009Major ConsumersApparent consumption (million tones) Net Export = Export - Import (million tones)
2002 2003 2004 Change (%) 2002 2003
Source: FAO (2010)
Indonesia forest product production,imports, exports, and consumptions
3
31
32
3.1. Plywood MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) reported that during the period 2003-
2008, Indonesia’s plywood production sharply decreased from 4.28 millions
m3 in year 2003 to 2.35 millions m3 in year 2008, a 45% decrease (Table 13).
This was mainly caused by a huge timber deficit, which downsized Indonesia
plywood industry capacity utilization. The Indonesian Panel Wood Producers
Association (APKINDO) had a recorded membership of 130 companies on 6
October 2006, but only 68 companies were active. Of which only 19 units
were producing at normal capacity.
Table 13 also shows plywood export was also drastically decreased during the
period 2003-2008 from 3.31 millions m3 in year 2003 to 1.67 millions m3 in
year 2008, a 50% decrease. On the other hand, in terms of value, plywood
export value was only decreased by 8%, indicating an increase in Indonesia’s
plywood export price. Meanwhile, despite a sharp increase of import quantity
of more than 45 times, plywood consumption decreased from 0.97 million m3
in year 2003 to 0.73 million m3 in year 2008, a 25% decrease.
Table 13. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia plywood in 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million ton 4.28 3.16 3.17 2.67 2.42 2.35 -45% -11%Imports Quantity Million ton 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.05 4471% 115%Imports Value US$ Million 0.98 3.72 8.87 23.53 23.77 28.03 2768% 96%Import s Price US$/ton 842.30 567.12 427.04 401.39 436.37 528.53 -37% -9%Exports Quantity Million ton 3.31 2.60 2.21 1.98 1.60 1.67 -50% -13%Exports Value US$ Million 1,662.91 1,576.87 1,374.67 1,506.68 1,402.02 1,533.46 -8% -2%Exports Price US$/ton 502.93 605.78 620.68 761.29 876.37 919.15 83% 13%Consumption Million ton 0.97 0.56 0.98 0.75 0.87 0.73 -25% -6%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b)
33
FAO (2010) also reported that Indonesia’s plywood production sharply
decreased during the period 2002-2009. That is from 7.55 millions m3 in year
2002 to 3.35 millions m3 in year 2009, a 56% decrease (Table 14).
Moreover, plywood export was also sharply decreased during the period 2002-
2009. On the other hand, in terms of value, plywood export value was only
decreased by 12%, indicating a sharply increase in Indonesia’s plywood
export price. These FAO’s production and export figures were much higher
than those production figures reported by MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and
2009a).
Table 14. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia plywood in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 7.55 6.11 4.51 4.53 3.81 3.45 3.35 3.35 -56% -11%Imports Quantity Million M3 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.08 1626% 50%Imports Value US$ Million 1.54 0.93 3.72 20.77 23.53 32.38 28.03 28.03 1726% 51%Imports Price US$/M3 324.32 535.55 368.67 652.08 257.19 282.76 343.12 343.12 6% 1%Exports Quantity Million M3 5.83 5.09 4.00 3.41 3.09 2.77 2.57 2.57 -56% -11%Exports Value US$ Million 1748.31 1662.91 1576.90 1374.67 1506.68 1543.78 1533.46 1533.46 -12% -2%Exports Price US$/M3 300.09 326.58 393.77 403.60 488.07 557.56 596.86 596.86 99% 10%Consumption Million M3 1.73 1.02 0.52 1.16 0.82 0.80 0.87 0.87 -50% -9%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
MOF (2008b and 2009b) reported over the period 2003-2008, major importer
countries were Japan, United States of America, China, The Republic of Korea
and Taiwan, which together accounted for 68% of Indonesia’s plywood
exports (Figure 7). Total exports to all European countries were about 8%.
Moreover, during that period Indonesia’s plywood exports to those countries
were also declining.
Japan38%
United States8%China
8%
Korea, Republic of7%
Taiwan, Province of China
7%
Europe8%
Other Countries24%
Major importers of Indonesia's plywood over the period 2003-2008
Figure 7. Major importers of Indonesia's plywood
over the period 2003-2008
34
3.2. Veneer sheets
Over the period 2003-2008, MOF (2008a and 2009a) reported that
Indonesia’s veneer sheets production significantly increased from 0.20
millions m3 in year 2003 to 0.30 millions m3 in year 2008, a 48% increase
(Table 15). Most veneer sheets production were consumed domestically as
indicated by a consumption increase of 51% over that period.
Table 15 also shows import quantity increased by 191% during the period
2003-2008, but import value only increased by 125%, indicating a decrease in
Indonesia’s veneer sheet import price. Meanwhile, veneer sheet export
quantity increased by 113% during that period, but veneer sheet export value
increased by 923%, indicating an increase in Indonesia’s veneer sheet export
price.
Although import veneer sheets price as well as plywood production decreased,
veneer sheet exports were doubled over that period. Given that veneer sheets
price were much higher than plywood price (Compare Table 15 with Table 13),
this indicated that it would have still been more profitable to sell veneer sheets
than to process it into plywood and then sold it.
Table 15. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia veneer sheets in 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million ton 0.20 0.11 0.71 0.18 0.21 0.30 48% 8%Imports Quantity Million ton 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 191% 24%Imports Value US$ Million 14.24 19.33 19.59 25.52 7.42 31.99 125% 18%Import s Price US$/ton 1,954.13 1,987.34 1,921.96 1,496.08 979.88 1,510.08 -23% -5%Exports Quantity Million ton 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 113% 16%Exports Value US$ Million 2.94 33.10 9.32 19.95 6.48 30.11 923% 59%Exports Price US$/ton 544.94 601.16 2,339.86 2,518.93 2,068.58 2,611.09 379% 37%Consumption Million ton 0.20 0.06 0.71 0.19 0.21 0.31 51% 9%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b)
Meanwhile, over the period 2002-2009, FAO (2010) reported that
Indonesia’s veneer sheets production drastically increased from 0.05 millions
m3 in year 2002 to 0.43 millions m3 in year 2009 (Table 16). Most veneer
sheets production were consumed domestically as indicated by a consumption
increase of more than seven times over that period.
35
Table 16 also shows import quantity increased almost three times during the
period 2002-2006, but import value only increased by 1.33 times, indicating a
decrease in Indonesia’s veneer sheet import price. Meanwhile, veneer sheet
export quantity increased by 1036% during that period, but veneer sheet
export value increased by 1724%, indicating an increase in Indonesia’s veneer
sheet export price. As in plywood product, these FAO’s veneer sheets
production and export figures were much higher than those production figures
reported by MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a).
Table 16. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia veneer sheets in 2002- 2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 0.05 0.29 0.16 1.01 0.26 0.30 0.43 0.43 849% 38%Imports Quantity Million M3 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 276% 21%Imports Value US$ Million 13.73 14.23 19.33 19.59 25.52 27.76 31.99 31.99 133% 13%Imports Price US$/M3 1830.13 1469.89 1400.00 1440.37 1104.85 1028.19 1134.47 1134.47 -38% -7%Exports Quantity Million M3 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 1036% 42%Exports Value US$ Million 1.65 2.94 33.05 30.41 19.95 29.98 30.11 30.11 1724% 51%Exports Price US$/M3 375.23 408.78 450.19 642.86 600.96 599.60 602.24 602.24 61% 7%Consumption Million M3 0.05 0.29 0.10 0.98 0.25 0.28 0.41 0.41 742% 36%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
MOF (2008b and 2009b) reported over the period 2003-2008, major importer
countries were Japan, United States of America, China, The Republic of Korea
and Taiwan, which together accounted for 67% of Indonesia’s veneer sheet
exports (Figure 8). During that period exports to those major importer
countries increased, except to Taiwan. Total exports to all European countries
were about 19% and were also increased during that period.
Japan35%
United States15%China
8%
Korea, Republic of6%
Taiwan, Province of China
3%
Europe19%
Other Countries14%
Major importers of Indonesia's veneer sheets over the period 2003-2008
Figure 8. Major importers of Indonesia's veneer sheets
over the period 2003-2008
36
3.3. Particleboard Table 17 shows during the period 2003-2008 Indonesia’s particleboard
production sharply decreased from 0.07 millions m3 in year 2003 to 0.03
millions m3 in year 2006 (MOF 2008a). Particleboard export was even
decreased more sharply during that period, from 0.13 million m3 in ear 2003
to 0.01 million m3 in year 2007 (MOF 2008b). On the other hand,
particleboard import was increased by more than nineteen times over that
period. Furthermore, Indonesia import price were decreased by 20%, whereas
export prices increased by 32%. Table 17. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia particleboard in 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million ton 0.07 0.17 0.09 0.03 NA NAImports Quantity Million ton 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.23 1934% 83%Imports Value US$ Million 3.91 8.28 10.46 20.62 35.41 63.97 1536% 75%Import s Price US$/ton 344.71 335.16 268.01 244.25 233.61 277.28 -20% -4%Exports Quantity Million ton 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 -97% -49%Exports Value US$ Million 25.84 11.63 5.38 4.62 2.43 1.14 -96% -46%Exports Price US$/ton 203.97 241.63 178.16 395.79 431.99 268.84 32% 6%Consumption Million ton
Year Growth (%)Item Unit
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b)
Meanwhile, during the period 2002-2009, FAO (2010) reported that
Indonesia’s particleboard production sharply decreased from 0.30 millions
m3 in year 2002 to 0.13 millions m3 in year 2009, a 58% decrease (Table 18).
Particleboard export was even decreased more sharply during that period, from
0.17 million m3 in ear 2002 to 0.01 million m3 in year 2009. Given that
consumption was increased by more than two times, particleboard import was
then almost double over that period. Furthermore, Indonesia import price was
decreased by 7%, while export price was increased by 24%.
Table 18. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia particleboard in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 -58% -12%Imports Quantity Million M3 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.23 0.36 0.36 1627% 50%Imports Value US$ Million 3.96 3.91 8.28 10.46 20.62 35.41 63.97 63.97 1514% 49%Imports Price US$/M3 192.65 224.05 217.84 174.32 158.64 151.70 180.05 180.05 -7% -1%Exports Quantity Million M3 0.17 0.19 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 -96% -37%Exports Value US$ Million 24.12 25.84 11.63 5.38 10.92 2.43 1.14 1.14 -95% -35%Exports Price US$/M3 141.23 133.29 134.17 116.48 226.46 282.09 175.38 175.38 24% 3%Consumption Million M3 0.15 0.12 0.25 0.14 0.21 0.35 0.47 0.47 223% 18%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
37
MOF (2008b and 2009b) reported over the period 2003-2008, major importer
countries were The Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Viet Nam, Hongkong and China,
which together accounted for 90% of Indonesia’s particleboard exports
(Figure 9). Moreover, during that period Indonesia’s particleboard exports to
those countries were also declining sharply.
Korea, Republic of28%
Taiwan, Province of China18%
Viet Nam17%
Hongkong16%
China11%
Europe0%
Other Countries10%
Major importers of Indonesia's particleboard export over the period 2003-2008
Figure 9. Major importers of Indonesia's particleboard over the period 2003-2008
3.4. Fiberboard During the period 2003-2008, Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia
did not report Indonesia’s fiberboard production, but it did report exports and
imports of fiberboard as shown in Table 19. Table 19 shows that in the year
2003, export quantities were much higher than import quantities, but in the
year 2008 it only less than twice. This was due to export growth that was
much slower that import growth over the period 2003-2008.
Table 19. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia fiberboard in 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million ton NA NA NA NA NA NAImports Quantity Million ton 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.10 219% 26%Imports Value US$ Million 10.20 17.30 20.32 20.79 23.61 43.55 327% 34%Import s Price US$/ton 317.75 324.09 313.78 328.92 377.73 426.05 34% 6%Exports Quantity Million ton 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.20 0.21 0.18 5% 1%Exports Value US$ Million 34.55 47.22 55.09 49.35 70.80 56.14 62% 10%Exports Price US$/ton 202.22 235.30 234.65 240.80 329.46 311.86 54% 9%Consumption Million ton
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b)
38
Meanwhile, during the period 2002-2009, FAO (2010) reported that
Indonesia’s fiberboard production was relatively unchanged (Table 20).
Coupled with import quantity that was more than doubled over that period,
Indonesia fiberboard export quantity was increased by 185%. However, export
value increased only by only 117%, indicating a decrease in Indonesia
fiberboard export prices.
Table 20. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia fiberboard in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0% 0%Imports Quantity Million M3 0.08 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.04 0.11 0.19 0.19 146% 14%Imports Value US$ Million 12.95 10.20 17.54 20.57 9.02 24.79 44.74 44.74 246% 19%Imports Price US$/M3 166.66 188.23 161.21 163.73 205.48 219.56 234.19 234.19 41% 5%Exports Quantity Million M3 0.25 0.22 0.36 0.43 0.44 0.72 0.70 0.70 185% 16%Exports Value US$ Million 44.14 34.87 50.82 61.23 58.55 110.60 95.95 95.95 117% 12%Exports Price US$/M3 178.51 160.90 140.45 142.91 133.70 152.91 136.38 136.38 -24% -4%Consumption Million M3 0.26 0.26 0.17 0.12 0.03 -87% -40%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
MOF (2008b and 2009b) reported over the period 2003-2008, major importer
countries were China, Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Syria
Arab Republic, which together accounted for 63% of Indonesia’s fiberboard
exports (Figure 10). Moreover, during that period Indonesia’s fiberboard
exports to all those major importer countries decreased, except to Syria Arab
Republic.
China27%
Saudi Arabia14%
Korea, Republic of9%Taiwan, Province of
China6%
Syria Arab Republic7%
Europe0%
Other Countries37%
Major importers of Indonesia's fiberboard over the period 2003-2008
Figure 10. Major importers of Indonesia's fiberboard over the period 2003-2008
39
3.5. Woodpulp MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) reported that during the period 2003-
2008, Indonesia’s woodpulp production slightly increased from 4.66 millions
ton in year 2003 to 4.78 millions ton in year 2008, a 3% increase (Table 21).
Table 21 also shows woodpulp export was increased during the period 2003-
2008 from 2.37 millions ton in year 2003 to 2.62 millions ton in year 2008, a
10% increase. However, Indonesia’s woodpulp import increased by 58%,
which indicated an increase in consumption of 10%. Moreover, in terms of
prices, Indonesia’s woodpulp export price was increased by 63%, while import
price was increased by 68% during that period.
Table 21. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia woodpulp in 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million ton 4.66 2.59 0.99 3.37 4.88 4.78 3% 1%Imports Quantity Million ton 0.73 0.89 0.88 0.92 0.86 1.16 58% 10%Imports Value US$ Million 355.00 505.03 490.07 536.08 594.84 944.05 166% 22%Import s Price US$/ton 484.68 568.81 555.77 584.62 693.24 816.44 68% 11%Exports Quantity Million ton 2.37 1.68 2.55 2.81 2.44 2.62 10% 2%Exports Value US$ Million 790.51 588.51 932.52 1,123.62 1,065.41 1,422.45 80% 12%Exports Price US$/ton 332.89 350.96 365.29 399.52 437.13 543.80 63% 10%Consumption Million ton 3.02 1.80 -0.68 1.48 3.30 3.33 10% 2%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b)
On the contrary, FAO (2010) reported that Indonesia’s woodpulp production
and consumption were, respectively, decreased by 6% and 11% during the
period 2002-2009 (Table 22). Meanwhile, during that period wood pulp
export quantity and value was sharply increased by 22% and 114%,
respectively; indicating a sharply increase in Indonesia’s woodpulp export
price. Further, FAO’s production and consumption figures were higher than
those reported by MOF, but export and import figures were almost the same.
Table 22. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia woodpulp in 2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 5.48 5.48 5.48 5.48 3.58 5.18 5.18 5.18 -6% -1%Imports Quantity Million M3 0.81 0.73 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.86 1.16 1.16 42% 5%Imports Value US$ Million 365.32 354.03 505.03 505.93 535.67 594.84 944.05 944.05 158% 15%Imports Price US$/M3 448.94 485.78 568.81 560.58 586.22 693.21 816.44 816.44 82% 9%Exports Quantity Million M3 2.25 2.38 1.68 2.49 2.86 2.44 2.73 2.73 22% 3%Exports Value US$ Million 706.71 790.73 589.71 905.26 1156.08 1065.92 1515.41 1515.41 114% 12%Exports Price US$/M3 314.77 332.93 351.57 363.07 404.03 437.12 554.57 554.57 76% 8%Consumption Million M3 4.05 3.84 4.69 3.89 1.63 3.60 3.60 3.60 -11% -2%
Year Growth (%)Item Unit
Source: FAO (2010)
40
MOF (2008b and 2009b) reported over the period 2003-2008, major importer
countries were China, The Republic of Korea, Japan, India, and Taiwan, which
together accounted for 83% of Indonesia’s wood pulp exports (Figure 11).
Total exports to all European countries were about 11%. Moreover, during
that period Indonesia’s woodpulp exports to those countries were increased,
except to Taiwan and Europe.
China46%
Korea, Republic of22%
Japan6%
India5%
Taiwan, Province of China
4%
Europe11%
Other Countries6%
Major importers of Indonesia's woodpulp export over the period 2003-2008
Figure 11. Major importers of Indonesia's woodpulp over the period 2003-2008
3.6. Paper and paperboard
During the period 2003-2008, MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a)
reported that paper and paperboard export and import quantities were
increased by 84% and 94%, respectively (Table 23). In terms of value, paper
and paperboard export and import values were respectively increased by 182%
and 127%, indicating an increase in Indonesia’s paper and paperboard export
and import prices. However, MOF did not report Indonesia’s paper and
paperboard production.
41
Table 23. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia paper and paperboard in 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million ton NA NA NA NA NA NAImports Quantity Million ton 0.23 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.37 0.44 94% 14%Imports Value US$ Million 229.16 329.25 358.72 360.74 403.12 520.76 127% 18%Import s Price US$/ton 1,006.52 982.25 1,105.19 1,130.01 1,103.92 1,181.77 17% 3%Exports Quantity Million ton 2.04 2.45 2.86 3.49 3.81 3.75 84% 13%Exports Value US$ Million 1,185.16 1,626.00 1,964.94 2,482.90 298.75 3,339.39 182% 23%Exports Price US$/ton 580.56 663.68 687.00 711.88 78.49 890.10 53% 9%Consumption Million ton
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b)
Meanwhile, FAO (2010) reported that Indonesia’s paper and paperboard
production significantly increased during the period 2002-2009. That is from
7.00 million tones in year 2002 to 7.78 million tones in year 2009, an 11%
increase (Table 24). Paper and paperboard export and import quantities were
also increased by 51% and 54% during that period 2002-2009, respectively.
But, increase in their values was more than two times, which led to a sharply
increase in export and import prices. These FAO’s export and import quantity
figures were not too different with those figures reported by MOF (2008a,
2008b, 2009b and 2009a).
Table 24. Production, imports, and exports of Indonesia paper and paperboard in
2002-2009
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Periodic AnnualProduction Quantity Million M3 7.00 7.04 7.22 7.22 7.22 7.73 7.78 7.78 11% 2%Imports Quantity Million M3 0.26 0.23 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.40 0.40 54% 6%Imports Value US$ Million 238.93 228.73 355.47 367.38 369.92 392.99 496.64 496.64 108% 11%Imports Price US$/M3 921.45 1003.91 1027.77 1055.70 1132.48 1138.54 1240.06 1240.06 35% 4%Exports Quantity Million M3 2.37 2.06 2.48 2.97 3.50 3.67 3.57 3.57 51% 6%Exports Value US$ Million 1271.96 1203.36 1650.11 2093.04 2532.16 2912.53 3232.95 3232.95 154% 14%Exports Price US$/M3 537.80 583.52 665.40 705.40 722.49 794.62 904.55 904.55 68% 8%Consumption Million M3 4.89 5.21 5.09 4.60 4.04 4.41 4.60 4.60 -6% -1%
Item Unit Year Growth (%)
Source: FAO (2010)
MOF (2008b and 2009b) reported over the period 2003-2008, major importer
countries were China, Malaysia, Japan, Australia, Hongkong and United States
of America, which together accounted for 48% of Indonesia’s paper and
paperboard exports (Figure 12). Total exports to all European countries were
about 4%. Moreover, during that period Indonesia’s paper and paperboard
exports to those major importer countries as well as to European countries
were significantly increased, except to China and Hongkong.
42
China10% Malaysia
10%
Japan9%
Australia5%
Hongkong5%
United States5%
Europe4%
Other Countries52%
Major importers of Indonesia's paper and paperboard over the period 2003-2008
Figure 12. Major importers of Indonesia's paper and paperboard over the period 2003-2008
43
Shares of forest imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by mayor importer countries
4
45
46
DUE to the lack of trade data reported by major importer countries, the review
was based on available forest trade data reported by FAO (2010) and by MOF
(2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) over the period 2002-2008. The results
are shown in Tables 25-30.
4.1. Plywood As explained, in order of importance, major country destinations of
Indonesia’s plywood exports were Japan, United States, China, the Republic of
Korea, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and
Belgium, which together accounted for 81% of Indonesia’s plywood exports
(Table 25). Table 25. Shares of plywood imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by
major importer countries over the period 2002-2008
Country Destination Percentage Reporting Country (RC) PercentageJapan 39% Japan 27%United States 8% United States 8%China 8% China 33%Korea, Republic of 7% Korea, Republic of 25%Taiwan, Province of China 6%Saudi Arabia 5% Saudi Arabia 60%United Arab Emirates 4% United Arab Emirates 32%United Kingdom 2% United Kingdom 11%Belgium 2% Belgium 19%Other countries 19%
Total 100.0%
Plywood export reported by MOF Plywood import share in RC
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) and FAO (2010)
47
In Japan, China, the Republic of Korea, and United Arab Emirates, plywood
import from Indonesia’s ranged from 27% to 33% of their total plywood
imports. In Saudi Arabia, it was almost 60% of its total plywood imports.
Although China has been the largest plywood producer in the world since 2003
as well as a net exporter, its plywood import was still large, ranging from 1.3 to
1.8 millions m3 per year. Meanwhile, even though, consumption in United
States of America, Japan, United Kingdom and the Republic of Korea were
decreased, but these countries were net and major world importers, which
together accounted for 49% of world’s plywood imports. Hence, it is obvious
these five countries (China, United States of America, Japan, United Kingdom
and the Republic of Korea) would still be the future market for Indonesia’s
plywood exports.
4.2. Veneer sheets
MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) reported over the period 2002-2008,
in order of importance, major country destinations of Indonesia’s veneer
sheets exports were Japan, United States, China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan,
Germany, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and United Kingdom, which together accounted
for 80.9% of Indonesia’s veneer sheets exports (Table 26). However, In
United States, the Republic of Korea, and Italy, veneer sheets import from
Indonesia’s was much less than 1% of their total veneer sheets imports. In
Germany and United Kingdom it was around 1% of their total veneer sheets
imports. Meanwhile, in Japan, China and Saudi Arabia, it ranged from 5.1% to
6.8% of their total veneer sheets imports.
48
Table 26. Shares of veneer sheets imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008
Country Destination Percentage Reporting Country (RC) PercentageJapan 34.0% Japan 5.1%United States 14.8% United States << 1%China 8.8% China 5.0%Korea, Republic of 7.1% Korea, Republic of << 1%Taiwan, Province of China 4.8%Germany, Fed. Rep. of 3.4% Germany, Fed. Rep. of 1.1%Saudi Arabia 3.0% Saudi Arabia 6.8%Italy 3.0% Italy << 1%United Kingdom 2.1% United Kingdom 1.3%Other countries 19.1%
Total 100.0%
Veneer export reported by MOF Veneer import share in RC
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) and FAO (2010)
The fact that most veneer sheets production were consumed domestically over
the period 2002-2008 and considered that veneer sheets export price were
more than double of plywood export price, then, if Indonesia would
domestically process veneer sheets, it should produce high added value forest
products. Otherwise, selling veneer sheets is more profitable than to process it
first into plywood and then sold it.
4.3. Particleboard
MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) reported over the period 2002-2008,
in order of importance, major country destinations of Indonesia’s
particleboard exports were the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Viet Nam, Hongkong,
China, and Malaysia, which together accounted for 97.6% of Indonesia’s
particleboard exports (Table 27). However, in the Republic of Korea, Viet Nam,
China, and Malaysia, particleboard import from Indonesia’s was only ranged
from 2.0% to 10.0% of their total particleboard imports.
49
Table 27. Shares of particleboard imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008
Country Destination Percentage Reporting Country (RC) PercentageKorea, Republic of 26.9% Korea, Republic of 3.0%Taiwan, Province of China 21.8%Viet Nam 16.5% Viet Nam 10.0%Hongkong 16.1%China 10.3% China 2.0%Malaysia 6.0% Malaysia 3.1%Other countries 2.4%
Total 100.0%
Particleboard export reported by MOF Particleboard import share in RC
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) and FAO (2010)
Although during that period Indonesia’s particleboard exports to those
countries were declining, China and Republic of Korea imports of particleboard
were still large, ranging from 1.2 to 1.9 millions m3 per year. Similar to that
veneer sheets product, most particleboard were consumed domestically over
the period 2002-2008. Coupled with particleboard import that was increased
by more than nineteen times over that period, particleboard production should
be intended for domestic consumption.
4.4. Fiberboard MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) reported over the period 2002-2008,
in order of importance, major country destinations of Indonesia’s fiberboard
exports were China, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Syria Arab
Republic, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Philippines, and Hongkong,
which together accounted for 81.3% of Indonesia’s fiberboard exports (Table
28). Fiberboard import from Indonesia’s in the Republic of Korea and Saudi
Arabia were, respectively, 40% and 44% of their total fiberboard imports (Table
28). For the rest countries, it ranged from 3.0% to 8.0% of its total fiberboard
imports.
50
Table 28. Shares of fiberboard imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008
Country Destination Percentage Reporting Country (RC) PercentageChina 26.1% China 8.0%Saudi Arabia 13.6% Saudi Arabia 44.0%Korea, Republic of 12.7% Korea, Republic of 40.0%Taiwan, Province of China 7.2%Syria Arab Republic 6.7% Syria Arab Republic 3.0%Egypt 4.1% Egypt 5.1%United Arab Emirates 3.5% United Arab Emirates 4.4%Viet Nam 3.4% Viet Nam 5.1%Philippines 2.1% Philippines 6.1%Hongkong 2.0%Other countries 18.7%
Total 100.0%
Fiberboard export reported by MOF Fiberboard import share in RC
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) and FAO (2010)
China and the Republic of Korea would still be potentially become major
country destinations of Indonesia’s fiberboard exports in the future since they
are world’s major consumers and net importers of fiberboard with total
imports ranging from 1.1 to 2.6 millions m3 per year for China and from 0.3 to
0.8 millions m3 per year for the Republic of Korea.
4.5. Woodpulp
As explained, in order of importance, major country destinations of
Indonesia’s woodpulp exports were China, the Republic of Korea, Japan and
India, which together accounted for 79.1% of Indonesia’s woodpulp exports
(Table 29). In Japan, India and the Republic of Korea, woodpulp import from
Indonesia’s was around 27%-30% of their total plywood imports, whereas, in
China, it was around 12%.
51
Table 29. Shares of woodpulp imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008
Country Destination Percentage Reporting Country (RC) PercentageChina 46.5% China 12%Korea, Republic of 21.8% Korea, Republic of 30%Japan 5.9% Japan 27%India 4.9% India 30%Other countries 20.9%
Total 100.0%
Woodpulp export reported by MOF Woodpulp import share in RC
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) and FAO (2010)
As explained China was the country with the highest growth of woodpulp
consumption. China’s net import of woodpulp increased from 6.1 million
tones in the year 2002 to 10.3 in the year 2009, a 71% increase. This has
affected Indonesia’s trade of woodpulp as indicating by increasing of shares
of woodpulp imports from Indonesia to China’s total woodpulp imports from
8% in the year 2002 to 12% in the year 2008. Further, India, one of countries
with the highest growth of woodpulp consumption (48%), was also an
important consumer with net import of 0.3-0.5 million tones. Meanwhile,
although woodpulp consumptions in Japan and the Republic of Korea were
declined significantly, they were still important consumers in the world with
their total net import of 4-5 million tones. Hence, it is obvious these four
countries (China, the Republic of Korea, Japan and India) would still be the
future market for Indonesia’s woodpulp exports.
4.6. Paper and Paperboard
MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) reported over the period 2002-2008,
in order of importance, major country destinations of Indonesia’s paper and
paperboard exports were China, Malaysia, Japan, Australia and United States,
which together accounted for 39.4% of Indonesia’s paper and paperboard
exports (Table 30).
Shares of paper and paperboard import from Indonesia’s to total paper and
paperboard imports of Australia, Japan and Malaysia were, respectively, 28%,
30%, and 36%, whereas, in China and United States, they were 8% and 18%,
respectively.
52
Table 30. Shares of paper and paperboard imports from Indonesia to total imports as reported by major importer countries over the period 2002-2008
Country Destination Percentage Reporting Country (RC) PercentageChina 10.6% China 8%Malaysia 10.5% Malaysia 36%Japan 8.4% Japan 30%Australia 5.3% Australia 28%United States 4.6% United States 18%Other countries 60.6%
Total 100.0%
Paper and Paperboard export reported by MOF Paper and Paperboard import share in RC
Sources: MOF (2008a, 2008b, 2009b and 2009a) and FAO (2010)
Malaysia would be the most important country destination of Indonesia’s
paper and paperboard export in the future since this country has advantages in
transportation cost and was the country with the second fastest consumption
growth in the world (82%). Malaysia’s net import of paper and paperboard
ranged from 1.0 to 2.2 million tones over the period 2002-2009. Meanwhile,
although China is one of countries with the highest growth of consumption of
75% and the second largest consumers of paper and paperboard in the world
(19%), its net import was sharply decreased from 6.0 million tones in the year
2002 to 0.5 million tones in the year 2009. Nevertheless, this country would
still be an important consumer for Indonesia’s paper and paperboard. United
States of America and Japan would also be important consumers since these
countries were net importers and together consumed 32% of world’s paper
and paperboard consumption.
53
Drivers and principal policies affecting forest products markets
5
55
56
5.1. Drivers
From demand side, needs for wood composites were driven by population,
economic growth, product application and substitution, price level, and industry
push for innovation and value addition to resources.
Population. Demand of wood composite products is strongly affected by
changes in population (growth or decline), age structures and household
composition. ITTO (2007) stated that in producer countries total population
was increased by almost 600 millions during the period 1987 to 2007.
Population in consumer countries was also increases, though more moderately.
However, Japan, a major importer, was believed to have ceased its population
growth during that period and then declining in its demand would be expected
in coming years.
Economic growth. Since 2000, trends in GDP growth have been similar for all
consumer regions, but Asia clearly showed the greatest volatility, with Europe
and North America tracking each other’s growth within a much narrower
band. ITTO (2007) stated that GDP growth for all ITTO Consumers was grown
in 2006, where Asia was the fastest (4.9%) and followed by North America
(3.4%), non-EU Europe’s (2.7%), and the EU (2.5%). ITTO Producer economies
generally have been growing significantly faster than Consumers ever since
2000, with a spread of 2 percentage points expected to persist at least until the
end of 2007. ITTO Producer Asia continues to show the most robust growth of
all ITTO sub-regions, with Africa running a close second. Latin America has
57
lagged due to relatively slower growth in both Brazil and Mexico. Although
Japan remains in number-one position among all ITTO importers of tropical
plywood, its imports would expectedly decline hereafter as its population has
peaked and its economy has reached a steady state with little or no GDP
growth.
Product application and substitution. Currently, temperate and coniferous
plywood is increasingly substituted for tropical hardwoods, holding down the
latter’s price. This was indicated by a progressive substitution of temperate
and boreal conifers for tropical hardwoods imports of Japan. China, one of
major tropical plywood manufacturers, has broadened tropical export panel
products to include a variety of combinations of some different core (often
China-grown poplar) overlaid with face veneers of tropical woods such as
meranti. As a result, its plywood products are comparatively lighter and
cheaper than Southeast Asian products while their quality has noticeably
improved. Meanwhile, consumption of veneer theoretically not destined for
plywood, presumably in the furniture and other secondary processing
industries of ITTO member countries, had marked a minor decline of 0.6% to
3.51 million m3 in 2006. Moreover, there are clear trends for European
governments and buyers, in good part responding to expressed desires of
producers, to shift their import product mix increasingly away from tropical
hardwood roundwood in favor of sawnwood, panels and further-processed
products manufactured in producing countries.
Price level. The future of tropical plywood consumption in most markets is apt
to be determined mainly by price competition. Consumer country inflation
rates were mostly in a band around 2%, whereas most producer countries held
inflation rates near 5% in the period 2000-2005. Prices for most primary
tropical timber products and species ended 2006 considerably further
strengthened over their already-strong performances during 2005, as supplies
of raw materials tightened, severely in some cases. At the same time most ITTO
consumer country economies were expanding or at least stabilized, steadying
or improving consumer confidence in most markets. Prices for Asian plywood
kept on rising steadily and steeply through 2006, due to basic scarcities of
peeler logs in some case heightened by regulatory policies, strong demands
58
from North American and some European consumers as well as transport
interruptions due to weather and other factors. However, further price rises
were prevented by strong competition from cheaper Chinese combiplywood
and the mounting concern of public opinion-leaders over illegal logging.
Meanwhile, the international markets for tropical veneer remain quite small
and buyers mainly seek decorative sliced veneers. The individual markets for
these very varied sliced veneers are extremely narrow and knowledge of
transactions is closely held. There are no representative benchmark species
whose prices could serve as indicators of overall market trends. Tropical
veneer prices are therefore not regularly covered by the ITTO MIS and are also
not regularly quoted by any other readily available source.
Industry push for innovation and value addition to resources. The highest
degree of conversion at least to primary products is in Latin America. In 2005,
86.7% of logs have been converted locally into sawnwood, 10.8% into plywood,
and 1.9% into veneer sheets. Moreover, this region has been relatively highly
advanced, with about 70% of total exports by value being secondary processed
wood products (SPWP) in 2005. Meanwhile, as roundwood export policies are
tightening, the roundwood exports proportion of log production in Producer
Asia was declined from 8.8% in 1995 to 7.2% in 2005. The SPWP shares were
also increased from about 30% in 1995 to 55% in 2005. Only African
producers still export significant proportions of their log harvests as
roundwood, though there is also progressive cutting back on roundwood
exports in this region: From 40.6% of the log harvest in 1995, to 17.3% in
2005, 16.3% forecast for 2007. Clearly substantial progress has been made in
fostering domestic processing, but evidently there is significant further
potential for capture of value-added by the African economies by intensifying
industrial development efforts. Even more dramatic inter-regional differences
in progress toward higher-value-added products in the timber industries sector,
coupled with higher foreign-exchange earnings from the forest resource, are
seen by comparing the proportional values of primary versus further-processed
wood products exported.
5.2. Principal policies
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The principal policies affecting forest products markets in the future are forest
law enforcement, governance and trade (FLEGT); the Lacey Act, forest
certification; policies promoting the sound use of wood; research and
development related policies; industry competitiveness and investment policy;
climate change policy; wood energy promotion policy; trade policy and tariff
and non-tariff barriers; and phytosanitary measures.
Forest law enforcement, governance and trade. The most prominent group
of policy issues discussed in international and national forums is forest law
enforcement, governance and trade (FLEGT). This is a regulation to control
imports of illegally-sourced timber from specific countries and will form the
legal basis for the licensing scheme and partnership agreements. However, if it
is restricted only to logs and sawnwood, it would be negligible. To be essential,
this licensing scheme should include all product groups but at the same time
would lead to additional administrative burdens, possibly similar to chain-of-
custody tracking systems in forest certification. The key instruments to achieve
this goal are: (a) the VPA (Voluntary Partnership Agreement) licensing scheme
where under this scheme the European Union countries provide technical
assistance and training to help build an improved TLAS (Timber Legality
Assurance System) and ensure effective means of legality verification in
producer countries, and (b) Due Diligence Regulation (DDR; currently under
consideration) to help curb the laundering of illegal timber, or ‘leakage’, via
third countries. Once implemented, FLEGT-VPA and DDR is expected that will
not only be effective in safeguarding the integrity of direct timber trade, but
also make broader contributions to foster the adoption of sustainable forest
management (SFM), improve forest governance and livelihoods in producer
countries, and avoid the creation of market inequalities between domestic and
industrial timber sectors.
US Lacey Act. As of May 22, 2008, the United States of America passed the
Lacey Act to minimize the U.S. market for illegal wildlife, fish, and plants. This
measure would expectedly support the efforts of other countries to combat
illegal logging and trade. Under the Lacey Act, it is unlawful to import, export,
transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase in interstate or foreign commerce
any plant, with some limited exceptions, taken or traded in violation of the laws
60
of a U.S. State, or most foreign laws. It is also unlawful to make or submit any
false record, account or label for, or any false identification of, any plant.
Similar to FLEGT, the Lacey Act was promoted by consumer country and based
on traceability to origin. This implies requirements to be complied by
producers and or exporters with different enforcement mechanism. However,
there is a need to provide better consultation, communication mechanism, and
protocol in multilateral and bilateral formats since some interpretations were
not clearly understood, no concrete benefits were perceived from adoption the
Lacey Act and there were fears among producers/exporters of loosing sales in
the short term.
Forest certification. Many factors are considered in forest certification
programmes including illegal logging. There are some evidences that
certification programmes are having a positive impact on forest management
practices around the world although doubts about the value and future viability
of forest certification from a market perspective exist. Issues related to more
comprehensive management planning, plant and animal biodiversity, retention
of sensitive areas, and social responsibility have all become more important as
certification processes have become more prevalent. The development of
demand for certified forest products through specific public procurement
policies have been facilitating by several governments at local, provincial and
national levels in the US and Europe. However, these measures were seen as
effectively constituting non-tariff barriers to trade by some developing
countries.
Policies promoting the sound use of wood. The harmonization of functional
specifications in standards across borders is clearly important to more efficient
use of wood. For example, although no direct regulatory barriers to the use of
wood or wood-based products in the construction of residential buildings,
differences between sets of regulations act as barriers to common practice
across Europe. The development of wood-based composite products such as
oriented strand board (OSB), laminated strand lumber, parallel strand lumber
and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) provides is another example of significant
advancement in the sound use of wood. This has dramatically affected wood
markets and provided new options to forest managers and policy makers. New
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developments related to wood-based composite products technology is
associated with myriad products that can be substituted for products made of
solid wood and is likely to stimulate further interest in plantation establishment
while at the same time further reducing interest in long rotation periods on
industrial forestlands.
Research and development related policies. In forestry sector, publicly
funded research is related to the development of policies aimed at the sound
use of wood. The objective of all wood products research program globally is
to improve efficiency of wood use, whether through development of new
conversion technologies, product designs, building codes and application
guidelines or durability enhancements. For example, in US, the development of
wood composites and engineered structural materials has allowed better
utilization of low value resources to create high value materials, thereby
enhancing forest management options.
Industry competitiveness and investment policy. The developed countries is
forced to reassess a long-established manufacturing and marketing strategies
due to the flow of capital investment to new producing regions, and growing
global competition in wood-based commodity products markets. One result in
North America is radical new thinking about the nature of paper manufacturing
in the future, which is to transform the entire industry to a
biochemicals/biofeedstocks/bioenergy/pulp and paper industry, with individual
mills operating as integrated biorefineries. Under this new paradigm,
manufacturing centres will have the capacity to produce electricity, liquid fuels
(such as ethanol), and a wide variety of bio-derived chemicals and chemical
feedstocks, in addition to pulp and paper. Paper will effectively become only
one of a number of (diverse) co-products. The biorefinery is quickly moving
beyond the concept stage, with a major research effort now underway involving
both wood products and the agricultural sectors of the US and Canadian
economies.
Climate change policy. Although a considerable research effort has
been conducted to quantify carbon flows and storage within forests under
various management regimes, it has little impact on forest management
62
practices and uncertainty impacts on markets and trade in the US. The carbon
trade market is growing globally with market buyers are mainly Japan, the
Netherlands and the Carbon Finance Business (CFB) of the World Bank
(Prototype Carbon Fund and Community Development Carbon Fund). However,
carbon sink projects especially those linked to plantations and large-scale
hydropower projects face strong NGO resistance, which will likely make such
projects less attractive for Carbon Emission Reduction (CER) buyers. On the
other hand, the working group of an EU Advisory Committee (EU 2004) has
recently focused on carbon sequestration benefits associated with substitution
of wood for non-wood materials.
Wood energy promotion policy. As countries promote renewable energy
sources, energy markets and the international biofuel trade are rapidly
developing. In Europe, demand continues to increase for the use of forest
biomass for energy. This is partly driven by targets to fulfill national
commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Meanwhile, increase demand for wood
as a source of bioenergy in North America and Europe whether as a result of
business initiatives or government policies, or both creates a competitive
alternative use of raw material in wood-based industries, especially the pulp
and paper and panel industries. This new reality means the price of wood fibre
will have to be competitive with the price of wood as a fuel even though this is
a positive development from the standpoint of profitability of forestry.
Trade policy and tariff and non-tariff barriers. There is still tariff
escalation of forest products in developed countries. But, the overall level of
applied tariffs is higher in developing countries than in the industrialized
regions, with considerable differences in the applied rates between regions.
Reducing tariff barriers would then increase new export market opportunities,
which in turn, increase wood and forest products production in the forest-rich,
net exporting countries. On the other hand, non-market barriers, such as those
set through environmental, social or health standards, are considerably more
difficult to negotiate.
Phytosanitary measures. The WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)
Agreement aims at clarifying inspection and quarantine control procedures.
63
The profile of SPS measures has risen in recent years, partly as a response to
increased vigilance and concern about environment and safety issues. Concern
is not limited to risks of wood transport from developing countries. Regulations
also impact trade between North America and Europe in order to prevent
transmission of a range of forest pests across the Atlantic.
Indonesia’s forest industry revitalization
6
65
66
INDONESIA’S forest sector is facing crisis, due to rapid forest resource loss
and degradation that threaten the livelihoods of rural people and the sector’s
continued contribution to export earnings and economic development.
Industrial restructuring and development of alternative timber resources are
needed to bridge the growing gap between demand for forest products and
sustainable supply. The Ministry of Forestry and most stakeholders recognize
the problem of industrial over capacity and the obstacles to revitalization posed
by continued illegal logging. There is also recognition that the future of the
wood processed industry will depend on an expanded plantation program. In
many areas, there is considerable potential to involve the rural poor in
plantation production on both community and individually owned land.
Expanding plantations will be challenged by conflict over land resources and
the need to address issues of due process related to gazettal to help ensure
legality of products in international markets. Industry revitalization will also
require restructuring of the wood processing industry, the main source of
demand for Indonesian timber resources.
With regard to develop operational policies and plans, the Ministry of Forestry
established an In-house Experts Working Group in June 2006, with a mandate
to advise the Minister of Forestry on key issues related to industry
revitalization, including plantation acceleration and industry retooling/reform
and prepare policy recommendations for the Minister directly. The Working
Group, which consists of senior Forestry Ministry experts including
67
representatives from each of the Department’s main directorates, as well as
the legal and planning bureaus, and outside academics, has: conducted regular
meetings with several major stakeholders, visited several forest plantation
concessionaires, community forests, and wood processed companies; and
conducted stakeholder consultation workshops. Based on In-house Experts Working Group’s assessments, four working groups: Woodworking WG,
Furniture WG, Plywood and Other Wood Based Panel WG, and Pulp and Paper WG were then established by Direktorat Jendral Bina Produksi Kehutanan
(BPK) in March 2007. In-house Experts Working Group was then actively
guided2
2 In reference to: (1) Restructuring and Revitalization of Indonesia’s Wood-Based Industry: Synthesis of Three Major Studies. T. H. Brown, B. C. H. Simangunsong, D. Sukadri, D. W. Brown, Subarudi S., A. Dermawan, Rufi'ie. Ministry of Forestry, CIFOR, and DFID-MFP. Jakarta. November 2005; (2) Revitalization of Indonesia’s Forest Industry: A Supply Side Analysis. 2006. B. C. H. Simangunsong. Paper prepared for the World Bank; and (3) Revitalization of Indonesia’s Forest Industry: A Demand Side Analysis. 2007. B. C. H. Simangunsong. Paper prepared for the World Bank.
those working groups to develop their industry roadmaps and
combined them into roadmap of Indonesia wood-based industry.
All involved stakeholders have a shared vision regarding Indonesia wood-based
industry. That is, in the future the industry would produce wood products that
can enter highly competitive market and be supported by sustainable
increasing wood supply. There would be enough log supply from different
sources; particularly from certified and sustainable managed production forests
and the production level of wood products would be in accordance with that
sustainable log supply in the next 20 years. Moreover, Indonesia wood-based
industry would operate efficiently and in environment friendly with capacity
utilization rate of at least 70%, focus on high value-added products that can
enter highly competitive market where at least 20% of them are certified, and
enlarge their market share in domestic and foreign markets.
However, they are also recognizing many problems that can hinder Indonesia to
achieve that vision. At least six major problems agreed by all stakeholders are
facing by the industry. They are: a huge gap between industrial demand for
timber and the legal sustainable supply, industrial over capacity, inefficient in
wood processing industry, declining in product competitiveness, declining in
market share, and low value-added products.
68
Two-stage strategy with a series of policy and action plans for each strategy in
each stage was then recommended. In the first stage or the restructuring
phase, which is from 2007 to the year 2014, it will be important strategy to
intensify forest plantation, increase productivity of forest plantation, combat
forest crimes, develop alternative sources of timber supply, optimize industrial
log distribution, improve utilization of natural production forest, monitor
operations of wood processing industry, invest in new wood processing
technology for efficiency and waste reduction, reduce production cost of wood
products, enhance wood products image in international market, facilitate
development of wood industry clustering, find new market and sustain
traditional market of wood products, invest in secondary wood processing
technology, and diversify wood products. This first stage focuses on demand
management and supply enhancement and sets the stage for the revitalization
phase.
Several strategies chosen in the first stage need to be continued in the second
stage, the revitalization phase, in addition to strategies that take advantage of
different timber supplies, different processing technologies, and different end
products for different end markets. Those important strategies are to: intensify
forest plantation, primarily for saw logs/veneer logs production; increase
productivity of forest plantation, broaden utilization of alternative timber
supply sources; broaden implementation of Intensive Silvicultural System
(SILIN) in the natural production forest; continue investment in new wood
processing technology for efficiency and waste reduction; broaden wood
industry clustering; continue production cost reduction; continue enhancement
of wood products image in international market; broaden foreign market and
sustaining traditional market of wood products; penetrate potential market;
invest in secondary wood processing technology; and continue wood products
diversification.
Series of policy and action plans for each strategy in each stage were
recommended. One or several indicators were also developed and involved
parties were also identified for each action plan. Nevertheless, there are several
enabling conditions that are needed to be considered such as: good political will
of the government, national stewardship, land tenure and use security, good
69
forest governance, and existence of economic institutions. Implications of these
chosen strategies are temporarily decrease in output and labour force level so
that coordination and collaborations amongs related ministries or departments
are a must. On the other hand, these chosen strategies reduce pressure to
natural forest utilization and give more space to health and efficient wood-
based companies to operate.
Conclusions
7
72
BASED on current world’s demand and its trend, shares of forest product
imports from Indonesia’s to total forest product imports in each major
country destination as reported by importer countries and considering the
principal policies and demand drivers that are likely to affect the global and
regional markets, plywood, medium density fibreboard, wood pulp and paper
and paperboard would be plausible to be developed for international market
such as Japan, China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, India,
Malaysia and United Arab Emirates as well as for domestic market. Meanwhile,
veneer sheets and particleboard would be plausible to be developed for
domestic market. To realize these potential future markets, Indonesia needs to
restructure and revitalize its forest products industry by addressing six major
issues, namely: a huge gap between industrial demand for timber and the legal
sustainable supply, industrial over capacity, inefficient in wood processing
industry, declining in product competitiveness, declining in market share, and
low value-added products.
One thing to be noted, due to characteristics of forest resources such as
exhaustibility, uneven distribution across regions, and externalities, Trade
73
measures such as tariff, export restrictions, subsidies, FLEGT, the Lacey Act,
government procurement, building codes, and private standards for SFM could
in principle remedy overexploitation problems. But trade measures are often
second best measures to address the problems of forest resources with open
access. Strengthened property rights address the open access problem at the
source.
74
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