Studies on textural characteristics of Erra Kalva River ... · Karuna Karudu.T1,Jagannadha Rao.M 1,...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 4, No 2, 2013

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on June 2013 published on November 2013 280

Studies on textural characteristics of Erra Kalva River,

West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East coast of India Karuna Karudu.T1,Jagannadha Rao.M1, Ganesh.B1, Avatharam.P2, Naidu.A.G.S.S1

1 - Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

2 – Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The detailed textural study of Errakalva river (lat. 160 50' - 170 20' N: long. 810 0'- 810 40' E)

has been carried out. A total of forty samples from thirteen stations were collected along the

river profile from different locations indicate that the sediments possess a mean grain size range

of granule to medium sand; moderately sorted to poorly sorted; very coarsely skewed to very

finely skewed; very platykurtic to very leptokurtic in nature. The area of sediment bar, channel

bar sediment samples and depositional energy conditions were also studied. Frequency

Distribution Curves and scatter plots drawn between different textural parameters clearly

established that the sediments are of unimodal nature and are having very coarse to medium

sand (mean 1.5Φ). The sediments are deposited under tractive current conditions with dominant

bottom suspension and rolling mechanisms.

Keywords: Sediment texture, Erra kalva river,Sediment bar and Channel bar

1. Introduction

The Errakalva River originates from Erraguntapalle reserved forest hill rangessituated

Southeast of Chintalapudi and flows for about 80km, before entering into the Bay of Bengal

(Figure 1). The basin lies in the Khammam and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh.

One distributary channel of this river joins in Kolleru lakeand another channeldebouches into

Bay of Bengal (Figure 2). The river flows seasonally during the floods and receives sediments

from Jala vagu, Jalleru vagu and Baineru vagu join at Bandivarigudem, Konguvarigudem and

Rajavaram respectively.The ErrakalvaRiver drains various geological formations viz.

Easternghat groups of rocks, lower gondwanas of Chintalapudi sandstone, upper gondwanas

of Gollapalli sandstones.

Raghavapuram shales, Tirupathi sandstones and recent alluvium. Earth dam for irrigation

purpose is constructed on Errakalva River near Konguvari Gudem, with a catchment area is

1,083 sqaure miles, and total length is 2.75 km.Rengamannar and Pardhan (1991) reported that

Errakalva, Gostanadi and old Tulybhaga drain are the earliest abandoned channels. The

abandoned course of Errakalva is traced in the delta along Kamarru, Moyyuru and

Kesavapuram which had discharged in to Kolleru lake. Several authors have studiedthe textural

characteristics of sediments from major rivers of east coast such as Mahanadi (Satyanarayana,

1973, Reddy et.al., 2008, 2009), Godavari (Naidu, 1969; Dora, 1978), Krishna (Swamy, 1970;

Adinarayana, 1987; Ramesh and Subramanian, 1992), Penner (Seetharamaiah,1989), Cauvery

(Seralathan, 1979) and minor rivers of east cost of India viz. Nagavali and Vamsadhara

(Devavarma, 1987; Prabhakara Rao et al. 2001), Gadilam river basin (Rajamanickam and

Muthukrishnan, 1995) rivers. In the present study, the Errakalva river area are considered for

detailed grain- size parameters viz., mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and, their

Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast

of India

Karuna Karudu.T

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 281

inter-relationships have been scientifically worked out to decipher the nature of sediments and

environment of deposition.

Figure 1: Location map of Errakalva Raiver

Figure 2: Catchment area of Errakalva River


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



2. Method of study

Thirteen stations in the river basin have been visited whereupon forty surface sediment samples

were collected including river sediments (31), sediment bar (8) and channel bar (1) of the

Errakalva River (Figure1). Photos 1-6 represent Errakalva River. The surface sediment

samples have been subjected to size analysis (Carver, 1971) and grain size parameters were

calculated (Folk and Ward, 1957).About 150-200 grams of sample is taken in porcelain dish

and air dried, taking all possible care against contamination. Sandy samples are repeatedly

washed in distilled water for removal of salts and then air dried. After drying, a sub sample

weighing about 40-50 grams is obtained by coning and quartering, H2O2 and HCl were added

to remove organic matter and shell material in the sample and then dried. The sub sample is

subjected to sieving by ASTM test sieves of 8″ diameter with successive sieves spaced at ½ Φ

interval. The grain size data obtained was used to determine the Grain size parameters(G-Stat

software, Dinesh, 2009). Frequency curves, scatter plots and CM diagram were drawn and the

data analyzed.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



3. Results and discussion

The results of the grain size analysis carried out consists of grain size parameters and granule,

sand, silt, clay ratios of river sediments and sediment bar which is detailed in Table.1 and

Table.2 respectively. Range and average values of grain size parameters are presented in

Table.3. There is no observable variations of grain size parameters viz. mean size, standard

deviation, skewness and kurtosis from upstream to downstream of Errakalva Riveralong the

profile as shown in Figure.3.

3. Grain size parameters of river sediments

3.1 Mean size

The graphic mean size is the average size of the sediments represented by Φ mean size and

mainly is an index of energy conditions.The mean grain size of the Errakalva river sediments

vary from granule to medium sand (-0.55 to 1.88 Φ). The variations in Φ mean size reveals

the differential energy conditions resulting their deposition.Most of the sediments are coarse

sand to medium sand. The sediment samples from E 7, E 8 show granule size which is a special

case because the Errakalva river pass through the Gollapalli sandstone at Mangapeddipalem

and Pongidigudem canal road. At Kavuluru (E16), river sediments are medium sands having

mean size 1.88Φ compared to other stations,due to the ErrakalvaRiver crossing the

Raghavapuram shale. The range of mean (i.e., medium to coarse) and poor sorting indicate

only proximity to source and hence limited transport of sediments (Joseph, et.al., 1997).The

variation in mean size is a reflection of the changes in energy condition of the depositing media

and indicates average kinetic energy of the depositing agent (Sahu, 1964).

Table 1: Grain size parameters of Errakalva River sediments

Station.

Nos

Sample

No. Mean Sd Skewness Kurtosis

1 E1 0.71 1.16 -0.29 1.59

3 E3 0.70 0.57 -0.02 1.18

E4 1.31 0.70 0.17 1.33

4

E5 0.80 0.62 -0.19 1.47

E6 1.45 0.99 0.20 1.03

E7 -0.21 1.73 0.39 0.55

5

E8 -0.55 1.23 -0.02 0.66

E9 0.06 1.22 -0.25 0.92

6

E11 0.73 0.69 0.01 1.18

E12 0.85 0.84 -0.18 1.52

E13 1.12 0.74 0.03 1.15

7

E14 0.66 1.29 -0.24 1.24

E15 0.54 1.25 -0.39 1.31

E16 1.88 0.82 0.14 0.89

8 E17 0.52 0.98 -0.07 1.50

9 E18 0.92 1.02 -0.35 2.51


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



E19 0.85 1.26 -0.42 1.70

E20 1.60 0.74 0.01 1.52

10

E22 1.38 0.86 -0.03 1.15

E23 0.72 1.64 -0.14 0.89

E24 0.74 1.56 -0.29 0.98

11

E25 1.37 0.69 0.10 1.17

E26 1.06 0.56 0.03 1.23

E27 1.43 0.66 0.22 1.26

12

E28 0.81 0.52 -0.06 1.11

E29 0.44 0.99 -0.12 1.08

E30 1.44 0.68 0.05 1.20

13

E31 0.86 0.52 -0.09 1.13

E32 0.93 0.54 -0.13 1.19

E33 1.22 0.54 0.14 1.31

Table 2: Grain size parameters of sediment bar and channel bar of Errakalva River

sediments.

Station.

nos

Sample

no. Mean SD Skewness Kurtosis

9

E34 SB1 1.593 0.498 0.338 1.193

E35 SB2 1.595 0.497 0.344 1.173

E36 SB3 1.607 0.697 0.284 1.204

E37 SB4 1.977 0.481 0.126 1.068

E38 SB5 1.669 0.673 0.38 1.439

E39 SB6 1.745 0.506 0.269 1.041

E40 SB7 2.136 0.563 -0.029 1.054

E21 SB 1.17 0.527 0.025 1.473

5 E10 CB 0.331 0.928 -0.105 1.062

Table 3: Range and average values of grain size parameters of Errakalva River sediments

River Name /

Environment

Mean Size

(φ)

Standard

Deviation Skewness Kurtosis

Errakalva

River

Min -0.55 0.52 -0.42 0.55

Max 1.88 1.73 0.39 2.51

Av. 0.88 0.92 -0.06 1.23


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



Sediment Bar

Min 1.593 0.481 -0.029 1.041

Max 2.136 0.697 0.38 1.439

Av. 1.760 0.555 0.244 1.167

Figure 3: Grain size parameters variations from upstream to downstream of Errakalva river

sediments

3.2 Standard deviation

The graphic Standard deviation indicates the difference in kinetic energy associated with mode

of deposition or uniformity of particle size distribution. It is an important parameter in sediment

analysis because it reflects the energy conditions of depositional environment but it does not

necessarily measure the degree to which the sediment has been mixed (Spencer, 1963). The

standard deviation of the Errakalva river sediments vary frommoderately sorted to poorly

sorted (0.52 to 1.73Φ). The river sediments show coarse sand and poorly sorted nature in the

stations no’s E1, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15,18,19,23 and 24.The variations in the sorting values are likely

due to continuous addition of finer/coarser materials in varying proportions.

3.3 Skewness

The graphic Skewness measures the symmetrical distribution, i.e. predominance of coarse or

fine-sediments.The negative value denotes coarser material in coarser-tail i.e., coarse skewed,

whereas, the positive value represents more fine material in the fine tail i.e., fine-skewed.The

skewness of the river sediments are very coarsely skewed to very finely skewed (-0.42 to

0.39Φ). The river sediments are coarse sand, poorly sorted with very coarse to coarsely skewed

are shown from station no’s E 1,7,8,9,14,15,18,19,23 and 24. The other stations show coarse

to medium sand, moderately sorted, coarsely to finely skewed.Very finely skewed to finely

skewed sediments generally imply the introduction of fine material and very finely skewed

nature of sediments indicates excessive riverine input

3.4 Kurtosis

The graphic kurtosis is a quantitative measure used to describe the departure from normality of

distribution. It is a ratio between the sorting in ‘tails’ and central portion of the curve.If the tails

Sampe numbers (From Upstream to downstream)

MzSDSkKg


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



are better sorted than the central portion, then it is termed as leptokurtic, whereas, it is

platykurtic in opposite case, or mesokurtic if sorting is uniform both in tails and central portion.

The kurtosis of the river sediments are very platykurtic to very leptokurtic in nature (0.55 to

2.51Φ). The station no’s. E7 and E8 sediment samples show very platykurtic with granule

grain size, poorly sorted nature.Friedman (1962) suggested that extreme high or low values of

kurtosis imply that part of the sediment achieved its sorting elsewhere in a high energy

environment. The variation in the kurtosis values is a reflection of the flow characteristics of

the depositing medium (Seralathan and Padmalal, 1994; Baruah et.al., 1997).

3.5 Grain size parametersof Sediment bar and Channel bar

The sedimentsfrom sediment bar, range in mean size from medium to fine sands (1.59- 2.13Φ,

av.1.76Φ); well sorted to moderately well sorted (0.48 – 0.69); symmetrical to very fine skewed

(-0.029 – 0.38); mesokurtic to leptokurtic (1.04 – 1.43). While, the channel bar sedimentsare

having mean size of coarse sand (0.33Φ),moderately sorted (0.93),coarselyskewed (-0.105) and

mesokurtic (1.062)in nature.Positive skewnessof sediments indicate the deposition of the

sediments in sheltered low energy, whereas negative skewness of the sediments indicate

deposition at high energy environments (Reddy et al., 2008).

3.5 Frequency distribution curves

The frequency distribution curves (FDC) are used to describe the nature of sediments and

exhibit the pictorial representation of weight percentage of different fractions of sediments.

The sediments from station Nos. E1 – E6 (Figure 4a) show medium sand (1.5 Φ) and are of

unimodal nature. The sediments from station Nos. E7 - E17 (Figure 4b and 4c) show Bimodal

nature, their FDC show that the first peak is situated around (-1Φ) indicating very coarse sand,

while the second prominent peak is around (1 Φ) indicating coarse sand. Station Nos. E18 -

E33 (Figure 4d, 4e and 4f) are river sediments showing unimodal nature and most of the

samples are medium sands (1.5 Φ). In the sediment bar FDC (Figure 5) shows medium sand

(1.5 –2 Φ) and unimodal nature while, the channel bar FDC(Figure 6) shows coarse sand (1 Φ)

and unimodal nature. Most of the sediments in the Errakalva Riverare of unimodal nature with

very coarse to medium sand.

3.6 Scatter Plots

Scatter plots between certain parameters are also helpful to interpret the energy conditions,

medium of transportation, mode of deposition etc. Passega (1957),Visher(1969), Folk and

Ward (1957) and others described that these trends and interrelationship exhibited in the scatter

plots might indicate the mode of deposition and in turn aid in identifying the

environments.Scatter plots are useful for understanding the geological significance of the grain

size parameters. Inman (1949) and Griffiths (1951) are the earliest workers to notice in their

experiments, the physical relationship between median diameter, standard deviation and

skewness measures. Folk and Ward (1957), Mason and Folk (1958),Friedman (1961, 1967),

Moiola and Weiser (1968) have used the values of graphic mean, inclusive graphic standard

deviation, graphic skewness and graphic kurtosis etc., to demarcate the fields of beach, river

and dune sands.Scatter plots viz. mean size vs. standard deviation, mean vs. skewness and

standard deviation vs. skewness were drawn to understand the relationship between different

size parameters.An attempt has been made here to utilize these scatterplots in the Errakalva

river sediments.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



Figure 4: Frequency distribution curves of Errakalva River Sediments.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



Figure 5: Frequency distribution curves of sediment Bar of ErrakalvaRiver

Figure 6: Frequency distribution curves of Channel Bar of Errakalva River

4. Mean size Vs. Standard deviation

The scatter plot between mean size and standard deviation in Figure 7 clearly brings out that

sorting increase with decrease in the size of the sediments from very coarse sand to medium

sand. Similar observations are also reported by Reddy et.al., (2008) in sandy sediments of

Mahanadi River.

Figure 7: Scatter plot between mean size and standard deviation of Errakalva river

sediments.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-2

-1.5 -1

-0.5 0

0.5 1

1.5 2

2.5 3

3.5 4

4.5

Weig

ht

(%)

Mean Size (φ)

E34

SB1

E35

SB2E36

SB3

E37

SB4E38

SB5E39

SB6E40

SB7

0

5

10

15

20

25

-2 -

1.5

-1 -

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Wei

ght

(%)

Mean Size (φ)

E1…

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

Sta

nd

ard

Dev

iati

on

Mean Size


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



4.1 Mean size Vs. Skewness

The plot between mean size and skewness (Figure 8) shows the increase in grain size from

medium sand to very coarse sand with positive to negative skewness. The sediments of

negative skewness occur in high energy environments while, sediments with positive skewness

lie in low energy environments.

4.2 Standard deviation Vs. Skewness

The plot between standard deviation and skewness (Figure 9) shows moderately well sorted

sediments are positively skewed whereas the poorly sorted sediments are negatively skewed

with decrease in sorting.The interrelationship between sorting and skewness (Figure 10) shows

the concentration of points in the river sector of the plot as proposed by Friedman (1967).

Figure 8: Scatter plot between mean size and skewness of Errakalva river sediments.

Figure 9: Scatter plot between standard deviation and skewness of Errakalva river sediments.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



Figure 10: The plot between standard deviation and skewness of Errakalva river sediments.

4.3 C M diagram

The CM pattern of the sedimentary environment are means of analyzing transportation

mechanism, depositional environment with respect to size, range and energy level of

transportation and also is the determining process and characteristic agents that are responsible

for the formation of clastic deposits. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify

the modes of deposition of the sediments of the Errakalva river by CM patterns. The present

interpretation is based on Passega (1957, 1964) and Passega and Byramjee (1969). Passega

(1957) interpreted the distinct patterns of CM plots in terms of different modes of transportation

by plotting coarsest first percentile grain size (C) and the median size (M) of sediment samples

on a double log paper, Visher (1969) explained the log normal sub populations within the total

grain size distribution curve as representing suspension, saltation and surface creep or rolling

modes of transportational mechanisms. The relation between C and M is the effect of sorting

by bottom turbulence. The good correlation between C determined by only one percent by

weight of the sample and M, which represents grain size as a whole, shows the precision of the

control of sedimentation by bottom turbulence. The CM plot (Figures11-12) shows that most

of the samples formed by two different depositional conditions. This field represents the most

of tractive current deposition and these sediments are deposited by bottom suspension and

rolling in river sediments. While the sediments of sediment bar (Figures13-14) show bottom

suspension and rolling where as channel bar sediments show depositions by rolling mechanism.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



Figure 11: The basic CM pattern of Errakalva river sediments

Figure 12: The tractive current of CM Pattern of ErrakalvaRiver sediments


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



Figure 13: Sediment bar The Basic CM Pattern of sediment bar of Errakalva River.

Figure 14: The tractive current of CM Pattern of sediment bar of ErrakalvaRiver.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



5. Summary and conclusions

The various plots discussed above suggest that the river sediment is mixed with fine grained

sediments which is evident from the positive skewness. This is in turn an indication that the

river is seasonal and only flows during flood leaving its fine grained sediments unwashed in

each flow cycle. Also some ambiguities are observable in the plots above which indicates the

mixing of variously grained sediments by associated drainage channels joining the mainstream

of Errakalva river. It is due to the fact that the channels joining the main stream have their

origin in the near vicinity of their confluence with the Errakalva. It is therefore the coarser

sediments are appearing in the graph showing rather gradational pattern of sediments so

analyzed along the river profile. The most important conclusions are

1. The textural parameters indicate that the Errakalva river sediments are of granule to

medium sand; moderately sorted to poorly sorted; very coarsely skewed to very finely

skewed; very platykurtic to very leptokurtic in nature.The sediment bar sediments range

in size from medium to fine sands (1.59- 2.13 Φ, av.1.76 Φ); well sorted to moderately

well sorted (0.48 – 0.69); symmetrical to very fine skewed (-0.029 – 0.38); mesokurtic

to leptokurtic (1.04 – 1.43).

2. The river sediments are deposited under high to low energy conditions with dominant

bottom suspension and rolling mechanisms. The sedimentsfrom sediment bar are

deposited under sheltered, low energy conditions while the channel bar sediments

deposited under high energy conditions. The variations in mean size indicate

differential energy conditions at different locations. Whereas, the variationsin sorting

values indicate continuous addition of finer to coarser material in varying proportions

at different locations.

3. Frequency Distribution Curves (FDC) clearly suggest that the river sediments are

unimodal and composed of mainly medium sand. While, the sediments which are

bimodal are composed mainly of very coarse sand. The sediment bar shows medium

sand and channel bar shows coarse sand with unimodal nature in both the cases.

4. The CM plot of river sediment samples indicates two different depositional conditions,

viz. bottom suspension and rolling. While the sediments from sediment bar show

bottom suspension and rolling and channel bar sediments show depositions by rolling.

6. References

1. Adinarayana, K.V. (1987). Studies on some sedimentological aspects of modern

sediments of the Krishna River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam.

2. Baruah, J., Kotoky. P., and Sarma, J.N., (1997). Textural and Geochemical study on

river sediments: A case study on the Jhanji River, Assam. Journal Indian Association

Sedimentologists, 16 (2), pp195-206.

3. Carver, R.W. (1971). Procedures in sedimentary petrology. John wiles, Newyork, 458p.

4. Dinesh, A.C. (2009). G-Stat- A Software in VB6 for Grain size Statistical Analyses,

CM Diagrams, Trend Diagrams, etc. designed and developed by A.C. Dinesh,

Geologist, Marine wing, GSI, Mangalore.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



5. Dora, Y.L. (1978). Certain aspects of provenance and sedimentation of the modern

sediments of the Godavari River and the Vasishta Godavari distributary, India. Ph.D.

Thesis. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (Unpublished).

6. Deva varma, D. (1987). Textural, mineralogical and geochemical studies of

Vamsadhara River of East coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Andhra University

(Unpublished).

7. Folk, R.L. and Ward, W. (1957). Brazos River Bar: a study in the significance of grain-

size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27 (1), pp3-26.

8. Friedman, G.M. (1961). Distinction between dune, beach and river sands from textural

characters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 31(4), pp 514-529.

9. Friedman, G.M. (1967). Dynamic processes and statistical parameters compared for

size frequency distribution of beach and river sands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,

37 (2), pp 327-354.

10. Friedman, G.M. (1962). On sorting, sorting coefficients and the log normality of the

grain- size distributions of sandstones. The Journal of Geology,70 (6), pp737-753.

11. Griffiths, J.C. (1951). Size versus sorting in some Caribbean sediments. The Journal of

Geology, 59 (3), pp 211-243.

12. Inman, D.L. (1949). Sorting of sediments in the light of fluid mechanics. Journal of

Sedimentary Petrology, 19 (2), pp 51-70.

13. Joseph, S, Thrivikramaji, K.P. and Anirudhan, S. (1997). Textural parameters,

discriminant analysis and depositional environments of the Teri sands, Southern Tamil

Nadu. Journal of Geological Society of India, 50 (3), pp323-329.

14. Mason, C.C. and Folk, R.L. (1958). Differentiation of beach dune, and aeolian flat

environemts by size analysis. Mustang Island, Texas, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,

28 (2), pp211-226.

15. Moiola, R.J. and Weiser, D. (1968). Textural parameters: An Evaluation. Journal

Sedimentary Petrology, 38 (1), pp45-53.

16. Naidu, A.S. (1969). Texture of modern deltaic sediments of Godavari River (India).

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 53 (3), pp733-734.

17. Passega, R., (1957). Texture as a characteristic of clastic deposition. American

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 41 (9), pp1952-1984.

18. Passega, R., (1964). Grain size representation by CM patterns as a Geological tool.

Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 34(4), pp 830-847.

19. Passega, R. and Byramjee, R., (1969). Grain size image of clastic deposit.

Sedimentology, 13 (3-4), pp 233-252.


of India

Karuna Karudu.T



20. Prabhakara Rao, A., Anil Kumar, V., Yugandhara Rao, A., Ravi, G.S. and Krishnan, S.

(2001). Grain size parameters in the interpretation of depositional environments of

coastal sediments between Bendi Creek and Vamsadhara River, east coast of India.

Journal Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 20 (1), pp109-116.

21. Rajasekhara Reddy, D., Karuna Karudu, T., and Deva Varma, D.,(2008). Textural

characteristics of southwestern part of Mahanadi Delta, East Coast of India. Journal of

Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 27 (1), pp111-121.

22. Rajamanickam, G.V. and Muthukrishnan, N. (1995). Grain size distribution in the

Gadilam river basin, northern Tamil Nadu. Journal of Indian Association of

Sedimentologists, 14 (1&2), pp55-66.

23. Rajasekhara Reddy, D., Karuna Karudu, T., and Deva Varma, D. (2009). Textural

Characteristics and Heavy Mineral Distribution in the Sediments of Kathjodi-Debi

River, Mahanadi Delta, East Coast of India. Journal of Indian Association of

Sedimentologists, 28(1), pp17-30.

24. Ramesh, R, and Subramanian, V., (1992). Textural characteristics of the Krishna River

sediments, India. GeoJournal, 28(4), pp449-455.

25. Rengamanner, V. and Pardhan, P.K. (1991). Geomorphology and evolution of

Godavari delta. Memoirs Geological Society of India, 22, pp51-56.

26. Satyanarayana, K. (1973). Studies on some aspects of the modern deltaic sediments of

the Mahanadi River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

(Unpublished).

27. Sahu, B.K. (1964). Depositional mechanism from the size analysis of clastic sediments.

Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 34 (1), pp73-83.

28. Seetharamaiah, J. (1989). Studies on Modern Deltaic Sediments of the Penner River,

East Coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Andhra University, Waltair

(Unpublished).

29. Seralathan, P. (1979). Studies on texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the modern

deltaic sediments of the Cauvery River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam (Unpublished).

30. Seralathan, P., and Padmalal, D., (1994). Textural studies of surficial sediments of

Muvattupvzha river and central vembanad estuary, Kerala. Journal of Geological

Society of India, 43 (2), pp179-190.

31. Spencer, D.W. (1963). The interpretation of grain size distribution curves of clastic

sediments, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 33(1), pp180-190.

32. Swamy, A.S.R. (1970). Studies on some aspects of the modern deltaic sediments of the

Krishna River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (Unpublished).

Studies on textural characteristics of Erra Kalva River ... · Karuna Karudu.T1,Jagannadha Rao.M 1,...

Documents

Transcript of Studies on textural characteristics of Erra Kalva River ... · Karuna Karudu.T1,Jagannadha Rao.M 1,...