Students and Sustainable Food - Dalhousie University · Students and Sustainable Food Sustainable...
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Students and Sustainable Food Sustainable Food. Retrieved from http://www.simplebites.net/10-tips-for-sustainable-eating/ Final Report April 11, 2014 ENVS/SUST 3502: Campus as a Living Laboratory Dr. Hendricus A. Van Wilgenburg Mentor: Jessica Ellis Kari Jones Community Design and Sustainability Breaghn Cameron Environmental Science and Ecology Miriam Karrel Social Anthropology and Sustainability Bocheng Xu Environmental Science and Economics Victoria Desjardins Earth Sciences and Sustainability
Transcript of Students and Sustainable Food - Dalhousie University · Students and Sustainable Food Sustainable...
Students and Sustainable Food
Sustainable Food. Retrieved from http://www.simplebites.net/10-tips-for-sustainable-eating/
Final Report April 11, 2014
ENVS/SUST 3502: Campus as a Living Laboratory Dr. Hendricus A. Van Wilgenburg Mentor: Jessica Ellis
Kari Jones Community Design and Sustainability
Breaghn Cameron Environmental Science and Ecology Miriam Karrel Social Anthropology and Sustainability
Bocheng Xu Environmental Science and Economics Victoria Desjardins Earth Sciences and Sustainability
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Executive Summary: ! This!study!was!undertaken!to!understand!whether!or!not!Dalhousie!students!care!about!organic!food!and!where!their!food!is!sourced.!In!addition!we!wanted!to!find!out!how!much,!if!any,!of!these!products!they!are!purchasing,!as!well!as!if!the!amount!that!they!buy!is!affected!by!the!price!of!the!food!or!their!income.! ! The! literature! found! that! there! is!widespread!concern!among!students!about! food!available!on!campuses,!as!well!as!support!for!local!and!organic!food!more!generally.!It!also!found!that!people's!willingness!to!purchase!organic!and/or!local!food!is!negatively!affected!by!the!price.!! ! We! conducted! a! 22! question! survey! of! Dalhousie! students! on! the! website! Kwik!Survey.!125!students!responded,!of!which!110!were!fully!completed.!The!limitations!of!our!study!was! the! amount!of! time!available! to!have! the! survey! live,! as!well! as! the!variety!of!people!from!different!faculties!that!we!were!able!to!send!the!survey!to.!!!Results:!!
• When! asked! if! they! care! about! where! food! services! sources! their! food! 65%! of!respondents!either!agreed!or!strongly!agreed.!
• There!was!no! correlation!between!average!annual! income!and!how!much!organic!and/or!local!food!the!respondents!purchased.!
• Location!and!price!do!affect!what!kind!of!food!the!respondents!buy.!
• Despite!this!86%!of!respondents!purchase!organic!and/or!local!food!as!at!least!25%!of!their!overall!food.!
• We! were! unable! to! draw! any! connections! between! faculty! and! whether! they!purchase!these!products.!
• We!also!had!a!low!response!from!students!who!live!on!campus.!!! The!implications!of!this!study!is!that!students!do!care!about!what!kind!of!food!they!buy!and!where!it!is!sourced.!It!also!shows!that!students!are!purchasing!these!food!despite!the!cost,!and!therefore!it!would!be!wise!for!Food!Services!to!look!into!making!more!of!these!products!available!on! campus.! It! also! found! that! students!purchase!more! local! food! than!organic,! so! it! is!more! important! that!Food!Services!purchase! food! from!Nova!Scotia! than!anything!else.!!!
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Table of Contents: Executive!Summary!1.!Introduction!……………………………………………………………………………………………………………04!! 1.1!Rationale!……………………………………………………………………………………………………04!! 1.2!Research!Problem!Hypothesis!……………………………………………….…………………....05!! 1.3!Scope!………………………………………………………………………………………….……………...05!2.!Background!and!Literature!Review!…………………………………………...……………………………..05!! 2.1!EcoWfriendly!attitudes!…………………………………………………………………..……………..05!! 2.2!Local!and!organic!food!demand!on!university!campuses!……………………………....06!! 2.3!The!financials!of!local!and!organic!food!………………………………………………………..07!! 2.4!Dalhousie!University’s!sustainable!contribution!………………………………………..…07!! 2.5!Our!project!…………………………………………………………………………………………………08!3.!Research!Methods!…………………………………………………………………………....................................08!! 3.1!Description!of!Study!Design…………………………………………………………………………08!
3.2!Justification!for!measurement!choices!…………………………………………………...........09!3.3Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………………………..10!! 3.3.1!Literature!Review……………………………………………..........................................10!
! ! 3.3.2!Survey!Construction…………………………………………………………...................10!! ! 3.3.3!Data!Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………11!
3.4!Limitations!and!Delimitations……………………………………………………………………...12!4.!Results…………………………………………………………………………………….............................................12!5.!Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15!
5.1!Summary!of!Research!Question!and!Purpose……………………………………………….15!! 5.2!Significant!Findings…………………………………………………………………………………….16!! 5.3!Consideration!of!the!Findings!in!light!of!Existing!Research!Studies……………....16!! 5.4!Implications!of!Research…………………………………………………………………………….17!! 5.5!Findings!that!Failed!to!Support!Hypothesis…………………………………………………17!6.!Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………............................18!! 6.1!Recommendations!for!Action……………………………………………………………………...18!! 6.2!Recommendations!for!Further!Research……………………………………………………..18!! 6.3!Major!Contribution!of!the!Study………………………………………………………………….18!7.!Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………........................19!8.!References…………………………………………………………………………………………............................20!9.!Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22!
9.1!Preliminary!Proposal…………………………………………………………………………………22!! 9.2!Survey………………………………………………………………………………………………………36!
9.3!Ethics!review…………………………………………………………………………………………….39!!
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1. Introduction !
The! overarching! theme! of! this! project! is! based! on! the! Greening! of! Dalhousie!Campuses!across!Halifax!and!Truro.!This!project!aims!to!look!at!the!relationship!between!students! concerns! about! local! and!organic! food! and! their! accessibility! to! such! food.!This!study! will! be! a! preliminary! look! into! possible! connections! between! students,!demographics,! income! and! local/organic! food.! The! project! is! intended! to! provide!information!on!these!topics!in!hopes!of!increasing!the!availability!and!student!purchase!of!local! and! organic! food! on! campus.! This! project!will! look! at! a! small! sample! of! Dalhousie!students!and!compare!and!contrast!to!existing!literature!on!similar!studies.!!
!1.1 Rationale !!!!!!!!!! The!primary!objective!of! this!study! is! to!understand!what!student's!opinions!are!regarding! local! and! organic! food,! and! to! decide! whether! students! would! support! food!services! using! more! local! and/or! organic! foods! on! campus.! In! this! study! we! consider!temporal,!geographic,!and!conceptual!factors!throughout!this!study.!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! This! topic! is! important! because! it! can! help! to! gain! a! better! understanding! of!student! preferences! and! determine! how! certain! factors,! demographic! or! accessibilityWrelated,! compare! with! student! opinions.! This! can! provide! insight! to! the! potential!differences!between!perceived!preferences!and!actual!behaviour.!The! study! can! further!be!used!to!assess!the!adequacy!of!current!onWcampus!food!services,!and!determine!where!improvements!are!most!necessary!or!desired.!It!will!provide!Food!Services!with!a!better!guide!on!where! to!effectively!and!efficiently! invest! resources! for!optimal! reception!and!utilization!of!said!services!by!the!student!population.!!!!!!!!!!!! This!research!will!provide!important!insight!to!student!values!with!respect!to!food!and! their! opinions! regarding!onWcampus! food! services.! In! this! study!we!aim! to!observe!how!much!of!a!role!the!cost!of! food!plays,!as!well!as!the! influence!of!proximity! from!an!individual's! residence! to! a! "suitable"! food! vendor.!We! anticipated! differences! between!responses!from!students!of!different!faculties!and!programs.!For!example,!we!expected!to!see!more! respondents! from! sustainability! or! environmental! programs! in! favor! of! local!and!organic!food.!!!!!!!!!!!! This!study!will!contribute!to!the!greening!of!Dalhousie!campuses!by!demonstrating!that!students!have!a!preference!for!sustainably!sourced!foods,!thus!serving!as!a!motivation!for!positive!changes!to!onWcampus!food!services.!Such!changes!could!include!facilitation!of!expanding! the! accessibility! of! services! such! as! the! weekly! farmer's! market! held! in! the!
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Student!Union!Building.!We!ultimately! hope! that! this! study!will! help! identify! barriers! in!“greenWeating”!habits! for! students! and! serve!as! a! catalyst! for! the!greening!of!Dalhousie's!onWcampus!food!services.!!!1.2 Research Problem !
How!much!do!students!at!Dalhousie!University!care!about!local!and!organic!food?!To! what! extent! is! their! willingness! to! purchase! it! based! on! accessibility1! and/or!demographics2?!!!1.3 Scope !
This! study! will! collect! information! surrounding! the! food! purchasing! habits! of!students! at! Dalhousie! University! to! examine! the! importance! of! organic! and! local! food!availability!on!the!Dalhousie!campus.!The!results!of!the!study!will!compare!student!attitude!on! food! choices! and! determine! whether! the! annual! income! of! students! has! a! direct!correlation!with!the!food!they!purchase.!
!Dalhousie!University's!Food!Services!Department!can!apply!the!general!information!
provided!on!previous!work,!and!the!specific!student!demographic!information!provided!in!this!study!to!customize!the!availability!of!organic!and!local!food!on!the!university!campus.!!2. Background and Literature Review !
Consumption!of!local!and!organic!food!in!Western!societies!has!grown!in!popularity!for! various! reasons,! including! health! benefits,! sustainable! choices! and! environmental!responsibility! (Little,! 2010).! While! there! are! various! individual! interpretations! of! the!definition! of! organic! and! local! food,! the! overall! idea! remains! the! same:! they! are! more!environmentally!sustainable!(Seyfang,!2006).!
! 2.1 Eco-friendly attitudes !! Literature! using! the! Theory! of! Planned! Behavior! (TPB)! framework! has! explained!reasons!behind!our!actions!(as!a!society)!in!relation!to!purchasing!more!sustainable!foods.!These! factors!are! influences!such!as:!attitude! towards!organic!and! local! foods;!subjective! 1 Accessibility!is!defined!for!this!project!as!cost!and!geographical!proximity!to!suitable!food!vendors!2 Demographic!refers!to!factors!such!as!provenance,!faculty/program!of!student,!2 Demographic!refers!to!factors!such!as!provenance,!faculty/program!of!student,!personal!income/budget,!etc!
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norms!and!social!pressures!to!engage!in!certain!behaviors!(e.g.!whether!to!buy!sustainable!food);! or! perceived! behavioral! control,! which! relates! to! the! financial! aspects! of! buying!organic! and/or! local! food! (Ruiz! de!Maya! et! al.,! 2011).! The! application! of! the! Theory! of!Planned! Behavior! framework! is! useful! in! examining! sustainable! food! consumption! as! a!large!society,!but! is!also!applicable! to!smaller,!more!specific!groups!(such!as!a!university!student!population).!!
Students! have! demonstrated! notable! interest! and! concern! in! the! types! of! food!available!on!their!campus!and!the!type!of!vendor!the!food!is!coming!from!(Barlett,!2011).!Significant!studies!in!this!area!have!examined!whether!student!awareness!and!attitude!on!organic! food! relates! to! their! food! consumption,! and! how! they! feel! about! having! organic!options!available!to!them!on!campus!(Dahm!et!al.,!2009).!Results!published!from!Dahm!et!al.! showed! that! attitude! directly! correlates! with! consumption! choices! and! students! felt!positive!about!having!organic!options!available!on!campus.! 2.2 Local and organic food demand on university campuses !
Previous!articles!have!examined!the!general!relationship!between!student!demand!of!organic!food!and!its!availability!on!university!campuses.!An!article!by!Klassen!et!al.!on!planning! food! services! on! university! campuses! highlighted! the! correlation! between! food!services! and! quality! of! life! on! campus! (2005).! The! authors! claim! that! students! have! an!overall!dissatisfaction!with!the!food!available!on!campus!for!reasons!such!as!poor!selection!and!limited!healthy!options.!Related!surveys!have!shown!a!demand!for!increased!emphasis!on! the! use! of! local! food! on! university! campuses! (Arias,! 2009);! and! in! response,! some!universities!(such!as!the!University!of!Wisconsin!at!Madison)!are!introducing!more!organic!and!locally!grown!produce!on!their!menus!(Klassen!et!al.,!2005).!
!A! few! colleges! in! the! United! States! of! America,! including! Yale,! are! even! creating!
organic!miniWfarms!on!or!near! campus.!Produce! from! the!Yale!Farm! is!present!at! special!events!on!campus!and!is!sold!weekly!at!the!New!Haven!Farmer's!Market.!Yale!Farm!is!run!by!the!Yale!Sustainable!Food!Project;!a!university!group!made!up!of!students,!faculty!and!staff.!Their!goal! is! for!Yale!to!serve!100%!sustainable!and!organic!food,!and!progress!has!been! rapid.! Five! years! ago,! the!university! served! almost!no!organic! food;! and! four! years!ago,!Yale!began!serving!some!organic!food!in!one!of!the!dining!halls.!By!last!year,!organic!entrees!were!offered!at!least!once!daily!at!all!dining!halls!and!as!of!2007,!there!were!two!organic!meals!offered!daily!(Liu,!2007).!
!The!collective!action!and!demands!from!students!has!brought!more!sustainable!food!
and!food!practices!to!their!campuses;!additionally,!student!actions!have!prevented!vendors!
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that! sell! less! sustainable! food! from! opening! on! campus.! Students! have! protested!universities!that!have!tried!to!allow!the!opening!of!fastWfood!chains!on!campus!(as!was!the!case!at!Berkley,!when!a!Panda!Express!was!proposed!to!open).!Many!colleges! in! the!USA!are!reworking!policies!on!how!their!food!services!obtain!food!for!the!cafeterias!and!meal!halls,!and!some!colleges!are!devoting!a!certain!percentage!of!their!food!budgets!to!buying!from!local!farms!or!producers!(Arias,!2009).!!!2.3 The financials of local and organic food !
While!ecoWfriendly!attitudes!influence!ideas!of!the!types!of!food!we!ought!to!buy,!a!person's! financial! situation! dictates! whether! these! ideas! are! possible.! Generally,! buying!organic!and/or!local!food!means!a!higher!financial!cost!at!the!point!of!sale,!which!can!lead!to! an! inconsistency! in! the! correlation! between! attitude! and! consumption.! A! survey!conducted!by!Ruiz!de!Maya!et!al.!(2011)!found!that!almost!90%!of!consumers!in!the!USA!would! buy! organic! products! if! they!were! the! same! price! as! inorganic! products! (Ruiz! de!Maya! et! al.,! 2011).! The! dilemma!of!wanting! to! buy! food! that! is! local! and/or! organic! but!being!unable!to!afford!the!higher!cost!is!an!issue!that!is!of!particular!significance!to!those!with!lower!incomes!–!in!the!case!of!this!study,!students.!
!The!study!from!Dahm!et!al.!showed!that!taste!and!price!held!an!additional!influence!
over!consumption!choices!(2009).!The!price!associated!with!purchasing!organic! food!can!be! so! high! that! only! people! earning! highWincomes! are! able! to! do! so! (Sangkumchaliang,!2010).!Most!students!are!not!willing!or!able!to!pay!the!premium!for!organic!and/or!local!goods,!but!they!would!buy!them!if!the!foods!were!sold!at!more!affordable!prices.!Some!of!the!other!reasons!for!not!purchasing!organic!and/or!local!foods!are:!lack!of!availability!and!interest,!doubts!about!organic!origin,!poor!taste!and!appearance!(Sangkumchaliang,!2010).!
!!2.4 Dalhousie University’s sustainable contribution !!!!!!!!!! Dalhousie!Food!Services!offers!a!variety!of!food!options!on!campus!that!vary!from!large! franchises! to! smaller,! local! options.! Their! mission! is! to! provide“high! quality,! well!balanced,!nutritious!food!options!for!students,!faculty,!staff!and!guests”which!includes!food!that!is!from!“close!to!home”!and!sustainable!(Dalhousie!University).!!!!!!!!!!! Dalhousie! Food!Services!has! a! variety! of! sustainable! initiatives! they! take! to!make!the!university!campus!'greener'.!One!example!is!the!fish!that!they!offer,!which!is!harvested!sustainably!under! the!marine!stewardship!council.!Food!services! fulfills! their!sustainable!initiatives! by! following! Local! Produce! Purchasing! Programs! that! partner! and! promote!
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distributors! Canada! wide! and! create! seasonal! menus! to! reflect! the! growing! season.!Dalhousie! University! aims! to! buy! locally! produced! meat,! dairy! and! egg! products;!particularly! those! that! are! raised! under! freeWrange! and! organic! practices.! Dalhousie! has!also!implemented!their!new!program!DINE!(Dietary!Intolerances!&!Nearby!Eating)!@!Dal,!in!which!nearby!eating!includes!food!that!is!100%!local!ingredients!(defined!by!Dalhousie!Food!Services!as!produced!in!Atlantic!Canada)!or!food!that!contains!local!ingredients.!!!!!!!!!! !2.5 Our project !
The! current! literature! is! not! specific! to! Dalhousie! University.! In! addition,! while!studies!have! indicated!that!price!of!organic! food!has! influence!over!student!consumption!choices,! an! examination! of! student! consumption! has! not! been! studied! and! been! further!related!to!student!income.!Studies!have!discussed!student's!attitude!towards!organic!food!availability!on!campus,! and!surveys!conducted! in!previous! studies!have!divided!students!into!undergraduate!and!graduate!students,!while!also!including!faculty!and!staff.!This!study!focuses!exclusively!on!the!student!body!and!the!survey!separates!each!student!by!faculty!(e.g.!anthropology,!biology,!engineering,!etc),!to!further!determine!whether!there!is!a!high!correlation!between!the!faculty!a!student!belongs!to!and!their! food!purchasing!priorities.!Our!study!will!also!include!the!collection!of!postal!code!from!each!person!completing!the!survey! to! demonstrate! the! relative! distance! to! farmers'!markets! and! local! grocers! using!Global!Information!Systems!(GIS);!this!information!is!relevant!in!determining!the!average!distance!people!travel!to!buy!local/organic!food.!!!3. Research Methods: !! This! project! collected! data! from! a! range! of! current! Dalhousie! Students! regarding!their! concerns! and! opinions! on! local! and! organic! food! as! well! as! their! willingness! to!purchase! such! food.! The! survey! focused! on! several! factors! to! ultimately! find!recommendations!on!the!validity!of!serving!local!or!organic!food!on!campus.!The!data!was!used!to!find!trends!between!between!demographics,!student's!major,!income!and!the!types!of!foods!students!are!buying!and!eating.!!3.1 Description of Study Design !! This!project! investigated! the! thoughts! and! concerns! that!Dalhousie! Students!have!about! local! and! organic! food! and! their! willingness! to! travel! and! pay! for! such! food.! The!project! took! on! a! qualitative! and! a! quantitative! approach! for! investigating! the! research!problem!to! insure! the!results!of! the!data!collection!rendered!a! large!range!of!data! in! the!final!outcome.!Statistical!data!was!collected!from!a!variety!of!students!currently!attending!
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Dalhousie!University!based!on!their!choices!of!organic!and!local!food,!average!money!spent!on!such! food!and!potential!demographics!affecting! these!choices.!The!Survey!results!also!show!qualitative! findings! in! the!willingness! to! buy! local! or! organic! food,! and! feelings! or!concerns!regarding!the!source!of!their!food.!!!
The! research! tool! developed! to! collect! data!was! a! survey! that!was! created! on! an!online! survey!machine,! Kwik! Surveys.! The! proposed! sample! size! was! between! 100W150!depending!on!the!amount!of!time!the!survey!could!be!live!once!receiving!ethics!approval.!The! final! amount! of! surveys! completed! in! the! end! was! approximately! 125,! and! after!removing! a! few! that! were! not! fully! completed,! we! had! 111! surveys.! The! survey! was!distributed! by! advertising! the! online! link! to! the! survey! through! email! and! social!media,!such!as!Facebook!and!Twitter.!Distributed!the!surveys!online!made! it!possible! to!reach!a!larger! population! of! students! in! a! short! amount! of! time! to! allow! time! for! adequate! data!analysis.! The! link! was! distributed! to! a! variety! of! Dalhousie! students! from! the! Carleton,!Sexton!and!Studley!campuses!including!students!from!a!variety!of!majors!and!backgrounds.!The!faculty!was!selected,!but!the!population!within!the!population!was!chosen!at!random;!groups! of! individuals! in! the! population! are! represented! in! the! sample! (i.e.! faculty).! The!survey! was! crossWsectional! in! nature! in! that! the! survey! was! completed! only! once,! one!period!of!time,!rather!than!comparing!the!results!overWtime!.The!survey's!aim!was!to!collect!quantitative!data!of! trends,!attitudes,!and/or!opinions!of! the!sample! in!question.!The!key!elements!the!survey!aimed!to!collect!were:!
!! Income!information!! Employment!! Demographics!! Degree!major/faculty!! Where!students!get!food/eat!on!campus!! Whether!or!not!they!care!about!organic!and!local!food!! Do!students!worry!about!where!their!food!comes!from!!
!3.2 Justification for measurement choices !
The!sample!size!for!this!project!is!relatively!large!considering!the!time!frame!of!the!study;! therefore! it! is! more! effective! to! gather! qualitative! and! quantitative! data! through!surveys!to!address!a!larger!population!of!Dalhousie!students.!This!method!was!chosen!over!an!interview!to!cut!down!on!time,!expand!our!sample!size,!as!well!as!broaden!our!audience!(Kirby,!Greaves,!&!Reid,!2006).!The!survey!was!conducted! through!an!online!database! to!also!allow!for!a!large!variety!of!!respondents.!Using!the!internet!to!collect!data!provides!the!ability!to!access!groups!and!individuals!who!would!normally!be!difficult!to!reach!in!person!
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(Wright,!2005).!By!using!the!internet!we!were!able!to!reach!students!that!we,!as!a!group,!might!normally!not!have!access! too.! If!we!were! to!reach!out!and!distribute! the!survey! in!person!we!might! run! the! risk! of! only! sampling! students!with! similar! backgrounds,! thus!making!the!sample!not!as!diverse.!!
!Considering! the!nature! of! the! course,! “Campus! as! a! Living!Laboratory”,! the! group!
decided!it!was!more!environmentally!friendly!to!conduct!most!of!the!research!in!electronic!form.!The!use!of!online!surveys!negates!the!costs!associated!with!printing,!postage! ,!data!entry!and!travel!costs!associated!with!accessing!a!large!group!of!people!(Wright,!2005).!!!
!Conducting! interviews! for! this! project! would! have! been! an! excellent! way! to! find!
qualitative!data!regarding!the!topic.!Unfortunately,!considering!the!time!frame!of!the!study,!this!was!not!possible.!Even!through!online!interviews,!by!email!or!chat!forums,!it!can!take!a!lot!of!time!to!receive!enough!data!(Wright,!2005).!Also,!in!conducting!interviews!there!is!a!lot!of!qualitative!data!which!can!take!more!time!to!analyse!(Wright,!2005).!!
!3.3 Procedures !
3.3.1 Literature Review !The! first! step! in! study! was! to! conduct! some! research! on! similar! topics.! Smaller!
literature!reviews!were!completed!by!each!member!of!the!group!to!try!to!narrow!down!and!define!the!research!question.!Once!the!research!question!was!narrowed!down!to!focusing!on!willingness!to!buy!and!students!interest!in!sustainable!food!further!research!was!done!on!studies!with!similar!research!questions.!Literature!reviews!also!helped!in!creating!the!survey! by! offering! insight! on! good! questions! to! ask! to! render! applicable! results.! Some!research! was! also! conducted! on! how! to! construct! questions! in! a! way! that! it! allows! for!people!to!choose!the!most!applicable!answer.!!
!! 3.3.2 Survey Construction !
The!survey!was!constructed!by!creating!a!preliminary! list!of!questions! that!would!help! to! answer! the! research! question.! Initially! there! were! 25! questions! which! were!narrowed!down!to!22!questions!for!the!the!final!survey.! !The!questions!were!designed!to!give! us! the! most! information! possible! without! creating! a! lengthy! survey.! The! survey!allowed!us! to! collect!qualitative! information! such!as!whether!or!not! the! respondent!was!concerned! about! the! source! of! the! food.! The! survey! also! allowed!us! to! gain! quantitative!information!such!as!the!amount!of!sustainable!food!purchased.!!
!
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Once! the! final! survey! questions! were! drafted! they! were! submitted! for! ethics!approval.!Once!approved! they!were! slightly!edited!and!adjusted!based!on! the!professors!and!mentors!advice.!A!consent!form!was!then!drafted!to!allow!the!respondent!to!know!the!full!details!and!obligations!of!completing!the!survey,!which!was!posted!at!the!beginning!of!the!survey.!
!!The! survey! was! then! posted! to! an! online! survey! machine,! Kwik! Surveys,! and!
reviewed!by!each!group!member!for!any!flaws.!Once!everything!was!approved!the!survey!was!made!live!and!then!distributed!through!social!media!and!email.!! !
!3.3.3 Data Analysis
!Once! the! surveys! were! completed! from! the! desired! sample! size! the! data! was!
inputted!into!tables!and!graphs!to!analyse!the!results!and!reach!conclusions.!We!found!that!tables!and!graphs!were!the!most!effective!ways!to!view!and!see!trends!in!the!data.!Some!of!our! tables! and! graphs! were! created! through! the! online! survey! machine! for! individual!question! statistics.! From! there! the! group! began! to! compare! the! results! of! individual!questions.! The! tables!were!made!by! assigning! codes! to! individual! answers! and! graphing!them!on!a! x! and!y! axis.!The! tables!were! created!using!excel.!The! comparisons! that!were!most!effective!in!answering!the!research!question!were:!
!! Annual!income!vs.!where!do!you!shop!for!food?!!! Annual!income!vs.!where!you!eat!on!campus?!!! Annual!income!vs.!do!you!buy!local!or!organic?!!! Annual!income!vs..!does!price!of!food!affect!the!type!of!food!you!buy?!!! Major! vs.! I! care! about,! and! am! interested! in! where! Dalhousie! Food! Services! and!
Dalhousie!food!vendors,!sources!their!food.!!! Major! vs.! do! you! pay! attention/notice!where! your! food! comes! from?! Specifically,!
whether! it! is! organic! or! local?! Or! are! your! food! purchases! based! solely! on! price,!taste!and/or!need?!!
!Even!though!the!survey!had!22!questions,!once!the!data!analysis!process!began!we!
found! that! a! lot! of! the! information! gathered! was! not! related! to! their! willingness! to!purchase!or!how!much!they!care!about! local!and/or!organic! food.!All! the!questions!were!analysed!to!decide! the!validity!and!then!a!selection!of! them!were!chosen! for!review.!The!ones!that!were!left!out!included!information!such!as!where!students!lived!and!their!gender.!We!found!that!this!information!provided!us!with!data!far!beyond!the!scope!of!the!project,!but!could!be!used!for!further!research!on!the!topic.!!
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3.4 Limitations and Delimitations !
The! proposed! research! project! was! completed! over! a! short! period! of! time! and!therefore!there!were!some!limitations!to!the!research.!The!data!collection!from!the!surveys!was!done!over!a!two!week!period!which!limited!the!amount!of!respondents,!therefore!our!sample!size!had!to!remain!relatively!small!considering!the!entire!population!of!Dalhousie!students.!!Time!frame!also!made!it!more!difficult!to!reach!a!diverse!amount!of!students.!A!lot! of! the! respondents! are! from! the!majors! and!backgrounds! similar! to! us,! leaving! out! a!range!of!students!in!the!study.!We!also!found!it!more!difficult!to!get!a!good!representation!of!students!who! live!on!campus!due!to! the! fact! that!none!of!us!had!direct!connections! to!students!living!on!campus.!! !4. Results
!Figure!4W1:!When!asked!if!they!care!about!where!Dalhousie!food!services/vendors!source!their!food!65%!either!agreed!or!strongly!agreed.!!!
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!Figure!4W2:!Comparison!of!annual!income!and!percent!local!and/or!organic!consumed.!Most!respondents!eat!local/organic!to!some!extent,!with!25%!being!the!most!common!response.!!!
!Figure! 4W3:! 80%! of! respondents! shop! for! food! at! a! grocery! store! such! as! Sobeys! or!Superstore.! This! can! likely! be! attributed! to! the! larger! abundance! of! Sobeys/Superstore!compared!to!Farmers!Markets.!!
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!Figure! 4W4:!Most! respondents! claim! that! both! location! and! price! impact! their! consumer!behaviours!(70%!and!72%!respectively).!!
!Figure!4W5:!42%!of!respondents!bring!their!own!food!to!eat!on!campus.!The!second!most!common!response!was!Tim!Hortons/Second!Cup!at!20%!of!respondents.!!
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!Figure!4W6!&!Figure!4W7:!Comparisons!between!study!program!and!the!extent!to!which!the!respondent! cares! about! where! Dalhousie! food! services/vendors! source! their! food! (4W6)!and!percentage!of!local!and/or!organic!food!consumed!(4W7).!! 5. Discussion !
5.1 Summary of Research Question and Purpose This! study's!main! objective!was! to! gain! an! understanding! of! the! extent! to!which!
students!at!Dalhousie!University!care!about!local!and!organic!food!and!what!impact!factors!such! as! price! and! location,! as!well! demographics! such! as! the! individuals! study!program,!had!on!their!consumer!behaviours.!The!overall!goal!was!that!this!study!would!be!used!to!help! in! determining! if! it! would! be! favourable! for! Dalhousie! food! services/vendors! to!incorporate!more!local!and/or!organic!options!into!their!menus.!
!!! !
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5.2 Significant Findings This!study!found!that!the!majority!of!Dalhousie!students!do!in!fact!care!about!where!
food!on!campus!is!sourced!from,!with!65%!of!respondents!claiming!they!agree!or!strongly!agree!that!they!care.!(See!figure!4W1).!47%!of!respondents!consume!about!25%!local!and/or!organic! foods,!29%!consume!50%,!13%!consume!75%,!2%!consume!100%,!and!only!9%!consume!0%!local!and/or!organic!foods.!Based!on!reported!annual!income,!we!were!unable!to!identify!trends!correlating!income!to!either!where!respondents!shopped!for!groceries!or!the! percentage! of! local! and/or! organic! food! they! consumed! (See! figure! 4W2).! 78%! of!respondents!buy!groceries!from!Sobeys/Superstore;!this!is!compared!to!13%!who!shop!at!local!grocers!such!as!Pete's,!3%!who!shop!at!the!Farmer's!Market,!and!4%!who!mostly!eat!out.! (See!Figure!4W3)!The!majority!of! respondents! responded! that!both!price!and!vendor!location! influence!how!much! local!and/or!organic! food! they!consume!(72%!and!70%!for!price!and!location,!respectively).!(See!figure!4W4)!!
!It! was! possible! to! collect! some! data! regarding! student's! onWcampus! food!
consumption! behaviors.! The! results! show! that! 42%! of! respondents! typically! bring! their!own! food! to! campus.! 20%! typically! purchase! food! from!Tim!Horton's/Second! Cup,! 13%!from!Pete's!to!Go,!9%!from!Subway,!7%!from!a!dining!hall,!5%!from!the!Loaded!Ladle,!and!4%!other!fast!food.!In!the!future,!it!would!be!good!to!look!at!what!influences!students!onWcampus!food!consumption!behaviors.!For!example,!both!Tim!Horton's!and!Second!Cup!have!longer! business! hours! than! Pete's! to! Go! or! the! Loaded! Ladle,!which! could! consequently!increase!the!amount!of!consumption!at!Tim!Horton's/Second!Cup.!(See!figure!4W5)!!!
5.3 Consideration of the Findings in light of Existing Research Studies
!!These! findings!are! important!because! they!will!not!only!help! in!Dalhousie's!green!
campus! initiative,! but! also! could! also! be! useful! for! other! universities! in! their! similar!undertakings.!The!existing!study!by!Jackson!&!Michaelis!(2003),!discuses!that!sustainable!consumption!can!only!be!possible!if!the!green!activities!are!being!taken!into!consideration.!The! campus! research! findings! also! support! these! statement! and! discussions.! Williams!Christine.,!(February!2002),!also!suggests!that!organic!food!is!important!for!health!as!well!as!making! a!more! sustainable! environment.!The!present! study!deals!with!understanding!from! the! student! point! of! view!whether! or! not! organic! food! is! good,! if! this! will! impact!college! students,! and!what! impact! this! could!have!on! their! food!habits! and! costs.! ! These!studies! directly! and! indirectly! help! the! existing! research! in! terms! of! understanding!perceptions! about! organic! food,! proximity! and! availability! of! food,! and! if! this! links! to! a!
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sustainable!environment.! !This! is! reason! that! these! findings! can!be!useful! to! the!existing!researches.!!!
5.4 Implications of Research This! study! concludes! that! in! general,! students! at! Dalhousie! do! care! about! where!
food!at!onWcampus!vendors!is!sourced.!The!majority!of!respondents!consume!25%!or!more!local!and/or!organic! food.!Given! this,! it! can!be! inferred! that! local!and/or!organic!options!are!favorable!to!Dalhousie!Students.!!
!5.5 Findings that Failed to Support Hypothesis !!Due! to! the! aforementioned! limitations! and! delimitations! (section! 3.4),! there! is! a!
potential!for!some!of!the!analyses!that!that!would!have!been!good!to!execute!and!include!to!be! skewed! or! unrepresentative,! and! thus! it! is! difficult! to! make! conclusive! statements!regarding!some! findings! that! could!be!considered! important! if! it!had!been!possible!get!a!better! representation!with! respect! to! some! variables.! An! example! of! this! is! the! unequal!proportion!of!respondents!who!live!on!campus!(11!respondents)!versus!those!who!live!off!campus! (99! respondents).! Considering! the! scope! of! this! project! was! food! services! at!Dalhousie,!it!would!have!been!ideal!to!get!more!respondents!who!live!on!campus.!
!It! also! would! have! been! ideal! to! get! a! more! equal! representation! from! different!
departments/faculties.!In!total,!110!students!responded!to!the!online!survey.!1!respondent!is! majoring! in! Anthropology,! 12! in! Architecture/Planning,! 4! in! Biology,! 23! in! Earth!Sciences,!13!in!Economics,!6!in!Engineering,!16!in!Environmental!Science,!!8!in!Nursing,!20!in!“Other”,!1!in!“Other!Health!Profession”,!4!in!Sustainability,!and!2!have!not!declared!their!major.!Grouping!those!by!faculty!gives!12!in!the!Faculty!of!Architecture/Planning,!1!in!the!Faculty! of! Arts! and! Social! Science,! 6! in! the! Faculty! of! Engineering,! 21! in! the! Faculty! of!Health!Professions,!56!in!the!Faculty!of!Science,!and!4!in!the!College!of!Sustainability.!The!anticipation!was!that!a! trend!would!be!observable!as!a! function!of!program!of!study,!but!due! to! about! half! of! the! respondents! being! in! the! Faculty! of! Science,! it! would! not! be!accurate! to! make! any! conclusions! based! on! declared! major.! Not! surprisingly,! no!Environmental!Science!or!Sustainability!students!responded!less!than!neutral!about!caring!where!Dalhousie!Food!Services!sources!their!food.!(See!Figure!4W6!&!4W7)!
!In! the! initial! planning! of! this! study,! it! was! expected! that! trends! based! on!
demographic!would!be!observed.!However!due!to!the!time!constraints!and!the!subsequent!disproportionate! representations! mentioned! above! it! is! not! possible! to! conclusively!confirm! trends! based! on! demographics! such! as! study! programs! or! proximity! to! grocers.!
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Given! that! organic/local! food! is! oftentimes! more! expensive,! it! was! also! expected! that!respondents!in!the!higher!income!bracket!would!consume!more!local/organic.!This!was!not!the!case.!Out!of!110!respondents,!2!people!claimed!to!eat!100%!local!and/or!organic!food,!one! of!whom! claimed! an! income! of! less! than! $5,000! per! annum,! and! the! other! between!$10,000!and!$15,000.!However,!it!is!important!to!note!that!different!respondents!may!have!been!considering!different!factors,!such!as!student!loans!or!grants,!allowance!from!family,!etc.,!when!responding!to!the!question!about!income.!!!6. Conclusion:
6.1 Recommendations for Action !
! Given!that!so!many!students!responded!that!they!do!care!about!where!their!food!is!sourced!and!whether!it!is!organic,!we!recommend!that!food!services!look!for!more!places!to!buy!local!and!organic!food.!Students!are!purchasing!both!of!these!products!enough!that!it!is!likely!that!students!will!purchase!them!if!they!are!available.!If!there!are!concerns!about!the!amount!of!money!or! availability!of! these!products,! then!we! recommend!buying! local!food!over!organic.!Our!respondents!were!found!to!purchase!more!local!food!than!organic,!if!they!were!buying!only!one!or!the!other.!When!asked,!two!thirds!of!respondents!stated!that!food!from!within!the!province!is!how!they!define!local!food,!therefore!Food!Services!should!be!looking!for!farms!within!Nova!Scotia!to!purchase!from.!!! 6.2 Recommendations for Further Research !! For! further! research! we! recommend! that! Food! Services! specifically! look! at! the!opinions!of!students!who!live!in!residence.!Only!10%!of!respondents!to!our!survey!lived!on!campus,! which! was! not! enough! to! get! a! representative! sample! or! draw! any! decisive!conclusions.!Understanding!how!people!who!live!on!campus!think!about!organic!and!local!food!would!have!implications!for!the!food!served!in!the!meal!halls,!so!it!is!important!to!gain!a!comprehensive!knowledge!about!them.!! ! We! also! recommend! researching! how! students! feel! about! the! options! currently!available! on! campus.! It! would! be! important! to! know! what! students! know! about! food!service's!current!selection!of! local!and!organic!food!and!whether!they!are!aware!of!when!such!food!is!available.!This!has!potential!implications!for!the!where!students!choose!to!eat!and!how!often!they!bring!food!from!home.!!! 6.3 Major Contribution of the Study !
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! This! study! shows! that! students! care! about!whether! their! food! is! organic! or! local.!Price!is!a!concern!for!students,!and!does!affect!how!much!local!and!organic!food!they!buy.!Despite! this,! out! of! our! respondents,! 86%! still! purchased! some! local! and! organic! food!regularly.!!!!7. Acknowledgments !
! We!would!like!to!thank!the!support!of!our!professor,!Dr.!Hendricus!Van!Wilgenburg,!as!well!as!our!T.A.!and!mentor!Jessica!Ellis.!!!
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8.References: !Arias,! C.! (2009).! Sustainable! dining:! Colleges! and! corporations! take! a! fresh! approach! to!food.!! Sustainability:!The!Journal!of!Record,!2(4),!215W220.!doi:!10.1089/SUS.2009.9858!
!Barlett,!P.!F.!(2011).!Campus!sustainable!food!projects:!critique!and!engagement.!American!! anthropologist,!113(1),!101W115.!DOI:!10.1111/j.1548W1433.2010.01309.x!!Dahm,!M.! J.,! Samonte,! A.! V.,! Shows,! A.! R.! (2009)!Organic! foods:!Do! ecoWfriendly! attitudes!! predict!ecoWfriendly!behaviours?!Journal!of!American!College!Health.!58(3),!195W202.!
!Dalhousie!University.!(n.d.).!Food!Services.!Retrieved!April!2014,!from!Dalhousie!University:!! http://www.ancillaries.dal.ca/default.asp?mn=1.7.53!!Jackson,! T.,! &! Michaelis,! L.! (2003).! Policies! for! sustainable! consumption.! London:!Sustainable!! Development!Commission.!!Kirby,! S.! L.,! Greaves,! L.,! &! Reid,! C.! (2006).! Experience! research! social! change:! Methods!beyond!! the!mainstream.!North!York:!University!of!Toronto!Press.!!Klassen,! K.,! Trybus,! E.,! Kumar,! A.! (2005).! Planning! food! services! for! a! campus! setting.!! International! Journal! of! Hospitality! Management.! 24(4),! 579W609.! DOI:!! http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.01.001!!Little,!R.,!Maye,!D.,!&!Ilbery,!B.!(2010).!Collective!purchase:!moving!local!and!organic!foods!! beyond!the!niche!market.!Environment!and!planning.!A,!42(8),!1797.!!!
Liu,! M.E.! (2007).! U.S.! college! students’! organic! food! consumption! behavior.! Texas! Tech!! University,!!13W70.!DOI10.1068/a4262!!Ruiz! de! Maya,! S.,! LópeWLópez,! I.,! Luis! Munuera,! J.! (2011)! Organic! food! consumption! in!Europe:!! International! segmentation! based! on! value! system! differences.! Ecological!Economics.!70,!! p.!1767W1775.!doi:!10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.019!!Sangkumchaliang,!P,!and!WC.Huang.!2010.!Consumers'!Perception!and!Behavior!of!Organic!! Food!in!Chiang!Mai,!Thailand.!Department!of!Topical!Agricultural!and!International!! Cooperation,!National!Pingtung!University!of!Science!and!Technology,!Pingtung:!81.!!
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Seyfang,! G.! (2006).! Ecological! citizenship! and! sustainable! consumption:! Examining! local!organic!! food! networks.! Journal! of! rural! studies,! 22(4),! 383W395.! DOI:!10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.01.003!!Williams,! C.! M.! (2002).! Nutritional! quality! of! organic! food:! shades! of! grey! or! shades! of!green?.!! Proceedings!of!the!Nutrition!Society,!61(01),!19W24.!DOI:!10.1079/PNS2001126!!Wright,! K.! B.! (2005),! Researching! InternetWBased! Populations:! Advantages! and!Disadvantages!of!! Online! Survey! Research,! Online! Questionnaire! Authoring! Software!Packages,!and!Web!! Survey! Services.! Journal! of! ComputerQMediated! Communication,!10(00).!DOI:!! 10.1111/j.1083W6101.2005.tb00259.x!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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9.Appendices: 9.1 Preliminary Proposal !Dalhousie!Students!and!Local!and!Organic!Food!Preliminary!Proposal:!Victoria!Desjardins!!Breaghn!Cameron!!Miriam!Karrel!Kari!Jones!Bocheng!Xu! Introduction:! ! The! overarching! theme! of! this! project! is! based! off! of! the! Greening! of! Dalhousie!Campuses!across!Halifax!and!Truro.!This!project!aims!to!look!at!the!relationship!between!students! concerns! about! local! and! organic! food! and! their! accessibility! to! such! food.! The!proposed! study! will! be! a! preliminary! look! into! possible! connections! between! students,!demographics,! income! and! local/organic! food.! The! project! is! intended! to! provide!information!on!these!topics!in!hopes!of!increasing!the!availability!and!student!purchase!of!local! and! organic! food! on! Campus.! This! project!will! look! at! a! small! sample! of! Dalhousie!Students!and!compare!and!contrast!to!existing!literature!on!similar!studies.!! Project!Definition:!Purpose!of!the!Research!
Research!Problem:!!!!!!!!!!!! How!much!do!students!at!Dalhousie!University!care!about!local!and!organic!food?!To! what! extent! is! their! willingness! to! purchase! it! based! on! accessibility*! and/or!demographics**?!!!*Accessibility!is!defined!for!this!project!as!cost!and!geographical!proximity!to!suitable!food!
vendors.!**!Demographic!refers!to!factors!such!as!provenance,!faculty/program!of!student,!personal!
income/budget,!etc.!!!Objective:!!!
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!!!!!!!!! The!primary!objective!of!this!study!is!to!help!understand!what!students’!opinions!are! regarding! local! and! organic! food! and! to! decide!whether! students!will! support! food!services! in! a! move! to! use! more! local! and/or! organic! foods! on! campus.! We! will! be!considering!temporal,!geographic,!and!conceptual!factors!throughout!the!study.!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! This! topic! is! worth! understanding! because! it! can! help! to! gain! a! better!understanding! of! student! preferences! and! determine! what! factors,! demographic! or!accessibilityWrelated,!!contribute!to!student!opinions!and!actions.!This!can!provide!insight!to! the! potential! differences! between! perceived! preferences! and! actual! behaviour.! The!study!can!further!be!used!to!assess!the!adequacy!of!current!onWcampus!food!selection,!and!determine!where!improvements!are!most!necessary!or!desired.!It!could!provide!a!better!guide!on!where!to!effectively!and!efficiently!invest!resources!with!respect!to!food!services!for!optimal!reception!and!utilization!of!said!services!by!the!student!population.!!!!!!!!!!!! The!study!will!provide!important!insight!to!student!values!with!respect!to!food!and!their!opinions!regarding!onWcampus!food!services.!Ideally,!spatial!or!demographic!trends!will! be! observed.! For! example,!we!would! like! to! observe!how!much!of! a! role! food! cost!plays,!as!well!as!the!influence!of!proximity!from!an!individual's!residence!to!a!"suitable"!food!vendor,!possibly! comparing! it!with! their!normal!means!of! transportation.!Another!trend!we! anticipate! is! differences! between! typical! responses! from! students! of! different!faculties!and!programs.!For!example,!we!would!expect!to!see!more!respondents!from!the!Sustainability!program!in!favour!of!local!and!organic!food.!!!!!!!!!!!! We! feel! that! this! study!will! contribute! to! the! greening! of! Dalhousie! campuses! by!demonstrating! that! students! here! generally! have! a! preference! for! sustainably! sourced!foods,!thus!serving!as!a!motivation!for!positive!changes!to!onWcampus!foodWservices.!Such!changes! could! include! facilitation! of! expanding! the! availability! (such! as! more! selection,!more! often)! of! services! such! as! the! weekly! farmer's! market! held! in! the! Student! Union!Building.!We! ultimately! hope! that! this! study!will! help! identify! barriers! in! “greenWeating”!habits!for!students!and!serve!as!a!catalyst!for!the!greening!of!Dalhousie's!onWcampus!food!services.!! Background!and!Rationale!:! !!!!!!!!! This! study! will! collect! information! surrounding! the! food! purchasing! habits! of!students! at! Dalhousie! University! to! examine! the! importance! of! organic! and! local! food!availability!on!the!Dalhousie!campus.!Dalhousie!University's!Food!Services!Department!can!apply! the! general! information! provided! on! previous! work,! and! the! specific! student!
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demographic! information! provided! in! this! study! to! customize! the! availability! of! organic!and!local!food!on!the!university!campus.! !!!!!!!!! Previous!articles!have!examined!the!general!relationship!between!student!demand!of! organic! food! and! its! availability! on! university! campuses.! An! article! by! Klassen! et! al.!(2005)! on! planning! food! services! on! university! campuses! highlighted! the! correlation!between!food!services!and!quality!of!life!on!campus.!The!authors!claim!that!students!have!an! overall! dissatisfaction! with! the! food! available! on! campus! for! reasons! such! as! poor!selection!and!limited!healthy!options.!However,!some!universities!(such!as!the!University!of!Wisconsin!at!Madison)!are!introducing!more!organic!and!locally!grown!produce!on!their!menus!(Klassen!et!al.,!2005).!A!number!of!colleges!in!the!United!States,!including!Yale,!are!even! creating! organic!mini! farms! on! or! near! campus! (Liu,! 2007).! Produce! from! the!Yale!Farm!shows!up!at!special!events!on!campus!and!is!sold!weekly!at!the!New!Haven!Farmer's!Market.!Yale!Farm!is!run!by!the!Yale!Sustainable!Food!Project;!a!university!group!made!up!of!students,!faculty!and!staff.!Their!goal!is!for!Yale!to!serve!100%!sustainable!and!organic!food,!and!progress!has!been!rapid.!Five!years!ago,! it!served!almost!no!organic! food.!Four!years! ago,! it! began! to! serve! some! organic! food! in! one! dining! hall.! By! last! year,! organic!entrees!were!offered!at! least!once!daily!at!all!dining!halls.!This!year,! it's! two!meals!daily!(Liu,! 2007).! This! shows! that! it! is! possible! to! serve! local! and! organic! food! in! a! campus!setting!on!a!larger!scale.!! !!!!!!!!! Students! have! protested! universities! that! have! tried! to! allow! the! opening! of! fastWfood!chains!on!campus!(as!was!the!case!at!Berkley,!when!a!Panda!Express!was!proposed!to!open)!(Arias,!2009).!So!there!is!a!known!trend!in!university!and!college!students!who!are!concerned!about!where!their!food!comes!from!and!how!it!is!produced.!Many!colleges!in!the!United!States!of!America!are!reworking!policies!on!how!their!food!services!obtain!food!for!the!cafeterias!and!meal!halls,!and!some!colleges!are!devoting!a!certain!percentage!of!their!food!budgets!to!buying!from!local!farms!or!producers!(Arias,!2009).!Dalhousie!would!not!be! alone! in! their! work! to! switch! towards! more! local! and! sustainable! options! for! food!services.! !!!!!!!!! Significant! studies! in! this! area! have! examined! whether! student! awareness! and!attitude!on!organic!food!relates!to!their!food!consumption,!and!how!they!feel!about!having!organic!options!available!to!them!on!campus!(Dahm!et!al.,!2009).!The!results!of!this!study!showed! that! attitude! directly! correlates! with! consumption! choices! and! students! felt!positive!about!having!organic!options!available!on!campus.!The!same!study!from!Dahm!et!al.! (2009)! showed! that! taste! and! price! held! an! additional! influence! over! consumption!choices.! Related! surveys! have! shown! a! demand! for! increased! emphasis! on! the! use! local!food!on!university!campuses!(Arias,!2009).!!
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! Organic! food!price!differences!remain!the!major!barrier! for!most!students!to!keep!them!away!from!buying.!The!price!associated!with!purchasing!organic!food!can!be!so!high!that! only! people! earning! highWincomes! are! able! to! do! so! (Sangkumchaliang,! 2010).!Most!students!are!not!able!to!pay!a!premium!for!organic!goods,!but!they!would!be!willing!to!buy!them! if! there! was! a! way! to! make! it! more! affordable! (Sangkumchaliang,! 2010).! Other!reasons!listed!were:!lack!of!availability!and!interest,!doubts!about!organic!origin,!poor!taste!and!appearance!(Sangkumchaliang,!2010).!Often!there!is!desire,!but!the!low!income!levels!of!many!students!can!be!a!barrier!to!eating!in!the!way!that!they!would!like!to.! !!!!!!!!! The! current! literature! is! not! specific! to! Dalhousie! University.! In! addition,! while!studies!have! indicated!that!price!of!organic! food!has! influence!over!student!consumption!choices,! an! examination! of! student! consumption! has! not! been! studied! and! been! further!related!to!student!income.!Studies!have!discussed!students'!attitude!towards!organic!food!availability!on!campus,! and!surveys!conducted! in!previous! studies!have!divided!students!into!undergraduate!and!graduate!students,!while!also!including!faculty!and!staff.!This!study!focuses!exclusively!on!the!student!body!and!the!survey!separates!each!student!by!faculty!(e.g.!anthropology,!biology,!engineering,!etc),!to!further!determine!whether!there!is!a!high!correlation!between!the!faculty!a!student!belongs!to!and!their! food!purchasing!priorities.!Our!study!will!also!include!the!collection!of!postal!code!from!each!person!completing!the!survey! to! demonstrate! the! relative! distance! to! farmers'!markets! and! local! grocers! using!Global!Information!Systems!(GIS),!using!this!information!to!determine!the!average!distance!people!travel!to!buy!local/organic!food.! Proposed!Research!Methods:!
In! order! to! complete! this! study! data! must! be! collected! from! diverse! sample! of!Dalhousie!University!students.!The!sample!must!be!diverse!in!order!to!seek!trends!between!demographics,! students'!majors,! income! and! the! types! of! foods! students! are! buying! and!eating.!This!project!will!take!on!qualitative!and!quantitative!approach!for!investigating!the!research!problem,! therefore! there!will!be!a! range!of!data! in! the! final!outcome.!Statistical!data!will!be!collected!from!a!range!of!university!students!at!Dalhousie!university!based!on!their! choices! of! organic! and! local! food,! average!money! spent! on! such! food! and!potential!demographics!affecting!these!choices.!Survey!results!will!also!show!qualitative!findings!in!the!willingness!to!buy!local!or!organic!food,!and!feelings!or!concerns!regarding!the!source!of!their!food.!!
The! proposed! study! focuses! on! the! opinion! of! students! at! Dalhousie! and! how!
income!affects! their!choice!of! food.!Because!a! lot!of! the!necessary! information!needed! to!study!these!opinions! in!qualitative!data! it! is! imperative!to!address!students!at!Dalhousie.!Considering!the!sample!size!should!be!relatively!large!we!also!feel!that!it!is!more!effective!
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to!gather!qualitative!and!quantitative!data!through!surveys!to!address!a!larger!population!of! Dalhousie! students.! The! proposed! method! of! data! collection! will! be! through! short!!surveys.!The!survey!will!be!completed!from!a!sample!of!approximately!100W150!Dalhousie!University!students!from!various!backgrounds!including:!
! Planning/Architecture!! Earth!Sciences!! Biology!! Anthropology!! Engineering!! Economics!
The! survey! will! examine! the! various! backgrounds! of! the! respondents! to! know!
whether! we! have! received! a! large! and! diverse! enough! sample! of! the! entire! Dalhousie!population.! The! surveys!will! aim! to! collect! quantitative! data! of! trends,! attitudes,! and/or!opinions!of! the! sample! in!question.!The! survey!will! be! crossWsectional! in! that! the! survey!will! completed!only!once,! at! one!period!of! time,! rather! than! comparing! the! results!overWtime.!The!population!being!surveyed!will!be!collected!by!each!group!member!reaching!out!to! their! particular! faculty! and! related! faculty.! The! faculty! will! be! selected,! but! the!respondents!within!the!population!will!be!chosen!at!random;!groups!of!individuals!in!the!population!are!represented!in!the!sample!(i.e.!faculty).!The!survey!will!be!created!through!an! online! survey! generator! [kwiksurveys.com]! and!distributed! through! email! and! online!social!media!such!as!Facebook!(Draft!sample!questions! included! in!Appendices).!The!key!elements!the!survey!will!aim!to!collect!include:!
• Income!information!• Employment!• Demographics!• Degree!major/faculty!• Where!students!get!food/!eat!on!campus!• Whether!or!not!they!care!about!organic!and!local!food!• Do!students!worry!about!where!their!food!comes!from!!
! There!will! also!be! research! and!data! collected! from!other! research! similar! to! this!study! for! comparison.! Texts! will! be! examined! on! other! similar! research! projects! and!analyzed!to!see!if!our!results!match!larger!trends.!
Once!the!surveys!are!completed!from!the!desired!sample!size!they!will!be!analyzed!by!inputting!the!data!into!tables!and!graphs!to!compare!the!results!and!form!conclusions.!Tables! and!graphs!will! be! the!most! effective!way! to! see! trends! in! the!data.!Rudimentary!
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statistical!analysis!will!also!be!done!on!some!of!the!results.!Research!completed!from!other!sources!will!be!analyzed!to!help!backWup!and!explain!the!potential!trends!in!our!results.!!
The!proposed! research!project!will! be! completed!over! a! short! period!of! time! and!
therefore!there!may!be!potential! limitations!to!the!research.!The!data!collection!from!the!surveys!will!be!done!over!a!two!week!period!and!therefore!it!may!be!difficult!to!collect!the!desired!amount!of!completed!surveys!to!have!an!adequate!sample!size.!The!project!aims!to!collect!data!from!a!variety!of!Dalhousie!university!students!but!because!of!the!limited!time!it!may!be!difficult!to!receive!a!diverse!sample.!The!study!will!also!be!looking!at!a!variety!of!students! with! different! majors! and! considering! the! sample! size! it! may! be! difficult! to!observe!trends!between!students'!major!and!their!thoughts!about!organic!and!local!food.!! Tentative!schedule:! ! Most!work!will!be!completed!as!a!group.!Each!group!member!will!be!responsible!for!data! collection! in! their! own! faculty/related! faculty! as! well! as! writing! and! editing! final!reports!and!proposals.!Each!group!member!will!be!responsible!for!certain!task!where!their!strengths!are!more!relevant.!For!example:!
TASK! TARGET!COMPLETION!DATE!Phase!1:!Preliminary!Work!
!!!!1.Submission!of!Project!proposal!! Thursday,!February!27th,!2014!
!!!!2.!Project!approval!! Tuesday,!March!4th,!2014!!!!!3.!Get!in!touch!with!Food!Services!Rep.! Thursday,!February!27th,!2014!!!!!4.!Completion!of!Survey! Tuesday,!March!4th,!2014!!!!!5.!Ethics!Review!Submission!! Thursday,!February!27th,!2014!
Phase!2:!Data!Collection!
!!!1.!Meet!with!Food!Services!Rep.!! Thursday,!March!6th,!2014!!!!2.!Distribute!surveys! Friday!,!March!7th,!2014!!!!3.!Research!other!studies!on!the!topic! Tuesday,!March!11th,!2014!!!!4.!Collect!and!Organize!Data! Tuesday,!March!18th,!2014!Phase!3:!Final!Work!
!!!1.!Final!Draft!of!report! Tuesday,!April!1st,!2014!!!!2.!Review!with!TA! Tuesday,!April!1st,!2014!!!!3.!Edit! Tuesday,!April!8th,!2014!!!!4.!Peer!Assessment! No!later!than!Friday,!April!11th,!2014!!!!5.!Submit!Report! !No!later!than!Friday,!April!11th,!2014!
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! Victoria:!! GIS!mapping!and!for!postal!codes/demographic!information!!! Survey!distribution/!analysis!! writing!and!editing!
! Kari:!! Writing!and!editing!! Help!with!GIS/Visuals!! Survey!distribution!/analysis!
! Miriam:!! Writing!and!editing!! Survey!distribution/!analysis!
! Breaghn:!! Writing!and!editing!! Survey!development!! Survey!distribution/!analysis!
! Bocheng:!! Writing!and!editing!! Survey!distribution/!analysis!
Budget:!
There!will!be!no!major!costs!associated!with!this!project.!Surveys!will!be!completed!online! through! a! database! and! research!will! be! conducted! through!Dalhousie! University!Library!and!online!resources.!!The!database!being!used!will!require!a!payment!of!$9.00!and!therefore,! there!will!be!application! for! funding! through!Dalhousie!Food!Services! to!cover!the!costs.!!
Project!Deliverables:!! !! ! ! The!deliverables! for! this!project!will!be!a! report!on!students'!opinions!on!organic!and/or! local! food!and!willingness! to!purchase! it!at!a!higher!cost! than!normal.! It!will!also!include! information!on!which!demographics!are!more!willing!to!purchase!these!products!based!on!the!information!we!gather.!We!understand!that!our!findings!may!be!too!narrow!or!concentrated! in!one!particular!group! to!be!able! to!extrapolate! to! the!entire!Dalhousie!student!community,!so!we!will!be!including!information!on!the!number!of!respondents,!and!their! faculty,!ageWrange,!gender,! income! level,!and!place!of! residence.!At! this!point!we!do!not!know!which,!if!any,!of!these!groups!may!have!a!correlational!relationship,!so!we!cannot!say!at!this!time!how!much!these!will!affect!the!results.!We!also!suspect!that!the!student's!understanding!of!local!and/or!organic!food,!as!well!as!their!concern!about!these!concepts!will!affect!their!willingness!to!purchase!these!products,!so!this! is!another!area!we!will!be!looking!into!closely.!!
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All! of! this! analysis! of! the! demographic! relationships! is! to! see! if! it! is! possible! to!extrapolate!our!findings!based!on!the!demographics!of!Dalhousie!university!at!large,!and!to!see!if!our!results!match!larger!patterns!seen!in!other!studies!on!similar!topics.!However,!it!is!important!that!this!is!done!carefully,!because!our!project!is!limited!in!scope!due!to!time!and!resource!constraints,!so!we!may!not!be!able!to!get!accurate!information!for!all!possible!groups!at!Dalhousie.!This!will!be!commented!on!in!our!final!report,!in!the!evaluation!of!our!project!and!the!suggestions!for!possible!further!research.! Project!Communication!Plan:! ! We!will! communicate! our! findings! to! both! our! supervisor! and! food! services! in! a!report.!This!is!so!that!we!can!help!food!services!make!informed!choices!about!whether!and!how!much!they!should!increase!their!purchasing!of!local!and/or!organic!food,!and!where!it!would! be! most! effectively! made! available.! Our! data! analysis! will! be! using! mostly!quantitative!methods,! looking! for! trends! in!willingness! to! purchase! local! and/or! organic!food! based! on! a! variety! of! factors,! as! well! as! an! overall! willingness! to! purchase! these!products! in! our! entire! sample.! We! will! be! examining! the! results! compared! to! the!respondents'! age,! gender,! faculty,! income,! as!well! as! knowledge! and! concern! about! local!and/or!organic!food.! ! The!survey!will!be!available!online!on!the!seventh!of!March,!2014,!at!which!point!we!will!be!inviting!students!to!participate!through!email,!various!social!media!platforms!and!in!person!in!our!classes.!The!survey!will!close!on!the!seventeenth!of!March,!2014,!and!we!will!begin! to! analyze! the! data! the! next! day.! We! chose! to! do! the! survey! online! because! we!wanted!to!be!able!to!reach!as!many!students!as!possible,!and!this!will!be!easier!than!if!we!are! confined! to!one!physical! space! at! a! given! time.!We!also! feel! that! the! amount!of! time!given!will!be!enough!for!a!large!number!of!students!to!complete!it.!We!will!be!able!to!send!out!a!first!“blast”!to!get!the!information!out,!and!then!send!out!a!reminder!a!week!later!with!time!to!spare!for!people!to!complete!their!survey.! ! Once!we!have!collected!our!data,!we!will!be!graphing!our!results.!First!we!will!look!at!the!overall!willingness!of!our!respondents!to!purchase!organic!and/or!local!food.!We!will!then!individually!compare!respondents'!willingness!to!purchase!organic!and/or!local!food!with! a! variety! of! possible! variables! and! see! if! we! can! find! any! indicators! of! increased!likelihood!of!purchasing!these!products.!We!intend!to!use!as!much!visual!representations!as!possible!to!make!the!data!easy!to!understand!and!to!highlight!the!trends!in!the!simplest!way!possible.!We!will!also!be!mapping!where!our!respondents!live!using!their!postal!codes!and!GIS! software,! to! see!how!much! their!proximity! to!places!where! local!and/or!organic!food!is!available!affect!whether!they!purchase!it.! ! Our!goal!is!to!have!100!to!150!completed!surveys!to!analyze.!We!also!hope!to!have!a!cross!section!along!faculties,!programs,!and!year!of!study.!If!we!can!have!this!then!we!can!say!that!our!project!was!successful.!
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Conclusion:! ! With!all!of! these,!we!feel!confident!that!we!can!provide!useful! information!to!food!services! on!what! students'! opinions! are! on! local! and/or! organic! food,!whether! they! are!willing!to!pay!more!for!it,!and!what!factors!may!affect!the!results.! References:! Arias,! C.! (2009).! Sustainable! dining:! Colleges! and! corporations! take! a! fresh! approach! to!food.!! Sustainability:!The!Journal!of!Record,!2(4),!215W220.!doi:!10.1089/SUS.2009.9858!
Dahm,!M.! J.,! Samonte,! A.! V.,! Shows,! A.! R.! (2009)!Organic! foods:!Do! ecoWfriendly! attitudes!predict!! ecoWfriendly!behaviours?!Journal!of!American!College!Health.!58(3),!195W202.! Klassen,! K.,! Trybus,! E.,! Kumar,! A.! (2005).! Planning! food! services! for! a! campus! setting.!! International! Journal! of! Hospitality! Management.! 24(4),! 579W609.! doi:!! http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.01.001 Liu,! M.E.! (2007).! U.S.! college! students’! organic! food! consumption! behavior.! Texas! Tech!! University,!13W70.! Sangkumchaliang,!P,!and!WC.Huang.!2010.!Consumers'!Perception!and!Behavior!of!Organic!Food!! in! Chiang! Mai,! Thailand.! Department! of! Topical! Agricultural! and! International!Cooperation,!!National!Pingtung!University!of!Science!and!Technology,!Pingtung:!81.! Appendices:! Survey'Questions:'
1. Where!do!you!shop!for!food?!a. Sobeys/Superstore!b. Local!grocers!(including!Pete’s!or!other!small!and!independent!!local!stores)!c. Farmers!markets/!roadside!stands!d. Mostly!eat!out!
2. Where!do!you!eat!on!campus?!a. Petes!to!go!b. Loaded!ladle!c. Subway!d. Tim!Hortons/Second!cup!e. Meal!hall!f. Other!fast!food!g. Bring!my!own!food!
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3. I! care! about! and! am! interested! in!where!Dalhousie! food! services,! and!other!Dalhousie!food!vendors,!sources!their!food.!!
a. strongly!disagree!b. disagree!c. neutral!d. agree!e. strongly!agree!
4. Do! you! pay! attention! to/notice! where! your! food! comes! from?! Specifically,!whether!or!not!it!is!organic!or!local?!Or!are!your!food!purchases!based!solely!on!price,!taste!and/or!need?!
a. Yes,!I!do!pay!attention.!b. No,! I!buy! food!based!on!price,! taste!and/or!need.! (Please!select! the!bottom!
multiple!choice!option!for!questions!5!–!13)!
5. Do!you!buy!organic!and!local!food?!a. Organic!b. Local!c. Both!local!and!organic!d. Neither!
6. If!you!buy!local,!what!type!of!local!foods!do!you!buy?!a. Produce!b. Dairy!c. Meat!(from!a!deli!or!butcher!section)!d. Packaged!food!e. All!of!my!food!f. I!don't!buy!local!food!
7. If!you!buy!organic,!what!type!of!organic!foods!do!you!buy?!a. Produce!b. Dairy!c. Meat!(from!a!deli!or!butcher!section)!d. Packaged!food!e. All!of!my!food!f. I!don't!buy!organic!
8. Approximately!what!percentage!of!the!food!you!eat!is!local!and/or!organic?!a. 100%!b. 75%!c. 50%!d. 25%!e. 0%!
9. Please!choose!the!option!you!think!best!defines!organic!food:!
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a. ChemicalWfree! pesticide! methods! (Use! of! integrated! pest! management! and!natural!pest!deterrents)!!
b. ChemicalWfree!herbicide!methods!(Natural!weeding!methods,!etc)!c. ChemicalWfree!fertilizer!methods!(Complementary!planting,!etc)!d. All!of!the!above!e. Other!f. I!don't!know!
10. Please!choose!the!option!you!think!best!defines!local!food:!a. Within!my!community!b. Within!my!province!c. Within!my!country!d. Other!e. I!don't!know!
11. Does!location!to!grocery!store/market!affect!what!type!of! food!you!buy?!(i.e.!do!you!travel!farther!to!shop!local/organic)!
a. Yes!!b. No!c. Sometimes!
12. Organic! and! local! food! can!be!more! expensive.!Does! price! of! food! affect! the!type!of!food!you!buy?!
a. Price!does!determine!my!food!purchases!(local/organic!vs.!other)!b. Price!does!not!matter!
13. What!is!your!current!major!at!Dalhousie?!a. Anthropology!b. Architecture/Planning!c. Biology!d. Earth!Sciences!e. Economics!f. Engineering!g. Environmental!Science!h. Sustainability!i. Nursing!j. Other!Health!Professions!k. Other!l. Undeclared!
14. Are!you!a!full!time!or!part!time!student?!a. Part!time!b. Full!time!
33
15. Which! campus! do! you! spend! most! of! your! time! at! for!classes/studying/activities?!
a. Studley!b. Carlton!c. Sexton!d. Truro!!
16. Do!you!live!on!campus!or!off!campus?!!a. On!b. Off!
17. Please!include!your!postal!code!here:!__________! 18. What!is!your!gender?!
a. Male!b. Female!c. Transgender!d. NonWbinary!e. Rather!not!say!
19. Are!you!an!international!student!or!a!Canadian!Citizen?! 20. Employment:!
a. PartWtime!year!round!b. FullWtime!year!round!c. Only!employed!in!the!summer/work!terms!d. Unemployed!
21. How!much!on!average!do!you!make!in!a!year!from!employment?!a. Under!5,000!b. 5,000!to!10,000!c. 10,000!to!15,000!d. 15,000!plus!
22. Do!you!pay!for!your!own!food!or!are!you!supported!by!family/relatives/other?!a. Pay! on! your! own! (using! employment! income,! student! loan! and/or! student!
bursaries/scholarships)!b. Supported!c. Both!
Consent'Form'for'Survey:'!
34
Date:!February,!2014!!!Study!Name:!Students!and!Local/Organic!Food!!!
This!project!will!be!completed!by!Victoria!Desjardins!,Breaghn!Cameron!,Miriam!Karrel,!Kari!Jones! and! Bocheng! Xu.! This! project!will! be! completed! for! the! SUST/ENVS! 3502! class! at!Dalhousie!University.!The!project!will!be!completed!under!the!supervision!of!Dr.!Hendricus!Van!Wilgenburg!([email protected])!and!Jessica!Ellis!([email protected]).!! Purpose!of!the!Research:! ! You! are! being! invited! to! take! part! in! this! research! study! because! we! want! to!understand!what!students'!opinions!are!on!local!and/or!organic!food.!This!project!is!based!off!of! the!Greening!of!Dalhousie!Campuses!across!Halifax!and!Truro.!This!project!aims!to!look!at!the!relationship!between!students!concerns!about!local!and!organic!food!and!their!willingness! to! pay! for! such! food.! The! proposed! study! will! be! a! preliminary! look! into!possible! connections! between! students,! demographics,! income,! and! local! and/or! organic!food.!The!project!is!intended!to!provide!information!on!these!topics!to!inform!food!services!on!the!possible!success!of!increasing!their!purchasing!and!distribution!of!local!and!organic!food!on! campus.!The!goal! is! to! find!out! if! students!want!more! local! and/or!organic! food!available! on! campus,! and! the! results! will! be! presented! to! Dalhousie's! food! services!department.! ! The!research!will!be!comprised!of!a!short!survey!that!should!take!no!longer!than!10W15!minutes.!The!survey!will!ask!simple!questions!regarding!your! income,!major!and!food!choices!and!requires!no!previous!knowledge!of!local!or!organic!type!food.!! We! do! not! foresee! any! risks! or! discomfort! from! your! participation! in! the! research.!Questions! such! as! income,! country! origin! and! approximate! location!will! be! asked! in! the!survey!but!the!results!will!remain!anonymous.!! ! Your!participation!in!the!study!is!completely!voluntary!and!you!may!choose!to!stop!participating!at!any! time.! !Your!decision!not! to!volunteer!will!not! influence! the!nature!of!your! relationship!and!academic! standing!with!Dalhousie!University!either!now,!or! in! the!future.!
35
! You!can!stop!participating!in!the!study!at!any!time,!for!any!reason,!if!you!so!decide.!!If! you! decide! to! stop! participating! in! the! study! (i.e.! choose! to! stop! and! leave! the! survey!incomplete)! there!will!be!no!penalty.! !Your!decision! to! stop!participating,!or! to! refuse! to!answer! particular! questions,! will! not! affect! your! relationship! with! the! researchers,!Dalhousie! University,! or! any! other! group! associated! with! this! project.! In! the! event! you!withdraw! from! the! study,! all! associated! data! collected! will! be! immediately! destroyed!wherever!possible.! ! Unless!you!choose!otherwise,!All!information!you!supply!during!the!research!will!be!held!in!confidence!as!we!do!not!require!your!name!and!or!banner!number!,!therefore!your!name!will!not!appear! in!any!report!or!publication!of! the!research.!Data!you!submit! to!us!will!remain!confidential!and!will!not!be!able!to!be!traced!back!to!you.!Only!research!staff!will!have!access! to! this! information.!Confidentiality!will! be!provided! to! the! fullest! extent!possible!by!law.! ! If!you!have!questions!about!the!research!in!general!or!about!your!role!in!the!study,!please! feel! free! to! contact!Dr.!Hendricus!A.!Van!Wilgenburg!either!by! telephone!at! (902)!678W3844,[email protected].! !This!research!has!been!reviewed!and!approved!by! the! Dalhousie! University’s! Environmental! Science! Program! Ethics! Review! Committee!and!conforms!to!the!standards!of! the!Canadian!TriWCouncil!Research!Ethics!guidelines.! ! If!you! have! any! questions! about! this! process,! or! about! your! rights! as! a! participant! in! the!study,! please! contact! Research! Ethics,! Dalhousie! Research! Services,! 5th! Henry! Hicks!Building,! Rm! 231,! Dalhousie! University,! PO! Box! 15000,! Halifax,! Nova! Scotia! B3H! 4R2!([email protected]).!!!! By! entering! this! survey! you! are! consenting! to! participate! in! the! Students! and!Local/Organic! Food! study! conducted! by! SUST/ENVS!3502! Students.! You! are! stating! that!you!have!understood!the!nature!of!this!project!and!wish!to!participate.!You!are!stating!that!you! are!not!waiving! any!of! your! legal! rights!by! continuing! to! the! survey.!This! electronic!signature! indicates! your! consent
36
9.2 Survey Questions
1. Where!do!you!shop!for!food?!a. Sobeys/Superstore!b. Local!grocers!(including!Pete’s!or!other!small!and!independent!!local!stores)!c. Farmers!markets/!roadside!stands!d. Mostly!eat!out!
2. Where!do!you!eat!on!campus?!a. Petes!to!go!b. Loaded!ladle!c. Subway!d. Tim!Hortons/Second!cup!e. Meal!hall!f. Other!fast!food!g. Bring!my!own!food!
3. I! care! about! and! am! interested! in!where!Dalhousie! food! services,! and!other!Dalhousie!food!vendors,!sources!their!food.!!
a. strongly!disagree!b. disagree!c. neutral!d. agree!e. strongly!agree!
4. Do! you! pay! attention! to/notice! where! your! food! comes! from?! Specifically,!whether!or!not!it!is!organic!or!local?!Or!are!your!food!purchases!based!solely!on!price,!taste!and/or!need?!
a. Yes,!I!do!pay!attention.!b. No,! I!buy! food!based!on!price,! taste!and/or!need.! (Please!select! the!bottom!
multiple!choice!option!for!questions!5!–!13)!
5. Do!you!buy!organic!and!local!food?!a. Organic!b. Local!c. Both!local!and!organic!d. Neither!
6. If!you!buy!local,!what!type!of!local!foods!do!you!buy?!a. Produce!b. Dairy!c. Meat!(from!a!deli!or!butcher!section)!d. Packaged!food!e. All!of!my!food!f. I!don't!buy!local!food!
7. If!you!buy!organic,!what!type!of!organic!foods!do!you!buy?!
37
a. Produce!b. Dairy!c. Meat!(from!a!deli!or!butcher!section)!d. Packaged!food!e. All!of!my!food!f. I!don't!buy!organic!
8. Approximately!what!percentage!of!the!food!you!eat!is!local!and/or!organic?!a. 100%!b. 75%!c. 50%!d. 25%!e. 0%!
9. Please!choose!the!option!you!think!best!defines!organic!food:!a. ChemicalWfree! pesticide! methods! (Use! of! integrated! pest! management! and!
natural!pest!deterrents)!!b. ChemicalWfree!herbicide!methods!(Natural!weeding!methods,!etc)!c. ChemicalWfree!fertilizer!methods!(Complementary!planting,!etc)!d. All!of!the!above!e. Other!f. I!don't!know!
10. Please!choose!the!option!you!think!best!defines!local!food:!a. Within!my!community!b. Within!my!province!c. Within!my!country!d. Other!e. I!don't!know!
11. Does!location!to!grocery!store/market!affect!what!type!of! food!you!buy?!(i.e.!do!you!travel!farther!to!shop!local/organic)!
a. Yes!!b. No!c. Sometimes!
12. Organic! and! local! food! can!be!more! expensive.!Does! price! of! food! affect! the!type!of!food!you!buy?!
a. Price!does!determine!my!food!purchases!(local/organic!vs.!other)!b. Price!does!not!matter!
13. What!is!your!current!major!at!Dalhousie?!a. Anthropology!b. Architecture/Planning!c. Biology!d. Earth!Sciences!
38
e. Economics!f. Engineering!g. Environmental!Science!h. Sustainability!i. Nursing!j. Other!Health!Professions!k. Other!l. Undeclared!
14. Are!you!a!full!time!or!part!time!student?!a. Part!time!b. Full!time!
15. Which! campus! do! you! spend! most! of! your! time! at! for!classes/studying/activities?!
a. Studley!b. Carlton!c. Sexton!d. Truro!!
16. Do!you!live!on!campus!or!off!campus?!!a. On!b. Off!
17. Please!include!your!postal!code!here:!__________! 18. What!is!your!gender?!
a. Male!b. Female!c. Transgender!d. NonWbinary!e. Rather!not!say!
19. Are!you!an!international!student!or!a!Canadian!Citizen?! 20. Employment:!
a. PartWtime!year!round!b. FullWtime!year!round!c. Only!employed!in!the!summer/work!terms!d. Unemployed!
21. How!much!on!average!do!you!make!in!a!year!from!employment?!a. Under!5,000!b. 5,000!to!10,000!c. 10,000!to!15,000!d. 15,000!plus!
39
22. Do!you!pay!for!your!own!food!or!are!you!supported!by!family/relatives/other?!
a. Pay! on! your! own! (using! employment! income,! student! loan! and/or! student!bursaries/scholarships)!
b. Supported!c. Both!
!9.3 Ethics Review (Attached on Next Page)
1
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