Major RiversNameNileAmazonChang (Yangtze)Mississippi-Miss ouriContinentAfricaSouth AmericaAsiaNort h Ameri caOut fl owMediterranean SeaAtlant ic Oce anEast China SeaGul f of MexicoTotal Lengt h(mi.)4,1 604,0003,9643,710Major DesertsNameSa haraGobiLibya nSonoranContinentAfricaAsiaAfricaNo rt h Ameri caOceansArea (sq. mi .)3,500 ,000500,000450,000120,000Arct ic OceanArea: 5,426 ,000 sq. mi .Coastline: 28 ,209mi .Average Dept h: 3,407 ft.Indian OceanAtlantic OceanArea: 3 1,736,000 sq. mi .Coastl ine: 69,525mi.Average Dept h: 11,730 ft.Pacific OceanArea:Coastli ne:Average Depth:28, 410,000 sq. mi .4 1,346 mi.12,598 ftArea:Coastl ine :AverageDepth:63,838,000 sq. mi.84,315 mi.12,925ft.Highest ElevationsMountain Peak Name Place Height (ft.) Con tinen tKili manjaro Tanzani a 19,340 AfricaVinson Massif Antarctica 16,864 AntarcticaEverest Nepal-Tibet 29,035 AsiaKosciusko Australia 7,310 Austral iaElbrus Russia 18,510 EuropeMc Kin ley Alaska, U.S. 20,320 North AmericaAconcagua Argentina 22,834 South AmericaLowestElevationsCopynght 2005by MapQue st. IncAll rig~ t s reservedLowest Poin t NameLake AssaIBentl ey Subglacial Trenc hDead SeaLake EyreCas pia n SeaDeath Vall eyValdes Penin sulaPlaceDjib outiAntarcticaIsrael-JordanAust raliaRussia- AzerbaijanCaliforn ia, U.S.ArgentinaDept hBelow Sea Level (ft .)5128,327*1,3105292282131' EstimatedContinen tAfri caAntarcticaAsiaAus trali aEuropeNorth AmericaSouth America-Published by Copynght 2005 by Meprxest. Inc. All nqhts reserved. Whileeverycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copyright, the publishers tender their apologies for anyaccidental infringement wherecopynqht hasproved untraceable. All nghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or transmitt edInany formby any means electronic, mechanical, orother Wise, whether now or hereafter devised. including photocopying, recording, or byanyInformation and retrieval system, without espress writt enprior permissionfromthePublisher. Acknowledgements. "How to use this Atlas"writtenby ElspethLeacock MeXICOStatecoat of arms on page 76. 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com Photographs on pages 24-25(Deserts, Nature, China/Tibet. Alaska, Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/Tibet), 59 (rivers),60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62- 63 (Arctic) Copynqbt 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers. Photographs on pages 26-27 1V01.16, 44, 74), 60- 61 1V01. 16, 44). 62-3 1V01. 16, 44) Copyright 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc. Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight) Copynght 2005 NASA Photographs on pages 58, 62- 63 (Southern California) Ccpynqbt 2005 Drqital StockCorp. Photograph on page 62 (Rockiespring) Copynghl 2005 Freestockphotos ccm Pnotcqraphs on pages68--69 No!. 194) Copynqbr 2005 Corbrs Corp. WorldFacts andFiguresInside front cover UsingThis Atlas.4- 5 Legend6 Map Scale7 LatitudeandLongitude8- 9 DifferentKindsof Maps10-11 Our Solar System12- 13 WorldPhysical14- 15 WorldPolitical16- 17 OceanFloor18- 19 DynamicEarth Earthquakes20 Volcanoes21 Continental Drift22-23 WorldClimate24-25 WorldVegetation26- 27 WorldEnvironment WorldForest Cover28 TropicalRa in Forests29 WorldPopulation Population Density30-3 1 Population Projections30 WorldPopulation LifeExpectancy: 1999, 202532 YouthfulPopulation33 Food andNutrition33 WorldCulture Languages34 Literacy34 Religions35 HistoricalSpread of Religions35 WorldLandUse,36- 37 IndustrialEmployment36 Agricultural ,Employment37 WorldResources Oil,NaturalGas, andCoal38-39 MajorMinerals38-39 ElectricalEnergyProduction39 WorldCommunications TelevisionReceivers.40 Newspaper Circulation.41 Personal Computers.41 Cellular Communications.41 WorldTransportation TimeZones.42 MajorAirports.43 .. North America Political.44 North America Physica l.45 North America Themes Population Density.46 Gross Domest ic Product(GDP).47 LandUse47 Climate.48 Precipitation.48 Vegetat ion.49 Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification, AcidRain.49 United StatesPolitical50-51 United StatesPolitical Facts52-53 UnitedStates Physical54-55 United States Physical Facts56-57 Geographic Features Continental Divide58 U.S. Earthquakes58 FallLine59 Faults59 UnitedStatesCli mate60-61 United States Vegetation62-63 United StatesLandUse64-65 Uni ted StatesResources66-67 United States Transportation: Road, Ra ilroads, Airports. .68-69 United States Population Population Density70-71 Distribution of Populat ion by Region: 1900, 1950,200070 Centerof Populat ion71 PercentChangein StatePopulation, 1990-2000.71 UnitedStatesEconomy Per CapitaIncome72.-73 PersonsBelow thePoverty Level.73 Canada Polit ical74 Canada Physical.75 MexicoPolitical76 MexicoPhysical77 South America Political.78 South America Physical79 South America Themes Population Density80 Gross Domest ic Product (GDP)81 LandUse81 Climate82 Precipitat ion82 South AmericaThemes, continued Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertificat ion83 84Europe Political 85 Europe Themes Population Density Europe Physical 86 87 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) LandUse87 Climate88 Precipitation88 Vegetat ion89 EnvironmentalIssues: Deforestat ion, Desertification, Acid Rain89 AfricaPolitical90 AfricaPhysical91 Africa Themes Population Density92 Gross Domestic Product(GDP)93 LandUse93 Climate94 Precipitation94 Vegetation95 EnvironmentalIssues: Deforestation,Desertification95 Asia Political96 AsiaPhysical97 Asia Themes Population Density98 Gross Domestic Product (GDPr99 LandUse99 Climate100 Precipitation100 Veqetation>101 -, Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion,Desertificat ion, AcidRa in;101 Australiaand OceaniaPolitical102 ....r" AustraliaandOceania Physical103 Australiaand-Oceania Themes Population Density104 105Gross Domestic Product (GDP) LandUse105 Climate106 Precipitation106 Vegetation107 Envi ronmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification107 Index108- 112 Vegetat ion83GeographicGlossaryInsideback cover AN ATLASis a collect ionofFindingDi rection mapsthat canbeTofind directi onsuse th e map's compass rose. us edto findinformationabo ut yourworld. TheYoucan alsolise lines oflati tude andlongi tude verylatestdatahasbeencollectedtomake thesetofi nddirection. Everyline oflongi tude points E maps. Hundreds of sat ellite images were usedto-w4 north and south. Every line oflati tud e points map th e dramatic shrinkingof Eart h's for est s. 5 east and west. You can learn more about latitude The latest cens us data from each and every coun and longitude onpages 8-9. tr y wasusedto build apicture of Eart h'scurrent population. The most recent scienti fic researchReadingMap Symbols wasusedto createth em atic maps of continentalEverymap symbol shows thelocati onof somedrift, th e ocea n fl oor, th e envi ronme ntand ourthing. It could be something as large as a continaturalresources. Lookclosely an dyouwill seenent or assmall asa bird-house. A dot that th e informat ionforth e map s comesfromshowsth e locat ion of a city. A blue line many di fferent sourcessuchasNASA, th e U.S.showsthe course of ariver. Butmap Department of th e Inter ior orth e WorldBank.symbols are not t hesameon allmaps. You canuse th ese map sto explore your world,One map might show a city with a discover connec t ionsbet weenpl aces, and seesquare.Map legends orkeyshelp relati on shipsbet weenplaces andpeoples.explaint hesymbols usedonamap. But thi s atlasis more than ju st a wealth ofYoucanfind out more aboutlegends information . It is funto look at to o. You willandth e map symbo lsusedinthis atlas findth at th ese ma psandph otographs canevokeon page 6. images of faraway pla ces. Theyinvit e youto pause andtodream. Withamapyoucanjourney th e world without ever get tingwet, cold, tir edorSpecialFeatures ofthis Atlas hungry. You canimagine greatadven turesand notleave th e comfortof your favorite chair!This atl ashasbeendesignedand organi zedtobe easyfor you touse. Here is a "roadmap" to your Togetth e most out of this atlasyouneedtoatlas. know howtoreadmaps. Just as youlearned to readwordslike th e onesonthi spage, youcanThe Blue TabBa r learn how to read th e lan guage of maps. TheSomewhere along the top blue t ab bar of each mapskills youneedtokn owar e:spreadyou will see a darker blue tab . Ittells you 1.locatingplaces 2.measuring di stance 3.finding directi on 4.readingmapsymbols Locating Places Tofindplacesinthi s atlas, youcan begin withth e subj ectof the map or ma psyouarelooking th e index. To find Dalla s follow th ese steps.at. The lightblue tabs tell you the subjects of the CUlCO,Peru7813'32'571'S6'W1. Look up Dallas in th e index at th esur rounding map spreads. If, for example, you Cyclades,Islands8537' OO'N2S'OO' E Cyprus,country,963S'OO'N33' OO'Eendof thi sbook.are looki ngatthe World Climat e map and would Cyprus, Island973S'OO'N33'OO' E Cyrenaica, region912S'OO'N24'OO'E2.Theindex t ells youth at Dallas is alike toco mpare ittothe WorldVegeta tio nmap, Czech Reo.. country8449'OO'NlS'OO'E city inTexas and that itcanbeyoucanuse the t abstofi ndthat map quickly found on page 50. Youwill alsoand easily. 9014' 42' N17'27'Wlearn that Dallas is locatedat Dallas, TX5032' 47' N96' 48'W Dalmatia, region8544' 00'N16'0 0' E 32 4 7'N (32degr ees 47minutesMap Skills Dernareland, region9121'00'519'OO' E Damascus,SYria 963J'J l' N36' 18'E north) and 96 48' W (96 degr ees 48Look at t he blue tab bar above and youwill see d'Ambre, Cap, cape9112' 00' 548'00' E DaNang,Vietnam9616' OJ'N108' 12' E minutes wesr.)thatyouare int hemap skills section. This secDanube, nver8549' OO'N10' OO' E DanubeDelta, delta854S' OO'N29'OO'E 3.Goto page50and findth e line oftion shouldbe called"ReadMeFirst " beca useit Derdeoel'es.st-e8540'OO'N27'OO'E Dares Salaam, Tanzania 906'49'539' 17'E latitude nearest toth e numberis herethat youwillfin dallsorts of helpful Darling, fiver103Jl 'OO'S 144'00' E 32 Nand th e line oflongitudeinformation about maps andhow to read them. nearest to th e number 96 W. You willfindEven if youare apracticedmapreader, readt his Dallasclose towhere th ose twolines meet.Yousect ion ! canlearn more about latitude andlongitude on pages 8- 9.The Wo rl d reneda Inth is sectionyouwillfind a worldpoli ti cal Measuring Distancemap, a worldphysical map, an d 35 world theTomeasure di stance most maps have a distan cematic maps. The worldpolitical mapshows the o200400mi scale. You can learn more abo ut measuring di s most up todate na tional boundaries. On the6260' 400 km' tan ce onpage 7.worldphysical mapyoucanseehuge desert s, Dakar, Senega! great mountai nranges,andeventh e seaice that coversmuchof th e Arcti c. The th ematic mapsinclude t hemostup todate mforrnanon on everything fromthe world di stribunonof computers and televisionstolifeexpectancy, religion andli teracy. If youwanttoseethe ocean floor, or tofind wh er e 111 the world volcanoes fo rm, t hisIS t hesec tiontolookin. Contin ent s The continentunits arede signedtoallhave t he same ki ndsof map s. This will enable you tocompare and contrastone continenrwith anot he r witheaseandaccuracy. There ISa political map, aph ysicalmap, and a to tal of seventhemati cmapsperco n tinen t. Usedindivid ually eachmap can provide answerstomanyqu est ions.But alltogether , eachset of maps canbe usedtotell astory.Fi e!._ 1 * .\ N 0" .(Portlafld. - ... "1:: Imagine a journ ey cro ssmg aconti nen t . You canseet he regi ons vrsi red, thernounrams climbed,or t he de serts crossed. You cantellif many peopl e arepassedal ong the wayorfew. Youcandescr ibet he acnvin csof the people. Willyouseenunersorranc he rsorfarmer s? Andyoucantellabout the different climates experiencedalongthe way. All ofrhrs informationandmore isonth e mapsforevery connnent but Antarct ica. Environment alIssues There ISaspecial"Environmental Issues" featureforeach continent andoneforthe world.To cr eate t hesefeaturesthe latest SCIentific informan onwas gatheredandorgani zedforyo u.The topiCScoverth e t hreemajor en vironmentalIssues facedby crn zcn stoday, desertification, deforestati on, andacidram. tP The Unit ed St at es L.- ostonInthe sectio nonthe Umred States NYMAyouwillfind apol iticalmap WIth T 1\twopages of poliucalfact s, aphysical map Withtwopages of physical facts, andseventhemanc map spreads . Canada and Mexico Ca nada andMexico both have t heirown spreadsthat include apoli tical and phys ical map. Geographic Features There are t wospecial "Geogr aphic Features"mcluded inthis atl as. To find out how the cont ine n ts,Earth's greatestland features, have been drifnng arou ndt heglobe,turn to pages 22 -23. To t ake an1t1de pt h look at fallline s, divides, and fau lts turntothe United StatesGeographic Featuresspreadonpages58-59. Charts and Graphs \1. This atlas IS filledWith charts,graphs and diagrams. They areusedto gIvemoreinformation about su bject s shownonth e maps. Tomake these charts and graphs, long list sof t he most upto date datawas gathered. Thenal l t hose number s were o rganizedintogr aphic disp lays th at canbe read simply and acc ura tel y. -- Consumpt ion 5] 10f-- -:7"'S,-- """"='----.:::>---.-E. 5 20 i;Linegraphsareusedto show l 1changeinamountsovertime. o

195019601970198019902000 IA$2.679 NC$1,624 Bargr aphs ar eusedtocomMN $1,083 pare amounts. IL $762 NE $640 IN $545 Pie chart s showpercentages of atotal. Glossary Ther e aremany geographic terms foundon mapssuchas fjord, isthmus, or plateau. Youcan findth emeaning ofth eseand ot hert erms in the geographic glossary locatedon t heinside back cover. Thestaffat Mapquest worked hard to make this atlas a referencebook that is bothfull ofinformation and funand ea.ry touse. We hopethaty ou enjoy your copy. Thefollowi ng symbols are usedher e for general referen ce map s. Map sLegend wit h spec ial subjec ts (thematic map s) have t heir ownul1lqu e legends. GeneralReferenceMaps Nati onal capital Ot her capital* Other city Internati onal boundary (pol iti cal map) Internati onal boundaryin dispute/undefined (polit ical map) State or provincial boundary International boundary (physical map) Int ernat ional boundary in dispute (physical map) D Nonsubjectarea Mountain peak Lowest point = Perennial lake Int ermitt entlake Perennial river Falls PhysicalMaps LegendPack ice , .0

Oceans and seas Aridlands -

or: Tundra .. Grassl ands +--."".,.v Aglobe IS t he most accuratepicture of theEarth. Onl y a globe can show di st an ce, directi on,Projections an dt he t rue shape and area ofl andand sea. Map makers st ruggle withhowtosho w th e ro undworld onaflatmap . Imagine the Earth as a large balloon. \Cut it apart, andflatten it \to make a map. To show th e ro und Ear rhon flatpap er , mapmakers useddifferent projections , or ways ofjsho wmg around sha pe on a flatsurface. Wit hevery proj ectionthe shapesof places are changedsomewhat. This IScalled di stortion. To finddi storti on, you can compare t he latit ude andlon gitude lines of a maptoth ose same lines on a globe. Projections - Making the RoundWorld Flat Robinson Projection Arthur Rob in son, anAmericanmap mak er , wantedtodevelopa mapproj ect IOn t hat "loo ked"n ght.Thi s projecti onusesma ny di storti ons bu tnone are Significant. Youcanseerhi s by co mpa n ng oneof th e large scale Worldmap s m t his atlastoa globe. Ice caps Forest s Mercator Projection Gerardus Merca tor, aDutch mapmaker, wantedamap proj ectionth atsho weddirecti on and shape accurat ely. The problems wit hdrst orr ron s are mo re ob vIOUSonrlusprojecti on. Youcanseeth at t helan dar eas are very distortedtheclosertoth e pol es th at youget. So,t hi s proj ecti onendedup grearly di storti ng dist an ce andsize. Thisdiagram shows howa Mercatorprojection distortsthe sizesofplaces. Compare Greenland on the map and the globe. AzimuthalProjection This ISa projecti on usedtosh ow Antarctica and the Arctic . Azi m uthal map s show directi onanddis tance accurately, if measuredfromth e center of the map. But, ot her distances, shape and size ar e distorted. r: ChangingScale T helargesc al emapof New York 's lower Manharran (top) sh owsa small area withalarge amounr of derail. T hesmallscalem ap of New York State (bottom) is alar ge areawitha small amounrof det ail. MapScale o2 miles IJ 11I1111111111111111111111111111 inches One inch represe nts1mile ,i,i iI o1020304050 kilometers W l l l l l l l l l I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1 " 1centimeters One centimeter represen ts10 kilometers LatitudeandLongitude Since an cient times, mapmak ers, geographers, andnavigarors have worked todevelop a systemfor accu rately locatin g places onth e Eart h. On a sphe re, such as the Earth, t he re are no co rne rs or sides,no beginrung or end. But si ncetheEarthrotates onanaxis, th ere aretwofixedpoints: th e Nort hPole and t he Sout hPol e. These pomts mak e agood start ingplace for a systemof imaginarylin es. Theseimaginar y line sformagrIdoverth eEar t h, allowmguswpmpOlnt t he exact locat ionof any SpOt on t heEart h.Thi s spherical grid IScalled the grati cule. Itisformedby lines calledlatitude andlongitude. 90NORTHPOLE 0N EQUATOR0 I - - - - t - - - - I - ~ - - - ' -- - - l 0 905 SOUTHPOLE Longitude Runningfro mpoletopol e, lmes of longitude-ccal led meridi a ns- circleth e glob e In anorth-south direcnon. As In any circle or sphere, th ere are 360degr ees ( 0) oflong itu de. The meridian s are numbere dfromthePr imeMeridi anwlnch 900 W900E Wup to180.The lnternanc nal Date Line generally foll ows th e180 meridi an , IS labeled 0 .Meridi anseast 1800or westof th ePrime Mer idranarelabeledE or rnakmgafew Jogsto aVOI dcuttll1g throu gh land areas . NORTH POLE / Meridians of Longitude Parall els of Latitude IThe Graticul e Latitude Halfway between t he pol es the equator CIrcles th e globe111an eas twest directio n. Latitude IS measuredin degr eesnorth or sout hof t he equaw r, whi chIS0 degrees(0). Lines of latitude are called parall el s becau se th ey circle th e globe parall el tothe eq uato r. Parallels arenumberedfrom0 atth eEqu atorto90 Na tthe No rt b Pol e an d 90 S at t he So uthPole . 180 International Date Line-0 Prime Mer idi an Parallelsand Meridians-The Fads Parallels 160'140'120"100"80'60" 40'20'0' , /,- I ar e lines oflatitudeusedto measure location nor th or sout h of theEquator 60"'--"NORTH EURO PE are alwaysth e samedista nce apart (about 70miles) AMERICAJ_ di ffer IIIleng t h 40' The Equato r, t he lon gest par all el, ISalmost 25,000 mil es lon g Meri di ans are lines of longit ude usedtomeasure locationeastor west ofth ePrime 20' Meri d ian I " meetatth e pol es 40"'->'" are allth e samelengt h 60' 20"4W60" 80'100"120' 140' 160 I i+---AUSTRALIA Degrees,Minutes,Seconds A degree (0) of latit ude o r lon gitude canbe divrdedmto 60 part s call edminutes(' ). Eachminute canbe drvidedin to60 seco nds (") . T he di agram at tIght ISanexa m p le of aplace loca tedtot henearestsecon d. It is writt enas: 4221 '30 "N7 103 '37 " W Th isplace ISCity cen ter,Boston, Massachusetts. The index a tt heback of this Atlasuses degr ees andm in utes ofl atit ude andlon gitude tohelp yo ufindplaces. Whichwaynorth... The geograp hic No rt ha ndSout hPolesare fixedpoints locatedateach endoft heEart h 'saxis. T heEar t h ' smagn et ic fields cause t h e needle of aco m pa ssto POlllttowardma gn eti c no rth, notgeog raphic north. The northmagn et icpo leISlocat edint h enor th ernterrit o ries of Canada. T he so ut hmagn eti cpoleISloca tednea rth e coastof An ta rctica. T he ma gn eti c po les are co ns t an tly movlllg. NORTH POLE SOUTH POLE Different Kindsof Maps Mapsare special pictures ofplaces on Earth. All mapsare alike inth ese lmportam ways: All maps ar e a view from abo ve All maps show select ed informati onusmg symbols All maps are smaller than th e real place on Earth t har th ey show. Because peop le want to sho w many different dungs on Eart h, th ey createman y d ifferent kinds of map s. PhysicalMaps ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ The purpose of aphysical map is to show th e ph ysicalor natural "~ World. Physicalmaps show -1'" ' " landforms andbodi es of _':;~ _ . water. We use physical '.....- map s to locate rivers and mountains, ocean cu rrents and wind pat terns . AUS' ~ .11-Thematic, or SpecialPurposeMaps NEU 'GU INEA AUSTRALIA Vegetatio n M ap Hist oric RouteMap Continent al Drift Map / Gross DomesticProduct (GOP) Map EJUTk .\ " " " ~.SUDAN PACIFIC OCEAN CHAD as NIGI;; R M ALJ StJoh n$tangIer""". eo........ c:>cMO Jl.OCl"t) ,'''.J '\5r. 5..11.., & 1M ..,...." @ CAPI- .M A U R IT A N IA \ ' R D ~. 0.......0 GAM rH:SU H !G AL Population Density Map These maps show a speci fic subj ect(rhe me)o r very limired number of subjects(suchaspopulati ond en si ty, climate or historical topics). They canbe usedtosho w distributionsand relat ionsh ip s amongmapfeatures. This page contains exam ples of t hema ny~typesof maps tobe foundthrough out th e... Student Atlas ofthe World. AL IA ST BInternational bou ndary AMountain peak CapeVetdfIslands!s '":) ~ '.: ds NVI, 0', l00'E1200E 0 1,000 mi ~ - - - - ' - - - - - ' c , . 4 -- - - - '1,000 km 300Nl ATLANTIC7QOW OCEAN --')"' -$0: ') \'1-$0:__ ___'---.: '- TROPICOF CANCER- - - " ,_.s6Q O W ,Turkand CaicosIs, (u .K.)

"'IDOlNICAN)IREP(njiIc(U.S, . .. :/' St. Man (Fr. andNcrh .} .''C.;?:"A'V' GUAAN DBARBUDA .Virgin Islandsl' . _Monlse" at (U.K.) (U.S.and U.K.)ST. xrrrs e: Guapeloupe (Fr.) ANDNEV IS 'Ii M4rtinique (Fr.) d sT\ LUCIA \t>BARBADO S VINCENT AN D GRENADA T'JIEGRENA DIN ES ,TRINIDADAN D TO BAGO 10"N+.....: PACIFIC OCEAN 90 "W IJInt ernat ional bou ndary c IIJW / izores ~ ~CAP E V ERDE ATLANTIC I OCEAN I -+--w4 '--r-r--;-t--I--I------l Abbreviations OEM. REP.DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGOOFTHECONGO EQ.GUINEAEQUATORIALGUINEA NETH.NETHERLANDS N .Z.NEW ZEALAND REP. CONGOREPUBLICOFTHECONGO U.A.E.UNITED ARABEMIRATES U.K.UNITED KINGDOM U.S.UNITEDSTATES OceanFloor ASIA NO RTH '\ AM E RICA Surrounding mostof th e co nrme n rs are gemly slopmg areas calledcon rm enral shelves , whichreachdepths of abou t650 ft. (200 m) . At th e edges of the connncnral shelves lie steeperconnnental slopes leadmgdown [0 th e de ep oceanbasin, o r ab yss. The ab yss co ntains manyo f th e samefeatures we see on land, mcludmg plains, moun tams ranges (ridges), iso latedmountains (known as sea mounts or guyots), andtr en ch es. The Mi dOcean fudge systemmarks th e ar eas wh ere crus ta l plat es aremovm g ap art , andisvery ac tive geol ogICally, as molten rockn ses and erupts[0 crea te new crust. Eart hquakes and volcanoesare common alongmany underseat renc hes andrid ges. ASIA A FR ICA 0" ~Q t ~SOUTH 0 AMERICA }>~-ICl r.... Unde rsea Volcanoes . PlateBoundariesand Earthquakes ,. Earthq uake region Locationofmajorearthq uake Plateboundary - Direction ofplatemovement The move me ntofEarth'scr us t al pl at es causesth eph en omenaknownasear thqua kes. The surface of th eEart hactuallymoves or qu ak es. Anearthquake canhaveth e dest ructive energy of an a tomi c bo mb.However, t ho usa ndsof eart hquakes occur each dayall overth e world Without mostpeopl ereali zi ngI t. ThemaJonty of earthquakes occur alo nga fault. A faul tIS u sually a weakorbroken area111 th e rocksbeneathth e surface of th e Earth, butsome, like th e San AndreasFault inCal iforrua, canbe seenonthe surface. See pages 58-59 tolearnmor e abo utfaults . The Richter Scalemeasures th e ene rgyof anearthq uake. This measu rem ent IS ob tai ned from t he focus , orhypocenter, th e spot wherethefirs tbreakIntheroc klayers occurs . The spot on th e surface of t heEart h, directly aboveth e focus and near est to the source of energyIScalled th e ep icen ter. Eart hq ua ke damage IScaused by rhrs energy, called seismic ene rgy, moving throug h the roc ks or alo ng th e surface.Manygeograp hic factors, both ph ysical an d hu man, det ermine how much damage IS do ne by th ese seis mic waves of energy. Major Earthquakes since1900 SOUTH AMERICA -- OceanicCrust . . Subduction _ Lithosphere Asthenosphere Date April4, 1905 April18, 1906 Dec. 28, 1908 Dec 16, 1920 Sept. 1, 1923 May22,1927 Dec. 25, 1932 March2, 1933 Jan. 15, 1934 May30,1935 Jan. 25, 1939 Dec. 26, 1939 Dec. 21,1946 Oct. 5, 1948 Aug. 15, 1950 May22,1960 March27,1964 May31,1970 Feb. 4, 1976 July 28, 1976 Oct. 10, 1980 Sept.19, 1985 June 20, 1990 Dec. 12, 1992 Jan. 17, 1995 Aug. 17, 1999 Jan.26,2001 Location Richter Scale Magnitude Kangra, India San Francisco, California Messina,Italy B.6 7.8 7.5 Gansu Province, China. . . . . . . . . . . .B.6 Sagami Bay(near Yokohama), Japan . .B.3 Xining, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B.3 Gansu Province,China7.6 off northeast coast of Honshu, Japan ..8.9 Bihar, India/NepalB.4 Quetta, Pakistan7.5 Chillan,Chile8.3 Erzincan,TurkeyB,OHonshu, JapanB.4 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan7.3 Assam,IndiaB.7Arauco, Chile9.5 Anchorage, Alaska9.2 Northern Peru, near Chimbote7,8 Guatemala City, Guatemala7.5 Tangshan, China8.0 EIAsnam, Algeria7.7 MexicoCity,MexicoB.l Western Iran, near Qazvin7.7 Flores Island,Indonesia7.5 Kobe, Japan6.9 Istanbul,Turkey7.4 Ahmadabad, India7.7 Source:National Earthquake Information Center, U.S.G.S Plate Boundaries and Volcanoes PACIFIC EOIJATOR_ '- t - ~ . '-...,-, PLA ::..:..: T-=E,---+~ _ - - - . . + - - - - /..Volcano Plate boundary -- Direct ion of platemovement A vo lcanoIS anop enmg 10 th e Earth's cru se oftencapped by a cone-shaped hill or mo unta informed from eru pte dlavaand ash . Volcanoes are associatedwithplate boundari es. Powerfulforc es occurringfar beneathrhe surfacear the edges of plates causeroc k to meltand, at th e sametime, opencrac ks inrhe cruse. Aneru pt ionoccurs whenmagma(meltedrock)fl ows, and manyt imes explodes,througha weakness, suchasa crackintheEart h'scrus e. Once magmaisflowing onthe Ea rt h's surface itis call edlava. Flowing lavacanbe several thousanddegr eesFahrenhei e. In a few cases , volcanoes existwithout being near the edgeof a place. Inth esecases , suchastheHawaiianIslands, apowerful andpersistent fl owof ma gmahas broken thr oughthe cruse. SomeNotable Volcanic Eruptions Date 1500 s.c, Aug. 24, A.D. 79 1169 1586 Dec. 15, 1631 March-July,1669 Aug. 12, 1772 June 8, 1783 May21,1 792 Apr. 10-12, 1815 Oct. 8, 1822 Aug. 26-28, 1883 Apr. 24, 1902 Locat ion Thira (Santorini), Greece Vesuvius, Italy Mt. Etna, Italy Mt. Ke lut, Java, Indonesia Vesuvi us, Italy Mt. Et na, Italy Mt. Papandayan, Java, Indonesia Laki, Iceland Mt. Unzen, Japan Mt. Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia Galunggung, Java, Indonesia Krakatau, Indonesia Santa Maria, Guatemala Mt. Pelee,Martinique Mt. Taal, Philippines Mt. Kelut, Java, Indonesia Mt. Lamington,New Guinea Mt. St. Helens,UnitedStates EIChichon, Mexico Nevado del Ruiz,Colombia LakeNyos, Cameroon Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines Soufriere Hills, Montserrat May8, 1902 Jan. 30, 1911 May19, 1919 Jan. 17-2 1, 1951 May18, 1980 Mar. 28, 1982 Nov. 13, 1985 Aug. 21, 1986 June 15, 1991 June-Sept. , 1997 Lava Flow Fissure Flows 5 J 1 7 5 9 4 7 andrecogni zable, andthecontinents, exceptforAustralia 237 Million YearsAgo OCEAN Thispeculiar-to our eyes-arrangement of continents with PANTHALASSIC itsunfamiliar oceansand seas , mountains andplains, and peninsulas andislandsreminds usthat th e dinosaurslived in a fardifferent landscapeth anour own. Asthe last dinosaursrecededinto memory,the future Atlantic Ocean andMediterraneanSea werebecomingmore substant ial 237 and Antarctica, werenearing th eirpresent latitudes. Within thelast65million years, most contine ntsnestl edunhurriedlyintoth eircurrent pos iti ons.However, th e Indian su b-continent "sprinted"north, crashing into Asiaand bulldozing uptheHimalayas. earth'slofti estmountain range. 9465 DECEMBER 100 AeofDinosaurs 150 Millionsof YearsAgo 200 250 300 15161718192021 22232425262728 10"121314 PACIFIC OCEAN ASIA PACIFIC OCEAN / 65MillionYears Ago 94 MillionYears Ago.-::--=::;.;c::::::;.......... Present ~ 5 day Humans o If ayear (365 days) representedtheapproximate age oftheEarth (4. 5 billion years). thenthehrst mapwhich showstheEart h 237mil lionyears ago. would have occurredaboutDecember13t h. 94 and 65 million years ago wouldhave occurred aboutDecembe r 25thand27t h respectively. Recordedhistorystartedabout5.500 years ago: on this calendar . thatwouldhave been about 21 seconds befor etheNewYear The highly controversialtheory of Continental Drift wasproposedin1915by AlfredWegen ertoexplainboth geologic and fossildi scoveri es. Alt houghsupport edby str ongdata and seemingly obvious visual evrdence -crnos tno tabl y, the closefit of t he coasrlmesof Afr ica an d Sout h America- the th eory was rejectedby other scien tists. By t he1960s, fur ther studies, especially t hose th at di scoveredthat some rock s co ntained a recordof th e al ignmem of theEarth'smagneti c field, resurrecte dthet heory, which was red efinedunder t hetermPlateTectonics. Few scientis tsnowdisp ut e itsgen eralpr emise, that continental and oceanicplates move ato palayerof hot and semi-solidrock belowthem, alt ho ughmany detail s, particularlythe cau ses andmechanics of the motion, ar e st ill not wellun derstood. ANTARCTICA (\ PACIFIC OCEAN Present Day PACIFIC OCEAN \ ) . Climate Tropical wet DTropical wetand dry _Arid DSemiarid DMed iterranea n DHumid subt ropical Marine Humidcont inental D Subarctic Tundra DD, Ice cap Highland Highest average annual precipitat ion Lowes!average i 6annual preciptat ion Highestrecorded tempe rature Lowestrecorded ~temperature Major OceanCurrents ........Cool ~currents Warm currents 20'W \ Recife" .. I PACIFIC OCEAN 0'- EQUATOR Vegetat ion Con ifero us for est Unclassifiedhighlands or ice cap Tundra and alpine tundra Coniferous forest Midlatitude deciduous forest Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest Mixedforest Midlatitude scrubland Midlatitude grassland Desert Tropical seasonal and scrub DTropical rain forest DTropical savanna Deciduous for estDesert Tropical rain fo restSubtr opical broad leafeve rgr eenforestMixedfor estM io lat it ud e scru bland 20"40"E ANTARCTICA 1,000 mr--- +-- - 1,0002,000 km Scale01 theEquator , rcjecucn: Robinson Midlatitude grassland Tropical savannaTropical seasonal and scrubTundra and alpine tundraUnclassified highlands or ice cap ..... .. WorldForestCover Forestshelp regulate climate by sto n ng hu ge am ounts of carbon di oxide , whil eproviding habitatsforcoun tless animal andplant species.Environmentalist shave -= ForestCover Forest cover8,000years ago that has beenlost DRemai ningforest cover (much ofitfragmented) SOurce':or e SlFrontIers jn, rJa t,lIe . WorldResources r-isutute.I QQ8 -,. -- - - -- --Annual Deforestat ion Rates More thanD.9% de forested D.lto D.9% defo rested Stableor increasedforestarea No currentdata available SourceWorld Resources rosntc te voiced concernoveralon g-t erm decreaseinforest cover, asforestlandshavebeenclearedfor suchpurposes as farnung, loggl11g, ml11mg, andurbanexpans IOn. TropicalRainForests Trop ical rainfor ests, found aro undtheEarthwit h in10balance of nature . Inthepast40yearsalone, ab o uto nedegrees of t heequa to r, co ntainm or e t hanhal f of allfifthof t he acreagehasbeenclearedfo r logging a nd the world'sp lants and animal species,beside stobein gotherpu rp oses. T heserainfo rest s, incl ud ingth e majo r home toman y Indi genou speop les. Th ey are vit altoth efo restspin poin tedhere, rem ainun der seriousthreat. Threats toTropical Rain Forests Agricultural clearing Highway constructi on Logging Mining Pipel ine development Source:Fares!Frontler 5 InItiatIve, Wor ldResour ces Instrtute.1998 Sundarbans(Bangladesh /India) BolivarState(Venezuela) Threat diJff' ThreatIf!)QRisks: The world'slargestmangrove forest. Risks: Habitat s for several indigenousHabit at for the world'slargest peop les/ cultures.population ofBengal t igers. Rich biodi versityEconomy for 300,000 local families ForestsofDarienGap (Colombia/Panama) ThreatIt> ~Risks:Habitat s for t hree indigenous peoples/cul tures. Rich biodiversit y The Atlantic RainForest (CoastalBrazil) Threatr.i$l Risks: Biodiversity-70%of t he plants and 20% of the primate species are found nowhere else in t he world. Tai Nat ionalPark and surrounding for ests (Coted'ivoire!"" ThreatGII)J Risks: Rich biod iversity RatanariProvince(Cambodia) Threat :(illegal) Risks: Habit ats for several minority peop les. Endangered species of animals. WesternandGulf Provinces (PapuaNew Guinea) Threat~ o:? Risks: Except ional area for richness of diverse andrare animal species. Habit ats forseveral indigenous peoples/ cultures. , A ,;> f-- - - - - - - - --..:: EasternCongoForests (Oem. Rep. oftheCongo) Threat:t.ltl Risks: Greatestbio logica l diversity ofany forest onthe conti nentof Africa. Many of Afri ca's remainingPygmy peoples . Cross River andKorup National Park (Cameroon/Nigeria) ThreatttP (by European and Asian companies) Risks: Rich in plantspecies-potent ial wealthof new drugs andindust rial products. Possible cure to deadly diseases. Percentage ofFrontier Forest UnderModerate orHigh Threat ofDestruction (through 2030) Acco rdingtot he WorldResou rcesInst itute, only about one-fift hof th eEart h'sfo rest coverof 8,000 year s agosu rvivesunfragm ented , int helargeun spoiledt ractsit calls frontierf orests. T hesefor est s a rebig eno ug hto provide sta blehabi rarsforarichd iversity of plant a ndan im al speCI es. SOurceFares!Fronti ers Inl tlatlve. WorldResourceslnsntute1998 WO RLD A FRI CAN OR THAM ERICACE N T RA LAM ERI CASOUTHAMER I CA EUROPEASI ARUSSIAOC EA NI A -26,444,000 26.138.000 23.173,000 21.119.000 20,397,000 19.211.000 19,180.000 17,432.000 2015(projected) Sao Paulo PopulationDensity 2002 Perso ns perPersons pe r sq . milesq.km Over520Over200 260to519100to 199 130 to25950to 99 25 to12910t049 1to241 t09 o0 Urbanagg lomerat ionswith over 10.000. 000inhabitants Worldpopulationtotal as ofMarch1. 2003: 6.277.603,768 (Every da y itIncr easesby abo ut202.500) Soc-cet-te-oenooar Program$ (en te r. u.sBureau 01 the Census Largest Cities (urbanagglomerations) 2000 1Tokyo26,444,0001Tokyo 2MexicoCity18,131.0002Mumbai 3Mumbai18.066,0003Lagos 4SaoPaulo17,755,0004Dhaka 5New York16.640.0005SaoPaulo 6Lagos . . . .. . . . 13,427.0006Karachi 7Los Angeles13.140,0007Mexico City 8Kolkata12.918.0008New York 9Shanghai12,887,0009Jakarta17,256,000 Rio de J, ,,;,, DO y, 0/ Buenos \Aires. ATLANTlC OCEAN (0'r-+-I I\"J'! I . ...'-----t- --I'-----'{1.317,493.000' 805,243,000 10Kolkata17,252,000 11Delhi16,808,000 12Manila14,825,000 13Shanghai14.575,000 14Los Angeles14,080,000 15Buenos Aires14,076.000 10Buenos Aires12.560,000 11Dhaka12,317,000 12Karachi11,794.000 13Delhi11.695.000 14Jakarta . . . ... . 11,018,000 15Osaka11,013.000 Source: Unit edNationsPopulation Division Populat ion Projections by Continent SOurceU SBureau oftheCensus. Inte ' l1(l tiona'Data Dvrs.cn '0 Ti' e worldwi ll become mor e crowdedin the21st century. In mid-2000, Chinaalready hadt he highestpopu lat ionin theworld , wit h an estimated 1.3 billion inhabit ant s, one-firth of the worldtotal. India hadreached1 bi ll ion, whilet he UnitedSt ates had the wor ld's t hird-largest population, with about 275 million, followedbyIndonesia, Brazil, andRussia. o0; " PopulationDensity by Country / Lagos Scc-ce U S. Bc-ee...oftt'leCeoscs U.SDep t. 01 Commerce Persons pe r sq . mile 1170 andover 780to1169 390 to 779 195 to389 65 to194 Unde r 65 Personsper sq. km 450andover 300to449 150 to299 75to149 25 to74 Under 25 O ther countrie s Populati on Densityofthe CurrentMostPopulous Count ries 2000Persons pe r2050 (project ed)Persons per square milesquare mile China330China .. , . . , .. , , ' ,360 India800India .. .. .. .. ...1,450 United St ates70United States , . . , . ,100 Indonesia290Indonesia , .. , . , , . .450 Brazil50Brazil .. ... , , . , , .. ,70 Russia20Russia , .. , . , ' . , . ,..20 2050 o o LifeExpectancy Lifeexpectancy atbirthis a commo n measu re of t heing counrnes, life expectancy t here sho uld Increase. But number of years a perso n may expect to live. Ther e aremost of sub-Saharan Afnca will have less t han average many factors, such asnutrition, sanitat ion, hea lt h and life expectancies. medi cal services, that co ntribute to hel ping people live Alt ho ugh it is no t included here, females almost longer. alwayshavealonger life expectancy than males. As someof th e abo ve factors Improve Inthe develop2000 Life Expectancy (in years) R75(084 65 to74 50 to64 40 (0 49 Less than40 No data Source: U,S. CensusBureau 2025 . ~ .. ....".,. j" \' r\' Highest AnticipatedLife Expectancies,2025 World Average71 1Andorra8411Italy82 2Macau8312Liechte nstein82 3Japan8313Monaco82 4Singapore8314Spain82 5Australia8215Norway82 6Switzerland8216Gree ce82 7Canada8217Israel82 8Sweden8218Netherlands82 9Iceland82 10France8230UnitedStates81 Source: u.s.CensusBureau YouthfulPopulation Acount ry wit h a yo uthful populationoften refl ects a high birthrate and a shor t life expect ancy. The yout hful componentof a country'spopul ati onshould be th e healthi est and themost energet ic. In cou ntries wherethere is agood system of educa tion,thesta ndardsof livmg canonl y benefit froma large,educated you thfulpopulation . furthermore, large nu mbers of young workers offer ameans for providing fin ancial and social supportfor th e older membersof thepop ul ation . Unfortunately, a count ry's economic and physi calresourcesmaynot be able to absorb aballooning youthful population. A lackof oppo rt unityinrural regions encouragesmigrationto over-crowdedciti eswhere, inturn, alackof jobs orspace inschoolsleadsto swelling numbers of un employed. 0Percent of population age 14 years and younger More than45% 40 to45% 30 to40% 20 to30% Less than20% 2001 Est imates Source: WorldFactbook, CIA, 2001 FoodandNutrition There has beena gene ral tr end tow ardsbetterO na worldwidebasis, th efoodsu pply seems nutrition, but su b-SaharanAfnca rem ain s aprobl emadeq uate. Un fort una telyth e availabilityof foodand area: increasingnumbers o f people willbesu ffen ngth e di stributi onof people don't alwaysmatchup. fromundern utrit ion. \ 2,218) o \J,..

. ... -v-LGYPT 3,346 ,7 -

0 ..,. ,,REPUBLIC OF I) THECONGO fU 1,514 AverageDaily per Capita CalorieSupply, 1998-2000 Within each cont inent,thecountries withthe highest per cap ita calorie suppl y arelabeled in green, while thecountr ies with thelowesl percap ital calorie supplyarelabe ledin red . Source:UN food andAgricultllreOrganization PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2,175 ,. ZEALAND 3,252 Undernutritionin Developing Countries,1969-2010 5001-------- - - - c o o c eQj-1t.1?" 300Eg.g200 =0) foo 1"""= - - - - - - - - - -= :!'! iil

1969-711979-811990-922010 NEAR EAST& NORTH AFRI CA The colors of theregions correspond to the colors in the graph. .r;;' "Primaryreg ional lang uage Malaya-Polynesian (includi ngHawaiian, Prlipmo) Sino -Tibetan(incl udingChine se, Burmese) Ural-Asiat ic (incl ud ingFinnish, Hungana n, Turkrsh) Other French LanguagesDDDUninhabi t ed Hausa Fulani AkanYoruraboA F R I C ASomali Luba l uluaGikuyuKongoRwand8 Dravidian Af rican (includi ngYoruba. Swahili) Af ro-Asiat ic (includ ingHebr ew, Arabic ) Ame rindi an (Incl udin gInuit , lroquoian. O uechua) Ind o-European (includ ingEnglish, Spanish, Hind i) Japanese andKorean D D Literacy 2001 Estimat es 97 to100% 81 to 96% 61 to80% 30 t o 60% Less than30% No current data availab le 1" Worldhteracy rates are basedon thepercentage ofthe populatio n who can readtheir native language. The data varies betweent he years of1989to2000. SourceWorld Pectoooe. CIA. 2001 Religions Roman Cat holic Prot estant Eastern Orth od ox Islam Japanese religions ($hChinese reli.mtctsm . Buddh ism) glons (Buddhism,Tdoism. . Co nt ocianism) HindUism Buddh ism ~Judaism DLocal relig ions DUninhabited Historical Spreadof Religions --e Budd hrsm --e Chnstraruty -Islam Judaism (Jewish d iaspo ra) Prese nt-da b youndanes A ) Belo Horizonte Rio deJm.. SaoP~ u~ - - -- Buenos ~ A i resATLANTIC --6 CEAN---PACIFIC OCEAN - TROPICOFCAPRICORN ---------- ,-o-----------t--- EQUATOR---+---------.f:------..."iiiil':!l. LandUse DCommercialagriculture D DDairy ing Livestock ranching Nomadic herding Subsistence agriculture Primarily forestl and Limitedagriculturalact ivity Major manufactu ringand tradecenters Sharesof the World'sGOP 2001 SOurce: World Facrboolc. CIA. 2001 Canada 2% The GrossDo mes ticProduct (GOP) is thevalueof goods and servicesproducedby apol iti cal ent ityIn any givenperi od . These valu es helpind icat ehowwellth e econo myis doing. Industrial Employment More than 40% 30 to 40% lSto 29.9% Less than 1S% No current data available Percentage of total labor force employedin industry. Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001 -0 CIFI C Osaka/p '1JlOCEAN 60'S -+--r= 120'E INDIAN OCEAN 90' E /' Agricultural Employment

Morethan 80% 60 to80% 30 to59.9% 10to29.9% Lesst han 10% No current data avail able t oftot al laborforce Percendiagriculture. emplo yemkCIA 2001 Source: World Factboo.. 2,0,00 mi

300E // I1 0002,000 km o, Scale at the Projection : Robinson ------4-w - : _-- - w5Cape Town-I 1,qOO " I7 PACIFICOCEAN EQUATOR--+- - - - -j-- - - - -+- - - - -+- --,r.-- -F Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Major oilfields Other oilfields c::::::>Natural gas fields DCoal deposits :.11 Bauxite Chrom ium Copp er BDiamonds &-,Gol d MIron @Lead Manganese &ill.Nickel Platinum !SJllSilver /l!U Tin Titan ium.. Zinc EQUATOR " ,,' Electrical Energy Productio n Billions ofkilowatthours, 1999 3,705(UnitedState s) 500to1,175 100 to 499 50 to99 20 to 49 Less than20 No current data available SOurceU SDepe -troeorof E. nergy Internati onalEnergyAnnu al. 2000 - -Television Receivers Number of television receivers per 100popu lation More than 50 30 to 50 10 to 30 5 to10 Less than5 No currentdataavailable SOurce. UNESCOInstitute for Statistics Newspaper Circulation Daily new spape r circulation per 100populat ion More than 40 20 to40 10 to 20 2.5 to10 Less than 2.5 No current data available 1996 Estimates Source: UNESCOInstitutetor Statistics \ Although thereare so meunexpect edl y upper-categor y coun triesonthismap, televisions , arelatively inexp ensive consumer ite minallbut th e poorestnati ons, predominate whe rebroadcast and cab le tech no logyismodern an davailable and where popular culture has madetelevision th e pnmar y medi um of marketi ng,news, and enrerrainmenr. = : ~ U S T RAL I AObvious ly, newspaperCircul ationISpartiall y associated withnati onal lit eracy. In addi ti on, th erelative co untry rank ingsmay illustrate the rangeof cultural vitality and the freedom-or lackof- inth e abi lityto express and share ideas,opi nions , and critical comme ntary. Personal Computers Personalcomputersper 100populat ion Morethan 40 30to40 20 to 30 10 to 20 5 to10 Less[han 5 Nodataavailable 2001Estimat es SourceIMI Telecommunicat ion Unton InternetUsers, 2001 China 33,700,000 Germany 30,000,000 SouthKorea24,380,000 UnitedKi ngdom24,000,000 Italy 16,000,000 France15,653,000 Canada13,500,000 Braz il 8,000,000 SourceInte rnati onalTelecommun icat ion Union Cellular Communications Cellular t el ephonesubscribers per100populat ion Morethan60 45 to 60 30 to 45 15to30 5 to15 Lessthan 5 Nodataavailable 2001Est;mate, SourceIn1"lI eleco mmunicatron Union Personal compute r ownership ISgenerally msign rficanr 111 ASia, if Eas ternEuro pe, and Africa. Some or all of t he following reasonsmay apply: expe nse,illi teracy, lackof techn ology, and lit t le or no eco no m ICn eed. Also, aut horitarian govern me ntsmayanemp[to lirrur [h e use of computers,feanngt he unresrrtcredaccessto glo balinformsn on [ ha c email and[heInt ern etoffer. u.s.142,823,000 Japan57,900,000 ' f1 Cellular telep hon es may be affor dable andViab le alrernanveswhere teleph one Ian dimes ar e non exist ent , rcchnol ogically ba ckwards, expensive, or overloaded. Co nversely, where landlines are modernand profi cien t , [he demandfor cellu lar telep hon es may be less [han expected. TimeZonesDNon-standardtime; 1 P.M.2 P.M.3 P.M.4 P.M.5 P.M.6P.M.7P.M.8 P.M.9 P.M.10Pi 2 A.M.3 A.M.4 A.M.5 A.M. +1112 -12- 11-10-9-8-7-6-5 The WorldIS drvidcdinro24time zones , beginni ng at th ePrime Meridian, whi chru ns th rough Green wich, Eng land. Thetwelve zo nes eas tand twelve zoneswestof the Prime Merrdianmeer halfway around the globe at t heIntern ati on al Date Line. "+6 Hours I +4+7+8 - 1o+1+2+3+5+6 Trave lin gIt1aneaste rly drr ecnon , thetime ofNotethatth e run esshowna re "st andard time." day moves aheado ne hour for eachzo neAdjustmen t s a renecessary when "daylight cros sed . T ravelm g west , n rne fallsbeh indo nesavingti me "IS use d. hourper zo ne . Att heIntern ati on alDa teL1Ile a tr avelergall1s o nedaycroSSIl1g ItIIIaneas te rly d irection, andloses one day rraveli ngwest. Average Speeds of SomePassenger Transportation Walking3-4mph/ 5-6 kph Bicycle10 mph/16kph Ocean liner, Queen Elizabeth 1/33 mph/53kph Intercity bus, Greyhound; u.s .54 mph/87 kph Aircushion vehicle, United Kingdom69 mph/111kph Electric tr ain, AmtrakAce la Express; East ern U.s.150 mph/241kph (t op speed) High-speed t rain, Shinkansen(BulletTrain); Japan164 mph/263kph (average speed betweenstations) Jetairl iner, Boeing 737500 mph/80S kph nes P.M. A'I 'dne y

:;i +10 OceanTravel,New YorkCitytoLondon =- 1883, St eamship6 days2000 , Oceanliner, Q ueen ElizabethII,5daysAirTravel,New YorkCitytoParis 1927,Spirit of St .Louis, single-engine propeller plane33hours30minutes' '-.o S),1958,Boe ing707, four-engine jet8hours41minutes- : 1977, Concorde SST, supersonic jet3hours 44minutesSourceAirports CooncttInternational More than 40 million 30 to 40 milli on 20 to30 million Passengers at Major Airports 2001 Famous AirplaneFlights 1903 Orvill e and Wilbur Wright made the first engine-powered flight ina heavier-than-aircraft at KittyHawk, NC.The fiight lasted less than 12 seconds. 1908 Glenn Curtiss made the first official flight of more than 1 kilometer (0.62 miles). 1926 Floyd Bennett (pilot ) and Richard E. Byrd (navigator) claimed to have circled theNorth Pole. 1927 Charles A. Li ndbergh made the first solo, nonstop, transatlantic flight. He flewfromGardenCity, NY to Paris in33 hours 30 minutes. 1929 RichardE. Byrd establishedan Antarctic base atLittle America. On November 28 and 29, Byrd and his pilot, Bernt Balchen, left the base and flew to the South Pole. 1932 AmeliaEarhart was the first woman to fly across the AtlanticOcean. She flewfromHarbour Grace, Newfoundland to Northern Ireland, a distance of 2,026 miles (3,260 kilometers) in 15 hours 18 minutes. 1933 Wiley Post made the first solo, round-the-world flight. He flewfromFloydBennett Fieldin Brooklyn, NY and covered 15,596 miles (25,099 kilometers) in 7 days 18 hours 49 minutes. 1949 AnAirForce crew made the first nonstop, round-the-world flight. Using a B-50Abomber, they traveled 23,452 miles (37,742 kilometers) in 3 days 22 hours 1 minute, 1992 French pilotsflewthe supersonic Concorde around the world, east-to-west, in a record setting 32 hours 49 minutes 3 seconds. Bering Sea PACIFIC OCEAN Area: 9,361,791 square miles (24,247,038 squarekilomete rs) HighestPoint:Mt.McKinley, Unit edStat es, 20,320 h . (6,194m) LowestPoint:Death Valley, UnitedStates, 282 h. (86 m) below sea level LongestRiver: Mississippi-Missour i-RedRock, 3,710 mi. (5,971km) LargestLake:Lake Superior , Unit edSt ates! Canada,31,700sq. mi. (82,103 sq. km) LargestCountry: Canada, 3,85 1,809sq. mi. (9,976,140sq. km) Largest City: New York City, UnitedState s, 21,200,000(met ropolitan popu lat ion) ARCTIC OCEAN Nat ionsofthe Lesser Antilles Count ryCapitalCount ryCapit al Antigua andBarbudaSt. John'sSt. Vi ncent and theKingstown 51.Kitts andNevisBasseterre Grenadines DominicaRoseau Grenada51.George's 51.LuciaCastries Trinidad and TobagoPort-of-Spain BarbadosBridgetown Int ernat ional boundary St at e orprovinci al boundary Nat ionalcapit al Symbol and label sizes indicate relative sizes 0/ cities: NewYork Balt i more Cbartotte 400800m; , 400800 km n's \

Bermuda _(U.K.) ,0"" I 600 W Puerto Martin (U.S.) Iv (Fr . and Nerh.) .ANTIGUA AND .,,?':. B1RBUDA VirginIslands/. _Montserrat (U.K.) (U.S. and U.K.)(Fr .) ST . KIrrS" AND NEVIS'1\Martinique (Fr .) mid LUCIA a200kmIC)BARB/\ DOS GRENADA " TRINIDAD AND T OB AGO IO'N .. --------.; BO'N ,'IS ,:, " '00,. North + Pole ARCTIC OCEAN "\

., Bermuda ATLANTIC \ OCEAN 800 km 800 mi / I BInt ernational boundary '"Mountain peak VLowest point Falls [Elevation ProfileJ100"W70'W I I, "'__,,_ ..SeaAB United States281 Majorme tr opol itanar ea s Ove r 2 million 1 million to2 million Und e r 1 million Pe rso nspe r sq . mile Over 520 260 t0519 130to259 25to29 1 to24 o rPopulation Mexico 103 All othercount ries 51 Canada32 Guatemala13 Cuba11 Estimated2002 Population (in millions) Source: u.s.Census BureaIJ.Edmonton Guadalajara.Leon Mexico City Oklahomae CityDallas-EI PasoFt. Worth adJuarez",New.Jac ksonville AustlO...Orlea nsOrland o San Antonio Tampa-.\S 51.PetersburgMffifl'I')Bassete rre Mont er rey. ST ,KITTS" NE VISjANTIGUA" Havana?"PuertoRico\,,(BARRUIM ",(u .S)t . Jo hn's l A ,......... San Juan.DOMI NI CA n Port,'a U \'SantoST , LUC IA': BARRAD OS lPPrince\Dorninqo VI NC ENT" DO MI N ICANGRE N ADA'TI lEG RENADI NES -Port-ol-Sparr Los Angeles San Diego. TIjuana . Calgary Quebec. Port land.TacomaMontreal. ( Minneapo lis- awa 51.Paul.am1t0 11... e Toro nt oost on ,Det roltlil . Sacrame nt o. Sa ltLake CityMllCwha,ukee4t'jevelandew York-Newark rcaqo,ephiladelphia SanFrancisco-.. D,C.-Balt imore Oakland .FresnoDenve re KansasCityCincinnatie('of,San JoseLasVegasStLouis"mbusrfIk V'.,BhUN I T EDS T ATE S'Nashville.,.,,00"g'OIaeac .? .Me mphisCharlott e At lant a UnitedStates NewYork-Newark21,200,000 Los Ange les16,374,000 Chicago9,158,000 Washington -Baltimore7.608,000 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose7.039,000 Philadelph ia6,188 ,000 Bost on5,819,000 Detroit5.456,000 Dallas-Ft. Worth5,222,000 Houston4,670,000 Atlanta4,112,000 Miami3,876,000 Seattle-Tacom a3,555,000 Phoenix3,252,000 Minneapolis-St. Paul2,969,000 Cleveland -Akron2,946,000 SanDiego2,814,000 St, Louis2,604,000 Denver2,582,000 Tampe -St. Petersburg2,396,000 Pitts burgh2,359,000 Portland2,265,000 Cincinnati1,979,000 Sacramento1,797,000 Kansas City1.776,000 Milwaukee1,690,000 Interna tiona l compa rabifi ty of popolarion data is limitedby varying census methods. VVheremetropolitan popvfationis unavailable, cor e city populationis sho wn. Major Metropolitan Areas Antigua &Barbu da St. John 's22,000 Bahama s Nassau211,000 Barbados Bridgetown6,000 Belize BelizeCity49,000 Belmopan8,000 Canada Toronto5,030,000 Montr eal3,549,000 Vancouver2,123,000 Ottawa1,129,000 Calgary993,000 Edmonton967,000 Quebec698,000 Hamilton687,000 Winnipeg686,000 Costa Rica San Jose1,305,000 Cuba Havana2,192,000 Dominica Roseau16,000 Dominican Republic SantoDomingo2,677,000 EISalvador SanSalvador1,909,000 Grenada St. Geo rge 's5,000 Guatem ala Guat emalaCity1,007,000 Haiti Port-au-Prince99 1,000 Honduras Tegucigalpa835,000 Jamaica Kingston578,000 Mexico Mexico City16,203.000 Guadalajara3,349 ,000 Monterrey3,131,000 Pueb la1,272.000 Ciudad J uarez1,187,000 Tijuana1,149,000 leon1,021,000 Nicarag ua Managua1,148,000 Panama Panama City1,002,000 PuertoRico San Juan2,450,000 St.Kitts&Nevis Basseterre13,000 St. lucia Castries11,000 St. Vincent& Grenad ines Kingstown15,000 Trinidad&Tobago Port of Spain48,000 Pe rso nsper sq.km Over200 100 t o199 50 to99 10to 49 1 to9 o ... GrossDomestic Product GOP per capita Over 520,000 $10,000 to520.000 $5,000 to59,999 $2,500 to54.999 Under 52.500 No data SOurce World Facrbook. CIA. 2001 There is aprofoun dnort h-south differen ce in Nort h America, Can ada andt he u.s. are modelsof high -tech, globally connec ted economies- largely urbanand service OrIentedSOCieties wh ere arelativeha ndfulof farmerspr oduces asurplusof food stuffs andeverylan duse, fromtheirngaredfields of theWest to t he dair y beltof th e Nor t heas t toth e for est sof th e No rt h, seems tobe mol dedby marker effic iency, Without a dou bt, th is eco nomicprowess has beenencouragedby Immen se supplies San Francisco of coal, oi l, nat ural gas, wood, gold, iro n ore, andotherminera lreso urces. AlthoughMeXICOhassub stantial oiland mineral resources and ag ncul tu ralpr oducti on thar successfully st ruggles agaIns r cha lleng ing environmenral lirru ta rions , muchof irs growing prospen ty IS lmked toincreased tr ad e withth e U.s. , reflectedinamajormanufactunngzone alongItS northernborderlands. Central Amer icaandth e Caribbeanconti nueto wrestl e Wit hth e legacy of comme rcial plantationagrIcult ure andsubsistenceagrI culture, bur tour ism,especially int he Caribbea n, and sma ll-scale assembly andmanufactunnghavebecome econo micbackb ones, aswell. GrossDomestic ProductISameasure of th e to tal goodsand services generatedby acmIntry. Gene rally, manufacturing,hi gh-techservices, andspecializedagri culturalproduct s ad dmor e val ueth anrawmaterial sandbaSICfoodsruffs. Mexicop rofitsfromoil p roductionandamajor manufact urmg zone adjace nt toth e U.S. bo rder , whi le Cos taRica ha s become a sigru ficanr to unstdesti nati on. Hai tiIS t he poo restcou ntry Int he West ern Hemi sphere. ElectricityUse Canada15,748 UnitedSt at es 12,407 Vi rgi n Island s 7,762 Jamaica2,278 Mexic o1,676 EI Salv ador583 KWh (kil owatthours) per person per year So urceWorld FactbookCIA2001 Land Use and Resources Predom inantlanduse D Commer cial agriculture D Dairying livestock ranChing DSubsistence agriculture Primarily forestland DLimited agricultural activity Maj orresources QCoal ClNatural gas iAOil Forestproducts @Gold ~ Silver ~ Ironore illUranium Bauxite nOt her rnmerals ..:::;:xcFishing Major manufacturing and trade centers HSAl.V ADO R Climate Tropical wet Tropical wetand dry And Semiarid D Mediterranean ,", D Humid subtropical Marine Humid continental D Subarct ic D Tundra Highland D Ice cap Su rroundedandenvelopedby warmwater, th e count ries of sout hernNorth Ameri caar e warmandwet. TheEas ternU.S. andmostof Canadaare st ripedby climatezones offering adequat e pr ecipiranonand progressively lowertemperarures as onet ravelsnorth, but the pat tcrn goes tops y-rurvy mthe West , where swirling and andsern ran dzonesabut coasta l regIOns infl uencedby bot hram-bean ngwindsandcool ocean currents. See photograp hstakenindi fferenrkindsofelimatesonpages24- 25. C AN A DA Hend ersonLake Highestaverage annual pr eci pitation: 256 "{650c st.John's AnnualPrecipitation San Francisco Bat agues Lowestaverageannual precipita tion :1.2 "(3.0 cm) UN I T ED STATES Atlanta. Cent imet ers Over 203 152to 203 102 to152 51 to102 25 to 51 Under 25 Inches Over 80 60 to80 40to 60 20 to 40 10 to20 Under 10 J ustasmoisture-richrrade winds sweepth roughthe Caribbeanto st rike andsoak Cent ral America, prevailing westerly winds eme rge fro mth eNo rthPacificto collide wi ththe coastalmounrains of Canadaandthe U.S. Leachedof rain and snow, themoving airremains dryunril itonce againapproaches warmwar er-rhe Gulf of Mexico andth e Gu lf Str eam enriched Atlanri c Ocean. ,.. Cli mat eGraphs Average dailyAverage monthly temperaturepreci pitation range(InoF)(in inches) ATlANTA.USA ':j _:::::::: _[20' -- - 10' :1 11 . 0, JanApr JulOct FAIRBANKS. USA 100"]l2o' 65 __10' 32".21 to- 00 -,- -- 0' JanApr JulOct MEXICO CITY, Mexico ':j==- =[:: 0"I .O JanAptJulOct MINNEAPOUS, USA

JanAprJulOct NUUK,Greenland [20' - - 10' 12'---- = 0"--- O JanApr JulOct NEWYORK CITY. USA ':j_--[20'__-- 10' 0" O JanAprJulOct PHOENIX. USA 'OO' j_=_[2065'-- -- 10' 12'0"O JanAfJr JulOct ST. JOHN'S, Canada 100'j -l2o' W ---- 10' 12'- -0"=t=,.1O JanAprJulOct SAN FRANOSCO. USA -__[20' - __---- 10' 11'0"1JanAprJutOct SAN JOSE, Cost aRica ': j === ==:::::::: r[:: IO. JanAprJulOct SANJUAN, Puerto Rico ': 1====[:: 1: 1 1 1 10' JanAprJulOct VANCOUVER.Canada r-r--:[20' - 10' 12'- -0".1: 1O Ja"Apr JulOct EnvironmentalIssues Currentforest DCleared forest Area at highestrisk of desertification oAreas most affected by acidrain Poor air quality' "Citiesexceed ingat least oneof theWorld Hea lth OrganIzation's (WHO) annual mean guidelines for ai, qualit}' SOurces: Global Distribution of Originaland RemainingForests, UNEPW CMC. 2002 World Soi l Resources Map Index, USDAlNRCS.2002 WorldDevelopmentIndicarors. World Bank. 1999 Vegetation Unclassifiedhighlands or ice capMixed forest Tundra and alpine tundraMidlatitude scrubland Coniferous forestMidlatitude grassland 0 Midlatitude deciduous forestDesert D 0 Subtropical broadleaf evergreenTropical seasonal and scrub D forest Tropical rain forest 0 Deserts spanningthe U.5./Mexicoborder join t hetropical pla nt life of Central Ame ricaand southe rnMexicoto t hete mper ateand arctic vegetatIOnof Canadaand t heU.S.- vegetat ion predominat ely for estlan d bu t spli t by the arc of the GreatPlains andin ter wovenwi th scrublandsabletoendureinfrequentrainfall. See photograph s of differ ent t hekinds of vegeta t iononpage 26 - 27. AN llGUA& BARHUOA Inthe U.S. and Canada,heavycon sumption of energy and otherresources is a source of many environmentalproblems. Environ mental laws and regulatio ns have helped, but air pollutants and gases continue to cau se healthprobl ems and maycontribute to global warming. Inthe west ern U.S. and parts of Mexico, large areas are susceptible to desertificat ionfrom overgrazing and ag ricul ture. Deforestationis a major issueinLat in America and th e Caribbean. InHai ti, forexample, all th e native rain for est s havebeen dest royed, causingirreversibl e harm to ecosystems. _") TH E BAHAMAS #..STKITTS &. NEVISA."IT1GUA e -'.;#. ... \/BARBUDA 6- .....;;;;;:'.......;(u .s .)J'. AD',pi- #....co, DO Mf N TC".A ..ST . BARBADO..CO::=::-ST.VINCENT e GRENADA;TIn GRF.NADlN[S &T O BAGO * . ... . . - }{" -........ . ... CAUFORNIAREPUBUC United StatesAlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCalifornia Hawaii Iowa Maine Minnesota Nebraska New Mexico Ohio Be 95' Fort Worth Dall Laredo.Corpus I ChnS1l BrownsvilleV lWW Abilene. I 15S'W OdessatWac TEXAS olOOmi f-----r---' o100km 160'W ,pIG QHonolulu= HAWAII 'D D NEW/MEXICO RoswL I IOS'W I

MONTANA I Bill ings. :i \l . 13O'W \ Nevada Kansas Idaho o

KANSAS ' l! !' OKLAHOMA Maryland New York Okl ahoma Mississip pi Rhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtah ... j A 'lAS ColoradoConnecticutDelaware EJState bo unda ry Nation al capi t al *St atecap it al Symbol and label sizes indicate relative sizes of cities: 2o'N 8CJ'W \ New YorkCity St .Lo uis o o I 150 150 , 300 km 300 mi , Carson City .n. wI -VermontVirginiaWashington District of Columbia 7O"W Tot al Area: 3)17)96 square miles (9,629.091 square kilom eters) Highest Point:Mt.McKinl ey, Alaska, 20.320ft. (6,194 m) Lowest Point:Death Vall ey, California, 282 ft. (86 m) below sea level LongestRiver: MississippiMissouri-RedRock, 3)10mi. (5,971km) LargestLake (wit hin U.S.): LakeMi chigan, 22,342 sq. mi. (57,866 sq. km) LargestState: Al aska, 570,374 sq. mi. (1,477,268 sq. km) LargestCity: NewYork City, New York, 8,008,028 West Virginia n..LINOIB Illinois Kentucky Massachusetts Missouri New Hampshire NorthCarolina Oregon WISCONSIN . :"l::!'

1848 Wisconsin '0' :m: _', Georgia ..*.....

.,, - -!f!__* ."11'." .... I ..* ."."1.,,." Indiana Louisiana Michigan MONTANA e Montana N ew J ersey

NorthDakota Pennsylvani a Wyoming Abbreviation 2000 PopulationLargest Postal StateandRankCapitalCityTraditionalServiceNickname Alabama4,447,10023rdMontgomeryBirminghamALA.ALHeartof Dixie Alaska626,93248thJuneauAnchorage(none)AKTheLastFrontier Arizona5,130,63220thPhoenixPhoenixARIZ.AZGrand Canyon State Arkansas2,673,40033rdLitttle RockLittleRockARK.ARLand of Opportunity California33,871,6481stSacramentoLosAngelesCALIF.CAGolden State Colorado4,301,26124thDenverDenverCOLO.COCentennial State Connecticut3,405,56529thHartfordBridgeportCONN.CT Constitution State, Nut meg State Delaware783,60045thDoverWilmingtonDEL.DE First Stat e, Diamond State Florida15,982,3784thTallahasseeJacksonvilleFLA.FLSunshine State Georgia8,186,45310thAtlantaAtlantaGA.GA Empire Stateof the Sout h, Peach State Hawaii1,211,53742ndHonoluluHonolulu(none)HIAloha State Idaho1,293,95339thBoiseBoiseIDA.IDGem State Illinois12,419,2935thSpringfieldChicagoILL.ILPrairieState Indiana6,080,48514thIndianapolisIndianapolisIND .INHoosier State Iowa2,926,32430thDes MoinesDes Moines(none)IAHawkeye State Kansas2,688,41832ndTopekaWich itaKANS.KSSunflower State Kentucky4,041,76925thFrankfortLou isville KY.or KEN . KYBluegrassState Louisiana4,468,97622ndBaton RougeNew OrleansLA.LAPelican State Maine1,274,92340thAugustaPortland(none)MEPine Tree State Maryland5,296,48619thAnnapolisBaltimoreMD .MD OldLi ne State, Free State Massachusetts6,349,09713thBostonBostonMASS.MA BayState, Old Colony Michigan9,938,4448thLansingDetroitMICH .MIWolverine State Minnesota4,919,47921stSt. PaulMinneapolisMINN .MN North5tar State, Gopher State Mississippi2,844,65831stJacksonJacksonMISS .MSMagnolia State Missouri5,595,21117thJeffersonCityKansasCityMO.MOShow Me State .. Abbreviation 2000 PopulationLargest Postal StateandRankCapitalCityTraditionalServiceNickname Montana902,19544thHelenaBillingsMONT.MTTreasure State Nebraska1,711,26538thLincolnOmahaNEBR .NECornhusker State Nevada1,998,25735thCarson CityLasVegasNEV.NVSilver State New Hampshire1,235,78641stConcordManchesterN.H.NHGranite State New Jersey8,414,3509thTrentonNewarkN.J.NJGardenState New Mexico1,819,04636thSantaFeAlbuquerque N. MEX. orN.M. NMLand of Enchantment New York18,976,4573rdAlbanyNewYorkN.Y.NYEmpire State North Carolina8,049,31311thRaleighCharlotteN.C.NCTar Heel State North Dakota642,20047thBismarckFargo N. DAK. orN.D. ND PeaceGardenState, Flickertail State Ohio11,353,1407thColumbusColumbus(none)OHBuckeye State Oklahoma3,450,65427thOklahoma CityOklahoma CityOKLA.OKSooner State Oregon3,421,39928thSalemPortlandORE.ORBeaver State Pennsylvania12,281,0546thHarrisburgPhilad elphia PA. or PENN . PAKeystone State RhodeIsland1,048,31943rdProvidenceProvidenceR.1.RIOceanState SouthCarolina4,012,01226thColumbiaColumbiaS.c.SCPalmettoState South Dakota754,84446thPierreSioux Falls S. DAK. or S.D. SDMt. Rushmore State Tennessee5,689,28316thNashvilleMemphisTENN.TNVolunteerState Texas20,851,8202ndAustinHoustonTEX.TXLone Star State Utah2,233,16934thSalt Lake CitySalt LakeCity(none)UTBeehive State Vermont608,82749thMontpelierBurlingtonVT.VTGreen Mountain State Virginia7,078,51512thRichmondVirginiaBeachVA.VAOld Dominion Washington5,894,12115thOlympiaSeattleWASH .WAEvergreen State WestVirginia1,808,34437thCharlestonCharlestonW.VA.WVMountain State Wisconsin5,363,67518thMadisonMilwaukeeWIS .WIBadger State Wyoming493,78250thCheyenneCheyenneWYO.WYEquality State 130' Wios-w B B '" 'V Int ernat ional boundary Stateboundary Mountai n peak Lowestpoint II I I I I 40fy 1300W / 3S'fy Oahu MolokaiMEXICOlia* at' lal}Lanai .. Kahoola we .. /. 100 a250500 km\ 100200 km 10S'W IS0'W140'W Coast RangesSierraNevadaGreat BasinWasatchRangeMount Elbertirei I. &_- - 10,OOOft. - - - - - - - -=----''----..1\.- -- i 5,OOOft. - - - - ---Sea level :. A.:.....---.,.. _ .. I 95'W9WW d Hil ls ATLANTIC OCEAN -eat PlainsAppalachianMountains ________- -------L---J-----F---------s ______ _C.._ TemperatureofAnnualPrecipitation Land AreaandRankHighest PointState Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kent ucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusett s Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri 50,750 sqmi 28th131,443 sqkm 570,374 sqmi 1st 1,477,268 sqkm 113,642sqmi 6th294,334 sqkm 52,075sqmi 27th 134,875 sqkm 155,973 sqmi 3rd403,970 sqkm 103,730 sqmi 8th268,660sqkm 4,845sqmi 48th12,550sqkm 1,955sqmi 49th5,063sqkm 53,997sqmi 26t h 139,85 2sqkm 57,919sqmi 21st 150,010sqkm 6,423sqmi 47th16,637sqkm 82,751sqmi 11th214,325sqkm 55,593sqmi 24th143,987sqkm 35,870 sqmi 38th92,904sqkm 55,875sqmi 23rd144,716 sqkm 81,823sqmi 13th211,922sqkm 39,732 sqmi 36th102,907sqkm 43,566sqmi 33rd112,836sqkm 30,865 sqmi 39th79,939sqkm 9,775sqmi 42nd25, 316sqkm 7,838sqmi 45th20,300 sqkm 56,809 sqmi 22nd 147,135 sqkm 79,617sqmi 14th206,207sqkm 46,9 14 sqmi 31st 121,506sqkm 68,898 sqmi 18th 178,446 sqkm 2,405ftCheahaMtn. 777m 20,320ftMt.McKinley 6,194m 12,633ftHumphreysPeak 3,851m 2,753ftMaga zineMtn. 839m 14,494ftMt. Whitney 4,418m 14,433ftMt.Elbert 4,399m southslopeof2,380ft Mt.Frissell725m EbrightRoadat448ft DE-PAborder 137m Sec.30,T.6N,R.20W 345ft in WaltonCo.105m 4,784 ftBrasstownBald 1,458m Pu'uWekiu,13,796 ft MaunaKea4,205m 12,662 ftBorahPeak 3,859 m 1,235ftCharlesMound 376m Franklin Township1,257ft in WayneCounty383m Sec. 29, T.100N,R.41W1,670ft in OsceolaCo.509m 4,039 ft Mt. Sunflower 1,231m 4,139ftBlack Mtn. 1,262m 535ftDriskill Mtn. 163m 5,267ftMt. Katahd in 1,605m 3,360ftBackboneMtn. 1,024m 3,487ftMt. Greylock 1,063m 1,979ftMt.Arvon 603m 2,301ft EagleMtn. 701m 806ft WoodallMtn. 246m 1,772ftTaumSaukMtn. 540m HighestRecorded 1120 1000 1280 1200 1340 1180 1050 1100 1090 1120 1000 1180 1170 1160 1180 1210 1140 1140 1050 1090 10r 1120 1140 1150 1180 Lowest Recorded _270 _800 -400 -290 -450 -61 0 _320 -1r _20 -17 0 120 -600 _350 _350 _470 -400 -340 _16 0 _48 0 _40 0 -350 _51 0 -590 _190 _400 HighestRecorded 106.57" 332.29 " 58.92 " 98.55 " 153.54 " 92.84 " 78.53" 72. 75" 112.43" 112. 16" 704 .83" 81.05 " 74.58" 97.38 " 74.50 " 67.02 " 79 .68 " 113.74 " 75.64 " 72. 59" 72. 19 " 64 .01" 51.53 " 104.36 " 92.77 " Lowest Recorded 22.00' 1.61" 0.07" 19.11" 0.00 " 1.69 " 23.60 " 21.38" 21.16' 17.14" 0.19" 2.09' 16.59" 18.67" 12.11" 4.77" 14.51" 26.44" 23.06" 17.76" 21.76" 15.64" 7.81" 25.97" 16.14' .. TemperatureOFAnnualPrecipitation StateLand AreaandRankHighest Point Highest Recorded Lowest Recorded HighestRecorded Lowest Recorded Montana 145,556sqmi 376,991sqkm 4thGranitePeak 12,799ft 3,901m 1170 _700 55.51 "2.97 " ~ Nebraska 76,878sqmi 199,113sqkm 15th Johnson Township in Kimball County 5,424ft 1,653m 1180 _470 64. 52 "6.30 " Nevada 109,806sqmi 284,397sqkm 7thBoundaryPeak 13,140ft 4,005m 1250 -500 59.03"Trace New Hampshire 8,969sqmi 23,231sqkm 44thMt. Washington 6,288ft 1,917m 1060 _460 130.14"22.31" NewJersey 7,419sqmi 19,215sqkm 46thHigh Point 1,803ft 550m 1100 - 340 85.99"19.85" New Mexico 121,365sqmi 314,334 sqkm 5thWheeler Peak 13,161ft 4,011m 1220 -500 62.45"1.00 " NewYork 47,224sqmi 122,310sqkm 30thMt. Marcy 5,344ft 1,629m 1080 -520 82.06"17.64 " North Carolina 48,718sqmi 126,180 sqkm 29thMt. Mitchell 6,684ft 2,037m 1100 _340 129.60"22.69 " North Dakota 68,994sqmi 178,695sqkm 17thWhiteButte 3,506ft 1,069m 1210 -600 37.98"4.0 2 " Ohio 40,953sqmi 106,067sqkm 35thCampbellHill 1,549ft 472m 1130 _390 70.82"16.96" J Oklahoma 68,679sqmi 177,878 sqkm 19thBlack Mesa 4,973ft 1,516m 1200 -27084.47"6.53 " Oregon 96,003sqmi 248,647sqkm 10thMt.Hood 11,239ft 3,426m 1190 _540 168.88"3.33" Pennsylvania 44,820sqmi 116,083sqkm 32ndMt. Davis 3,213ft 979m 1110 -420 81.6 4"15.71" Rh ode Island 1,045sqmi 2,707sqkm 50thJerimothHill 812ft 247m 1040 -230 70.21 "24.08" South Carolina 30,111sqmi 77,988sqkm 40thSassafrasMtn. 3,560ft 1,085m 1110 -190 101 .65 "20.73" South Dakota 75,891sqmi 196,575sqkm 16thHarneyPeak 7,242ft 2,207m 1200 _580 48.42"2.89" Tennessee 41,220sqmi 106,759sqkm 34thClingmansDome 6,643ft 2,025m 1130 _320 114.88"25.23" Texas 261,914 sqmi 678,358 sqkm 2ndGuadalupePeak 8,749ft 2,667m 1200 -230 109.38"1.64" Utah 82,168 sqmi 212,816 sqkm 12thKings Peak 13,528ft 4,123m 1170 _690 108.54"1.34 " Vermont 9,249sqmi 23,956sqkm 43rdMt.Mansfield 4,393ft 1,339m 1050 _500 92.88"22.98 " f Virginia 35,598sqmi 102,558sqkm 37thMt. Rogers 5,729ft 1.746m 1100 -300 81.78"12.52 " Washington 66,582sqmi 172,447sqkm 20thMt. Rainier 14,410ft 4,392m 1180 -480 184.56"2.61" West Virginia 24,087sqmi 62,384 sqkm 41stSpruceKnob 4,861ft 1,481m 1120 -37094.01"9.50 " Wisconsin 54,314sqmi 104,673sqkm 25thTimms Hill 1,951ft 595m 1140 _540 62.07"12.00 " Wyoming 97,105sqmi 251,501sqkm 9thGannett Peak 13,804ft 4,207m 1140 _630 55.46"1.28" Divide PACIFIC OCEAN CANADA Gulf of Mexico ATLANTIC OCEAN DIVIDE: The boundaryor high ground betweenriver systems, Srr eams onone sideof rhe divide flowinadifferent direcrion andinto a different drainage basinfromth e st reamsontheother side. A continental divideisthe boundary that separatestherivers flowingroward opposite sid esof acontinent. InNorth America aconrinenral divide calledt he Great Di vide runs along th e crest of th e RockyMounrains, dividing riversthat flowrothe Gulf of Mexicoand the Atlantic Ocean from those th atflowinto thePacific Oc ean. Anorhe rmuch lower divide separ at esthoseriversthat flownorth throughHudson Baytothe Arctic Oc ean . Triple Divide PeakmMontana ISlocated on bo rh thesedivides. Water fromone sideof rhismountainfl owseasrto th e Atlantic; from another sidewater flows west ro rhePacific; and fromth enorrh face, water flows rothe Arcti c Ocean. MT WY '" .. .. ,': . ::',...........,-,::.....:-.. AZ . . ~ . ! "~: ..,',.:... :. 'UT ." ..:.... ..... I ~ . '. ALABAMA o

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\S U.S EnergyInfor mat ionAdrr\in,sv at ion LeadingPetroleumProducingStates,1999LeadingNaturalGasProducingStates,1999LeadingCoalProducingStates,2000 TX$7,767 TX $14,106WY 338.9 AK$4,829 LA$11,649WV 158.3 CA $3,844 KY 104.9 LA$2,128 OK $3,223 PA 74.6 OK $1,254 NM $3,191 TX 18.2 MT 38.4Million shortt ons WY $1,621 NM $1,124CO$1,436 SOurce 'Coal Industry Annual 2000. U.S. E:.nergyInformat ion Admini st rat ion Source:Natural Gas Annual, U,S. E:. nergy InforlT' ation Administra tion Source'Pet rol eumSupp ly Annual, U S, E:.ner gylof ceroeticnAd n"lf1istrat io n ,r)P'0 Transport at ion Limitedaccess (free) Limi t edaccess (tol l) Primary highway Amtrak Timezoneboundary Int erstatehighway U.S. hi ghway St at e highway @Nat ional capital * St at e capital ~@Othe r cit y ~Population Pe rsonspe r sq. mile a ve'1040 520 to1039 260to519 130to259 25 to129MT ND 1 to24 Under 1 I-- _ Majorcit ies Over1 million 500.000 to1 million SD 250,000to500,000 WY U.S. Resident Population 300 NE J 250 ------c:>.e=-- ---, 'E c g200,,DenverAurora .~ . ~'S d"a.150-- -------- CO Colorado I Springs KS 100 II II 196019701980199020002010 Wie -Population per Square Mile I80- -------Ibuq uerque ,OklahomalCit\" NM Ft. Worta 10-- ---=->;;.,..---oII'I'1" 1790183018701910 Source: U5Census Bureau \ " Aust in Arlin TX HIa Honolulu I I II esa - I -----I ID Las Vegas >AZ ,;Phoeni WA San Diego AK OR " I Pe rso nsper sq.km Over 400 200 to399 100to199 SOto 99 10to 49 1 to 9 Under 1 II 19501990 __ '1"'1' - ..... - -- - DistributionofPopulationby Region: 1900,1950,2000 190019502000 Source; u.s.Census Bureau KS Ni chit a . ,Tulsa oma City AR O K 20Largest Cities, 2000 Population City20001990Change 1New York8,008,2 787,322,5649.4% 2Los Angeles3,694,8203,485,3986.0% 3Chicago2,896,0162,783,7264.0% 4Houston1,953,6311,630,55319.8% 5Philadelphia1,517,5501,585,577-4.3% 6Phoenix1,321,045983,40334.3% 7San Diego1,223,4001,110,54910.2% 8Dallas1,188,5801,006,87718.0% 9San Antonio1,144,646935,93322.3% 10Detroit951 ,2701,027,974-7.5% 11San Jose894,943782,24814.4 12Indianapolis791,926741,9526.7% 13San Francisco776,733723,9597.3% 14Jacksonville735,617635,23015.8% 15Columbus711,470632,91012.4% 16Austin656,562465,62241% 17Baltimore651,154736,014-11.5% 18Memphis650, 100610,3376.5% 19Milwaukee596,974628,088-5.0% 20Boston589,141574,2832.6% Source: u.s.Census Bureau FL ~10.0 to 14.9% Increase 5.0 to9.9% increase ato 4.9% Increase Decrease Source: U.S. Census Bureau More than30% inc rease 25.0 to30% increase 20.0 to24.9% increase 15.0 to 19.9% increase Percent Changein State Population 1990-2000 ALM S LA Source U.S.Census Bureau 2000 U.S. Center ofPopulation The center of u.s. populati onIS t hecen te r o f"po pulatio n gr211fy, " or [hepointo nwh ich[heU. S. wo uld bal ance If ir were a rigi dplan e, assu nll ng all mdividuals weighthe same and exertinfluenc e prop orti onalto [h eir di stance from a cen tr al P0l!1L aliasVort Arl ingto ti n Per CapitaIncome Percapitaper son al income* in do llars $24,000andabove $18,000to$24,000 $14,000to18,000 $12,000to$14,000 $6.000to$12,000 ND Notreport ing "Per cao.tape rsonalIncome is t he mean average Income comp ut edfor( every man,woman, andchildin a particula r area. It1$derivedby d ividIngtheroralincome of a part icular areaby thetot al populationof that area.The areasusedinthISmapare thecounties andcounty eq uivalent s. WY Based on latest available dat a. Source:Bureau ofEconomicAna lysis, U S. Census Bureau NE San Francisco San Jose-Denver CO Earnings by Gender Male $40,257 Female $23,551 Earningsby Race Whit e Male $41,598 Female $23,756 NM Black Male $28,821 Female $21,694 Hispanic Male $24,970 Female $18,187 SourceCurrenlPopu /arronReports, u.s Censvs Bureau. 2000 --............. ~ ... Dall KS MT AZ Phoenix WA OR CA ALASKA ..... Los Angeles " \. TX San Antonio. Earningsby EducationLevel $100,000,---- - - --- - - - - - - --- - - $80,000 f--------------------,,.-$60,000 f----- ---- - - ---- - -,I-- - $40,000f----- - - - - - - -,,,""--- - - --$20.000~ - , . . , . - - ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 " " ' ~ ~ = ~ - - - - - - - - -SomeASSOci at e' sBachelor' sMaster' sDoct orate coll ege Source:Correot Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau,2000 No highHigh schoolschool dip loma .. Luxembourg $36,400 UnitedStates $36,200 Bermuda $33,000 San Marino $32,000 Switzerland$28,600 Aruba $28,000 Norway $27,700 Monaco$27,000 Singapore $26,500 Denm ark $25,500 Belgium $25,30 0 Austr ia $25,000 Jap an$24,900 Canada$24,800 Iceland$24,800 France$24,400 Neth erland s $24,400 MS Persons BelowthePoverty Level 30% andabove 25% to30% 20% to25% ~15% to20% 10% to15% Less than10% Pove rty level is basedon theincomeahousehold needs so that nomorethana third of income mustbeusedfor adequatefood . Households with incomes below this level areconside redto bepoor. TheU.s . government adj usts thepoverty level accordingtohousehold size, andrevises it each year forchanges in thecost of living. Source: Census2000. U.S. Census Bureau Ge rmany $23,400 *estimated,2ooo Aust ralia $23,200Source:TheWorld Faet book2000. CIA D International boundary Canada HI D Provincial boundary @ National capital l!I * Other captial Symbol and label sizes ... mdicate relative sizes of cities: Toront o Canada Vancouver Sault Ste Mer.e

' \ Quebec All offshore islands in

Hudson Bay.james Bay, Ungava Bay.

and Hudson Strait are part of

Nu navut

Lab rador

1400w 'lVDI. -1 I Alberta --- .,

,

== t Saskatchewan Manitoba Area: 3,511,022 square miles (9,093,507 square kilometers) Highest Point: Mt. Logan, 19,551 ft. (5,959 m) Lowest Point: sea level Longest River: Mackenzie, 1,023 mi. (1,730 km) Largest Lake: Great Bear La ke, 12,096 sq. mi. (31 ,328 sq. km) Largest City: Toronto, Ontario, 2,481,494 (city population) a 250 500 mi I' , a 250 500 krn Sea

Newfoundland and Labrador

,'l ... \ St-Pierre & Miquelon (Fr .) Prince Edward Island Nova Sco tia Ontario New Brunswick International boundary Provincial boundary Mountain peak ~lS0OW 0""Labrador J? Sea SOOW ,OO' W " SO' E 'OO'W 48'W :0' 00' OO'W '0 2'E "8'E ' 08'E DO'W Peninsula ri ver S e a Dese rt ""'_Oasis Arch i pel ago J Point 39'E S4'W "OO' E S6'E OO'W Archipelagoa group of islands oo'E 44' E Basin an area surrounded by hi gh erland; an ar ea drained by a S'W riverandits trib utaries '08'E 31'EBaya coastal indentat ion of [he sea oralake into[he land )(l'W 'S4' E J7'W Canal a man-made wa[erway. for Irn gatl onor t rans po rtation S3'E 'XJ'W 36'E Canyon a deep valley wit hsteep Sides, usuall y wu hanver 12'W flowi ng throughit 'OO'E'XJ'W 'YJ'WCape a pointofl andextending ou tmtoabodyof wat er W E WE Channel a narrow st retchof waterconnec t ing twolargerbodies 28'E 37'E of water oo's 8'WKJ'WCliff a high, steep rock-face KJ'W KJ'W KJ'W Coast a strip ofl andbordering t he sea (l 'W 'W Continental Divide aridge ofland(divide) th at separatesth e l4'E great drainage basins of a cont inent, each basinemptyinginto a separate body of water S'W Delta an area ofland formed by deposit s atth e mo uthof a river O'W i9'E IO'E Desert an area ofland wit hlit tl e rainfallorveget ati on IO' E IO' E 2'EFjord a narrow inlet of the sea, wit hst eep slopes, formedby a 'E ' Eglacier lOWlOW4' E Glacier a large mas s of ice that moves slowl y, fr omhigh er to 'E lower ground O'E O' E OEGulf an extension of theseapartly sur rounded by land, lar ger 2'E than a bay Harbor a sheltered area along a coastwhere ships can safely anchor Hills an uplandarea,smaller t hanm ountains, withgentl e slopes ra Island a body ofland compl etely sur roundedby wat er Isthmus a narrow st rip ofl and t hat connec ts twolarger bodi es of land Lake a body of watercompletely surroundedby lan d Glossary. Mesaatlat up land area wit hsteep sid es, smaller than aplateau Mountain an ar ea o flandnsing muchhigher t hanthe land ar ound u, wit h steep slopes and pointed orrounded tops Mouth, of river th e pomt where ariverempties into anot her body of wat er Oasisa place rnthedesen wit henoughwat er tosuppon vegetation Peak [hepoint edtopof amountain Peninsula a lon g piece of land surrounded onthree sides by water Plain a large area of flator gently rolli ngland Plateau alarge elevat edarea of flat land Point a na rrowpiece of land j utting Ollt into a body of wat er, usuall y low-lymg Range a chainof mountains Reef anunderwat erndge, lying near the surface of the water Rese rvoir a man-madelake, sometimes formedby ariver dam Riveranyst reamof freshwat er flowing by gravity from an up land source into a body of water oranotherriver.Perennial rivers flow all year ; intermitt ent ar e drypa rtof the year Seaalarge bodyof sal t water, small ert hananocean Sound a st retc h of water betweenanisland and t he mainland Strait a st ret chof water joining twolarg erbodies of water, narrowerth ana chan nel Swamplow-lying landpermanently waterlogged Tributary ariver t hat flows intoa larger river Valley a long, low area, usually wit ha riverflowing through it, andoftenlyingbetweenmou ntains orhills Vol ca no a cone-shaped hill ormou ntainformed by lava and ash; maybe acti ve or exti nc t