Stuart S. Sumida Biology 342 ( Simplified)Phylogeny of Archosauria
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Stuart S. SumidaBiology 342
(Simplified)Phylogeny of Archosauria
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Remember, we’re studying AMNIOTES.
Defined by:
EMBRYOLOGICAL FEATURES: amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac.
ANATOMICAL FEATURES: lack of an intertemporal bone.
ALSO, FUNCTIONAL FEATURES: • Costal breathing (inhaling using movement of the ribs).• Active exhalation using movement of ribs to push air out.
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ARCHOSAURIA
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ARCHOSAURS ARE DIAPSID REPTILES
ARCHOSAURIA INCLUDES:•Crocodylomorpha•Pterosauria•Dinosasuria•Aves (Birds)
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
Archosauria
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Alligator mississippiensis
Note presence of bony “scutes” or osteoderms in skin.
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Crocodilians are capable of a variety of types of locomotion: swimming; slow-sprawling walk; a moderate speed “high walk;” and even galloping in some young or smaller ones.
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PTEROSAURIA:Flying Reptiles of the Mesozoic
They are the closest relatives of dinosaurs, but they are not actually dinosaurs.
They used elongate 4th finger to support a wing.
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Reconstruction of the pterosaur Eudimorphodon in pronograde, bipedal walking.
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TERMS FOR POSTURE
Pronograde: backbone parallel to ground
Orthograde: backbone perpendicular to ground
BIPEDAL and QUADRUPEDAL are not postural terms.
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Pterydactylus
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Reconstruction of Pteranodon
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Herrerasauridae? Saurischia Ornithischia
Archosauria
Dinosauria
THE MOST PRIMITIVE DINOSAURS
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
THE MOST PRIMITIVE DINOSAURS
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A perforate acetabulum
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Herrerasauridae? Saurischia Ornithischia
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Herrerasauridae:
Upper Triassic of Argentina
2 – 4.5 meters long.
Long, low skull that is as long as the femur.
24 presacral vertebrae; and the vertebrae are relatively shorter than more primitive forms.
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Skull reconstruction
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Reconstruction
24 presacral vertebrae; and the vertebrae are relatively shorter than more primitive forms.
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Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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Dinosaurian groups more derived than Herrerasaurs may be divided into two groups based on hip construction:
SAURISCHIAN ORNITHISCHIAN
(Note position of pubis.)
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ORNITHISCHIA
Stegosauria Ankylosauria Pachycephalosauria Ceratopsia Ornithopoda
Thyreophora
Cerapoda
Most ornithischians are herbivores.
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Prosauropoda Sauropoda Theropoda
SAURISCHIA
Sauropodomorpha
Eoraptor
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Eoraptor lunensis (“Dawn Raptor”)•From the Upper Triassic of Argentina.
•Once thought to be amongst the most primitive of dinosaurs. Now considered to be a primitive Saurischian.
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SAUROPODOMORPHAUpper Triassic through end of Cretaceous
Features that define Sauropodomorpha primarily associated with adaptations for herbivory, large size and, later, graviportal locomotion:• Relatively small head• At least ten vertebrae in very long neck.• Teeth coarsely serrated.• Enlarged sacrum• Extremely large thumb with enlarged claw.
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More primitive Sauropods
Seismosaurus, a more derived sauropod.
BIPEDAL, Extremely large thumb with enlarged claw.
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THEROPODA
•Pronograde bipeds.•Pneumatic (hollow) bones.•Enlarged hand.•Vestigial digits IV and V on hand.•Highly extendable digits I-III on hand.•Compact, elongate, narrow foot – usually missing digit V.
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I
IIIII
IV
Theropod Feet: Note missing V.
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Coelophysis, skull
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Coelophysis: reconstructed in northern New Mexico
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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Daspletosaurus
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T. rex – Predator or scavenger?
Probably both…
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How fast could T. rex really run?
Could it run 25 miles per hour? 40?
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Taking animal mass and the strength of both bone and soft tissue into consideration, T. rex tissues and bones would shatter if moving much over ten miles an hour…
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For T. rex to be able to travel at 20 m.p.h. the amount of leg muscle mass required to generate that much force would be about 95% to 110% its total body mass. Clearly impossible.
If legs are allowed to account for 40-50% of body mass (very generous), a conservative estimate for “cruising speed” is 11 miles per hour.
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
(?)Eoraptor
(?)Herresauridae
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea(?)
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
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AVIALAE: TRUE BIRDS
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Archaeopteryx lithographica