Structure Function

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• Circular, flattened, biconcave shape

• No nucleus

• Contain haemoglobin

• Elastic. Able to turn bell shape

Transport oxygen from lungs to cells around body

Plasma • Pale yellowish liquid

• Contains 90% water

Transports substances such as soluble proteins (e.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin, antibodies), dissolved mineral salts (e.g. calcium), food (e.g. glucose, amino acids), excretory products (e.g. urea, carbon dioxide), hormones (e.g. insulin) around body

White Blood Cells

(Leucocytes)

• Irregular in shape

• Presence of nucleus

• Colourless. No haemoglobin

• Elastic.

Defense body against diseases

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• Membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm (not true cells)

Blood clotting

Transport function

Protective function

Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg

Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

Alveoli in lungsPulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Deoxygenated blood is brought back to the lungs through pulmonary arteries.Oxygenated blood is brought out of the lungs through pulmonary veins.

Transport function

Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg

Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

Alveoli in lungsPulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen).

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

Transport function

Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg

Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

Alveoli in lungsPulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen).

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Transport function

Cell

CellCell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

CellCell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

RBCRBC

ArterioleCapillaries

Venule

Exchange of substancesUseful materials such as glucose and oxygen are transported from plasma /RBC (higher concentration) to tissue fluid (lower concentration), down a concentration gradient, by diffusion. The useful materials in the tissue fluid will diffuse to the cells when concentration of these useful materials in the tissue fluid becomes higher than that in the cells. Osmosis will also occur.

Transport function

Cell

CellCell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

CellCell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

RBCRBC

ArterioleCapillaries

Venule

Exchange of substancesWaste products such as carbon dioxide and urea are transported from cells (higher concentration) to tissue fluid (lower concentration), down a concentration gradient, by diffusion. The waste products in the tissue fluid will diffuse to the plasma when concentration of the waste products in tissue fluid is higher than plasma.

Transport function

Transport functionHow is a molecule of oxygen being

transported from lungs to the liver cell?

As RBC moves through the capillaries in the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration) into RBC (lower concentration).

Haemoglobin in RBC binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

Blood transports oxyhaemoglobin to all tissues in the body.

Oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen to tissues containing very little oxygen by diffusion.

Rearrange!

Structure Function

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• Circular, flattened, biconcave shape

• No nucleus

• Contain haemoglobin

• Elastic. Able to turn bell shape

Transport oxygen from lungs to cells around body

Plasma • Pale yellowish liquid

• Contains 90% water

Transports substances such as soluble proteins (e.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin, antibodies), dissolved mineral salts (e.g. calcium), food (e.g. glucose, amino acids), excretory products (e.g. urea, carbon dioxide), hormones (e.g. insulin) around body

White Blood Cells

(Leucocytes)

• Irregular in shape

• Presence of nucleus

• Colourless. No haemoglobin

• Elastic.

Defense body against diseases

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• Membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm (not true cells)

Blood clotting

Transport function

Protective function

Protective functionPhagocytosis Antibody productionBlood Clotting

By platelets By phagocytes By lymphocytes

Protective functionBlood Clotting

• Damaged tissues and blood platelets release thrombokinase (enzyme).

• In the presence of calcium ions, thrombokinase catalyses conversion of inactive prothrombin to active thrombin (enzyme).

• Thrombokinase neutralises action of heparin (anti-clotting substance in blood).

• Thrombin catalyses conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.• Insoluble fibrin threads entangle blood cells. A clot and scab is formed.

• Platelets adhere to the cut edges. Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets. Formation of platelet plug prevents external bleeding.

When blood vessels are damaged,

Protective functionPhagocytosis

• Phagocyte engulfs foreign particle.

• Foreign particle will be digested by phagocyte.

• Phagocyte flows over to the foreign particle.

Adapted from http://www.cutiegadget.com/pict/pacman-plush.jpg

Protective functionAntibody production

• Lymphocyte releases antibodies.

• Antibodies can - rupture bacteria - agglutinate bacteria such that they will be easily digested by phagocytes - neutralise harmful products produced by bacteria - prevent viruses from attaching to host cells by attaching to them

• Disease causing micro-organisms in blood stream.

Age Vaccine

At birth BCG (for tuberculosis)Hepatitis B - 1st dose

2 month *Hexa (Six-in-One)

4 months ** DTaP/ IPV/ Hib

6 months Hexa (Six-in-One)

12 months Hepatitis B Booster for children of Hepatitis B carrier mothers only

15 months MMR (Measles/Mumps/Rubella)

18 months DTaP/ IPV/ Hib - 1st booster

6 yearsDT 2nd boosterOral Sabin - 2nd booster (oral polio vaccine)

12 yearsDT 3rd boosterOral Sabin - 3rd boosterMMR - 2nd dose

*  Hexa (Six-in-One) includes   Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis (DTaP)   Haemophilus Influenza type B (Hib)   Inactivated Polio (IPV)   Hepatitis B

** Diphtheria/Pertussis/Tetanus (DTaP), Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib) & Polio (IPV)

Vaccination: Injection of dead foreign bodies into humans to stimulate lymphocytes into secreting antibodies

Adapted from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lm2JI7sGwYI/SZUGTvIT7RI/AAAAAAAAEkQ/14mCG1Y2RX0/s400/vaccination(5).jpg

Amou

nt o

f anti

bodi

es in

blo

od2nd exposure to the

same foreign bodies

1st exposure to foreign bodies

Graph (1st exposure to foreign bodies): Lymphocytes respond to foreign bodies by producing antibodies.

Graph (2nd exposure to foreign bodies): - More antibodies - Response is faster

Protective functionPhagocytosis Antibody productionBlood Clotting

What will happen when tissue or organ transplant occur?

Blood group?

Types of antigens Types of antibodies

Classified according to

What is a blood group?

Antigen A Antigen B Antigen A and B No antigens

Antibody b Antibody a No antibody Antibodies a and bAntibodies are also proteins Different from antibodies produced by lymphocytes

Plasma antibodies of recipient cannot react

with antigens from donor.

• Blood Type O• Type O’s are outgoing, and very social. They are initiators, although

they don’t always finish what they start. Creative and popular, they love to be the center of attention and appear very self confident.

• Blood Type A• While outwardly calm, they have such high standards (perfectionists)

that they tend to be balls of nerves on the inside. Type A’s are the most artistic of the blood groups. They can be shy, are conscientious, trustworthy, and sensitive.

• Blood Type B• Goal oriented and strong minded, type B’s will start a task and continue

it until completed, and completed well. Type B’s are the individualists of the blood group categories and find their own way in life.

• Blood Type AB• Type AB’s are the split personalities of the blood groups. They can be

both outgoing and shy, confident and timid. While responsible, too much responsibility will cause a problem. They are trustworthy and like to help others.

Adapted from http://www.recipeapart.com/blood-type-reveals-personality/

Arteriole end

Venule end

Partially permeable

Allows small molecules to move through. Elastic molecules maybe able to squeeze through as well.

What is the structure of capillaries?

What does partially permeable mean?

What are the small or elastic molecules in blood?

- Plasma (water + small soluble molecules) - WBC

What are the big or less elastic molecules in blood?

- RBC - Plasma proteins

Formation of tissue fluid

Arteriole end

Venule end

Water, small soluble molecules and WBC

Water, small soluble molecules and WBC

High pressure at the arteriole end forces water, small soluble molecules and white blood cells out of capillaries through the partially permeable endothelium into the tissue fluid.

Red blood cells and big plasma proteins continue to move in the capillaries. As blood flows from the arteriole to venule end, the blood becomes concentrated with solutes, such as plasma proteins.

Water from tissue fluid moves into the blood by osmosis at the venule end and small soluble molecules move into the blood by diffusion.

Water, small soluble molecules

Water, small soluble molecules

Remaining tissue fluid is collected by lymphatic vessels. The fluid in lymphatic system is known as lymph. Lymph will be emptied to blood circulation through a vein near heart.

Summary