Structure and Interactions of Nuclear Matter (99.95% of ...

Nuclear Science

Objectives of Basic Science:

• Structure and Interactions of Nuclear Matter (99.95% of visible)complexity and synergy emerging from simplicity

Applications:

complexity and synergy emerging from simplicity• Synthesis and Transformation of Elements

1at

ions

Life science (nuclear medicine, diagnostic imaging, pharmaceuticals, therapy)

Materials science

Applic

a Materials scienceCosmology (chemistry & physics)Environmental studiesEarth and planetary scienceEarth and planetary scienceSeparation technologyHot-atom chemistryNuclear forensics

W. Udo Schröder, 2007

Nuclear forensics Advanced nuclear power generation/transmutation

Applications of Nuclear Instruments and Methods2

atio

ns

Applic

a


Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• 1.5T, MasterQ Body Coil

Magnetic Resonance Angiogram

• Q-Body Coil• 3D T1-FFE• Low-high profile order3

atio

ns

• 50 x 1.6 mm slices oc.• 512 x 196 matrix• FOV = 400 x 320 mm• TE / TR = 1.3 / 5.0 ms

Applic

a TE / TR 1.3 / 5.0 ms• WFS = 0.9 pix (± 62 kHz)• Flip = 35°

18 seconds Breathhold• 30 cc Gadolinium @ 2cc/sec• 30 cc Gadolinium @ 2cc/sec.

18 Second MRI image!!


Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging

P it i i t hi (PET) i t l li th h ti t’ b i

Positron e+ (anti-matter) annihilates with electron e-

Positron emission tomographic (PET) virtual slice through patient’s brain

annihilates with electron e(its matter equivalent of the same mass) to produce pure energy (photons,

rays) Energy and

4at

ions

γ-rays). Energy and momentum balance require back-to-back (1800) emission of 2 γ-rays

Applic

a

e e 2 (511 keV )γ+ −+ →

( ) γ yof equal energy

e e 2 (511 keV )γ+ →


γ detectors (NaI(Tl))

Positron Emission Tomography

After

Positron emission tomographic image of the heart

After administration of radioactive water: H2

17O to

5at

ions

2blood flow, after infarct episode

blood flow

Applic

a blood flow

After administration of radioactive acetat: 11CH3COOX


metabolism

Loveland, Morrissey, Seaborg

DNA Analysis

DNA sample decomposed into single strands into single strands, cut by enzymes into pieces, use electrophoresis to separate according to size,

6at

ions

p g ,React separated segments with radio-labeled probe protein sequences,identify by auto-radiography

Applic

a identify by auto-radiography



atio

ns

Applic

a


Nuclear Batteries with Really Long Lifetimes

Nuclear battery: a radioactive source placed inside a capacitor emits αpparticles, which build up an electric charge on the plates, or deliver an electric current

8at

ions

electric current. Such batteries can operate for long durations, a major fraction of a century (e.g.,

Applic

a

t1/2=86 a) and can be made small enough to be used in implant pace makersmakers.


Cancer Treatment with Neutrons

Patient treatment station

9at

ions

Cyclotron accelerates protons, which generate a

Applic

awhich generate a well defined secondary beam of neutrons with variable energy and range in tissue.


Treatment success rates of neutron and gamma irradiation

Radio Therapy

Heavy ions (here 12C) have a well-defined range in defined range in materials. They lose much of their kinetic energy sho tl befo e

10

atio

ns 12C Beam

12GeV

shortly before complete stopping, leading to a radiation dose

Applic

a 12GeVconcentrated at the end of their range. This provides a non intrusive non-intrusive surgical tool



atio

ns

Applic

a


Rutherford α Backscattering

Backscatter energy

m M

12

atio

ns

0 4m ME(180 ) E α

mα M

Applic

a

( )0

0 2

00

E(180 ) E1 m M

M m E(180 ) E

α

α

α

= ⋅+

→ ≈

W. Udo Schröder, 2007Target Material Mass Number A

Thickness of Thin Films

Probe particle (α) loses energy ≤ ΔE in

0M 0E(180 ) k E= ⋅

gyelectronic interactions

13

atio

ns EΔ

Applic

a

0M 0E(180 ) k (E E)= ⋅ − Δ


Sample Mass Analysis14

atio

ns

Abalone – Pacific shellfish

Applic

a


Blood sample

Non-Destructive Material Depth Analysis

Ion Beam le

Different ions of a given energy test to different depths. Used most often: p.

Recoil mass Mr

Ion Beam

Elastic Scattering KinematicsSam

p

15

atio

ns

Depth Projectile

Applic

a

f Fli

gh

tTim

e o

f


Recoil Energy E2


atio

ns

Applic

a


Nuclear Space Technology

Nuclear radiation detectors are used inNuclear radiation detectors are used inexplorations of the sun and its planets. Spacevehicles use them to detect and identify directlyemitted or back-scattered radiation. Surfacematerials on Mars have been analyzed withactivation methods using radioactive sources.1

7at

ionsRadiation

detector

Applic

adetector


Sojourner Pathfinder Mars explorer

Activation Radiation from Planetary Surface18

atio

ns

Applic

a

W. Udo Schröder, 2007Group project: N* Detector for Application in Nuclear Forensics

Origin of Chemical Elements: Stellar Nucleosynthesis

r-p process (rapid-proton capture)produces heavy elements.

r process (rapid-neutron capture)

Strong T dependence19

atio

ns

Details of nuclear structure andstability and the conditions atformation (star, Big Bang) account forthe natural abundance of elements.reaction

Applic

a

Much of the information needed is notyet known

Task of future experiments.

path


Abundance of Solar Elements

Too many heavy elements for production in solar burning processes. solar burning processes. Temperature is too low in solar interior(T9 = 0.015 K, ρ = 158 g/cm3).Sun is result of evolution through several

20

atio

ns

stellar life cycles (accretion of interstellar dust, ignition, burning, collapse and explosion)

Applic

a


Supernovae

Large Magellanic Cloud

Kamiokande II

Time-of-flight spectrumof neutrinos, measuredrelative to γ -rays.

21

atio

ns

Applic

a

0.85 MeV and 1.24 MeV γ -rays from 56Co synthesized in the SN.


Supernova Explosion Imaged by Hubble Space Telescope22

atio

ns

Applic

a


Supernova 1994D in Galaxy NGC 4526 (108 M ly). It is brighter than the galaxy. (Hubble Space Telescope, NASA)

Supernova: Collapse and Explosion of a Star

(Simulation:NASA)

23

Binary X-Ray System: Neutron Star/Companion Star

Neutron star and companion in a binary

t A ti di k i

Image:NASA

system. Accretion disk is created from matter pulled out of the companion. 2

4at

ions

Applic

a

h ’ f l


Matter impinging on the neutron star’s surface creates nuclear reactions.sp and rp processes proceed rapidly along drip lines and drive X-ray bursts that can be observed on earth.

Structure of a Neutron StarNSCL-ISF Proposal, 2006

25

atio

ns

Applic

a


rp Reactions flow during X-Ray Burst

rp reaction flow (red line) during X-(red line) during Xray burst.

The series ends at the Sn-Sb-Te cycle.

26

atio

ns

y

Applic

a



atio

ns

Applic

a


Halflives of Radio-Isotopes for Dating

years Age of Earth Nucl. Synth.

28

atio

ns

Applic

a

α, β, β− : particles measured to identify fractional abundance of radioactive isotope, K: K electron capture pR : measure series of several decay products


Carbon Dating of Organic Objects0 6931 0 6931 4 1

1 / 2

0.6931 0.69311.21

5730a10 a

tλ − −= = ×=

12C 12CN (t ) N (t 0)= = t 0 :=

12

t14C 14C

t14C

12C 1 3 10

N (t ) N (t 0) e

N (t )R(t ) R(t 0) e

N (t )

λ

λ

−

− ⋅

− ⋅

= = ⋅

= = = ⋅

n

14

time of deathNo further

C intake

29

atio

ns

12C 1.3 10

" ag1 R(0)

t nR(

e"t )λ

≈ ⋅

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦→ =

Measure 14C/12C ratio of sample at t

Applic

a

Conventional method: β counting

14 2 1

Now :

N( C ) 2 5 − −


14 2 1

14 12 12

1 2

N( C ) 2.5 cm s

C C 1.5 10t 5730 a

−

≈

= ⋅=

Direct 14C counting method: Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy R á 10 -16 (10 5 a)

Calibration of 14C Dating Methods

t-dependent flux of cosmic rays (solar cycles)

t dependent 14C

Variation in 14C Production

t-dependent 14C production and intake

Calibration:30

atio

ns

14C-analyze yearly rings in trees of different ages (number and widths of rings) connect to fossils

Applic

a rings), connect to fossils

Errors in very old samples lead to underestimation of age (few hundred years)

(a) CE age (few hundred years).


Rb/Sr Dating of Rocks/Age of the Earth

All rocky objects (planets, asteroids, meteorites) of solar system crystallized ≈ simultaneously (t=0) out of interstellar dust/nebula (supernova remnants).

87 87

87

P P D

Parent P Rb, daughter D Sr

Re ference R Rb (stable)N (0) N (t ) N (t ) but unknown!

= =

== +

1 2

9

t

4.7 10 a

=

⋅31

atio

ns

Undisturbed by erosion/transmutation

tP P R R

D P P D

P P D

N (t ) N (

N (0) N (t )

0) e N (t ) N (0)

N (t ) N (0) N (t ) N (0)

N (t ) but unknown!λ− ⋅= ⋅ =

= − +

+

R

Applic

a

tD P D

tPD

N

N (t )N

(t ) N (t ) e 1 N (0)

N (t )e 1

N (t )(t )

λ

λ

+ ⋅

+ ⋅

⎡ ⎤= ⋅ − +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= ⋅ −⎣ ⎦DN (0)

N (0)+

Different minerals in meteorite containing different amounts of R

mx

R

y

N N (t )(t )0

R

y

N (0)different amounts of NP different x

Construct isochron1


0 m( ) xy y t= + ⋅ 1t n m 1

λ→ = ⋅ +⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦ Age of rock (since formation)

Age of Earth

Age of Earth = 4.5·109 aMoon has similar age

32

atio

ns

Applic

a

Terrestrial volcanic activity dated:


produces younger rocks


atio

ns

Applic

a


Energy from Nuclear Fission

235 236 * 2 2(3) 200U U FF M V

converts 0.1% of the mass into energy1g 235U/day = 1MW108 h i l i

1938: Otto HahnFritz Straβmann Lise Meitner, Otto FrischHahn Straβmann

235 236

235 236 * 147 87

2 2(3) 200

: 2

th

th

U n U FF n MeV

Ex U n U La Br n

+ → → + +

+ → → + +

108 x chemical energies

Eff = 168 MeVEn tot = 5 MeVE 7 MeV

34

sion

Pow

er

Eγ = 7 MeVFF β-decay = 27 MeV

Qtotal = 207 MeV

<En>th = 0.025eVfission

fragment

Nucl

ear

Fiss

Neutrons:<mn> =2.5 ±0.1 nt

235U

n

neutron energies <En>≈2MeV

h

n


fission fragment

The “Atomic Bomb”

July 16, 1945July 16, 1945

First explosion of a nuclear device.First explosion of a nuclear device.North of Alamogordo/NMNorth of Alamogordo/NMNorth of Alamogordo/NMNorth of Alamogordo/NM

35

Wea

pons

Nucl

ear

W


Nuclear Power in Space

Nuclear energy is used to powersubmarines, ice-breakers, aircraftcarriers, extra-terrestrial craft,deep space probes, i.e.,everywhere where power has to becreated very reliably andefficiently, in order to maintainautonomous operations for long

36

atio

ns

time periods.

Applic

a

Galileo spacecraft

W. Udo Schröder, 2007Voyager spacecraft

Global Problem: Finite Conventional Energy Sources

Most existing oil and gas fields have already been discovered.

X 4Major new discoveries not expected (world-wide)

Oil companies have not

37

atio

ns

productionbuilt any new refineries in > 30 years.

Applic

a

World will run out of oil,

time

gas, and coal within a few human generations


The Need for Nuclear Power

Conventional and Advanced Nuclear Energy Generation

Conventional power generation:Fission of 236U (5%-6% enriched)

Open fuel cycle produces long-lived

Fission induced by thermal neutronsFission chain reaction

Fi i i d d Open fuel cycle produces long lived radioactive fission fragments and weapons Pu

N th d Th/U l

Fission induced by thermal neutrons stops neutronsFission chain

39

atio

ns

Neutron multipliers:

New methods: Th/U cycle:

• Fission of 233Th (no Pu generation)closed fuel cycle

reaction

Applic

a

New methods:

•Spallation of heavy materials (Hg Pb Bi neutron multipliers

Neutron multipliers:p-induced spallation produces fast neutrons

fission of actinides and breedingU, actin. mix fuel

(Hg, Pb, Bi… neutron multipliersfast n fission Th, U, spent nucl. fuel)

• Sub-critical reactors ( k < 1)238U


• D - T fusion

Transmutation of nuclear wasteU, Cm, Np, Am

Transmutation of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Spallation of heavy materials generates net energy: Powerout≈50xPowerin

40

atio

ns

Applic

a


Transmutation / Incineration

Fission P d t

Fission + + 180 MeV (32 pJ)

Incineration of TransUnnn

Product Product+84%

+ 180 MeV (32 pJ)

Pu-239n Pu-24024 000

41

atio

ns

Pu-240 U-2366535 a

α+16%

24.000 a

R l

Applic

a

Transmutation of Fission Fragments

Recycle, irradiate again

I-129n I-130 Xe-13012 h + β-

Transmutation of Fission Fragments

16 Ma


Xe-130 not radioactive

Energy Source of the Future: Hydrogen Fusion

3 3 27M Vd d H

Deuterium and tritium in oceanic water (d: 0.015% in natH2O)

3

4

3 4

3.27

17.59

18 35

MeV

M

d d He n

d t He n

d He He

eV

p MeV

+ → +

+ → +

+ → +

+

+

+

42

atio

ns

18.35d He He p MeV+ → + +131 1.6 10MeV J−= ×

Applic

a

Laser Beams


Target UR-LLEOmega laser system

Z-Pinch:

D-T Fusion Energy Generation in a Plasma Z-Pinch:In a z-pinch, a plasma is generated by passing a fast current pulse through many thin metal wires. These wires are usually initially arranged in a cylindrical shell geometry. After the current pulse ablates the wire material, the strong magnetic forces resulting from the current tend to crush the plasma toward the central z axis of the shell, hence the name "z-pinch."

Sandia National Lab is currently investigating the z-pinch as a possible ignition source for inertial confinement fusion. On its "Z-machine," Sandia can achieve dense, high temperature plasmas by firing fast, 100

(Ronald M. Gilgenbach, Yue Ying Lau)

43

atio

ns

temperature plasmas by firing fast, 100

Applic

a

zB


Inertial Confinement Fusion by Electromagnetic Constriction

Sandia Laboratories, “Z machine”. 36 bus bars concentrate electrical energy in an intense current pulse (∼100 TW, 20 ns) focused on target chamber. Electric energy stored in capacitor banks.

44

atio

ns

Applic

a

Collapse of DT pellet


Converging currents

Inertial Confinement Fusion by High Electric Currents

Shot of the Z-Machine

45

atio

ns

Applic

a


46

atio

ns

Applic

a


Structure and Interactions of Nuclear Matter (99.95% of ...

Documents

Transcript of Structure and Interactions of Nuclear Matter (99.95% of ...