Structural Design I
15.10.2015
2
Course overview
Structural design I Structural design II
Structural design I+II
1. Introduction
2. Equilibrium and graphic static
3.+4. Cables
5. Cable-net and membrane struc-tures
7. Arches
8.+9. Vaults, domes and shells
11. Spatial arch-cable-structures
10. Arch-cable-structures
6. Materials and dimensioning
12. +13. Trusses 15.+16. Beams and frames
17. Spatial beams14. Spatial trusses
19. Columns
18. Bending
3
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
4Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Tensile tree tent
A B
C
B
A
C prestressed state
5Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Q
P >> Q
Q
A
B
C
A
B
C
BA
C prestressed state
6Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
A
Q C
Q
A
B
C
C
A
B
C
BA
Q
P > Q
B
prestressed state
7Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B
A
Q
B
A
Q C
Q
Q
A
P = Q
B
C
C
A
B
BA
prestressed state
8Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
A
B
A
Q
B
B
B
A
Q
B
A
A
Q C
Q
A
B
C
Q
C
P < Q
prestressed state
9Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
D
CB
A
A B
CD
10Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B
P
BA
CD
P
P
P
C
DA
+
11Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
m
m
D C
A B
B
A D
C
+
P
P
P P
12Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B C
m n
DA
n
+
m
C
DA
B
m
n
B
A
C
D
P
P P
P
13Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
C
DA
B
m n
A D
nm
CB
n
m
C
D
B
A
14Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
m
n
A
B
D
C
Q m n
nm
A
BC
D
Q
C
DA
B
P > Q
prestressed state
15Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
m
n
A
B
Q
m
m n
nm
Q
A
B
A
BC
D
Q
C
DA
B
P = Q
prestressed state
16Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B
A D
C
Q
D
CB
A
B
A
Q
A
B
Q
m n
nm
m
m
Q
B
A
n
m
P < Q
prestressed state
17Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B
CB
A D
A
D
C
E
D
E
FA
BC
m
m
nm
B
A
D
C
m
n n1
2n
F
n1-2
18Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
mm 1-3 n
n
11
mm
n2
nn2
n
3n3
4n
n 1-4
19Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
P
P
P
B
m
n
A
BA
D C
C
Dn
mA
PPPP
P P PP
PP P P P P P
P
PPPP
PPPP
PPPP
PPPP
B
D
C
P
20Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
mm nn
21Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Q
m m
QQ
Q
nn
22Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
mn
Q
Q
Q
m nQ
23Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
24Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971
25Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971
26Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971
27Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971
l
b
P = p b
P
.
1P
.
2
3
P = p l
1
m
P3
4
4P
.
.
3 PP
P = p l2
2
n
P 4P
P = p b
1
p
p
p
p
28Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
29Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B
B
A
D
C AE
D
C
F
30Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
C
E F
D
BA
P
P P
A
n
m
P
mn
+D
C
E
FB
31Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
D
E
D
E
BF
CA mn
C
A
BF
32Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
B
D
A
C
F
C
n
F
m
B
A
C
C
D
BF
E
AE
D
BF
D
EA
E
33Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
34Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
35Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
36Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
37Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
38
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
39Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Frei Otto, Pritzker Prize Winner 2015
40Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
41Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
42Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Frei Otto: Study „Membraneforms“, Germany, 1986
43Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Frei Otto: Study „Membraneforms“, Germany, 1986
44Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
45Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
46Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Frei Otto: Soap film machine
47Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Frei Otto: Model, soap film
48Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Frei Otto: Humped tent, Aberdeen and Hyde Park, 1975
49
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
50Types of tensioned roof systems
51Types of tensioned roof systems
Foster + Partners, Arup: Bishop Square, London, 2005
52Types of tensioned roof systems
Foster + Partners, Arup: Bishop Square, London, 2005
53Types of tensioned roof systems
54Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
55Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
56Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
57Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
58Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
59Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
60Types of tensioned roof systems
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972
61Types of tensioned roof systems
62Types of tensioned roof systems
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
63Types of tensioned roof systems
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
64Types of tensioned roof systems
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
65Types of tensioned roof systems
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
66Types of tensioned roof systems
Philippe Samyn: Research laboratory of M&G Group, Venafro, 1991
67Types of tensioned roof systems
68Types of tensioned roof systems
69Types of tensioned roof systems
70Types of tensioned roof systems
Circus tent, Taupo
71Types of tensioned roof systems
Frei Otto: Model for Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966
72Types of tensioned roof systems
Frei Otto: Model for Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966
73Types of tensioned roof systems
Frei Otto: Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966
74Types of tensioned roof systems
Frei Otto: Montreal Pavilion, Montreal, 1967
75Types of tensioned roof systems
Frei Otto: Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966
76Types of tensioned roof systems
SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981
77Types of tensioned roof systems
SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981
78Types of tensioned roof systems
SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981
79Types of tensioned roof systems
SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981
80
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
81Construction detailing
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Waste management, Munich, 1999
A
CD
B A B
D C
A
B C
D D
CB
A
82Construction detailing
83Construction detailing
Connection of membranes
84Construction detailing
Detail of membrane
85Construction detailing
86Construction detailing
87Construction detailing
88Construction detailing
89Construction detailing
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Waste management, Munich, 1999
90Construction detailing
91Construction detailing
92Construction detailing
Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Waste management, Munich, 1999
93Construction detailing
Curtis Fentress, Horst Berger: Denver International Airport, Denver, 1995
94Construction detailing
95Construction detailing
CAD model formfinder
96Construction detailing
Curtis Fentress, Horst Berger: Denver International Airport, Denver, 1995
97Construction detailing
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympia Park, Munich, 1972
98Construction detailing
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympia Park, Munich, 1972
99
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
100Retractable membrane structures
Frei Otto: Prototype Umbrella, Red Sea Coast, 1987
101Retractable membrane structures
Frei Otto: Prototype Umbrella, Red Sea Coast, 1987
102Retractable membrane structures
Bodo Rasch, Frei Otto: Project study, multimedia stadium for Farbwerke Hoechst, Germany, 1971
103Retractable membrane structures
Frei Otto: Open-air theater, Bad Hersfeld, Germany, 1969
104Retractable membrane structures
Frei Otto: Open-air theater, Bad Hersfeld, Germany, 1969
105Retractable membrane structures
Bodo Rasch: Quba Mosque, roof over courtyard, Madhina, 1987
106Retractable membrane structures
Bodo Rasch, BuroHappold: Prophet‘s Holy Mosque, Medina, 1992
107Retractable membrane structures
Bodo Rasch: foldable umbrella, 2003
108Retractable membrane structures
University of Stuttgart, Bending active membrane roofing, marrakech itke, 2011
109
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
110Pneumatic membrane structures
Air hall
b
l
P4
P3
P2
P1
q
nm
1P
P3
P2
P4
R
R P = p b.3
P = p l4.
P = p b.1
2.P = p l
R
p
p
p
p
111Pneumatic membrane structures
112Pneumatic membrane structures
Earth station, Raisting, Germany, 1964
Pin
A B
atmP
113Pneumatic membrane structures
114Pneumatic membrane structures
Studio Philips Barrett: BC Place Stadium, Vancouver, 1983
115Pneumatic membrane structures
Fuji-Pavilion at world exposition in Osaka, 1970, Arch. Y. Murata, Ing. M. Kawaguchi
inP
Patm
116Pneumatic membrane structures
117Pneumatic membrane structures
Herzog & de Meuron, ARUP: Allianz Arena, Munich, 2005
118Pneumatic membrane structures
PTW, ARUP: Swimming Centre, Peking, 2008
119Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
A
1A 1
in,2
A
B
B
P
in,1P
2
33
2
B
P
atmP
atm
120Pneumatic membrane structures
121Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
122Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
123Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
124Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
125Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
126Pneumatic membrane structures
Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001
127
Cable-net and membrane structures
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structuresFrei Otto’s physical form-finding experimentsTypes of tensioned roof systemsConstruction detailing Retractable membrane structuresPneumatic membrane structuresMembrane materials
128Membrane materials
Polyvinylchlorid / PVC
- less buckling sensitive- hardly inflammable- cheaper
Glas fibre / PTFE
- buckling sensitive- non flammable- more durable