PROPERTIES OF FORCES

MAGNITUDE the amount of force, N

DIRECTION refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described by the angle that the line of action makes with some reference.

SENSE refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action

FORCE SYSTEM

COPLANAR all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall

PARALLEL all having the same direction

CONCURRENT all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.

MOMENT force x distancemoment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT

MOMENT ARM distance from center of moment to forceshortest or perpendicular distance from the center of moment to line of action of force.

KINDS OF LOADS

CONCENTRATED LOADS example is a beam supporting a column

UNIFORM LOADS a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or more uniformly spaced concentrated loads.

OTHER LOADS varying load, moment load

TYPES OF SUPPORT

HINGEDROLLERFIXED/ RESTRAINED

TYPES OF BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

SIMPLY SUPPORTED W/ OVER HANG (OVERHANGING BEAM)

CANTILEVER BEAM

PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM (indeterminate)

CONTINOUS BEAM

INTERNAL FORCES TYPES

TENSION pulls away from jointCOMPRESSION pushes towards jointSHEAR for connections

ASTMAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

ACIAMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches

0.003 (Єconc= 0.003), Є=3mm

1000It begins to crack

AISCAMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION

STRUCTURAL

If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to yield of (2.1mm)

FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM:

STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAMa graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the corresponding unit strains for a specific material

1. PROPORTINAL LIMITmaximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when the load is released

2. ELASTIC LIMITmaximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set

3.YIELD POINTthe stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load. The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section

4. ULTIMATE STRENGTHthe maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture

RUPTURE STRENGTHstress at which material specimen breaks

ALLOWABLE STRESSthe maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS.

ELASTIC RANGE the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation

ELASTIC DEFORMATIONa temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less than the elastic limit of the material

BRITLENESSthe property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident deformation. Since brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they can give no warning of impending material

DUCTILITY the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property

of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of impending failure.

ELASTICITYthe property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force

MALLEABILITYthe ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is released

TOUGHNESSthe property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material. Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITYa coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress aSd the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram. Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS

PERMANENT SETthe inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing deformation

YIELD STRENGTHthe stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material, usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly defined yield point. Also called POOR STRESS.

STRAIN- RATE EFFECTthe behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material

TEMPERATURE EFFECTthe brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material

STRESS RELAXATIONthe time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load

CREEPthe gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of stress or prolonged exposure to heat. Creep deflection in a concrete structure continues over time and can be significantly grater than the initial elastic deflection

FATIGUEthe weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to a repeated series of stresses

STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL:

Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksiMaximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is 24 ksiModulus of elasticity (E) is 29,000 ksi

WEIGHT:

water= 1000 kg/ m3

steel= 7850 kg/ m3

concrete= 2400 kg/ m3

weight= density x volume

volume of cylinder= pi (diameter)2 x length4

PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL

TENSIONthe act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body

TENSILE FORCEan applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body

AXIAL FORCEa tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion or shear also called AXIAL LOAD

AXIAL STRESSthe tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section. Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL TRESS

COMPRESSIONthe act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size or volume of an elastic body

COMPRESSIVE FORCEan applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body

ECCENTRIC FORCE force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of he cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section. Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.

STRESS-the internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it. Equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross- sectional area. Also called UNIT STRESS.

TENSILE STRESSthe axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.

TENSILE STRAINthe elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress

ELONGATIONa measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a test specimen after failure in tensile test

REDUCTION OF AREAa measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross- sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test

TENSILE STRENGTHthe resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material

STRAINthe deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and shape of a stressed element.

STAIN GAUGEan instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension, compression, bending or twisting. Also called EXTENSOMETER

YOUNG’S MODULUSa coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain.

POISSON’S RATIOthe ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under longitudinal stress

COMPRESSIVE STRESSthe axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.

COMPRESSIVE STRAINthe shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress

SHEARthe lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact.

SHEAR FORCEan applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body

SHEARING FORCE an internal force tangenial to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to shear, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a horizontal plane and vise versa

SHEARING STRESSthe force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force. Also called SHEAR STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS

SHEARING STRAINthe lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation.

SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain. Also called MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION

BENDINGthe bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length. Bending is the structural mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that enables a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicular to its application.

TRANSVERSE FORCEa force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing bending and shear

TORQUEthe moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion

TORSIONthe twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body

REINFORCED CONCRETE

EFFECTIVE LENGTHthe depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement

COVERthe amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion, measured from the surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section

BOND STRESSthe adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member

HOOKa bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length

STANDARD HOOKa 90º, 135º, 180º bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards

ANCHORAGEany of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing tension or compression in a reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond failure or splitting

CRITICAL SECTIONthe section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of inflection, or appoint within the span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist stress

BALANCED SECTIONa concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain

OVERREINFORCED SECTIONa concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur instantaneously without warning

UNDERREINFORCED SECTIONa concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This is desirable condition since failure of the section would be preceded by large deformations giving prior warning of impending collapse

BEAM

BEAMa rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces supporting elements

SPANthe extent of space between two supports of a structure

CLEAR SPANthe distance between inner faces of the support of a span

EFFECTIVE SPANthe center to center distance between the supports of a span

BENDING MOMENTan external moment tending to cause part a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration

RESISTING MOMENTan internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered

DEFLECTION the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material

NEUTRAL AXISan imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur

BENDING STRESSa combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of structural member to resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis

CAMBERa slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflectionHow is camber treated in a steel truss 25 meters and longer?

Camber shall be approximately equal to the dead load deflection

TRANSVERSE SHEARan external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section

VERTICAL SHEARINGthe shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear, having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces

HORIZONTAL SHEARINGthe shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam under transverse loading, equal to any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point. Also called LONGITUDINAL SHEARING STRESS

FLEXURE FORMULAa formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the cross sectional properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section.

MOMENT OF INERTIAthe sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of inertia is a geometric property that indicates how the cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material

SECTION MODULUSa geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.

LATERAL BUCKLINGthe buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction

STRESS TRAJECTORIESlines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam

SHEAR DIAGRAM a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated loads produce external shears which are constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly distributed loads produce linearly varying shears

MOMENT DIAGRAM a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape of its moment diagram

CONCENTRATED LOADSproduce bending moments which vary linearly between loads

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS produce parabolically varying moments

POSITIVE SHEARa net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure being considered

NEGATIVE SHEARa net resultant of shear forces that act vertically downward on the left part of the structure being considered

POSITIVE MOMENTa bending moment that produces moment that produces a concave curvature at a section of a structure

INFLECTION POINTa point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vise versa as it deflects under a transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point of zero moment

NEGATIVE MOMENTa bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure

SIMPLE BEAMa beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance. As with any statistically determinate structure, the values of all reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross sectional shape and material

CANTILEVER BEAMa projecting beam supported at only one fixed end

CANTILEVERa beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum

OVERHANGING BEAMa simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. The overhanging reduces the positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the cantilever over the support

FIXED END BEAMa beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces its maximum deflection

CONTINUOUS BEAMa beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on cross sectional shape and material

HAUNCHthe part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance. The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the moment and shear values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis

SUSPENDED SPANa simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned construction joints at points of zero moment. Also called hung span

EFFECTIVE LENGTHthe distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous beam, equivalent in nature to the actual length of simply supported beam

COLUMN

COLUMN a relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads, applied at the member ends.

POST a stiff vertical support especially a wooden column in timber framing

BUCKLINGthe sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached

BUCKLINGthe axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.

CRITICAL BUCKLING LOADthe maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle. The critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square of its effective length and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section. Also called EULER BUCKLING LOAD

BIFURCATIONthe critical point at which a column carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected. The column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium

CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESSthe critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section

SLENDERNESS RATIOthe ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyrationThe higher the slenderness ratio, the lower is the critical stress that will cause buckling. A primary objective in the design of a column is to reduce its slenderness ratio by minimizing its effective length or maximizing its effective length or maximizing the radius of gyration of its cross section

RADIUS OF GYRATIONthe radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For a structural section, the radius of gyration is equal to the square root of the quotient of the moment of inertia and the areaThe higher the radius of gyration of a structural section, the more resistant the section is to buckling. In determining the cross- sectional shape of a column, the objective is to providethe necessary radius of gyration about the different axes. For an asymmetrical cross section, buckling will tend to occur about the weaker axis or in the direction of the least dimension

LONG COLUMNa slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing

SHORT COLUMNa thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending and result in uneven stress distribution in the section

INTERMEDIATE COLUMNa column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long column, often party inelastic by crushing and partly elastic by buckling

ECCENTRICITYThe amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis.

P-DELTA EFFECTAn additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis deviates from the line of action of a compressive force equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point.

MIDDLE THIRD RULEThe proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section.

EFFECTIVE LENGTHThe distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling load. When this portion of a column buckles the entire column falls.

COMBINED STRESSESA set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.

KERNThe central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be applied beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section. Also called kern area.

KERN POINTA point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section defining the limits of the kern area.

LATERAL BRACINGthe bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. Lateral bracing is most effective when the bracing pattern occurs in more than one plane.

UNBRACED LENGTH the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling in a direction normal to its length.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORa coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions in order to determine its effective length. Fixing both ends of a long column reduces its effective length by half and increases its load-carrying capacity by a factor of 4.

TRUSS

METHOD OF SECTIONSa method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of any portion of the truss assembly.

METHOD OF JOINTSa method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of the various joints idealized as points in free body diagrams

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSUREa soil pressure acting on any structure that will tend to push the structure wherein the structure or a wall tends to move away from the soil

ACCELEROGRAPHis an instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of an earthquake in the ground

ANCHOR BOLTSa round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery, steel columns or beam casting, shock beam plates and engine heads

BALANCED DESIGNis one which both the concrete and the steel are so proportioned as to work to their full working stresses when the member carries its full allowable load

BATTER PILESare piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical. This is also known as brace pile or spur pile

BEARING WALL SYSTEMa structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame

BENDING MOMENTis the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the section of a beam about an axis through the center of the gravity of the section

BORED PILE (bearing pile)a concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its permanent location. This is a cast in place pile

CAISSONa watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used to in under water construction to protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse

CEMENT GUNis an ejector operated by compressed air to force gunite into cavities or cracks in rocks or cement works

CHUTEis an open-top through which bulk materials are conveyed and by gravity

COFFER DAMa temporary dam- like structure constructed which excludes water from the site of the foundation during its excavation and construction

CONSTRUCTION JOINTthe vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped and continued later

COLD JOINTformed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch o f concrete is placed

CREEPhe tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material. The area that is highly stressed will move the most. The movement causes stresses to be redistributed.

COUNTER (inner in retaining wall)a cantilever wall that is reinforced with a masonry structure extending upward from the foundation or from the inner face of the retaining wall to provide additional resistance to thrust and are placed at regular intervals. (Buttress if outer)

COFFER DAMa temporary watertight enclosure around an area of water or water bearing soil, in which construction is to take place, bearing on a stable statum at or above the foundation level of new construction. The water is pumped from within to permit free access to the area

DIAPHRAGMa horizontal or nearly horizontal system including horizontal bracing system, that act to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements

DIAPHRAGM STRUTa structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension or compression. It is parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributive loads within the horizontal bracing system

DIVING BELLa watertight bell- shaped steel chamber which can be lowered to or raised from a fresh or seawater bed crane. It is opened at the bottom and filled with compressed air so that men can prepare foundations and undertake similar construction work under water.

DOWELa short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for instance a concrete foundation to a concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress

DRIFT BOLTis a long pin of steel or wood, made with or without the head, driven through the timber and into an adjacent timber to hold them together and to transmit stresses

EXPANSION OR CONTRACTIONa joint designed to take expansion and contractionthe designed break in a structure to allow for the drying and temperature shrinkage of concrete, brickwork of similar material, thereby preventing the formation of harmful cracks

FATIGUEis a phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses. A fact, based experience and experiments, is well known that stresses which are applied to a body a few times without causing apparent structure injury may, if applied repeatedly or causing a great number of times, causes failure

GUNITEis a rich cement mortar which is applied by spraying under high air pressure

GRADE BEAM a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the superstructure

GRANOLITHIC FINISHa surface layer or granolithic concrete which maybe laid on a base of either fresh or hardened concrete

GRILLAGEis a footing which consist of steel beams arranged to distribute a concentrated load to the supporting masonry or soil

DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL SHEARdesign analysis requirement, considered as the basis for the structural design of structures where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm

HYBRID STEEL GIRDERis a fabricated metal beam composed of flanges with a material of a specified minimum yield strength different from that of the web plate

INTENSITYthe measure of the damage level of an earthquake (subjective to visual assessment)

INFLECTION POINTa point in the moment diagram where it changes from positive to negative moment of vise versa and the value of the moment at this point is zero

JETTING a method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situations where a pile hammer might not be suitable owing to the risk of damage by vibration to the piles of adjacent buildings.

LINTEL BEAMa beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the wall over the opening

MAGNITUDEthe measure of the energy released by an earthquake (measured by instrument)

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the constant which, within the proportional limit, express ratio between the unit stress to the unit strain. It is the measure of the relative abilities of the different materials of construction to resist deformation under stress within proportional limit

MODULUS OF RESILIENCEis a measure of the capacity of the material to absorb energy without danger of being permanently deformed

MOMENT OF RESITANCEis the internal resisting moment of a beam. It is opposite in sense to the bending moment but of the same magnitude

MORTARis a mixture, composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used as a filter

MULLIONis a vertical member between two portions of window sash usually designed to resist wind load and not vertical load. It is different from muntin, which is smaller member which separates the panels of glass within the whole sash.

NON- BEARING WALLis wall that carries no load other than its own weight

ORTHOGONAL EFFECTthe effect on the structure due to extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction to the direction of resistance under consideration

PARTY WALLis a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings

PLASTER CEMENT FINISHa mixture of Portland cement, with water and sand applied to surfaces such as walls ceilings in a plastic state, later it sets to form a hard surface

POINTINGin masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like filler into joints

PORTAL METHODmethod of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming hinges at the center of beam spans and column heights or the interior column carries twice as much shear as the exterior column

PORTLAND CEMENTis the product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous materials with no additions subsequent to calcinations except water and calcined or uncalcined gypsum

PROPORTIONAL LIMITis the highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to the stress. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs

REDUNDANT MEMBER is any framed structure or truss, is one which maybe omitted in the structure without affect in the possibility of analyzing the frame or truss by ordinary static method of computations such as the counter diagonal truss

RIP-RAP consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent scour by water and protect material which maybe washed out by the water

SAGRODstructural member in the steel truss framing that counteracts forces in compression because of high probability of the purlins to deflect and bend down during purlin installation.

SAND DRAINit is provided to help in the compaction of natural soil which provide channels through which water can escape much more rapidly then through the clay itself. The weight of the drain itself helps in the compaction.

SHEAR WALLa wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall

SOFFIT is the concave surface of an arch

SPANDREL BEAMis a beam from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in a skeleton building

STIFFNESS RATIO (K) in moment distribution method- (as used in analysis of indeterminate structures) is the ratio of moment of inertia of the cross section of its length

STRESSis the cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to change the shape of the body

STRAIN OR DEFORMATIONis the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force

TIE BARa deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a butting edges together, not designed for direct load transfer

TORSION OR MOMENT OF INERTIAis a quality which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line

TRANSFORMED SECTIONis one in which the flexural steel is conceived to be replaced by large area of imaginary concrete which can take tension. This gives a homogeneous section of concrete to which ordinary beam analysis may be applied

TREMIEis a watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in depositing concrete under water

UNDERPINNINGis an art of placing new foundation under old foundation

VIBRATORis an oscillating power operated machine used to agitate fresh concrete so as to eliminate gross voids including entrapped air and to produce intimate contact with form surfaces and embedded materials

VOID- CEMENT RATIOis the ratio of volume of air plus water to the volume cement

WALL FOOTINGa continuous type of spread footing the supports vertical load, the weight of the wall itself and the weight of the footing

WATER CEMENT RATIOthe ration of the amount of water, to the amount of cement in a concrete or mortar mixture

WEB CRIPPLINGlocal failure of a thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load

ASDALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

LRFDLOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION

ARTIFICIAL RIGIDITYwill cause torsion (twisting)

BASEis the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure

BASE SHEARis the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure

BEARING WALL SYSTEM (shear type)is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame

BOUNDARY ELEMENTis an element at edges of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm

BRACED FRAMEis an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is provided to resist lateral forces

BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMis an essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads

CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAMEis a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces

COLLECTORis a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system

DIAPHRAGMis a horizontal or nearly horizontal system (including horizontal bracing system) acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements

DIAPHRAGM STRUTalso known as tie or collector, is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects and transfer diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distribute loads within the diaphragm. Such members may also take axial tension or compression.

DIAPHRAGM CHORDis the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of the beam

DUAL SYSTEMis a combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shearwalls or Braced Frame

ESSENTIAL FACILITIESare those structures which are necessary for emergency post- earthquake operations

FLEXIBLE ELEMENTan element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system

HARMONIC MOTIONthe coincidence of the natural period of structural with the dominant frequency in the ground

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMEis a space frame in which the members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure

ORTHOGONAL EFFECTis the effect of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration

P- DELTA EFFECTis the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame

PERT-CPMPROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW TECHNIQUE- CRITICAL PATH METHOD

it is a presentation of project plan by a schematic diagram or network that depicts the sequence and interrelation of all the component parts of the project, and the logically analysis and manipulation of this network in determining the best overall program of operation.

PLATFORMis the lower rigid portion of a structure having vertical combination of structural system

PNEUMATIC MORTARmortar applied to a surface with a cement gun in the same manner as gunite, with such mortar has a cube crushing strength of 20.68 Mpa at 28 days with water/ cement ratio of 0.45

SHEAR WALLis a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to or a structural wall)

SOFT STOREYis a storey whose lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey above

SOIL- STRUCTURE RESONANCEis the coincidence of the natural period of structure which dominant frequency in the ground motion

STRENGTH is the usable capacity of a structure or its members to carry loads within the deformation limits prescribed in the code

SOIL STABILIZATIONis the process of improving the properties of a soil to make it more suitable for a particular purpose

SPACE FRAMEis a three dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or bracing systems

STOREYis the space between levels. Storey x is the storey below level x

STOREY SHEARis the summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration

STOREY DRIFTis the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

STOREY DRIFT RATIOis the storey drift divided by the storey height

STRUCTUREis an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. They maybe categorized as building or non- building.

RAINWATER LEADERit is another term of a downspout. It is a vertical pipe, often of sheet metal, used to conduct water from a roof drain or gutter to the ground.

TORSION RIGIDITY (is used in seismic design) refers to the relative stiffness of the structure to resist torsional stress

TOWERis the upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system

VERTICAL LOAD CARRYING SPACE FRAMEis a space frame designed to carry all vertical (gravity) loads

WEAK STOREYis a storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey

SEISMIC REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

1. maximum spacing of hoops shall not exceed 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars

2. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars

3. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d/4

4. the first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting member

GRADING AND EARTHWORK

AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading

BEDROCK is in-place solid rock

BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed

BURROW is earth material acquired from an off site location for use in grading on a site

COMPACTION s the densification of a fill by mechanical means

EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination

EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of the wind, water or ice

EXCAVATION s the mechanical removal of the earth material

FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means

GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface

EXISTING GRADE is the grade prior to the grading

FINISH GRADE is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan

GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof

KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ADMIXTUREa material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties

AGGREGATEgranular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar

AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHTaggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100 kg/m or less

ANCHORAGEin post tensioning, a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member, in pre-tensioning, a device used to anchor a tendon during hardening of concrete

BONDED TENDONpre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting

COLUMNmember with a ratio to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial compressive load

COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERSconcrete flexural members of pre-cast and/or cast in place concrete elements but so interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit

CONCRETEmixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures

SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (f’)compressive strength of concrete used in design expressed in megapascals (Mpa). Whenever the quantity F”c is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is

intended, and result has units of megapascals (Mpa).

CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHTconcrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not

exceeding 1900 kg/m3. lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed all- light weight concrete and lightweight concrete in which of the fine aggregate consists of normal weight sand is termed sand- lightweight concrete.

CURVATURE FRICTIONfriction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon profile

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTdeformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire fabric and welded deformed fabric.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHlength of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d)distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement

EFFECTIVE PRESTRESSstress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses has occurred, excluding effects of dead load and super imposed load

EMBEDMENT LENGTHlength of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section

JACKING FORCEin prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted into prestressing tendons

DEAD LOAD (DL)dead weight supported by a member.Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position.

LIVE LOAD (LL)loads that may change in magnitude and position

FACTORED LOADload multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion a members by the strength design method.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITYratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material

MODULUS, APARENT (concrete)also known as long term modulus, is determined by using the stress and strain obtained after the load has been applied for a certain length of time

MODULUS, INITIAL (concrete)the slope of the stress strain diagram at the origin of the curve

MODULUS, SECANT (concrete)the slope of the line drawn from the origin to appoint on the curve somewhere between 25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength

MODULUS, TENGENT (concrete)

the slope of tangent to the curve to some point along the curve

PEDESTALan upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimensions of less than 3

PLAIN CONCRETEconcrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete

PLAIN REINFORCEMENTreinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement

POST TENSIONINGmethod of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened

PRECAST CONCRETEplain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the structure

POSTENSIONINGmethod of prestressing concrete which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed

REINFORCED CONCRETEdesigned on the assumption that two materials act together in resisting forces

SPIRAL REINFORCEMNTcontinuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix

STIRRUPreinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member: typically bars, wires or welded wire fabric (smooth or deformed) either single leg or bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicularly to or at angle to longitudinal reinforcement (The term stirrups is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term ties to those in compression members.)

DEIGN STRENGTHnominal strength reduction factor, Ø

NOMINAL STRENGTHstrength of a member or cross- section before application of any strength reduction factors

REQUIRED STRENGTHstrength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations

TENDON

steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rods or strand, or a bundle of such elements used to impart prestress to concrete

TIEloop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement

TRANSFERact of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member

WALLmember, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces

WOBBLE FRICTION in pre-stressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prstressing sheath or duct from its specified profile

YIELD STRENGTHspecified minimum yield strength or yield point or reinforcing in Mpa

BALANCED DESIGN a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached, causing them to fall simultaneously

UNDERREINFORCED DESIGNa design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced conditioned. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of thee structure to decrease the load

OVERREINFORCED DESIGNa design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced condition

AGGREGATES

Fine aggregates- sandare those that passes through a No.4 sieve (about 6mm in size)

Coarse aggregate -gravel or crushed stoneCoarse aggregate shall not be less than: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms 1/3 the depth of slabs

¾ minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundle of bars or prestressing tendons or ducts

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

75 mm -for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings

40-50 mm for concrete members exposed to weather

40 mm concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather

40 mm for beams and columns

20 mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, such as slabs, walls and joists

FOR BUNDLED BARS a. groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any

one bundle

b. bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties

c. bars larger than 32mm shall not be bundled in beams

d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should terminate at a different points at least 40db stagger

The minimum concrete cover for bundled bars shall be:

Equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle but not exceeding 50 mm

75 mm- for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth

STANDARD HOOKS

A. 180º bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end

B. 90º bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar

C. for stirrups and tie hooks: 16 mm bar and smaller, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or

20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or

25 mm bar and smaller, 135º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar shall not be less than the following:

(a.) 6db for 10 mm to 25 mm bar

(b.) 8db for 10 mm to 28 mm bar

(c.) 10db for 10 mm to 36 mm bar

4db minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter

ONE- WAY SLAB

A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. The flexural reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one direction only.

Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm

Minimum thickness of one-way slab:Solid one-way slab

L/20 - simply supportedL/24 - one end continuousL/28 - both end continuousL/10 - cantilever

* Span length L is in millimeter

Ribbed one-way slabL/16 - simply supportedL/18.5 - one end continuousL/21 - both end continuousL/8 - cantilever

LOAD FACTORS

Dead load, DL……………………………………………….. 1.40

Live load, LL…………………………….…………………… 1.70

Wind load, WL………...…………………………………….. 1.70

Earthquake, E……………………………………….………. 1.87

Earth or water pressure, H……………………...……….… 1.70

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ø

Flexure w/o axial load……………………………………………….. 0.90

Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure……………………………. 0.90

Shear and torsion ……………………………………………………. 0.85

Axial compression & axial compression w/ flexure

a. spiral reinforcement ………………………………………0.75

b. tie reinforcement ………………………………………….0.70

Bearing on concrete …………………………………………………..0.70

REQUIRED STRENGTH, U or Pu

Required strength U to resist dead load DL and live load LL isU= 1.4DL + 1.7LL

Wind load W are included in designU= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7W)

Earthquake loads or forces are included in designU= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E)

Where structural effect T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage or temperature change are significant in design

U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.4T + 1.7LL)

but required strength U shall not be less than U= 1.4 (DL + T)

SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES

1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5 db nor 40 mm

2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least 12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars

3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)b. 48 x tie diameterc. least dimension of columns

4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an included angle of not more than 135º and no bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle tie is allowed.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMNT

1. not less than 12 db

2. not less than 1/16 clear span

3. not less than dwhichever is greater

CRITERION FOR CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

a. Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam

b. Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of cross- section shall be provided normal to piping

c. Conduits and pipes with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more than 4% of the area of the cross section on which strength is calculated

d. Concrete cover for pipes, conduits and fittings shall not be less than 40 mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH BOLTED CONNECTION

1. High-strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be separated by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material.

2. Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is the element turned in tightening.

3. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free of scale, except tight mill scales, dirts and burns.

4. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut head shall have slope of not more than 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.

CONCRETE

NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL NOT BE LARGER THAN:

- 1/5 the narrowest dimension between side forms- 1/3 the depth of slabs- ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars

or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS

- ASTM A 184 – Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats- ASTM A 185 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain- ASTM A 496 – Steel Wire, Deformed- ASTM A 497 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed- ASTM A 615M – Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars- ASTM A 616M – Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars- ASTM A 617M – Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars- ASTM A 706M – Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars- ASTM A 767M – Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars- ASTM A 775M – Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars- ASTM A 884M – Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire

Fabric- ASTM A 934M – Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing

Bars

PRESTRESSING TENDONS

- ASTM A 416M – Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire- ASTM A 421 – Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire- ASTM A 722 – Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar

CURING

- concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least the first 7 days after placement

- high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least the first 3 days

CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

- they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross section when embedded within a column

- they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded

- they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center

- conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in compression the displaced concrete, provided:o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner

than standard Schedule 40 steel pipeo they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are

spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers- concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed

to earth or weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

- reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be provided normal to the piping

CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

- construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of slabs, beams and girders

- joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of intersecting beams

STANDARD HOOKS

- 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar

- 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar- for stirrup and tie hooks:

o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar, or

o 20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar, or

o 25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

- bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db (inside diameter)

- bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db- bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db

SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than 25mm

- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be less than 25mm between layers

- in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm

- in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm

BUNDLED BARS

- shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle- shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties- bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams- individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of

flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger

- where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area

- minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50mm

PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS

- center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE (NONPRESTRESSED)

- concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:o 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 50mmo 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 40mm

- concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:o slabs, walls, joists:

45 to 60mm diameter bars – 40mm 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm

o beams, columns: primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals – 40mm

o shells, folded plate members: 20mm diameter bar and larger – 20mm 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 12mm

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:o wall panels:

45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 40mm 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm

o other members: 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 50mm 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 40mm 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 30mm

- concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:o slabs, walls, joists:

45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 30mm 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 15mm

o beams, columns: primary reinforcement – db but not less than 15mm

and need not exceed 40mm ties, stirrups, spirals – 10mm

o shells, folded plate members: 20mm diameter bar and larger – 15mm 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

- concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:o wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mmo other members – 40mm

- concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:o slabs, walls, joists – 20mmo beams, columns:

primary reinforcement – 40mm ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm

o shells, folded plate members: 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm other reinforcement – db but not less than 20mm

OFFSET BARS

- slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in 6

- portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column

- lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points of bend

- offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms- where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars

shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided

SPIRALS

- for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter

- clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm

- anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit

- spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or welded

- in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital is 2 times that of the column

- plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:o ASTM A 615Mo ASTM A 616Mo ASTM A 617M

- plain wire shall conform to:o ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain

TIES

- 10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller

- 12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars

- vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:o 16db of longitudinal barso 48db of tie barso least dimension of compression member

- ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie

- ties shall be located vertically not more than ½ a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story

- where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of ties not more than 75mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

- shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm

- spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m

T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION

- the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together

- width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not exceed:o ¼ the span length of the beam,o 8 times the slab thickness, oro ½ the clear distance to the next web

- for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:o 1/12 the span length of the beam,o 6 times the slab thickness, oro ½ the clear distance to the next web

- transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, nor 450mm

JOIST CONSTRUCTION

- ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3½ times the minimum width of rib

- clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm- slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12

the clear distance between ribs nor less than 40mm- when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not

be les than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than 50mm

- where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point

REQUIRED STRENGTH

- dead load and live loado U = 1.4D + 1.7L

- dead load, live load and wind loado U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)o U = 0.9D + 1.3W

- dead load, live load and earthquake loado U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1Eo U = 0.99D + 1.1E

STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR

- flexure without axial load, 0.90- axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90- axial compression and axial compression with flexure:

o spiral reinforced, 0.75o tie reinforce, 0.70

- shear and torsion, 0.85- bearing on concrete, 0.70- post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)

- solid one-way slabs:o simply supported, L/20o one end continuous, L/24o both ends continuous, L/28o cantilever, L/10

- beams or ribbed one-way slabs:o simply supported, L/16o one end continuous, L/18.5o both ends continuous, L/21o cantilever, L/8

- for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)

DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b of compression flange or face

LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

- minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals

SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

- shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed members or 600mm

SPLICES

- lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter- lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice

length required for individual bars within the bundle- individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap- entire bundles shall not be lap spliced- bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall

not be spaced transversely farther apart than 1/5 the required lap splice length, or 150mm

- splices shall be staggered at least 600mm

WALLS

- minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:

o 0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or

o 0.0015 – for other deformed bars, oro 0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)

- minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:o 0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a

specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, oro 0.0025 – for other deformed bars, oro 0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)

- in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm diameter bars shall be provided around all window and door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm

NON-BEARING WALLS

- thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance between members that provide lateral support

MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH

- depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on piles

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)

- the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting member

- maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:o d/4o 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal baro 24 times the diameter of the hoop barso 300mm

- where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2 throughout the length of the member

STRUCTURAL STEEL

LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS

- for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200

- for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300

ALLOWABLE STRESSES

- for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy- for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu- for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy- for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy- for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy- for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy

PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS

- minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the net area across the pinhole

- width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness

- pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width- pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the

pin diameter

SHEAR CONNECTORS

- shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete cover

- diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2½ times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded

- minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total slab thickness

WELDS

- weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not less than 1½ times the thickness of the material in which the hole is made

- groove welds:o effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat

thicknesso effective length = width of the part joinedo effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove

weld = thickness of the thinner part joinedo minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration

groove welds = 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive) 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm) 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm) 8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm) 10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm) 12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm) 16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)

o effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld = flare bevel groove, 5/16R flare V-groove, ½R

- fillet welds:o effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat

thicknesso effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance

from the root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weldo minimum size of fillet welds =

3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive) 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm) 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm) 8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)

o maximum size of fillet welds along edges = not greater than the thickness of the material (material

less than 6mm thick) not greater than the thickness of the material minus

1.6mm (material 6mm or more in thickness)o minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis

of strength shall not be less than 4 times its nominal sizeo if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld

should not exceed ¼ its effective lengtho effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding

shall not be less than 4 times the weld size, with a minimum of 38mm

o in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than 25mm

o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld

- plug and slot welds:o diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the

thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2¼ times the thickness of the weld

o minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be 4 times the width of the slot

o minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be 2 times the length of the slot

o length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld

o width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor shall it be larger than 2¼ times the thickness of the weld

o thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the material

o thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = ½ the thickness of the material but not less than 16mm

FASTENERS

- distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener

- maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm

CAMBER

- trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection

- crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection plus ½ the live-load deflection

I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure.

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design).

ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy.

APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized authorities, technical or scientific organizations.

BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy.

BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for which a legal building permit has been issued.

BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, or the building official’s duly authorized representative.

LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and wood structures.

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The

term “strength design” is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures.

STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers through the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.

II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK

APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms to this section in the opinion of the building official.

AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading.

BEDROCK is in-place solid rock.

BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed.

BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on grading on a site.

CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil engineering.

CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature, principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the evaluation, design and construction of civil works.

COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means.

EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and knowledgeable in engineering geology.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and principles in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and soil for use in the design of civil works.

EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind, water or ice.

EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.

FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the practice of geotechnical engineering.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil and rock mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of civil works involving the use of earth materials and the inspection or testing of the construction thereof.

GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.

GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.

GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan.

GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan.

GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.

KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope.

PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be performed by the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. Such inspections include that performed by persons supervised by such engineers or geologists and shall be sufficient to form an opinion relating to conduct of the work.

SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the same ownership, where grading is performed or permitted.

SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance.

SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.

SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer

SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering

TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope surface for drainage and maintenance purposes.

III. GENERAL

ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical, electrical, communications or similar systems to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place of employment where agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be a place used by the public.

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design).

ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting transportation.

AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.

BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.

DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure.

DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes.

GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.

GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq. m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on the premises are kept or stored.

LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).

LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.

MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building and projecting over public property.

OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to be used.

WALLSBEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:

1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear meter of superimposed load.

2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story.

EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal plane.

NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall

PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.

RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other materials.

IV. WIND LOAD

BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the ground in Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval).

BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings.

BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.

BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of the following conditions:

1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of the openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10% and

2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20%.

BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which complies with the following conditions:

1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force resisting system.

DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind loads for open buildings and other structures.

DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the determination of wind loads for buildings.

EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determine GCp. For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to an individual fastener.

FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings and other structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz. Included are buildings and other structures that have a height, h, exceeding four times the least horizontal dimension.

IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property.

MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally receives wind loading from more than one surface.

RECOGNIZED LETERATURE are published research findings and technical papers that are approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

V. EARTHQUAKE

BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.

BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure.

BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame.

BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.

BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces.

BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads.

CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to transfer lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially at the top.

COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system.

COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or structural system.

COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or element that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system.

COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second.

COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second.

CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces.

DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10% chance of being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined by a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties representative of site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum.

DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5% equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be a spectrum.

DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear, factored and distributed.

DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems.

DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam.

DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression.

DRIFT. See “story drift”

DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames.

ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame.

ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation.

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster.

FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.

HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm.

INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete frame.

LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system.

MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.

MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behavior.

ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or concrete-braced frame.

ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior.

ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes.

OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. The degree of over strength is material-and-system-dependent.

P EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.

SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).

SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTYERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels.

SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above.

SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing systems.

SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame.

SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.

SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.

STORY is the space between levels.

STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.

STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.

STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under consideration.

STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load.

STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures.

SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.

VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads.

WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage forces, including sub diaphragms and continuous ties.

WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story above.

VI. CONCRETE

ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties.

AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.

AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 kg/cu.m. or less.

AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to 27deg.C and dried for 21 days in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at 23deg.C +- 1.1deg.C.

ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons to concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during hardening of concrete.

ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member through which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and distributed more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal to the largest dimension of the cross section. For intermediate anchorage devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices.

BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with any single 16mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies the anchorage device requirements of the Post-Tensioning Institute’s “Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons”.

BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16mm diameter that satisfies the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of AASHTO Bridge Specifications.

BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting.

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as Portland cement, blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such materials in

combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.

COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial compressive load.

COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural members of precast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate placements but so interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit.

COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain limit.

COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions.

CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.

CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f’c) is the compressive strength of concrete used in design and expressed in megapascals (Mpa).

CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight as determined by “Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/cu.m. In this code, a lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed “all-lightweight concrete” and lightweight concrete in which all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand is termed “sand-lightweight concrete.”

CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure.

CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile.

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.

DEVELOPEMNT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.

EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.

EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section.

EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber.

ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure, usually a vertical plane, at a designed location such as to interfere least with performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.

JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete.

LOAD, DEAD, is the dead weight supported by a member.

LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion members by the strength design method.

LOAD, LIVE, is the live load.

LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without load factors).

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.

NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature.

PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3.

PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete.

PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition of deformed reinforcement.

POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.

PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its final position in the structure.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting fro loads.

PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed.

REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement.

REINFORCEMENT is material excluding prestressing tendons unless specifically included.

RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural member after the original forms and shores have been removed from a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and

support its own weight and existing construction loads applied prior to the installation of the reshores.

SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.

SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of the formwork, concrete and construction loads above.

SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies the standard acceptance tests of AASHTO “Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges”, Division II.

SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix.

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of concrete determined in accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in “Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete” (ASTM C 330).

STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member, typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or at an angle longitudinal reinforcement. (The term “stirrups” is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term “ties” to those in compression members.)

STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength-reduction factor, .

STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength design method before application of any strength-reduction factors.

STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such combinations.

STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area.

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes, including plain and reinforced concrete.

TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.

TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.

TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape without re-entrant corners is acceptable.

TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member.

UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from bonding to the concrete after stressing.

WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.

WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile.

YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point shall be determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards.

VII. SEISMIC DESIGN

BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are assumed to be imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level.

BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and structural diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.

COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the inertial forces within structural diaphragms to members of the lateral-force-resisting system.

CONFINED CORE is the area within the core defined by h.

CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a precast member and a cast-in-place member.

COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two shear walls.

CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end and a hook not less than 90 degrees with at least six-diameter extension at the other end. The hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90-degree hooks of two successive crosstie engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end.

DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for the design-basis earthquake, as required by the governing code for earthquake-resistant design.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is the shortest distance between the critical section (where the strength of the bar is to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90-degree hook.

DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members, which do not qualify as a wet connection.

HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A continuously wound tie shall have a seismic hook at both ends.

JOINT is the geometric volume common to intersecting members.

LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure composed of members proportioned to resist forces related to earthquake effects.

LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is an all-lightweight or sand-lightweight aggregate concrete made with lightweight aggregates.

MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and axial force.

NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding in flexure, shear or axial action.

NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which nonlinear action takes place. It shall be taken as extending a distance of no less than h/2 on either side of the nonlinear action location.

SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend not less than 135 degrees, except that circular hoops shall have a bend of not less than 90 degrees. Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but not less than 75mm), extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the interior of the stirrup or hoop.

SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the concrete.

SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate distribution of the design base shear force prescribed by the governing code for earthquake-resistant design.

STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the designated nonlinear action regions undergo inelastic response under the Design Basis Ground Motion.

STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor and roof slabs, that transmit inertial forces to lateral force resisting members.

STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete members subjected primarily to axial forces.

STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of shears, moment, and axial forces induced by earthquake motions.

STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity around an opening in the diaphragm.

TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent separation of building components such as footings and walls.

WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio between 2.5 and 6, and whose clear height is at least two times its horizontal length.

WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect precast members and uses cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the splicing closure.

VIII. GENERAL

BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not occurring on framing members are supported on an connected to blocking.

CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction whose primary structural elements are formed by a system of repetitive wood-framing members.

DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. When the term “diaphragm” is used, it includes horizontal bracing systems.

FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497 kg/cu.m. but more than 160 kg/cu.m.

GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of which is composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.

GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.

HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 497 kg/cu.m.

NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and depth, standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber.

NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or fastening to the full allowable stress. This loading may be applied for approximately 10 years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be applied for the remainder of the life of the member or fastening.

PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel product consisting of particles of wood or combinations of wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process, in accordance with approved nationally recognized standard.

PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers.

ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis.

SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.

TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under treating and quality control procedures.

WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the heartwood of the species set forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted on 5% of the pieces provided 90% or more of the width of each side on which it occurs is heartwood. Recognized species are:Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, TangileTermite resistant: Narra, Kamagong

WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed primarily of wood. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood-based material, and mat0formed panel such as oriented stranded board and waferboard.

IX. GENERAL

AREAS:

BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which is in contact with mortar in place of the joint.

EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the reinforcement and the direction for which effective area is to be determined.

GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a specified section.

NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of ungrouted cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface area of a cross section of masonry.

TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second based on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.

BOND:

ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or grout.

REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and mortar or grout.

BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is embedded.

CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than 967 sq. mm.

CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size and spacing to allow the removal of debris.

COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of masonry.

COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both the reinforcement and masonry resist compression.

COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not exceed three times the thickness.

DIMENSIONS:

ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s designed item. The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more than the amount allowed in the appropriate standard of quality.

NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid.

SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the manufacturer for construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a structure.

GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.

GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout lifts.

GROUTED MASONRY:

GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in which certain designated cells of hollow units are continuously filled with grout.

GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in which the space between the wythes is solidly or periodically filled with grout.

JOINTS:

BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry units are placed.

HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.

MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete block.

HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less than 75% of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.

SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells is at least 75% of the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.

PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without grout used as a test specimen for determining properties of the masonry.

REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which reinforcement acting in conjunction with the masonry is used to resist forces.

SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry.

WALLS:

BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are bonded to act as a structural unit.

CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum width of 51mm and a maximum width of 114mm between wythes, which are tied with metal ties.

WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials.

WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed in masonry.

WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is not considered a wythe.

STRUCTURALZoning, site characteristics,

occupancy, configuring structural system and height

The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be determined by the following factors.

14 Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3 approved recording accelerographs.

Owner Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the ___

Occupant o the building Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the allowable limits and shall be liable for any failure on the structure due to overloading

Load duration The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of periods of intermittent application of the same load

14 sq. m Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live load may be reduced

1.50 sq. m Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are subjected

1/240 of wall span Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied. Perpendicular to said wall

1/120 of wall span Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied perpendicular to said wall

60 sq. m Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unitBase The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be

imparted to the structure of the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported

Collector A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system

Diaphragm A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral

forces to the vertical resisting elements it includes horizontal bracing system

Base Shear V The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structureBoundary element An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls

or diaphragmBrace Frame An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric

type which is provided to resist lateral forcesBuilding Frame System A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for

gravity loadsDual System A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space

Frame and Shear Walls or Braced FrameEccentric Brace Frame (EBF) The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace

intersects a beam at a point away from the column girder jointJoints The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the membersGirder The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam

-the major horizontal supporting member of the floor systemDiaphragm Strut An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which

collects and transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression

Diaphragm Chord The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam

Essential facilities Those structures which are necessary for emergency post earthquake operations

Lateral Force Resisting System That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forcesOrdinary Moment Resisting Space

FrameMoment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior

Story Drift The displacement of one level relative to the level above or belowStrength The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads

within the deformation limits prescribed in this documentPlatform The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination

of structural systemHorizontal Bracing system Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a

diaphragmStructure An assemblage of framing members designed to support

gravity loads and resist lateral forcesBearing Wall System A structural system without complete vertical load carrying

space frame. This system provides support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames

Building Frame system A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames

Moment Resisting Frame System A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Moments resisting space frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.

Weak story Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the story above

Time History Analysis An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of the structure is subjected to a ground motion time history. The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is obtained through numerical integration of its equations of motions.

Orthogonal Effect The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration

P-delta effect The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame

Admixture Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties

Plain Concrete Concrete that doesn’t not conform to definition of reinforced concrete

Pedestal Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of less than three (3 m)

Modulus of Elasticity Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___

Jacking Force In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons

Embedment Length Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section

Effective Prestress Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed loads

Development Length Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section

Curvature friction Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile

Structural Lightweight Concrete Concrete containing lightweight aggregateBonded tendon Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or

through grouting

Structural Steel ASTM A36ASTM A514 High Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate,

Suitable for WeldingTRUE True or False, bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be

bundled in beams40 mm Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and

columns for primary reinforcementPoisson’s Ratio In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of

the ratio transverse strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain

Slenderness Ratio In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration

Torsion A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line

Flat slab A type of concrete floor which has no beamShear The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect

to an adjacent part Deformation A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of

forceYielding Stress The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively

the material sustain without failureStress -It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to stress

-Intensity of force per unit areaAllowable Stress The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing

without permanent deformation remaining upon the complete release of stress

Tie / Stirrup Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcementStiffness Ration The measure of stiffness of a materialPunching Shear The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole

through itDeflection The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting

on it6 inches Nominal thickness of a timber

Equilibrium The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all moments about any points are zero

2 years The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be preserved and made available for inspection during the progress of construction and after completion of the project for a period of not less than ___

Not less than 1”x4” Wood board should have a thickness specificationRun The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight

Portable Hand router A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting and curving on solid wood

Knots Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___Smoothed and planed lumber Dressed lumber is referred to ___

Live load It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all

Cross cut saw The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut sawEffective Length The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks

Volume The amount of space measured in cubic unitsContraction Joint An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit

expected movements between themTotal Run The total of all tread widths in a stair

Bond stress The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces

Purlin A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter

Size of dead load deflection Size of camber for a 25 meters steel trussShear connector A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of

channel which resists horizontal shear between elementsShear Stress (Shearing Stress) The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear

Hook’s Law The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and strain

4 x diameter of bolt Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from center of bolts parallel for parallel to grain loading is equal to ___

4 x diameter of bolt According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and fastening the loaded edge distance for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least

2.5 NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least ___ times bolt diameter for L/d ratio of 2

12 mm Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and fastening in accordance with NSCP specifications

50 Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding ___

11 diameters Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in the NSCP specifications shall have a required penetration of not less than __

1/6 depth of member Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the NSCP specifications shall not exceed

Middle third span Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the¼ the depth Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed

.60 of specified yield strength Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area

.50 of specified minimum tensile strength

Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area

0.45 Fy Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net area

0.40 Fy Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area effective in resisting shear

100% For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same, for supports of elevators the increase shall be

200 The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___240 The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___

40 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete exposed to earth or weather

20 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete not exposed to earth or weather

7 days Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the first ___ days after placement

7 days If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall be air-dried for ___ days before test and shall be tested dry.

3 days Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the ___days after placement

25 mm The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter of bar) but not less than ___

180 deg. Bend +4db extension but not less than 65 mm at the end of

bar

Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean

90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at free end

Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller

90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at free end

Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar

-12 mm Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater than 200 mm

+-50 mm Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement

40 db Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with a stagger of at least

3 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less than ___ for strands

4 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member shall to be less than ___ for wire

75 mm Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place against permanently exposed earth or weather using bars larger than 36 mm

MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE RITCHER SCALE

I Felt by almost no one. 2.5 Generally not felt, but recorded on seismometers.

II Felt by very few people.

IIITremor noticed by many, but they often do not realize it is an earthquake.

3.5 Felt by many people.

IVFelt indoors by many. Feels like a truck has struck the building.

VFelt by nearly everyone; many people awakened. Swaying trees and poles may be observed.

VIFelt by all; many people run outdoors. Furniture moved, slight damage occurs.

4.5 Some local damage may occur.

VII

Everyone run outdoors. Poorly built structures considerably damaged; slight damage elsewhere.

VIIISpecially designed structures damaged slightly, others collapse.

6.0 A destructive earthquake.

IX

All buildings considerably damaged, many shift off foundation. Noticeable cracks in ground.

X Many structures destroyed. Ground is badly cracked. 7.0 A major earthquake.

XIAlmost all structure fall. Bridges wrecked. Very wide cracks in ground.

8.0andup

Great earthquakes.

XII Total Destruction, waves seen on ground.

The Modified Mercalli Scale is somewhat subjective, because the apparent intensity of an

earthquake depends on how far away from its center the observer is located. Rating intensities from I to XII, it describes and rates earthquakes in terms of human reactions and observations.

The Richter Scale measures the motion of the ground 100 km (60 mi) from the earthquake’s epicenter, or the location on the earth’s surface directly above where the earthquake occurred. The rating scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on the scale represents a tenfold increase in the motion of the ground.