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Biogas production

from Municipal

Solid Waste Assadi Randa & Neven Gandor

Electrical energy from solid waste

Solid waste

Waste is an inevitable product of modern society. Population growth and rising standard of living with increased consumption rate, exact a heavy environmental price in natural resource depletion and waste accumulation.

In Israel, the amount of waste has grown at a rate of about 5% annually.

Each resident generates an average of about two kg/day of garbage, which adds up to a total amount of waste of more than five millions tons per year.

Composition of solid waste in Israel

41.0%

24.0%

15.0%

3.0%4.0%

4.0%4.5% 4.5%

Organic waste PaperPlastic MetalsTextile GlassMiscellaneous Dipers

• 75% of the waste is dumped into landfills • 25% of total waste (household, commercial and industrial waste) is recycled.• 13% of household waste is recycled

What is biogas ?

To minimize the global warming effects, associated with climate change, we

must reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Another important global challenge is to secure energy supply, as most of

the conventional oil and gas reserves are located in politically unstable

regions.

Biogas consists mainly of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition to a small fraction of a variety of other gases.

Biogas is known to have a negative environmental impact for its contribution to the "greenhouse effect“.

Bio-Digestion process of organic waste

In the first phase (1-5):

Requires 2 molecules

of ATP per molecule of

glucose

:

In stages 6 to 10 four ATP

molecules are formed

and two molecules of

NADH

Properties of landfill gasAttribute Value

Temperature (oC) 40-50Density 1.02-1.06

Water content Saturation

Calorific Value (kcal) 100-140

( kilowatt-hour, kWh ) 0.11-0.16

Major development of landfill gas formation ( IV) and break-down

Ratio of the gases that make up the biogas up till stage IV (Merz and Stone: 1970)

The time period from closing the landfill

(month)

Average (percent by volume)

NitrogenN2

CO2 Methane CH4

0-3 5.2 88 5

3-6 3.8 76 21

6-12 0.4 65 29

12-18 1.1 52 40

18-24 0.4 53 47

24-30 0.2 52 48

30-36 1.3 46 51

36-42 0.9 50 47

42-48 0.4 51 48

It is necessary to collect and treat the generated gas because of the following reasons:

• Under certain conditions and concentrations, methane and hydrogen form an explosive and flammable mixture.

• In low and closed spots, biogas results in suffocation hazard for people.

• Biogas may leak out of the dump site and damage agricultural crops and surrounding vegetation

• Biogas contains toxic gases which pose health hazards• Gases cause odor nuisances

Sanitary landfill

Waste disposal method. Considerably reduces environmental hazards and reduces public health risks and safety. The method typically utilizes ground outlets such as valleys, dry rivers, mines, and quarries.

Sanitation landfill method requires:

Clay-like layer

Spread sealed plastic sheets on top of the clay-like layer to prevent the waste leachate to seep into the groundwater

ממטמנת נדרשות תשתיותפסולת

Covering the sheet with sand to filter the leachates and protecting the plastic from tearing damage

Waste is spread in compacted layers with a maximum height of 60 cm

Each layer of compacted waste is covered with 15 cm height of dirt, in order to reduce the hazards of odors and so as not to attract birds.

Once the stack reaches 10 meters height, it should be covered with soil and later with plastic sheets, to prevent percolation of rain water that could cause leaching of contaminants into groundwater.

Cover with soil at a height of 60 cm, at least.

The site is divided into dump chambers of a size determined in accordance

with the topography of the area and the amount of waste intended for it.

Each chamber has different pipes:

Leachate collection pipe - runoff drainage and treatment to prevent contamination of groundwater.Groundwater sampling pipeline , designed to test the penetration of pollutants into groundwaterBiogas collection pipeline - to prevent explosions and fires, in addition to preventing leakage of biogas to the atmosphere. Moreover, the pipeline transfers the biogas to the generator.

Leachates : the liquid found in organic substance waste. Its concentration increases during compaction.

Leachates are rich in organic particles, and have high acidity due to the metals concentration.

Leachates are considered to be hazardous to groundwater.

in order to insure groundwater quality, leachate collection pipe installed to transfer it to a treatment facility (a process similar to wastewater treatment), in addition to monitor tubes

Advantages of the landfill: Simple to operate

Suitable for all types of waste.

Inexpensive

No residues of waste requiring further treatment

Flexibility to absorb quantities of waste.

Does not cause severe environmental hazards.

Minimal damage to groundwater.

Disadvantages of the landfill:

Waste of resources - many raw

materials are recyclable.

Waste of sand.

Waste of land.

Emissions polluting the air.

Time till degradation for various materials

Banana peel - a few weeks

Newspaper - Month

Cotton trousers - 5 months

Wool socks – a year

Wooden rolling pin - 10 years

Leather wallet - 50 years

Tin can - 100 years

Disposable diapers - 500 years

Plastic cup - 1000 year

Glass bottle - 1 million years

Styrofoam packaging - NEVER!

: Effect of ambient temperature on methane

production:

Feasibility study for the establishment of electricity

generation facility from solid waste– for the city of Karmiel

The purpose of the project is to generate electricity from Municipal Solid

Waste -Karmiel.

Amount of waste in Karmiel is 50 tons per day, but the feasibility limit

to establish a landfill is a minimum of 1,000 tons of waste per day.

Additional feasibility problem, is the lack of place. This limits the

landfill to30-40 dunam.

Moreover, negative construction cost reimbursement, need a period of

4-7 years to refund the cost of construction

Thanks to David Malka, Director of Environmental Quality Department , Karmiel

Evron waste disposal site Operates since 1971 in former limestone quarry. Rate at which

household waste is dumped ranges from 150,000-225,000 tons / year.

Till 2013, ~ 6.5 million tons of waste dumped at the site.

Landfill area estimated at ~ 30 hectare.

~ 80% is household waste

Waste does not pass a screening process.

Evron gas management system design:

Gas management system - includes three basic components: • gas production unit (wells): Location and depth of the wells was determined according to waste composition, its thickness, moisture content, coverage character. 25 wells were drilled and constructed to a depth of between 14-30 meters from the ground in cell A.• Gas transmission facilities (pipes ,valves ,condensation trap): gas pipeline size was calculated to insure the gas flow for each cell and the whole landfill .• Vacuum system (gas compressors) and gas treatment facility (Torch): gas production system includes three centrifuge compressors and a torch. Each compressor has an output capacity of 500 to 2500 m³ / h in a maximal sub pressure of at least 200 mbar, with a torch that has a similar maximum flow rate.

Kibbutz Evron landfill Costs and payback:

Landfill construction cost 5 million NIS for landfill construction working space. excluding land cost and maintenance, taxes, and manpower. 3.5 million NIS for generator, with 60,000 hr life span )~ 7 yr non-stop(.

Transportation cost:150 trucks per day Average travel distance: 20.6 km

Fuel consumption / km : 3 km / lit Fuel price \ lit: 8 NIS/litTotal Cost:74,160 NIS/day

INCOMEWaste receipt rate: 158,000 NIS/day

Waste compressing cost :

Two tractors each dayWork Duration 10 hours \ day

Distance 400 km \ dayFuel consumption 50 liters \ dayFuel price \ lit: 8 NIS/lit

Total Cost : 800 NIS

The cost of purchasing and maintening 1000 kW generator 24 hr/day:

1000 kW* 24 hours* 0.2 NIS NIS/day 480

Total Investment: 75,440 NIS/ dayNIS/ year 27,535,600

Payback: 82,560 NIS/ day

Waste quantity (tonnes) methane volume m3 / d Power output (kWd)

1000 T/day 107,500 31,200

Process energy cost:

note :

The amount of methane emitted from waste digestion, calculated according

to northern Germany, is 100 kg of methane for one tonne of waste, .

The impact of temperature on gas production was taken into

consideration (average temperature summer and winter).

The difference in the output of methane between day and night was not

discussed.

The amount of electricity produced accounts for ~80% of the electricity consumed in the Kibbutz, which is estimated ~1300 kWh.20% of electricity supplied by national grid, which is estimated ~325 kWh.

kWh price determined for the process is taken from the link: http://www.pua.gov.il/Sip_storage/FILES/5/3115.pdf

Cost of 1 kWh at Kibbutz Evron as a result of the process : 0.4026 NISCost of 1 kWh of electricity from the national grid is 0.47 NIS

Life span of the system up to overhaul : 60,000 - 80,000

hours

Working time per year: 8760 hours

Years of service: 30-40 years Work

Payback time: )3.5-4 years(

Sources:

Biogas production: current state and perspectives 2009, Peter Weiland,

Adani, F., Calcaterra, E., Malagutti, L., 2001. Preparation of a test for estimating biogas production from pretreated urban waste. Proceeding Sardinia 2001 Eight International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium. Cagliari, Italy.

By the MOTHER EARTH NEWS editors. May/June 1970, Convert Waste to Energy with Methane Production

H.G.Bingemer and P.J.Crutzen 1987, The production of methane from solid wastes

C .Wilkie, Ph.D. 2005, Anerobic digestion: Biology and benefits. Ann

Bullard, R. D. (1971). Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community. Sociological Inquiry, 53(2-3), 273-288 .

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