STRI talk, long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
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Transcript of STRI talk, long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
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Long-term ecosystem development and terrestrial plant diversity
Etienne LalibertéSchool of Plant BiologyThe University of Western Australiawww.elaliberte.infoSTRI, January 8, 2013
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Outline• Long-term ecosystem development• Soil chronosequences
– Jurien Bay dune chronosequence• Nutrient limitation and nutrient-use efficiency• Patterns of plant species diversity
– local (alpha) diversity– site-to-site (beta) diversity
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Odum (1969) Science
Eugene Odum(1913-2002)
Respiration
BiomassGross production
Netproduction
Peak standing
biomass = ‘climax’
Ecosystem development
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Odum (1969) Science
Respiration
BiomassGross production
Netproduction
What about over longer periods?
1000’s
?
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Hawaiian 4.1 million-year island sequence
Crews et al. (1995) Ecology
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Long-term soil chronosequences
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Wardle et al (2004) Science
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Ecosystem decline or retrogression
Wardle et al (2004) Science
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Long-term soil chronosequences
Peltzer et al (2010) Ecol Monogr
Soil age
Build-up (progressive) phase Maximal phase Decline (retrogressive) phase
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Loss of P drives ecosystem decline
Soil age
Mineral P
Organic P
Total P
Apatite(phosphate minerals)
Walker & Syers (1976) Geoderma
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• Ancient, low-P soils• Biodiversity hotspot• ~8000 plant species• ~50% endemic• Highest plant
diversity in kwongan– small scales (100 m2)– also between sites (β)
Hopper & Gioia (2004) Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst
Jurien Bay dune chronosequence
South-western AustraliaSpecies richness
Species endemism
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JurienBay
Perth
Jurien Bay >2-million-year dune chronosequence
0-7 ky
120-500 ky
>2000 ky
Holocene
Middle to late Pleistocene
Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
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Collaboration between UWA and STRI (Ben Turner)
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A
C
Stage 1: very young dunes(10’s—100 years)
High P
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Very low N
Photo: Graham Zemunik
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Stage 2: young dunes(100’s-1000’s years)
High P
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Highest N
A
C
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Stage 3: young dunes(~7000 years)
Medium P
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Medium N
A
C1
C2
CA
C3
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Stage 4: old dunes(~120,000 years)
Very low P
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Low N
AE
B1E
A
B2
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Stage 5: very old dunes(>2,000,000 years)
Extremely low P
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Low N
EA
E
O
A
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Ecosystem progression and retrogression
Bioassay with canola
Litterfall traps
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
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Nutrient (co)limitation
N limitation
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
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Nutrient (co)limitation
N limitation Co-limitation
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Co-limitation
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Nutrient (co)limitation
N limitationStrong P
limitationCo-limitation P limitation
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Co-limitation
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Plant nutrient-use efficiency
Resorption from senescing leaves
NUE = carbon fixed per unit nutrient taken up
Green leaf nutrient concentration
Leaf lifespan
Photo: Patrick Hayes
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Leaf P concentration and resorptionPatrick Hayes
Honours studentNFAM EM NM
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Plant species richness increases during ecosystem development
Data from Wardle et al. (2008) OikosLaliberté et al. (in review)
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Random stratified sampling
6 dune systems * 10 plots = 60
Mean distance = 10 km
Each plot = 10x10 m
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Graham Zemunik (PhD student)• Vegetation surveys• cover• count data• height, diameter
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Jurien Bay: alpha diversity
All vascular plantsobserved species richness
All vascular plantsrarefied species richness
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Time
Pedogenic stage
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Increasing dune age
Haast, New Zealand
Turner et al. (2012) Catena
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Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
Bever et al. (2010) TREE
Nitrogen
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Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
Turner (2008) J Ecol
Phosphorus
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
resource partitioning (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
Plantdiversit
y
Grime (1973) Nature
Spec
ies
richn
ess
Humped-back model
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
resource partitioning (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
Plantdiversit
y
Resource-ratio model
Tilman (1982)
N?
P?
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Soil spatialheterogeneity
Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
niche theory (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Soil spatialheterogeneity
Time
Soil biota
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
negative plant-soil feedback (+)
niche theory (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
Host-specific pathogen
Bever et al. (2010) TREE
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Soil spatialheterogeneity
Time
Soil biota
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
negative plant-soil feedback (+)
niche theory (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
Host-specific pathogen
Bever et al. (2010) TREE
3-year projectwith Ben Turner (STRI) and other collaborators
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Soil spatialheterogeneity
Time
Soil biota
Stage-specificspecies
pool size
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Abiotic conditions
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
species pool hypothesis (+)
negative plant-soil feedback (+)
niche theory (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
environmental filtering (-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
‘Regional’ processes
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Time
Stage-specificspecies
pool size
Pedogenic stage
Abiotic conditions
species pool hypothesis (+)
environmental filtering (-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
‘Regional’ processes
Plantdiversit
y
Young carbonate dunespH > 8
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Nutrientavailability and stoichiometry
Soil spatialheterogeneity
Time
Soil biota
Stage-specificspecies
pool size
Pedogenic stage
Diversity of N and P forms
Abiotic conditions
Plantdiversit
yresource partitioning (+)
species pool hypothesis (+)
negative plant-soil feedback (+)
niche theory (+)
resource-ratio model, productivity-diversity (+/-)
environmental filtering (-)
Multivariate controls over local plant diversity
Local processes
‘Regional’ processes
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From alpha to beta diversity
0.01 ky 1 ky 7 ky 120 ky 500 ky 2000 ky
10 m X 10 m plot
How many plant species?
Alpha diversity
Dune age
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From alpha to beta diversity
0.01 ky 1 ky 7 ky 120 ky 500 ky 2000 ky
Dune age
How much variation in species composition between plots within a dune system?
Beta diversity
Alpha and beta determine gamma diversity (total number of species)
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Does beta diversity increase with productivity?
Chase (2010) Science
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From alpha to beta diversity
0.01 ky 1 ky 7 ky 120 ky 500 ky 2000 ky
Dune age
Productivity peaks in relatively young soils (1-7 ky), then declines in older soils (>120 ky)
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Alpha and gamma diversityStage 2 (~1 ky)
Stage 6 (2000 ky)
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Beta diversityStage 2 (~1 ky)
Stage 6 (2000 ky)
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Spatial autocorrelation?Condit et al. (2002) Science
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Spatial autocorrelation?Condit et al. (2002) Science
In older dunes, community similarity drops faster with geographical distance
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Spatial autocorrelation?
di
Mean distance to centroid = measure of spatial dispersion
Condit et al. (2002) Science
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Spatial autocorrelation?
di
Mean distance to centroid = measure of spatial dispersion
Condit et al. (2002) Science
β = -1.04P ≤ 0.05
In older dunes where beta diversity is greatest, plots are actually closer to each other
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Differences in sampling effort?
After rarefaction, general pattern persists
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Environmental heterogeneity?
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
• Total N• Total P• Resin P• pH• CEC• etc...
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Environmental heterogeneity?
Greater beta diversity in older soils not linked to greater environmental heterogeneity
but σ quite small
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Summary
• Ecosystem progression & ecosystem retrogression
• Shifts from N to P limitation• Higher P-use efficiency with soil age• α, β, and γ diversity higher in older soils• Higher β diversity in older soils despite:
– plots closer to each other– lower environmental heterogeneity
• Contrary to productivity-beta diversity hypothesis?
• Chronosequences as ‘natural experiments’ for plant community ecology
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• Hans Lambers• Graham Zemunik• Ben Turner• François Teste• Patrick Hayes• Stuart Pearse• Thomas Costes• several field workers...
Acknowledgements• Thanks to STRI for the invitation