Stress/Anxiety

General Adaptation Syndrome-body reacts to stress in 3 stages

1-Alarm Reaction-physical reaction to stress heart rate, sweating, shaking, etc.

2-Resistance-body stabilizes and adapts to stress.

3-Exhaustion-body systems that cope with stress are depleted. ○ Chronic tension=heart disease, hypertension, ulcers…

Public Speaking Anxiety

PS=greatest fear

According to a study conducted by National Public Radio, 43% of Americans say their greatest fear in life is public speaking.  In fact people who responded to the survey said they fear public speaking more than death

What makes speakers anxious or nervous?

3 Main Causes of PSA

1. Lack of Experience

2. Feeling different from others and being sensitive about differences

3. Being center of attention

Categories of Stress

Physical-dizziness, upset stomach, sweating, tingling

Emotional-fear, loss of control, panic, anxiety, depression, anger, shame, etc

Psychological-loss of memory, negative self-talk, jumbled thought pattern

Types of Anxiety

Pre-Preparation Preparation Pre-Performance Performance

Getting started with confidence Prepare and practice Modify thoughts-positive attitude Use relaxation techniques Visualize success Learn from evaluation & constructive crit. Be thoroughly prepared Allow yourself to make mistakes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLBVKVUSP_M&feature=related

Ethical Speaking and Responsibility

What is ethics / being ethical?

Ethical Speaking and Responsibility

Ethics

Rules / standards of moral conduct Ways to act toward one another PS=responsibility speaker has toward audience & vice

versa Originates from Greek word Ethos

Ethics continued…Origins

Ethos -Greek for “character”

-People listen to speakers with positive ethos or character

-According to Aristotle, positive ethos consists of….

1-Competence

2-Good moral character

3-Goodwill

Ethics cont…Modern Day

Speaker Credibility- Speaker must be credible for people to listen (modern version of ethos)

ex. Honest, genuine, knowledgeable, non-manipulative, interested in audience

Being an Ethical/Credible Speaker

Recognize and respect audience values, attitudes, beliefs

Avoid personal attacks

Avoid jargon

Be objective, avoid stereotyping

Avoid ethnocentrism

No racism, sexism, gay-bashing, etc

Use sound evidence and reasoning

Avoid plagiarism-cutting and pasting, rearranging words and ideas without quoting or citing sources

Exercise

Ethics and Credibility For each speaker identify the topic in the right hand column on

which she or he would have the highest initial credibility for your class and explain why.

Laura Bush The Comedy of Politics Jesse Jackson Talk Shows: Their Role in Society Jon Stewart Life in the White House Oprah Winfrey The Horror Novel as Literature Stephen King African Americans: The Next Agenda

Crediting Sources (Citations)

No source = loss in credibility Acknowledge sources in both written and oral form

Direct quotations Paraphrased information Sources for facts or statistics that you mention should be credited

Wholesale plagiarism Patchwork plagiarism

Listening Ethically

Communicate your expectations and feedback

Be sensitive to and tolerant of differences

Listen critically/become an active listener

Ethical Speaking Cont…

1st Amendment Rights protects freedom of speech-with some exceptions

We have responsibility to speak ethically

regardless of freedom of speech

Illegal Speech

1-Fighting words

2-Defamation/slander

3-Invasion of privacy

Although some speeches may be legal, they can still be unethical

Ex. Racist, sexist, homophobic, pornographic, antireligious,

Critical Thinking #2 Think of 3 public figures such as television

personalities, news anchors, actors, and/or politicians, whom you perceive as credible. Identify the qualities that make the speaker appear credible.

Think of 3 people you perceive as lacking credibility, and identify what makes the speaker appear less credible

Explain how ethics relates to public speaking Explain how ethical behavior serves as a balance to

free speech