Stress And The Professional Caregiver 0.8
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Transcript of Stress And The Professional Caregiver 0.8
Stress and Burnout in the Professional Caregiver in
Hospice & Palliative Care
Christian Sinclair, MD, FAAHPMKansas City Hospice & Palliative Care
Objectives
1. Identify risk factors associated with stress and burnout for professional caregivers in hospice and palliative care
2. Define the psychological and relationship characteristics which can prevent or accelerate caregiver stress
3. Perform a self-assessment of professional caregiver burnout
Overview
• Death and dying– “That must be depressing?!”
• ≈25% of palliative care staff *– report symptoms leading to psychiatric morbidity
and burnout• Lower than that of other specialties†– Like oncology and critical care
• Emotionally charged environment
*Ramirez 1995; Turnipseed 1987, Woolley 1989†Mallett 1991, Bram 1989
Definitions
• Stress• Burnout• Compassion fatigue• Countertransference
Stress
• Stress– Demands from the work environment exceed the
employee’s ability to cope with or control them– Relationship between employee and environment– Consider stress at multiple levels• Individual• Team (formal or ad hoc)• Organizational
Burnout
• Progressive loss of idealism, energy and purpose experienced by people in the helping professions as a result of the conditions of their work
• Related to our need to believe in meaningful work/life
• Chronic interpersonal stressors– Exhaustion– Cynicism/detachment– Lack of accomplishment
Signs and Symptoms of Burnout
• Fatigue• Physical exhaustion• Emotional exhaustion• Headaches• GI disturbances• Weight loss• Sleeplessness• Depression
• Boredom• Frustration• Low morale• Job turnover• Impaired job
performance– decreased empathy– increased absenteeism
• Maslach– Burnout as a psychological syndrome• Exhaustion – individual• Cynicism – relationship• Lack of accomplishment – self-eval
– Not due to an individuals disposition
• Maslach– Burnout associated with:
• Demographics– Single– Younger– No gender diff
• Personal char– Neuroticism– Low hardiness– Lo self-esteem
• Strongest association with job characteristics– Chronically difficult job demands
» Imbalance of high demands, low reources• Presence of conflict (people, roles, values
• Kumar et al - psychiatrists– Predisposing• Personality• Work cond
– Precipitating• Violence with pts• Suicidal patients• On call duties
– Perpetuating• How one perceives and responds to stress
Is burnout just depression
• Overlapping constructs• If you have severe burnout higher risk of
major depressive disorder• If you have major depressive disorder higher
risk of burnout
Compassion Fatigue
• Secondary traumatic stress disorder– Identical to post-traumatic stress disorder• Except the trauma happened to someone else• Bystander effect
– No energy for it anymore– Emptied, no
Countertransference
• Alchemical reaction between patient and caregiver at themost vulnerable time in ones life – thru the experience both can be transformed
• Whole person care• The social brain is wired to help others in
distress
Study 5 -age
• UK study of phsyicians - #5– Burnout associated with being under age 55– Increased job satisfaction with older age
• Emotional sensitivity increases with age-37-38• Married with children mixed results
Hardiness 42-43-44
• Sense of commitmment, control and challenge• Helps perception, interpretation, successful
handling of stressful events• Prevetns excessive arousal • Oncology docs and nurses 46
resilience
• Not avoidance of stress• But stress that allows for self-confidence thru
mastery and appropriate responsibility• Hardiness versus coherence
Emotional Sensitivity
• Hospice Nurses 38– Extroverted– Empathic– Trusting– Open– Expressive– Insightful– Group oriented– Cautious with new ideas– Potentially naïve in dealing with those more astute– Lacking objectivity
Genetics
• 5-HTT short alleles
Social Support
• Early identified as important• Similar to critical nurses• Buffer to stress in workplace and assoicated
with optimism• Lack of social support predicted anxiety and
psychosomatic complaints
Attachment Style
• 84 UK nurses– Secure– Preoccupied– Fearful– Dismissing
Stressful life events
MD comparisons
• Htable 16.2• Deporsonilzation associated with work
overload
Religiosity, Spirituality, Meaning making
• Hospice staff more deeply religious (1984)• Religious associated with decr risk of burnout
in onc staff (2000) 44• 230 NZ MD correlation between religion and
vicarious traumitzation higher compassion fatigue but a negative one with spirituality and burnout 11
Engagement v. Burnout
• Workload – associated with deprsonalization• Control – performing without training/outside epxertise• Reward – Intrinsic and extrensic
– Money, care, touch, stories, love– Lo ,though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, it is
never my turn• Community – group v. team • Fairness• Values – individual moral agent, professional role and team• Engagement: nrg, involvement, efficiency• Compassion satisfaction
Emotional Work Variables
• Closenss vs. distance– Controlled closeness– Strategies:• Patient rotation• Choosing when and where closeness• Rational reflection of internal process• Concentrating on one’s own role• Anticipating patient death• Maintaining appropriate composure
– “No, within love” avoid being destroyed in the process of caring
Inability to live up to one’s own standards
• Good or better death haunt our field• Expectation of an unattainable ideal• No pain therapy, symptom control support in
psycho social and spiritual dimension can take the horror away from death. Avoid dramatisation of ideals and practice modesty and humbleness
Death acuity/volume
• Rarely studied
Evidence Based Interventions
• Few studies• Poorly powered• Mindfulness fully present without judgement• Narrative driven workshops• Dot theory• Abcd of dignity conserving care– Attitude, behavior, compassion dialogue
Bibilography• Vachon MLS. The stress of professional caregivers. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine 3 rd edition (2004). p992-1004.• Vachon MLS, Muller M. Burnout and symptoms of stress in staff working in palliative care. Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry in Palliative
Care (2009). p236-264.• Ramirez AJ, Graham J, Richards MA, Cull A, Gregory WM, Leaning MS, Snashall DC, Timothy AR. Burnout and psychiatric disorder
among cancer clinicians. Br J Cancer. 1995 Jun;71(6):1263-9.• Turnipseed DL Jr. Burnout among hospice nurses: an empirical assessment. Hosp J. 1987 Summer-Fall;3(2-3):105-19.• Woolley H, Stein A, Forrest GC, Baum JD. Staff stress and job satisfaction at a children's hospice. Arch Dis Child. 1989 Jan;64(1):114-8.• Mallett K, Price JH, Jurs SG, Slenker S. Relationships among burnout, death anxiety, and social support in hospice and critical care
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1994 Jun;67 ( Pt 2):187-99.• Amenta MM. Traits of hospice nurses compared with those who work in traditional settings. J Clin Psychol. 1984 Mar;40(2):414-20.• Sinclair S, Raffin S, Pereira J, Guebert N. Collective soul: the spirituality of an interdisciplinary palliative care team. Palliat Support Care.
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