Stratigraphy, the Fossil Record & Adaptive Radiation
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Transcript of Stratigraphy, the Fossil Record & Adaptive Radiation
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Stratigraphy, the Fossil Record
& Adaptive Radiation
Ju Whan Kim, Jacob Finnegan,Richard Kerfoot & Charmaine Chan
BIOL 1510 Module 1Group B-26
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Introduction
Stratigraphy The Fossil Record
Adaptive Radiation
Images obtained from: http://www.micropress.org/stratigraphy/graphics/vol1.jpg, http://www.detectingdesign.com/images/FossilRecord/Time%20Scale.jpg, http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/AdapRadB.jpg
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Stratigraphy• Study of rock layers and
layering• Two subfields
• Lithostratigraphy• Biostratigraphy
• Focus on Biostratigraphy:• Establish correlations
between time-equivalent rock strata
• What is the purpose?• Related to Fossil Record
and Adaptive RadiationDiagram of Stratigraphyhttp://www.earth-time.org/trollart.html(Earth Time is supported by the National Science Foundation)
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What are Arthropods?
Over 90% of the animal kingdom, and found everywhere
Phylum Arthropoda
5 Class Distinctions
Insects Arachnids
Crustaceans
Chilopods Diplopods
Images obtained fromhttp://insected.arizona.edu/arthroinfo.htm
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Fossil Record
Traces of animals from the past (Radio-Carbon Dating)
Shows patterns of changes that occurred over time
Relationship deduced and recorded in Phylogenic Trees
Images obtained from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/, http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/256.jpg
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Adaptive Radiation
Fast evolution of a lineage to adapt Marked by increase in number and diversity of species
“When a single lineage produces many descendant species that live in a wide diversity of habitats and use a wide array of resources” (Freeman, 2011)
Ancestor
Images obtained from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/spider_labeled.gif, http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/departments/esps/research/adler/images/female3.gif, http://4.bp.blogspot.com/
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The Discovery in Italy Alexander Schmidt found Arthropods fossilized in
amber in Italy, approximately 225 – 235 million years old (Schmidt et al., 2012)
Previous: Lebanon, Approximately 125 - 135 Million Years Old. (Koteja and Azar, 2008)
Image obtained from: (Schmidt)
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Schmidt’s Data• Traits:
• Left: Detached Mouthparts, Wormlike Appearance.
• Right: Appears Flattened, Larger
• Comparison and Evidence of Adaptive Radiation: • the Arthropods adapted to
their environment and developed distinct characteristics that could place them differently in the Phylogenetic Tree. (Schmidt et al., 2012)
Two Fossilized Arthropods in Amber(Schmidt et al., 2012)
Ancestor
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Discussion (Location)• Possible Contributions to
Adaptive Radiation:• From the Triassic to the Cretaceous
Periods, Europe and Asia rotated clockwise.
• Triassic Italy: tropicalTriassic Lebanon: colder
• Cretaceous Lebanon:More mild than the Triassic Lebanon – organisms need to adjust to change in climate
• Schmidt’s findings were similar to an extant species of arthropod found in New Zealand (which during the Triassic, was attached to Australia, which, in turn, was attached to Antarctica) (Schmidt et al, 2012)The Break-Up of the supercontinent Pangaea
United States Geological Surveypubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html
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Discussion (Comparison of Mouthparts)• Time and adaptive radiation leads to a evolution of species.• Why do the species evolve and new characteristics form?
• Habitat Preference• Mutation
•What if separate species?• Species Isolation• Choice of Food
VS.
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How can we connect Stratigraphy to the Fossil
Record? Stratigraphy and the Fossil Record
Stratigraphy provides a means to add to the fossil record The Arthropoda Fossil Record specifically
Evolution and change over time Evidence of Location As fossils
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Take Home Message!
Biostratigraphy is helpful in determining the history of
arthropods because it permits for the expansion of
their fossil record and the observance of their evolution and adaptive radiation since
they originated.
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Literature Cited
Freeman, Scott. 2011. Phylogenies and the History of Life. Biological Science 484, 639-643.
Hanken, James et al. 2004. Modern Biostratigraphy of the Trenton Group. Geologic Overview of the Trenton Group at West Canada Creek, New York. 1-12.
Koteja, Jan and Dany Azar. 2008. Scale Insects from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccinea). Alavesia 2:133-167.
Myrow, Paul et al. 1999. Collaborative Research: Integrated Stratigraphic Study of Cambrian- Ordovican Inner Shelf Facies of the Western United States. National Science Foundation: Grant request.
Schmidt, Alexander. 2012. Arthropods in amber from the Triassic Period. PNAS Early Edition 1-6.