STRATEGY OF ESSAY WRITING

7/29/2019 STRATEGY OF ESSAY WRITING

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STRATEGY OF

ESSAY WRITING



Strategy of Essay Writing

Strategy Of Essay Writing-DR.ASHIS DASH 2

ss

MA, M. Phil., Ph.D., JRF-NET (UGC)

MADE, PGDDE, PGDM, PGDCA

Certified In ITW, MTA (WTO, Geneva)

Certified In UNDAFs (UNITAR, UN, Geneva)





PREFACEThe present work is humble attempt to satisfy the needs of students

appearing for Civil Services Examinations conducted by Union Public

Services Commission (UPSC) and other PCSs..My main objective in this

book has been to give clear, comprehensive, simple and examination

oriented strategy of essay writing.

The work is based on my teaching Essay to students appearing for IndianCivil Services Examinations. The materials are organized to develop ability

to write an essay on any topic extemporely. This book intends to create an

awareness among students not to be fooled by essay classes where only

different essay topics are discussed and an impression created that one of

the topic may come in the examination. The evaluation strategy of Public

Services Commission is start from a point where so called market thinking

ends. What is needed is development of real ability to write on any topic,

for which there should be a strategy with practice of brainstorming and

lateral thinking.

I am thankful to my friend Mr. Madan Mohan Kumbhakar for his kind co-

operation and technical support to complete the work.

mailto:[email protected]





a. Honour Killing: India's Social catastrophy

b. Global Warming: Last Threat for Human Life

c. Rights To Education

d. Women In Indian Politics

a. Value

b. Education

c. Globalisation

d. Nationalism

e. Culture

f.

Technology g. Terrorism

h. Health

i. Poverty

j. Women





Essay writing is an art. Much importance is

attached to the essay paper on the examinations

conducted by Union Public Services Commission (UPSC)

and other State Public Service Commissions for the

recruitment of higher civil services.

Generally, 200 marks are allotted for writing one

topic within three hour. Out of total 2300 marks, 200

marks can make or break ones opportunity to get

selection.Generally marks between 100-170 considered

good. Not only from getting marks but from the point of testing personality, mental development and maturity of

the candidate it is one of most effective and surest

means for examination conducting authority.

The word Essay comes from the French essay (an

attempt) first applied in 1580 by Montaigne to his short

writing. The chief implication in the word being

“tentative study”.





According to the

an essay is a trial, an experiment, a writingcomposition less elaborate then any treatise.

The defines essay as a literary

composition. It is usually prose in nature and precise on

a particular subject.

According to of the

English language an essay “is a short literary

composition on a particular theme or subject usually in

prose and generally analytic, speculative or

interpretive”.

The word essay literally means an “attempt”. It is an

attempt to compose one’s thought so as to present themin logical coherent structure and sequence. It is a

literary composition usually in prose. Dealing with a

particular subject bringing out its subject matter in a

well knit composition. Thus an essay become a test not

only of knowledge, but of thought and imagination.

Above all the essay should be interesting and reveal thepersonally of the writer.

require precise knowledge on

the part of writer. For example, describing an

historical monument like Tajmahal or Sun temple





would need information about its geographical

location, the year of its construction, the personwho got it built, the details of its design and point

of architectural beauty or weaknesses, and most

important of all. The story or the legend behind its

construction etc.

can be presented in the form of a

story . Chronological arrangement of event is whatis needed to write in such essay . Also the narrative

should be made as interesting as possible by

making use of episodes which fit in the context of

the narrative. For example. The narrative of the

first day at college should mention some funny

incidents.

It explain and informs; that is, it gives

an expose of a subject, setting it out for view-with

definition, classification, examples, etc.

it takes a point of view and

supports it. It tells why something is good or bad,why something happened or why something

should or should not happen.

require deep thinking on the part

of the writer. These essay are abstract in nature and





demand imagination and capacity to express ideas

in concrete terms. gets readers to change their views.

gives the writer’s perspective on an

issue.

need elaboration of the idiom. Its

relevance in the everyday life, advantages that will

accrue if the wisdom contained in the idiom is

practiced, limitations in its application, etc.

Example to illustrate the usefulness of the idiom

should be quoted. While tackling an idiomatic

essay, care should be taken to understand the

meaning of the Idiom, otherwise the whole essay will be wrong.

Although there are infinity of subjects. There are only

limited forms in which problem can be assigned.

Definition means to pin down a concept

with great exactness- saying what characters it

has, and what characteristics it lacks. The number

of elements you introduce Here is up to you. Such

an approach would be called for in the topics like

“what is meant by Scientific tamper?”





The simplest assignment of all is to

describe something. Here you have to concentrateon only element. Descriptive essay are pen-

portraits of people, scenes or events. Description

can be static or dynamic.

There are two elements here.

Whatever the wording if you are asked to handle

two items. Your approach is the same: to find out(a) what links the items together; (b) what

distinguishes them from each other and (c) to work

from there to a conclusion.

Some subjects treat an endless array

of elements, and all of them need to discussed.

Examples; attitudes of teenagers towards

politicians”.

You might be asked to argue for or

against a certain point of view. Making a case is

not simply a matter of stating your opinion, take it

or leave it. You will be expected to convince thereader. Weak or illogical arguments will destroy

your case. You must consider arguments for the

other side, how far they are valid and how far they

can be demolished. When you consider your own

point of view, it is wise to locate and consider its





weaknesses as well before playing then down,

showing that they do not destroy the main thrust of your argument. “should smoking be banned?”

These essay demand that you take a stand and

argue its validity.

There is no watertight compartmentalization

between one form and another a certain amount of

description is bound to intrude in an essay in the

form of argumentation; similarly, a certain amount

of comparison and contrast. May come into an

essay basically in the form of definition. What is to

be kept in mind is that the overall form chosen

should be one.

Here you are requested to probe into

the roots of a problem. It takes a given situation

and asks how or why it has come about account for

the growing next today violence are examples. You

are free to discuss as many elements as you want to

possibly.

An important component of any

essay is its matter. Lack of information is one of the

main causes of the inability of many students to write

satisfactory essay. Only you can rectify this error. It is





essential to acquire an interest in reading and collecting

information on different subject must be gathered formbooks, by observation, and by listening and talking to

men who know. It is a good plan to keep a note-book in

which you may jot down things quotations, extracts

from speeches and books, incidents you have seen nor

heard of, references to books which give useful

information.Another important step in

the direction of writing an impressive essay is to avoid

beating about the bush. This can be done, if the points

are noted down before the actual composition of the

essay. These points should then be developed into

thoughts. To be precise and to the point brings about

clarity which is the hallmark of a good essay.

Proceeding from the points also ensures that no

significant aspect is lift out.

example, illustrations

and data should be used to support the Arguments. If the arguments are not substantiated, then they may

appear as subjective ideas. Furthermore, the writer of

essay is expected to be aware of the relevant

information about a given topic. Therefore, if an essay is

to reflect the writer’s knowledge of events developments





and data in a particular field it ought to contain all the

relevant facts and figures.Use of appropriate words is criterion of

a good essay. Choosing difficult and high sounding

words for their own sake is not advisable. Exact

meaning can be conveyed by the right words. However,

English not being our mother tongue, at times the

righter’s may not be able to think of an appropriateword. In that case a simple substitute should be used.

Short sentences should be preferred to long ones. The

emphasis should be on conveying the point only.

Just as the sentence and the paragraph must

have unity, so the composition as a whole must have

unity. While it is necessary to introduce many topics

into an essay, the main subject should never be lost

sight of. At no stage should the reader’s attention and

interest be allowed to wander far from the subject. In

other words, write about the subject, and not about

something else.One topic should lead on to another. There should

be some connection between successive paragraphs.

It is necessary that there

should be a logical development of the arguments. In

other words, succeeding arguments should flow out of





the preceding ones. Each paragraph should be related to

the other by logic. Collection of unconnectedparagraphs creates confusion and marks the essay

difficult to understand. A well reasoned essay is like a

clear picture which leaves an impact on the reader.

Besides, it proves the analytical ability of the writer.

language should be simple and clear, devoid

of slang and colloquialism. Clichés and verbosity shouldbe avoided.

the essay must not merely be a

collection of borrowed ideas but must reflect the

writer’s personal touch and opinion. However, care

should be taken not to express extreme opinion.

There are no hard and fast rules about the length of

an essay, rather he would be more influenced by the

pith and substance of your essay and the manner in

which you have put it on the answer book. Of course,

the essay should neither be too short nor too long. It

should be in between 800-1200 words. The examinerwill be influenced by the substance of your essay and

manner in which you have presented or expressed it.

The real thing, which matter is that the essay should be

systematic and concise of course. When you are asked





to write an essay within a fixed limit of words you must

adhere to it.A good handwriting just like a

pleasing personality is always an asset in any written

examination. Hence the students should try to improve

their handwriting beforehand and write the essay in the

examination hall quite legible and visible . It is always

better that after you have finished writing your essay, you must read it carefully at least once, so that you are

able to revise it and correct any mistakes which you

may have committed regarding spellings, punctuation,

etc.

Every essay needs an

introduction. The introduction should be direct and to

the point. If a candidate write a lengthy introduction

then he may deviate too much from the main topic. In

the body of the essay each main idea should be written

in a well balanced and logical manner.

Like the introduction, the conclusionin an essay should also be logical, convincing and

natural. Without writing a good conclusion the student

can not expect to secure good marks in the

examination. The conclusion should be natural and no

abrupt. Thus the student must pay special attention to





the introduction as well as the conclusion part of any

essay. Generally they should not go against the title of the essay.

Before writing one must aware about

attitude towards the topic which may either be serious,

enthusiastic, light-hearted, pessimistic or optimistic.

One topic may have, reflections of more than one

attitude, but the transition of attitude has to be wellplaned and logical.

Good writing comprises different

aspects viz.

• Handwriting- or the mechanics of writing

• Good spelling.• Correct grammatical sentences put together

• Paragraphs linked together

• Ideas developed clearly in paragraphs

• Arguments organized logically in paragraphs.

• Good expression.

• Developing ideas coherently.

• Organization within paragraph, and between

paragraphs,





• Using markers and connective (cohesion).

• Using language focus appropriately and correctly.• Using the functions of language appropriately.

Before a person gets into the writing mode, he has

to ascertain four basic parameter about writing essay:

What am I writing about?

Who I am writing for?

Why am I writing?

Style I am writing in.

These questions include the four essential

components of essay writing: topic (what?) audience

(who?), purpose (why?), and style (how?)





As far the writing of an essay for a competitive

examination is concerned with what examiner wants

from the students is a clear expression of his personality

and ideas in the brief . The examiner wants to find out a

consistency of approach and the precise nature of the

subject matter which is covered in the essay. It is,

therefore, advisable that a candidate should not deviate

from his topic and beat around the bush just for the

sake of the vicarious satisfaction of writing a lengthy essay, rather his approach should be exact and to the

point. The essay in the competitive examination is quite

different from an essay as is understood in the literary

sense.

In a competitive examination the essay should be

balanced, coherent and it should reflect a unified

impression that it is a disjointed and irregular an

impression of the poorly grasped ideas regarding the

subject matter given in examination. On the other hand,

the essay should invariably be convincing and profound

in ideas.





For writing a good, well balanced and scoring essay

for competitive examinations, first of all, the examinerwants that essay should show the candidate’s grasp over

the subject matter and whatever material he prefers

should have some relevance with the title of the essay.

The examiner wants an effectively woven and logical

piece of essay written in a concise manner. Naturally

the examiner will give a lot of credit to a candidate whokeeps close to the subject matter of the topic chosen for

his essay. The candidate must also arrange his ideas in

an orderly fashion and in an effective manner of

expression.

The next most important thing for the candidate

appearing for the essay paper in the civil Services

examinations is the selection of the topic for writing

essay. The candidates are always offered a wide choice

of subjects in the essay paper. Generally Six topic are

given in the essay paper out of which a candidate has to

select only one. These topic usually cover some broadareas or the topics can be classified under broad areas

like international topic, national and political topic

social-cultural topic, educational topic, philosophic-

religion or reflective topic and science- environmental

topic etc,





Obviously a candidate can easily choose a subject

of his liking as there is a wide choice of subjects. Thus,choosing a title for an essay presents no difficulty for

the candidates. But the candidate should select the topic

of his essay very carefully and after much thought. He

should choose only that subject over which he has a

complete mastery and in which he is confident do his

best. The topic should be of a subject in which he isabsolutely at home or the subject in which the

candidate has made a special study.

Practice makes a man perfect. The students must

practice essay writing. They can master this art by

writing essay on different topic and remembering them

properly, while writing an essay the students writing on

using very different topic and remembering them

properly, while writing an essay the students must not

beat about the bush. They should keep quite close to the

subject. The essay should be written in a systematic and

logical manner.The best and effective style of writing a good Essay

is the use of simple words. There is no need of using

very difficult words. The language used should be

simple and idiomatic. The students should write small

sentences. In these small sentences there will be less





possibility of committing any grammatical mistakes.

There is no need of filling an essay with a large numberof unnecessary quotations. It shows only the lack of

expression on the part of the students. It is better if the

students can say something original but their own

language.

The students should write brief and small but

meaningful sentences.

In these small sentences naturally there is less

possibility of committing any grammatical mistake. Of

course, the language should be forceful and convincing.

There is absolutely no necessity of filling an essay with a

large number of unnecessary and redundant

quotations, rather you should go for a natural but an

forceful walk with an idea in your essay which should

get the attention and admiration of the examiner.

Instead of burdening the essay with many quotations

from all sorts of writers, it is better if you say something

original in your own language and style. Too muchdependence on quotations in an essay connotes a lack of

expression and originality on the part of the candidate.

In civil services examination the examiner is

mainly interested to see the general level of awareness

of the things by the students and the ability of the





student to express themselves in a lucid and effective

manner. The examiner expects the students to put downtheir ideas and facts in a logical and orderly manner.

Credit is always given for keeping close to the subject

matter of the topic chosen, for arrangement of ideas in

an orderly fashion and for effective and concise

expression. For this purpose, the want to discuss in the

essay in a very systematic manner and in a coherentand logical sequence.

Use the time well by planning ahead carefully;

there will be no time for rewriting and very little for

proof reading

• Consider the title carefully- what it means and

what its scope is it asking you to generalize,

establish a particular view. Or take your own

stand?

• If you do not agree with what a title states

categorically do not attempt the essay

• Do not go against title generally.

• The introduction should be direct and relevant. Do

not beat around the bush deviate from the title too

much.





• Assist the reader by using transitions.

• Select a perspective and a pattern for developing your thesis. Jot down your points sight of your

perspective.

• Arrange these points in a systematic order so that it

makes a coherent and logical composition.

• Put each main idea in a separate paragraph.

• You must not give numbers to the paragraphs nor

is there any need of giving sub-headings.

• Get right to the point with clearly stated ideas

supported by specific evidence.

• Think about the subject and set down on paper all

the facts or ideas. And arrange these factsaccording to topic and so construct an outline for

the composition.

• Use words effectively this does not mean using

difficult words or ‘flowery’ language. What it the

development or explanation of the ideas it implies

is that each word should contribute of is best to

avoid archaic and obsolete usage; foreign words,

unless they have achieved currency in English, had

better be left out. Also to be avoided is slang. Even

what is known as journalese, i.e. words coined by





journalists and newspaper for effect. A recent

edition of a standard dictionary will help you toidentify such slang expressions. Effective use of

words also requires you to know which word to

use and where.

• Make your essay a well balanced and well-knit

literary composition.

• Avoid the use of big and high sounding words. Also

avoid the use of those words about which you are

not sure.

• Adopt an analytical and logical approach.

• Always remember that the beginning and the

ending of an essay are very important, so give themaximum attention.

• Check your writing for unnecessary repetition.

Some avoidable repetitions;

• Stay clear of clichés or time-worn idioms

• Avoid the use of slang and colloquial terms and try

to develop a graceful, dignified and literary style.

• An essay is certainly bound to reflect the

personality and views of the writer. However, it

would be pragmatic, from the point of view of an





examination. To keep extreme opinions to oneself

and not express idiosyncrasies.• Be clear, lucid and simple and you cannot go far

wrong.

• The essay should be simple. Sentences should be

terse and short.

• Let the tone of the essay be informal and

suggestive.

• Check your writing for correctness. There is no

place for ungrammatical sentences in an essay. And

do not risk using words, phrases, expressions about

whose meaning or correctness you are not sure.

Avoid long and rambling sentence in which you aswell as the examiner may get lost.

• Never give a categorical or one- sided conclusion

the conclusion should always be a balanced one.

• There is no hard and fast rule regarding the length.

The essay should neither be too short nor too

lengthy. Desirably it should be in between 800-

1200 words

• If you have good memory, you may be tempted to

strew your essay with quotation to emphasise your

point of view. Resist the temptation firmly





quotations become dangerous props indicating by

their presence the righter’s lack of ideas or inability to express what he or she and feely if you have to

use quotations. Use them rarely and only in context

where they give depth to an idea.

• Write in a beautiful and legible handwriting a

pleasing handwriting is always an asset.

• You must revise your essay after completion to

correct the mistakes, if any.





Before writing an essay the following need to be

considered.

You have six topics out of which

you must choose one on which to write. In such

cases it is all always advisable to select the subject

on which you have most information. This will save

some of the time which would have to be spent in

racking your brain if you selected a subject which

did not know so well.

Choose the title with which you are perfectly athome. With the choice of a title half the battle is

won or lost. Never choose a title merely because

you read it in some book or have listened to in

class. You must define the scope of the subject too.

The point of view from which the topic is to be

trusted has also to be grasped.

When you have got a clear idea

of your subject (what exactly it is, and, equally

important, what it is not), set about collecting

materials for the essay. Often it is worthwhile to





ask what? When? Where? How? Why? of a

subject. Do not attempt to writ the essay before youhave given some time to thinking what you can say

on the subject. As you think about it, ideas, facts,

illustrations will pass though your mind. Jot these

fleeting thought down on paper just as then occur

to you, without troubling yourself at this stage

about their order or suitability.To bring content towrite in the essay you can practice brainstorming

and concept mapping which can generate content

autometically.

Brainstorming is a technique which helps to elicit

many thoughts and ideas on a given topic.However,

instead of putting whole sentences or phrases to paper,

this prewriting technique involves creating a list. It

might contain various individual thoughts or ideas that

make sense in a particular order, and/or ideas that are

linked together by association with previous ideas.Unlike reewriting, brainstorming works well in a

limited amount of time. Out of alloted three hours it is

worthwhile to spend around 40 minutes for jotting

down your ideas before beginning to write. Putting your

ideas on paper will be especially helpful where your





goal is to establish a point of view on a topic and

support your position.

If you are not already being timed, set a timer

for at least 40 minutes to bring more and better

ideas in rough page .

List every word or phrase that comes to mind

about your topic spontaneously. As with freewriting, do not edit or censor any

ideas, and ignore the rules of spelling, grammar,

and punctuation.

When you are finished, look over the list

carefully. Cross out useless information and

organize what is left. Categorize similar items.

Try to interconnect different areas with one

another. Before examination make list about the

relevant areas about which you have to

deliberate in the brainstorming time or areas

which have universal applicability. It will save

your time and energy and help you to bring

good and powerful ideas within limited time

period.

Any essay can be connected with different aspects of

different areas .Some points are as follows:





where you have to think to connect with

preamble, provisions given in different Articles,Fundamental Rights, DPSP, Democracy, Secularism,

Socialism, Judiciary, Executive, Legislative, Leadership

etc.

Infrastructure, Agriculture, Welfare, Resource,

Planning, Regional Balance, Finance, Foreign trade,

Industry, Banking, Housing etc.Nuclear, Space, Bio-tech,

Environment, Information and Communication

Technology,Defence etc.

Terrorism,Global warming,

Poverty, Energy Security etc.

Art, Music, Cenema, Religion, Dance,

Philosophy, Civilization, Literature etc.

: Cricket, Hockey, Badminton, Sport events like

Commonwealth game, Olympic game etc.

Ancient, Mediaval, Modern.

Vivekananda, Gandhi, Nehru,

Radhakrishnan, Tagore, Aurobindo, Premchand, Bhagat

Singh, Mother Teresa, P.C.Mahalnobis, Homi Bhava,

Amartya Sen, A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, Satyajit Ray, Sachin

Tendulkar etc.





Along with this you can interrelate your topic with

different aspects like philosophy, religion, constitution,UN Charter, different laws, acts, use, misuse, disuse,

challenges and oppertunities in different areas, genesis

of different issues (past,present and future), different

stages of life, How-Why-When-Where-What aspects,

prediction about any issue, hypothesis formulation

(if......then....), alternative perspectives of any situation,modification proposal of the present, meaning, nature,

type, scope, principles, limitations, prons and cons,

different aspects like physical-social-intellectual-

moral-spiritual-emotional-aesthetic,giving diagramme,

models, subdivision, criticise, discrimination, different

areas viz. social, political, economic, education,

anthropological, geographical, psychology, cultural,

administrative, scientific, technological, etc.

These points will help you to quickly develop a great

deal of information about your subject. Every point

won’t apply to every essay, and the prompts that follow

each points are meant to be taken as suggestions. Be

flexible and use the format as it best fits your topic.





b)

Mapping and webbing are graphic (visual)organizers that facilitate you to investigate the

relationships between a number of diverse

ideas.Concept mapping is a simple technique best

used for exploring topics that are complex. To

make one, draw a circle, and add spokes radiating

from it. Put your central idea or subject in themiddle, and add subtopics or related ideas around

it in any order. Or, draw a box with your subject

written in it, and continue adding boxes, connected

to each other by arrows, showing the development

of your idea. Write down any and every thought

you have on your subject. As with other writing

techniques, do not judge yourself during this

process.

Creating a web takes more time, but may result in a

more useful product. It works well when exploring a

complex subject. To develop a web, write your topic in a

circle. After that write subtopics in secondary circles,

each connected to the center by a line. From each of the

secondary circles, draw smaller bubbles in which you

brainstorm subtopics. Each subtopics is connected to the





corresponding secondary bubble by a line. Both maps

and webs should be revised and reworked a number of

Education

System in India

Levels of

Education

Types of

Education

Components

of Education

Nursery,

Primary,

Secondary,

Tertiary etc.

Teacher,

Student,

Curriculum,

Methods of Teaching,

Discipline etc.





times. When your ideas are on paper in one of

these graphic organizers, it is convenient to seehow better to prioritize and organize them. Use

maps and webs as flexible frameworks in which

information may be moved around until it is in the

appropriate place.

When you think you have collected

enough material for the essay, read over the notes you have made to select the points most suitable for

your purpose. You may find some that are not very

relevant to the subject; cross them out. Some may

be found to be mere repetitions of others; and yet

other may be simply illustrations to be brought

under main heads. This process of selection will

probably suggest to you in a general way the line of

thought you may follow in the essay.

With the

exception of concept mapping and webbing,

prewriting notes need organization before thewriting your essay. In other words to make a

satisfactory essay, it is very necessary to arrange

your thought according to some orderly plan.

Without it your essay will be badly arranged,

rambling, disproportioned, and full of irrelevancies





and repetitions. So you must at this point decide on

the line of thought to be following in the essay, alogical order in which you can arrange the

thoughts you have selected. So bearing of the main

heads under which you will arrange your various

thought, in a natural, logical and convincing

order-from a brief introduction to an effective

conclusion.Having thus mapped out the main points with you are

going to deal, arrange the ideas you have selected each

under its proper main head. You would now have a full

outline which is to be a guide to you in writing the

essay.

There are many effective ways to organize your

material before you start writing your essay , so don’t

get hung up trying to find the one right way. Some

students like outlines, both creating them and working

from them. Others find them ineffective and should

look at different techniques for imposing a scheme ontotheir prewriting notes.

Creating an outline begins with a reading of your

prewriting notes. First, group related ideas together,

looking for major topics (which can be headings) and





minor ones (which can be subheadings, examples, or

details). Define your major points, and rearrange themuntil they make sense and follow a logical progression.

You will be able to see the relationships between your

ideas as you outline them, and determine their

importance (major point, minor point, example, detail).

If you need more supporting details or facts —

subcategories — you can add them now. As you outline your information, use one-word topics, short phrases,

or write out full sentences for each point on your

outline. If your prewriting notes are somewhat

organized, you can use the outlining feature included

in most word-processing programs to create an outline.

Otherwise, arrange them yourself in a standard outline

form using Roman and Arabic numerals and upper and

lower case letters:

Once you have completed an outline, revise and refine

it by following these steps:

1. Write down your overall goal (message you want to

convey through the topic) for your essay. What are you

trying to say to examiner?

2. Go over your outline and circle, underline, or

highlight your major points or images. Do they all

support your goal?





3. Brainstorm words and phrases that will accurately

and concisely express those points. Jot down them in themargin of your outline, or use a separate sheet of paper.

4. Use this list and your outline to guide your writing.

Do not allow yourself to stray from your goal or your

major points. Irrelevant writing have negative impact

on the examiner.

As you reread your prewriting notes, answer the

following:

What is the purpose of my essay as a whole?

What are the major parts of the whole, and how

can they be categorized?

What are the minor parts of the whole, and how

do they relate to the major parts?

What details can I use to illuminate both major

and minor parts? i.e. how in my writing major

and minor parts reflected to the examiner?

The answer to the first question is your thesis.

Place it at the top of the pyramid. Below it, write the

major parts and join them to the thesis with lines. Next,

write the minor parts below the major ones, connecting

them with lines. Finally, your details should be added

under the parts to which they correspond.





If you are having trouble with the highly structuredoutline try to organize your notes into a list based on

one of the following strategies:

1. Chronological: organize your ideas in the order in

which they did happen or will happen.

2. Order of Importance: rank supporting ideas from

most important to least important, or vice versa. 3. List: create a roster of items of equal importance.

4. General to Specific: state supporting details, then the

main point, or vice versa.

An essay at the simplest level has three parts-the

beginning, the middle (or the body) and the conclusion.

An essay should let the

examiner know at the outset or early enough what it is

about. It is not enough for the title to say it you must

spell out the topic enough to catch the examiner’s

attention.An introduction may consist of a general statement,

an illustration of the subject, or an explanation. An

essay may also begin with a quotation or a reference to

an accepted opinion or ever by definition.





The important point to be kept in mind is that the

opining or introduction should be striking, and relevantto the subject, it is wrong to being far away from the

subject in hand. The introduction should lead on to the

subject without unnecessary delay and without

awkwardness

There are several ways of opening an essay.

But the quotation should be relevant

and naturally lead on to a discussion of the topic

(Refer for quotation on different relevant

topics for Civil Services Examinations)

Hear the essay starts by exposing the

meaning of the topic:Here you could give a

general statement of the topic from which you cold then

proceed to the particular aspects.

A beginning could be in the form of a

rhetorical question which does not require an answer

but is simple a trick for sweeping the examiner off their

feet.

Here at first an attention getting

Issue is discussed in short ,then the issue is connected

to the main body of the Essay through transitional





paragraph. For example any topic on women

empowerment can be introduced by givingintroduction about women participating in

Commonwealth game in Delhi, then we connect this to

the major issue.The Eye catcher you use is up to you, but

here are some ideas

This information must be true and verifiable, and it

doesn't need to be totally new to your readers. It could

simply be a pertinent fact that explicitly illustrates the

point you wish to make.If you use a piece of startling

information, follow it with a sentence or two

of elaboration.

An anecdote is a story that illustrates a point.

Be sure your anecdote is short, to the point, and relevant

to your topic. This can be a very effective opener for

your essay, but use it carefully.

An appropriate dialogue does not have to identify the

speakers, but the reader must understand the point you

are trying to convey. Use only two or three exchanges

http://d/Dow/http___lklivingston.tripod.com_essay_index.html/lklivingston.tripod.com/essay/body.html%23elaboration






between speakers to make your point. Follow dialogue

with a sentence or two of elaboration.

When composing beginning, candidates who

inexperienced writers are likely a err at either of two

extremes: doing too little or doing too much in doing

too little they slight the opening jumping too suddenly

into the subject and piling ideas and information infront of the examiner before he or has time to settle

back and see what all this is about.

In doing too much they make the beginning a

precise of the essay and anticipate everything they will

cover. The function of an opening is to introduction an

essay, not to be a miniature version of it. To make it so is

to act as the master of ceremonies at banquet who

introduces the main speaker by anticipating everything

he or she is going to say.

The effective beginning stays between those

extremes. It lets the examiner know what to expect, but

it leaves them with something to expect.

The beginning or introduction should lead on naturally

and logical to the main body of the essay. The







introduction should proportionate; that if should be

short and in keeping with the size of the whole essay the middle, or body is the logical and most important

part of the essay. It should contain the necessary facts,

idea, and illustrations. Here all the preparation up to

this point comes to fruition. The topic you have chosen

must now be explained, described, or argued.

Each main idea that you wrote down in your diagram

or outline will become one of the body paragraphs. If

you had three or four main ideas, you will have three or

four body paragraphs.

Start by writing down one of your main ideas, insentence form. Next, write down each of your

supporting points for that main idea, but leave four or

five lines in between each point.

In the space under each point, write down some

elaboration for that point.Elaboration can befurther description or explanation or discussion.

If you wish, include a summary sentence for each

paragraph.





It is not necessary to exhaust the subject; in the

course of an essay of ordinary length it is impossible tosay all the might possibly be said on a subject. A few

outstanding topic should be allotted to each topic

according to its relative importance.

In a the aim is to give a picture of

the scene or object described the description must be

imaginative must penetrate beneath the excretory andsee with mind’s eye.

often go together; in

fact it is difficult to have pure narratives, in narrative

essay it is good to stage the circumstances under which

the events happen, and narrate the e-vents in the order

in which they take place. An incident may be told from

the point of view of one of the person participating in it,

or from the point of an onlooker.

Essay our chief aim is to make

clear the meaning or significance of a statement or idea.

We make an idea clear by saying it in other words, by stating the opposite of it for the sake of contrast, and by

giving specific instances and illustrations.

When is required in an essay, it is well to

begin with a statement of what we want to prove, so

that there may be no doubt in the reader’s mind as to





our intention. Then we should put forward our

arguments. The arguments may be arranged in theorder of their importance, so that the most weight come

last as a finishing stroke.

Some subject may require both exposition and

argument.

The sentences of a good paragraph reflect a clear,

rational analysis of the topic.

Examining whether the sentences of a paragraph

correspond with its ideas is a good test of the coherence

of the paragraph. The correspondence need not be as

exact paragraph (and usually will not be). But if youcannot outline a generally clear relationship, the

paragraph is probably confused and confusing.

Adjust sentences to thought intuitively, without

constantly thinking about when to begin a new

sentence. Those with less experience must remain more

conscious of the problem. Working up paragraph from

outlines provides good practice. But whether it is

consciously thought out or intuitive, a well made

paragraph uses sentences to analyse the subjects.





Having said that, the question that faces us is how

do we go about it? That is to say, how should a: “body paragraph” be build so that it uses sentences to analyze

the subject. To answer this question, asks yourself

another one. Once you have focused

On a topic sentence, ask yourself how much

evidence, and what kind of evidence is required to

support the topic sentence. Most commonly, it issufficient to simply details in support of your topic

sentence.

Anther way to fill out your paragraph would be to

give a few well chosen example that would sufficiently

your main point.

Sometimes, depending on your purpose, you can

get by with slim paragraph. But if your topic sentence is

a major point in your whole essay, you will want to

develop it with considerable detail. If the paragraph

starts to look too long, you can break it at some

convenient point without writing a topic sentence forthe new paragraph.

the basic overall shape of a

paragraph is quite simple: topic sentence plus

supporting sentence. The most simple structured





paragraph are those in which every sentence directly

supports the topic sentence.Writer will want do develop some of the

supporting sentence in a paragraph as if they were

mini-topic sentence. In such a paragraph, some

sentence will support to the topic sentence directly, and

other will support it only indirectly.

Are writing to prove a point, you will be surprised

how other you can pour paragraph into one of these

two molds.

But don’t expect every paragraph you write to fit

one of these models exactly. In reality there are

hundreds of possible paragraph shapes. The ones thatwill work for you in a particular writing situation will

be those which arrange your material clearly; which

illustrate your point logically, and which accomplish

your purpose of communication with your reader.

The paragraph usually contains information or

argumentation that go well beyond this openingstatement. Finally, on completing the paragraph the

reader know how it fits overall structure of the essay;

clarifying the point of a paragraph is called pointing.

These three “ requirements” can be breached for a good





many reasons. But, taken as they stand, they offer a

classic three-part paragraph:1. What the paragraph is about- topic sentence.

2. What the paragraph has to say about the subject

information or argument.

3. How the paragraph fits in-pointing.

The paragraph in an essay must be crafted.

Without pointing, you may create a string of paragraph.

The structure of a paragraph call for unity, with the

sentence in it contributing towards explaining or

supporting the put forward by the topic sentence. And

this should be done logical, sequentially.

How can these paragraphbe linked together? In other words, how can they be

organized within an essay. It can be done in two ways,

which are often used together. One is by signposts

words, phrases, sentence (occasionally ever a short

paragraph) which tells reader what you have done, are

doing will do next.. The other way is by inter-

paragraph transitions, that is words and phrases that tic

the beginning of new paragraph to what precedes it.

Each paragraph is linked to the other by the unity

of idea. However, unification among the paragraph is





also to be achieved structurally. Though transitional

words and phrases. These words or phrases help toshow the progress of the essay a list of such words and

phrases is given here:

Addition of continuation: next, beside, further,

again, moreover, likewise, in addition.

Similarly, somewhat similar, in a like

manner likewise.

However, but on the contrary, after all,

nevertheless, still, and yet, notwithstanding, at the same

time.

Although, after all natural, it may be

admitted, be course.Exemplification: for example, for instance, in

particular, specifically, in fact incidentally, in other

words.

Result, consequence: thus, as a result/ consequence,

in short, hence, therefore, accordingly, then. passage of

time: of late, since, until thereafter, soon meanwhile,

while , shortly, immediately, at length, from this point

to conclude, to sum up on the

whole, in a nutshell, in brief.





without doubt, the questions which

arises, so far so good, in spite of paradoxically, at theoutset, as a matter of fact the paragraph combine to

built up the thesis of the essay neither the sentence nor

the paragraph ‘can be thought of as independent units.

An essay is an organic whole in which each part is

fused into another.

Transitions like aparagraph to what has immediately preceded it. They

occur at near the beginning of the new paragraph

because it represents a turn of thought, needing to be

liked to what has gone before. Transition act like rail

road switches, smoothing and easing the transition from

one line to another.

The simplest type of

transition repeats a key word.

A repeated word makes a strong and simple

connection. Ti works well when the key term leading

into the new paragraph occurs naturally at the end of the preceding one. But it is awkward and artificial

when the term is forced into the final sentence merely

to set up the transition.

A second way of

linking paragraph it to ask and answer a rhetorical





question. Usually the question is placed at the end of the

preceding paragraph and the answer at the beginningof the following one. For example, why do they do it?

The answer is that

Less often the question appears at the opening of

the new paragraph. For example; why what went

wrong? The answer is

The question- and answer transition makes a very

strong tie, but as with the rhetorical question generally,

it is too obvious a strategy to be called upon very often.

This link begins with a

phrase of clause that sum up the preceding paragraph

and then moves to the main clause, which introductionthe new topic.(unlit

Long summarizing transition tend to be formal in

tone. On informal occasion it may be better to avoid a

full if or while clause and state the summary more

briefly.

A summarizing transition may take even briefer

from, using pronouns, like this, that, these, those, or

such to sum up the preceding topic. For example: these

are grave handicaps, but Rajasthan has many resources

in compensation.





Finally you may link

paragraph by words showing logical relationship:therefore however but consequently, thus and even so,

on the other hand, for instance, nonetheless, and many,

many more.

Logical connection seldom provide the link

between paragraph actually, they work in conjunction

with word repetition, summaries, pronouns. In fact, allthe various transitional strategies we have looked at

commonly occur in some combination. But whatever its

from, and inter- paragraph transition should be clear

and unobtrusive, shifting readers easily from topic to

the next.

All fluent writing

depends on the connection between sentence s.

Connecting sentence is more a matter of presenting

your thought in the right order then a matter of

grammar. But it will help you to make easy transition

from one thought to the next if you study the variousConjunction and linking phrases which are usually

treated under heading of ‘grammar’.

The grammatical means of transition include;

1. Conjunction such as and, but, although, for.





2. Adverbs and adverbial phrases such as however,

moreover, for example, since this is so, as we shallsee, neverthless, yet, therefore etc.

3. Pronouns and articles- when you being a sentence

with ‘he’ or ‘the’ it refers back to a person or thing

already defined.

4. Repetition of parts of the previous sentence.

5. Conjunction such as ‘and’ or ‘but’).come first in the

sentence. (incidentally there is no rule against

beginning sentence with ‘and’ or ‘but’.) the adverbs

can be placed almost.

Anywhere in the sentence even at the end. It is said

that ‘however’ should not come at the be ginning or atthe end of the sentence. Even this rule may be broken,

however.

You should take care when you use ‘but’ ‘therefore’

or any other connective word that the sense of the

sentence dose require the connective to be used.

Therefore, for example, means ‘consequently’ ‘for that

reason’ ‘but’, as a conjunction, always introduces a

contrast or a reason to the contrary. It is never a

synonym for ‘and’ adds something like what has gone

before, ‘but’ adds something different.





Connectives can be classified along these lines:

Additive…and Adversative…but, on the other hand, nevertheless

Alternative…or

Causal…for (cause for preceding conclusion)

Explanatory…that is

Inferential…therefore, as a result, it follows thatIllustrative…for example

No definite rule can be laid down as to how closely

sentence should be liked together, a rambling string of

sentence is as irritating as ii rambling incoherent

speech. But linking can be overdone. For Instance, in

this passage:

Writing are something advised to very sentence

length with in the paragraph. A long sentence followed

by a shorter sentence is often effective, where the

shorter sentence summarizes the points which have

been amplified in the long one. Certainly an unbrokensequence of long sentence is tiresome, and a sequence

of short once disrupts the flow of ideas. Usually the

length of your sentence will be varied without

conscious effort on your part.





The three basic

requisites of a good sentence are clarity, consistency and economy.

All sentence should clearly

state the writer’s thoughts without any possibility of

ambiguity. The three said clarity are adequate

punctuation, clear pronoun reference and correct word

orderAll sentence

follow some pattern. The write is free to chose his

pattern, but once he makes a choice, he must follow his

chosen pattern throughout the sentence.

After choosing his style, the write must be careful

about his diction. He must make sure that the words he

uses belong to the correct register and have the correct

connotations. Grammatical consistency is absolutely

necessary for effective sentence. The writer should keep

his tenses consistent, make subjects and verbs agree in

number and person, and make pronouns agree withtheir antecedents in gender, number and person.

To achiever economy in

communicating one viewpoint the writer should avoid

long-winded sentence. Unless repetition is deliberately

introduced, it should be avoided at all costs.





Redundancy is a major flaw in writing, which again,

should be avoided. Anything, however important thatdistract the reader’s attention from the main point

should be left out. To achieve this the writer should

1. avoid misguided attempts at a ‘literary’ style which

can become pretentious;

2. prune away useless words; and

3. avoid the use of long-winded sentence or phrases,

by applying the principle of reduction, wherever

necessary. The principle of reduction means

reducing a sentence to a clause, a clause a phrase,

or phrases to a word, wherever possible.

The most common signpost is an initial

sentence that indicates both the topic and the general

plan of treating it. For instance, a five paragraph section

of a long essay on computer can be organized as;

computers are useful in everyday life in at least live

different ways:

In the fist place…. Secondly….

Fourthly……

Fifthly…..

However number words like first, second, third,

must be handled cautiously, overused, they confuse





reader, losing them in a labyrinth of (1) s and (2) s and

(a) s and (b) s.Rather than using number’s it is possible, to set up

an analysis by employing key terms. These identify the

major points and can be repeated at the beginning of

the appropriate paragraph or section.

The conclusion the discussion started in the body of the

essay is rounded up. The concluding paragraph caps

the discussion with a conclusive statement which is the

result of well-reasoned arguments put forward in the

body. The conclusion can also be the summary of the

whole essay. But one’s own comments, supporting or

rejecting a particular argument, appreciating or

criticizing a stance, reveals to the examiner the critical

ability of the writer and is, therefore, to be preferred.

The conclusion of an essay should carry the natural

climax of the subject. It must grow out of the body of

the essay and not be abrupt or seem imposed or forced.It should either put the point of the essay in a fresh light

or embody the thesis that has developed through the

essay. It is best not to be categorical, but the conclusion

should give a sense of finality to the composition.





A common way of ending an essay is to summaries

the main points raised the body of the essay or to repeatemphatically the chief argument the essay. The purpose

of the conclusion, or to remove doubts, or to enlist the

sympathy of the examiner. The conclusion, that last

sentence or the last paragraph should, if possible, be so

worded that it will strike the examiner in a special way

and he/she will award you good marks.The simplest way to conclude is to employ a word

or phrases like kindly, lastly, in conclusion, in closing,

in the last analysis etc. Normally it is best to keep such

terminal words unobtrusive.

Like the opening of an essay the closing should also be

proportional to the length and complexity of the whole

piece. Several paragraph, or only one, or ever a single

sentence may be sufficient. But whatever its length, a

closing must do certain things.

You have now completed all of the paragraphs of your

essay. Before you can consider this a finished product,

however, you must give some thought to the formatting

of your paper.





Look at your paragraphs. Which one is the strongest?

You might want to start with the strongest paragraph,

end with the second strongest, and put the weakest in

the middle. Whatever order you decide on, be sure it

makes sense. If your paper is describing a process, you

will probably need to stick to the order in which thesteps must be completed.

When you prepare a final draft, you must be sure to

follow all of the instructions you have been given.

Are your margins correct?

Is the question number correct?

Have you write the title of the essay?

What other information must you include?

Nothing can substitute for revision of your work. By

reviewing what you have done, you can improve weak

points that otherwise would be missed. Read and reread

your paper.





Does it make logical sense?

Have you check the spelling and grammar ?

Do the sentences flow smoothly from one another?

If not, try to add some words and phrases to help

connect them. Transition words, such as "therefore" or

"however," sometimes help. Also, you might refer in one

sentence to a thought in the previous sentence. This isespecially useful when you move from one paragraph

to another.





Your essay goal is to convey information, including the

fact that you can write well. That goal won’t be

achieved if examiner don’t understand your first few

sentences or paragraphs or fail to grasp your message.

Learning how to be a clear and accurately write an

essay will help make your essay readable, and will

guarantee that examiner will understand exactly what

you mean to say. The five guidelines in this chapter

show you how to clarify your writing.

1.

Ambiguous language can either be words and phrases

that have more than one meaning, or word order that

conveys a meaning different from the one intended by

the writer.

I am visiting the river bank

This sentence can be read two ways: (1)I am visiting thebank of the river or (2) I am visiting the bank named

river .This kind of confusion can happen whenever a

word has more than one possible meaning.

My teacher read my essay with the white

car’. Here, the word order of the sentence, not an





individual word, causes the confusion. Did the teacher

read the essay with his car? Because the phrase with the white car is in the wrong place, the meaning of the

sentence is unclear. Try instead: ‘My teacher with the

white read my essay’.

When reading book, the calling bell rang.The calling bell rang when I was reading the

book.

Dillip almost waited an hour for his friend.

Dillip waited almost an hour for his friend.

In essay writing clarity involves the thoughtful use of

modifiers, which make your point clear and add

originality and meaning to your essay. One way to

accomplish this is to use powerful and specificadjectives and adverbs. Consider the difference between

these sets of sentences:

My sister put on her sweater.

My sister put on her cashmere sweater.

The cricket team practiced in the rain.





The cricket team practiced in the torrential

downpour.In both cases, sentence B allows you to hear the “voice”

and impressions of the writer, giving a more interesting

and accurate picture of the action. The first sentences

are dull, and don’t give the reader much information.

The adjectives and adverbs can also get your message

across in fewer, more accurate words. This is critical inan essay with a clear instruction of precise writing as in

the Civil Services Examination. You don’t want to

sacrifice unique details, but sometimes one word will do

the job better than a few.

Another technique for precise writing is pinpointing.

Don’t leave your examiner guessing , when you can tell

him or her exactly what you mean? When you

pinpoint, you replace vague words and phrases with

specific ones.

Here are some sentences that lack accuracy, followed by

better alternatives that use pinpointing:

Biswaranjan needs to file his mains application

soon.





Biswaranjan needs to file his mains

application by September 15invention of computer has helped human

beings in many ways.

The many benefits of computer invention

include improvement in communication,

administration etc.

Clear instruction given in question papers of Essay test

of UPSC that ‘ Examiners will pay special attention to

the candidate’s grasp of his material, its relevance to the

subject chosen and to his ability to think constructively

and to present his ideas logically and

effectively.’ It means you should not write waste words

to get good mark in the examination. There are two

important approaches to more concise writing:

eliminating unnecessary words and phrases, and using

the active (as opposed to passive) voice whenever

possible.

a lot of

all of a sudden

both of these

many or much

suddenly

both





due to the fact that

on a daily basis

on account of the fact that

take action

the majority of

has the ability to

in order to

in the event that

in the near future

is able to

last but not least

through the use of

with regard to

with the exception of

at the present time

because

daily

because

act

most

can

to

if

soon

can

finally

through

regarding

except for

currently or now

4.

Wordiness wastes valuable time and space For that

reasons you should eliminate the repetition of ideas andinformation in your essay. Repetition for example

“mathematics” is a field of study, Hence it does not need

to be modified with the word “field.”





often times

reason why

heavy in weight

period in time

round in shape

odd in appearance

mathematics field

cheap quality

honest in character

confused state

refer back

close proximity

large in size

modern in design

unusual in natureextreme in degree

strange type

first and foremost

end result

final outcome

free gift

past history

totally obvious

important essentials

rarely ever

unexpected surprise past

memories

final destination

general consensus future plans

terrible tragedy

sudden crisis

various differences

each individualbasic fundamentals

true facts

One of the best ways to accurately convey your

ideas is to choose the right words. Doing so

ensures that your audience understands the

meaning you intend.





Many words are confused because they sound or

look almost identical, but have very differentmeanings.

Take the time to learn the denotative meanings

of the most commonly misused words to ensure

proper usage.

Some words and word usages appear frequently

in print although they are not consideredstandard English. Avoid them in your writing.

Choose words by keeping in mind their implied

(connotative) as well as literal meanings. Their

connotations involve emotions, cultural

assumptions, and suggestions that can be

positive, negative, or neutral.

Understanding the purpose of inclusive

language and using it in your essay, will assure

that your message gets across without creating

or perpetuating negative social stereotypes.

Almost all of the most common spelling errors

can be corrected by learning and applying four

basic spelling rules.

Pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions

are the most challenging parts of speech,

accounting for a majority of usage errors. Learn





the common errors to eliminate them from your

writing. A dangling participle is a phrase or clause, using

a verb ending in -ing that does not refer to the

subject of the sentence it modifies. A misplaced

modifier is a word or phrase that describes

something, but is in the wrong place in the

Nouns and verbs must agree in number,meaning a singular noun takes a singular verb,

and a plural noun takes a plural verb.

The active voice is not only clearer and more

direct, but it conveys your meaning more easily.

Use it instead of the passive voice whenever

possible.

Avoid the two most common mistakes at the

sentence level: sentence fragments and run-on

sentences. Be certain each sentence contains one

complete thought.

Be consistent with verb tenses. Do not shift from

one tense to another unless it is necessary.

The use of double negatives is unnecessary and

redundant. As with verb tense shifts, the use of

two negatives (such as “I won’t never give up”)





in a sentence sounds incompetent and can

obscure meaning. Proper punctuation makes your essay more

polished and technically correct, and it helps to

convey your voice.

There are different occasions that require

capitalization. Using capitalization in any other

way can make your writing appear too casual,or even sloppy.

Note your reactions to the essay; ask yourself the

following questions and answer the following

Does the content of your essay address or match

the topic?

Will your essay help you stand out? Is it

memorable and interesting?

Would any examiner understand everything you

have written, or are some points in need of

clarification?

Is the introduction a good “hook” that draws the

reader into the essay, or could it be eliminated?

Does your writing flow? Does it follow a logical

progression, with each paragraph and point

made in the right place?





Are the points you make supported by examples

and details, and are all of the details necessary? Does your writing strike the right balance

between formality and informality?

Does your conclusion make sense after the

preceding paragraphs? Is it strong, or just a

wrap-up of what you have already said?

Make any necessary modifications, and bewilling to add and/or remove writing that

unintentionally included in the essay.

Do I repeat myself? Rework your point so that

you say it well the first time and remove any

repetitious words and phrases.

Do I have enough details? Look through your

formating for generalities and make them more

specific.

Do I reinforce each point with a concrete and/or

personal example?

Is my sentence structure varied? Sentences

should not be the same length, nor should they

be repetitive in any other way, such as all

beginning with “I.”

Are there any clichés or other types of overused

language?





Do I use the active voice whenever possible?

Are there too many or too few adjectives andadverbs?

Are verb tenses consistent?

Is the antecedent for every pronoun clear?





• India And The Emerging Non-Proliferation Order

• Democrcy in South Asia:Path of Glory

• Nuclear non-proliferation• Collapse of socialism

• Growing racism in Europe

• Drug menace in the third world

• Religious freedom and secular democracy

• The new economic order in a changing world

• United nations and human rights

• Reforming the Unite Nations

• The role of Unite Nations in peacekeeping

• The United Nations Development Programme

• The Relevance of NAM today

• Arms build- up in Asia

• Global terrorism

• Big brother approach of America

• Democracy in south Asia: path of glory.

• Nuclear weapon free world: myth or realty

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/india-and-the-emerging-non-proliferation-order.html







• Energy security vs. destabilize world

• Burning Kashmir and Human Right

• Common Wealth Game in India

• Democracy in India

• Maoist and Rural unrest in India

• Inclusive development agenda and alination of rural India.

• Caste politics & coalition government

• Opting for a presidential form of government

• Centre- stage relations

• The Panchayati Raj

• India’s judicial system

• Secularism in India

• Corruption in India

• India’s neighbourly relations

• India’s defense strategy

• Nuclear deterrence

• India today- its different facets

• India-a nation in Crisis

• Corruption in Indian public life

• Religious minorities in a secular state

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/Commonwealth-in-India-Are-we-Ready.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/Commonwealth-in-India-Are-we-Ready.html





• Minoritism- myth or reality

• Challenges to secularism in India• Growing communalization of the India polity

• Nationalism and the Hindu Identity

• The communal situation and need for religious in

India

• The concept of nationhood and national integration

in India

• The language problem

• The problem of a link language in India

• Casteism in India

• The problem of terrorism in India

• The question of human rights in India.

• Future of parliamentary system in India

• Functioning of democracy

• Essentials for the success of democracy

• The changing scenario of India bureaucracy

• The role and independent of the judiciary

• Indian judiciary: problem and prospects of reform

• Growth of regionalism and regional parties in

India

• Panchayati Raj: the role of democracy





• Decentralized planning in the Indian polity

• The nature of party system in India• Elections and politicization

• Indian foreign policy: its basic framework and its

role in changing world scenario

• National integration

• The place of women in Indian society

• India’s population explosion

• Future of democracy in India

• The national census: as a tool for planning and

development our human resources

• Nationalism and internationalism: their limitations

• Regional conflicts in the modern world

• Corruption: Causes and Remedies

• Religion and politics

• Role of press in India democracy

• Protection from internet abuse

• Politicians above the law

• The problems of a huge population

• Gender bias in health concerns

• Power to people, power of nation

• Role of media in good governance





• Religion, politics and democracy

• Paradoxes of democracy • Democracy implies tolerance of dissent

• The role of opposition in a democracy

• Role of judiciary in a democracy judicial activism

• Elections- lacunae and remedies corruption in

public life

• Politics and religion

• Communalism

• The politics of communalism

• The rights and wrongs of conversion should there

be reservations?

• Is India ready for a uniform civil code?

• An apolitical defense force

• India’s defense needs in a technological scenario

united nations- role and future

• Human rights

• Can human right be universal

• The changing face of terrorism

• Can terrorism be justified?

• Terrorism: the justified means of pretrial protest

• Peaceful Kashmir: myth or realty





• Naxalite movement and rural unrest in India.

• Poverty, information, accountability.• Judicial activism and executive autonomy.

• The concept of welfare state

• Role and responsibilities of the judiciary in a

parliamentary democracy

• Democracy and the leadership

• What freedom means to me

• How I can best serve my country

• Role of a free press in a democracy

• Political ideologies and institution of higher

learning

• The role of opposition parties in a democracy

• The responsibility of journalist

• Youth and national integration

• Voluntary agencies and development of the nation

• Has Indian democracy come of age?

• The new political culture in India

• What do you understand by unity in diversity?

• My vision of New India

• Politics, business and bureaucracy-a fatal trangle.

• Whither Indian democracy?





• Politics without ethics is a disaster

• Investigative journalism in modern India• The V.I.P cult is a bane of Indian democracy

• Tolerance is the key to national unity

• Judicial activism

• Misuse of freedom in India

• Reservation and empowerment• Political reform you want in India

• What have we gained from our democracy

• Public Interest Litigation

• Panchayati Raj and Rural India

• Paradoxes of Indian democracy

• Role of opposition in a democracy

• Election- reform in India

• Should there be reservation

• Sixty years of freedom

• Criminalisation of Politics

• Corruption in public life

• A responsive administration

• Secular India

• The conditions necessary for the success of

democracy





• Ram Rajya/ welfare State

• The new world order• Democratic decentralization

• Honour killing

• Greater political power alone will not improvewomen's plight

• Freedom of sexual orientation

• Should gay marriage be allowed in India?

• Indian society at the crossroads

• Maoists in India

• Poverty in India

• Will Women’s Reservation Bill make any

difference?

• Women In Indian Politics

• Child labour in India

• Student unrest

• Violence on the increase

• Unemployment in India

• Drug addiction

• Population explosion

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/greater-political-power-will-not-improve-women-plight.html


http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/should-gay-marriage-be-allowed-in-India.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/maoists-in-india1.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/will-the-women's-reservation-bill-make-any-difference1.html


http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/women-in-indian-politics1.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/women-in-indian-politics1.html



http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/maoists-in-india1.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/should-gay-marriage-be-allowed-in-India.html







• The curse of dowry

• Growing religious intolerance• Tradition and modernity

• Generation gap

• Status of women in India

• Cinema and the image of women

• Urbanization or the growth of slums• Man and his environment

• Environmental pollution

• Disaster management

• Caring for the senior citizen

• Social reforms in India

• Emancipation of women

• Emergence of the career-oriented women

• Rural development

• Reservations: is the purpose served?

• Human right and India

• Censorship of the media

• Media trial

• Indian festivals

• Our cultural heritage

• Unity in diversity





• National integration

• Role of the intellectual in society • Role of the youth in India

• Non-governmental organizations

• The new millennium

• Population explosion a grave challenge

• Housing- myths and responsibilities• Status of women in India Society

• Child labour and education

• Prisons and prison reforms

• Capital punishment

• Heredity vs. environment

• Indian civilization: unity in diversity and ethnicity

• Genesis of Indian culture

• The cultural renaissance of India

• Role of regional literature in cultural integration

• Does Indian literature foster an integrated Indian

culture

• Culture, politics and religion

• Hybridity of Indian culture

• Culture and consciousness: a contemporary

challenge





• Family life in the 21st century

• One caste, one religion, one god for mankind

• The changing face of Indian society changing idea

of family

• The problems of old age

• Law as an instrument of social change

• Violence against women working women• Women needs empowerment

• Ragging should be curbed

• Foreign media in India cause and concern?

• The politics of information

• Crime: new dimensions• Capital punishment

• If human beings can be cloned

• Material progress and human values

• Animals too have rights

• Growing flexibility in gender role of men and

women

• Men have failed: let women take over India today

generation gap

• Euthanasia: can death be a therapy?

• Non-violence





• Leadership leisure-its use and abuse

• Place of women in Indian society • Women should have reserved, seats in parliament

• Caste, tribes and the politics of reservation

• Indian culture and freedom of women

• Problem of working women

• Violence against women• Women need empowerment

• Reservation of women: why and why not?

• Should mothers go out to work?

• The problem of dowry

• The domestic life of a working women

• The role of women in modern Indian politics

• Men have failed; let women take over

• Challenges facing the Indian women

• Empowerment alone cannot help our women

• The new emerging women power: the ground

realities.

• Women is god’s best creation

• Women empowerment: challenges & prospects

• Empowerment alone cannot help our women

• Whither women’s emancipation?





• Social welfare programmers for the women?

• The care for and against reservation of jobs forwomen

• Value-based education

• Education reforms in India

• Globalisation and higher education

• Modern Technological Education vs Human

Values

• Need of structural change in education system

• Open education and freedom

• The value of games in education

• Imparting sex education in schools

• Examinations- for and against

• Educating the girl child

• Adult literacy in India- its implications

• Peace education and global world order

• The urgency of educational reform,

• Higher education, reservation and social justice

• Privatization of higher education

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/modern-technological-education-vs-human-values.html








• Globalisation and the Human Empire• Banking in India

• Public sector undertaking

• Small- scale in industries

Eco- tourism

• Tourism in India• India’s economic backward class

• Foodgrains management in India

• Food for all

• Energy security in India

• Load reforms in India

• Economic liberalization in India

• Multinational corporation

• Liberalisation and its impact on the Indian

economic system

• The Indian stock market: problem and prospects of

reform

• The liberalization of the world economic

• Industrial policy reform

• Should public sector be privatised

• Privatization: its feasibility in the Indian context

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/globalisation-and-the-human-empire.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/globalisation-and-the-human-empire.html





• Center- state financial relations

• Reservations and economic development• Economic reform and growing unemployment

• Imbalances in India economic development

• Intellectual property rights

• Managing natural wealth for a better life

• Economic liberalization- challenges before India• Private sector versus public sector

• India’s population and its economic implications

• Transforming our huge population into human

resource.

• Development and population control

• The two-child norm for population control

people’s participation in development

• How space programme in India help for

eradication of poverty?

• Corporate social responsibility

• Rural tourism

• Challenges and opportunity of India agriculture

• Knowledge economy of India

• Inclusive Indian society





• Public distribution system in India and food

security • Working for global economic growth and stability-

India’s Role

• Character makes a man

• The child is father of the man

• Cowards die several times before death

• Strike when the lron is hot

• Man does not live by bread alone

• Pen is mightier than the sword

• Has been- points to one end, which is always

present

• Ambition is the greatest enemy of peace

• Where there is a will there is way

• When money speaks mind remains silent

• Patriotism is not enough• Are Friends better than Relatives?

• Hindi as the lingua franca of India

• Are we becoming less human and more robotic?

• Role of humour in life

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/working-for-global-economic-growth-and-stability-india-role.html



http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/are-friends-better-than-relatives.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/are_we_becoming_less_human_and_more_robotic2.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/are_we_becoming_less_human_and_more_robotic2.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/are-friends-better-than-relatives.html







• The art of living

• The importance of discipline• Knowledge is power

• Morale and spiritual deprivation of the modern

man

• Love is the basis of happy life

• A life without human values is like a body without

a soul.

• We live in deeds, not in years

• The child is the father of man compassion is the

basic of all morality

• When philosophy ends science begins.

• Knowing others is wisdom, knowing yourself is

enlightenment

• God makes all things good; man meddles with

them and they became evil

• Atoms for peace• The impact of science on man

• Global Warming: A Deadly Threat for Human Life

• Advances in space science

• Advances in biotechnology

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/global-warming-a-deadly-threat-for-human-life1.html

http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/global-warming-a-deadly-threat-for-human-life1.html





• Cloning: a blessing or a curse

• Medical science and the modern man• IT revolution in India

• Has science civilized us?

• The uses of space technology for national

development

• The communication revolution: blessing or burden

• Science in the service of small farmers

• Information technology and its impact on the

future work culture

• Problem and prospects of technological innovations

in the development world

• The third industrial revolution

• Technological and the hope for a new global

system

• AIDS- a smoldering volcano

• Science and religion

• Science and culture

• Towards sustainable development

• Poverty population and environment

• Development with ecological harmony

• Management of environmental pollution in India





• Environmental pollution and health hazards

• Tourism and environment• The scientific attitude rather than science is the

need of the day

• Moral dilemmas inherent in scientific progress

• Science without religion is lame, religion without

science is blind

• Computers: a silent revolution

• Information revolution

• Sustainable development and environmental

pollution

• Humans are the worst culprits in environmental

degradation

• Biodiversity

• Are human beings able to cope with natural

disasters?

• Can television affect society? Science blessing or

curse?• Science and technology for peace

• Towards a world without nuclear weapons

• Value- based science and education

• Contribution of science in human progress





• Development of science and the erosion of human

valve• Need for environmental plans

• Science and human happiness

• Environmental pollution

• Science and superstition

• Science: blessing or curse

• Science and culture





Examiners will pay special attention to the

candidate’s of his material, its to the

subject chosen and to his ability to

and to present his ideas and

1. Women’s empowerment: challenges and prospects

(women issues)

2. The youth culture today (current areas)3. Mass media and culture invasion (society and

culture)

4. Resource management in the Indian context

(general topic)





5. Value-based science and education (science and

education)6. Reservations, politics and empowerment (social

relevance)

1. Why should we be proud of being India? ( dreams

based)

2. The cyber world its charms and

challenges.(science)

3. The country’s need for a better disaster

management system (current topic)

4. Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? ( social

and culture)5. The implications of globalization for India.9social,

economical and cultural)

6. Modernism and our traditional socio- ethical

values.(social relevance)

1. What have we gained our democratic set-up?

(Political system)

2. My vision of an ideal world. (Dreams Based)

3. The march of science and the erosion of human

values (science and society)





4. Irrelevance of the classroom (philosophical)

5. The pursuit of excellence (philosophical)6. Empowerment alone cannot help our women

(women and society)

1. Modern technological education and human values

(science, education and society)

2. Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem

(philosophical )

3. If youth knew, if age could. ( philosophical )

4. The paths of glory lead but to the grave

(conventional)

5. Privatization of higher Education in India

(Education and society)

6. Responsibility of media-in a democracy. (Current

Political system)

1. The Masks of New Imperialism (General)2. How far has democracy in India delivered the

goods? (Current political system)

3. How should a civil servant conduct himself? (

general and conventional)





4. As civilization advances culture decline (society

and culture)5. There is nothing either good or bad but thinking

makes it so (philosophical)

6. Spirituality and scientific temper (science and

philosophical)

1. India’s role in promoting ASEAN Co- operation

(current)

2. Judicial activism and Indian democracy (political

system)

3. Whither women’s emancipation? (women and

society)4. Globalization and its impact on India culture

(social, economical, educational and general)

5. The lure of space (science)

6. Water resource should be under the control of the

central government (science and environment)

1. Justice must reach the poor (social and

governance)

2. The hand that rocks the cradle (social)

3. If women ruled the world (social)





4. What is real education? (social)

5. Terrorism and world peace (current and general)6. Food security for sustainable national development

(environment and current)

1. Women’s reservation bill would usher in

empowerment for women in India (social)

2. Protection of ecology and environment is essential

for sustained economic development.

(environment. Current and economic)

3. Importance of Indo-US Nuclear agreement

4. Education for all campaign in India: myth or reality

(social and education)

5. Globalization world finish small- scale industries

in India (economic and social)

6. Increasing computerization would lead to the

creation of dehumanized society. ( science and

social)

1. Independent thinking should be encouraged right

from the childhood.





2. Evaluation of Panchayati Raj system in India from

the point of view eradication of poverty to power topeople(Socio-Political)

3. Attitude makes habit, habit makes character and

character makes a man.(Philosophical/Reflective)

4. Is autonomy the best answer to combat

balkanization?(Political)

5. How has satellite television brought about culture

change in the India mind-set(Science-Socio-

Cultural)

6. BPO boom in India.(Economic)

1. Role of Media in Good Governance(Political)2. National identity and patriotism(Political-Social)

3. Special Economic Zone : bone or bane(Economic)

4. Discipline means success, anarchy means

ruin(Philosophical/Reflective)

5. Urbanization and its hazards(Social)6. Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the

masses?(Political-Educational)

1. Our traditional handicraft dooned to a slow

death.(Economic)





2. Are we a soft state?(Political)

3. “The focus of health care is increasingly gettingskewed towards the ‘haves’ of the society”.(Social)

4. “Good fences make good neighbors.”(Political)

5. Globalism versus Nationalisms.(Economical-Political)

(Areas of topics are indicated in the bracket for easy preparation.This indication not

given in UPSC question)





Gone are the days when India was considered as

‘ARYABRAT’i.e. country of civilised people.The India

which is shining for the people of the world as largest

democracy of the world of which liberty,equality

,justice and fraternity are the salient principle,the youth

of that country not only fighting for unemployment and

poverty but also imposed castism that prohibit them

from the basic freedom i.e. to marry the person of their

own choice.Religious and social fanaticism in this soil

led to the death not only of love but of lovers also. Theintolerant and bigoted society refuses to accept any

aberation of its rigid code of decorum.

Honour killing is a stigmatic social phenomena defined

as the murder of a family or clan member by one or

more fellow family members, where the murderers

believe the victim to have brought dishonour upon thefamily, clan, or community. Its concept is not something

new to India but is deep rooted in the multipronged

socio-cultural setting of India. Many such killings are

socially sanctioned by caste panchayats and carried out

by mobs with the connivance of family members.





A 16- year-old mentally retarded girl who was raped in

the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan was killedin front of a tribal gathering as the tribesmen thought

that she had brought shame to her tribe. Bringing lesser

dowry can also be seen as bringing shame to the family.

As per UNICEF, more than 5,000 brides die annually in

India as their dowries are considered insufficient.

Honour killing is a much wider social phenomenon,both in terms of spacio-temporal domain, than it seems

to be. It has been in practice since a long time and one

can find its numerous manifestations across the world.

Honour killings are perpetrated for a wide range of

offenses right from marital infidelity and pre-marital

sex to flirting, or even failing to serve a meal on time.

Even victims of rape are vulnerable. Reports submitted

to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights

show that honour killings have occurred in Turkey

,Uganda. Great Britain, , Italy, Jordan, Pakistan,

Morocco, India, Israel Bangladesh, Brazil, Ecuador,

Egypt and Sweden .

Honour killing involves not only the killing of women

but men are also equally victims of this practice.

Honour killing take place irrespective of gender when

it affects the reputation of a particular caste and





community. Many grooms have been killed by the

father or the brother of the bride. For example, in 2002in Sindh province of Pakistan, around 140 men and

245 women were killed in the name of Karo-kari

(honour killing). These killings target women and men

who choose to have relationships outside of their

family's tribal affiliation or religious community.

Amnesty International has reported one case in which ahusband murdered his wife because in his dream she

betrayed him. In Turkey, a woman was murdered

because a love ballad had been dedicated to her over

the radio .

It's difficult to obtain exact statistics on honour killings.

Complicity by other women in the family and the

community strengthens the concept of women as

property and the perception that violence against family

members is a family and not a judicial issue. The

concept of family honour justifies the act in the eyes of

some societies. Thus, the murders frequently go

unreported and the perpetrators unpunished.

The number of love marriages might have gone up in

the cities of India but the crude reality remains

different in the villages. Honour killing is still very

rampant in many parts of India. But the question is:





why this heinous crime is committed?

India's social system is based on a caste hierarchy butover the years people living in the cities have somewhat

seems to be come out of the rigid caste framework.

There has been an increase in the number of inter-caste

marriages between couples in the cities. In fact

government facilitates those above the age of eighteen

in such matters. But somehow the laws never seem toreach the villages, and they continue to function on

their own belief system. General perception is that such

killings happen in order to save the honour of the caste,

community or family.

Caste still remains one of the most key factors

governing the societies in most parts of the country. A

huge number of unrecorded honour killings happen

because of inter-caste marriages. They revolve around

issues such as runaway marriages or relationships

between people of different castes. In many cases the

groom or the bride has been killed for marrying

someone from a lower caste.

The problem in the villages is the strong presence of

a panchayat or informal court that consists of members

of the same caste and deliberate all matters relating to

their community. This informal 'court' passes judgement





Women in the family do support the honour killing of

one of their own, when they agree that the family is theproperty and asset of men. Sometimes a mother may

support an honour killing of an "offending" female

family member in order to preserve the honour of other

female family members. They fear that most men in

their societies will refuse to marry the sister of a

"shamed" female whom the family has not chosen topunish, thereby "purifying" the family name by

murdering the suspected female.

It is not that the traditional belief systems that exist in

India are completely wrong. But what is baffling is the

fact that so many innocent lives are lost in the guies of

these beliefs. They contaminate the sound growth of

human minds and ultimately leeds to a devastating

social catastrophy. Owing to recent media attention, the

problem of honour killings has come under increasing

global scrutiny. Hence the question arises as to what

can be done to put an end to this unforgivable crime.

Officials often claim that nothing can be done to halt

the practice because women's right is not a culturally

relevant concept to deeply patriarchal societies.

The usual remedy of this heinous malady is to make

society more gender-sensitive and to shed prejudices of





including effort of the government. The government

needs to enforce strict measures to stop honour killings.There should be a ban on all decisions made by these

self appointed courts in the villages. They have proved

fatal for many innocent lives. India is world’s largest

democracy and in a country where people have the

right to voice their opinions freely, to be young and to

marry the person of your choice shouldn’t be fatalanymore. Active policing and serious penal sanctions is

the only deterrant antidote to this most undignified

practice.

What we require to do is to spread education and

awareness about the mis-consequences of the crime

through NGOs,mass-media,civil society,voluntary

group and promote people’s active participation against

honour killing in a large scale.

Events like honor killing have become a drag for our

society and until such incidents are not stopped, we can

not claim ourselves as enlightened people. The so called

largest democracy of the world will remain meaningless

until such heinous crimes on humanity are not

condemned and punished. The need of the hour is that

Indian society as a whole should break away from this

stigmatic practice and usher in the era of openness,





freedom, and mutual respect. Let’s join our hand

together and fight against it with great zeal and valour.In order to make our society an enlightened and

civilised one, we should come out of dogmatic slumber

and metamorphosis of caste intoxicated people into

rational civilised individual need to be made to make

our society a congruant one.For this we should take

inspiration from the golden words of SwamiVivekananda ‘Arise, awake and stop not till the goal is

reached.’





Earth is the only planet in the Universe suitable tohuman life. Other planets are either too hot or too cold

to support the life.But now our Earth suffocates from

various problems viz. ozone depletion, environmental

degradation and various kinds of pollution. But global

warming still remains a great menace to mankind.

Global warming is the general increase in the average

temperature of the Earth. Global warming is bringing

stormier weather by trapping more energy inside the

atmosphere. Moreover, in simple words global

warming is a mixture of variety disputes regarding the

nature.

As the Earth gets hotter, natural disasters like floods,

hurricanes and earthquakes become more frequent.

The measurements of temperature taken by

instruments on land and sea have revealed that during

the 20 century the Earth’s surface and lower part of

the atmosphere has warmed up by an average of 0.6Centigrade. Thus, the situation is quite alarming and

the “Global Warming” - the Deadly Threat for Human

Life, is in front of us. Over the past few years, the global

warming has caused many damages to the nature.

Increase in the global temperature has also turned





some places into deserts while others could become

wetter as well as hotter.

The predicted effects of global warming on the

environment and for human life are numerous and

varied. It is generally difficult to attribute specific

natural phenomena to long-term causes, but some

effects of recent climate change may already beoccurring. Rising sea levels, glacier retreat, and altered

patterns of agriculture are cited as direct consequences,

but predictions for secondary and regional effects

include an expansion of tropical diseases, extreme

weather events and drastic economic impact. Hence

different effects of the ‘Global Warming’ on humanbeings are viz. spread of unbearable intense heat waves,

a threat of spread of diseases’. increase in allergies and

asthma, disease carrying insects swarm all human

beings in the affected area, waters become warmer and

consequently probability of more frequent and stronger

hurricanes, though some areas of earth get wetter, other

areas suffer serious droughts and heat waves, the effects

of anthropogenic global warming being not good, it has

severe economic consequences, the most dangerous





effect is of ‘polar ice caps melting’ which causes

increased flooding.

The ‘deadly effects’ of Global Warming can be

surmised from different incidents of the past, for

example a survey on climate induced natural disasters

in the Kendrapara district of Orissa showed that the

frequency and intensity of droughts have increased andso have the incidents of flooding. Also, the intensity of

cyclones has increased and the sea-water had become

warmer.

Similarly in 1989, some of the Himalayan glaciers

melted and the average rate of retreat was almost twiceper year as compared to the 1971 levels of 19 metres.

The melted glaciers caused higher temperatures and

sea-levels rose. Two islands in the Sunderbans had

already been submerged where tigers roamed through

mangrove forests in the Ganga River delta. A dozen

more islands were under similar threat, according tothe then news report. So also, there were cascading

effects on the crops and the monsoons, in the

surrounding area. Also In May 2002, the temperature

rose to 48.9 degrees in South India and it has caused

several deaths.





According to the Scientists, since 1989, the glaciers in

the Himalayan Region are retreating at average rate of 50 feet per year. At this rate, it is predicted that, there

will be total loss of central and eastern Himalayan

glaciers by 2035. A population equal to Europe lives in

the Ganga basin. Their livelihood depends on the river.

Once can imagine the size of tragedy, I am talking

about here. Therefore, a thought to this importantaspect needs to be given by all concerned.

Methane (CH4) which has been released by the cattle

ill effects to human beings. The major human activities

contributing to a higher percentage of green house

gases are viz. burning of Fossil Fuels: The ever increasedburning of the fossil fuels (Petrol, Coal etc.) produces

more and more CO2, and CO in the Atmosphere,

construction activities: construction (e.g. Buildings and

Roads etc) absorb heat radiation from Sun, and increase

the temperature of the atmosphere, intensive

agriculture: The intensive agriculture of Rice and Corn

results in release of Methane in the atmosphere.

Apart from all the above damages, global warming has

also given way for ozone depletion that is creation of

holes in the ozone layer. Depletion of the layer of





ozone gases, which is a protective shield against the

harmful Ultraviolet rays of the Sun will lead toextinction of life o Earth.

Greenhouse effect is a substantial factor in “Global

Warming . When the heat and light from the sun is

trapped in the atmosphere, the temperature rises and

this is called the greenhouse effect. The main

ingredients of greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide

(CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (NO2), Water

vapour and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).Green house

gases emissions that are man made like nitrous oxide,

carbon di oxide and methane, have increased because

of deforestation and burning fossil fuels for

transportation and energy uses. Modern and busy

lifestyle of human beings has also accelerated the rate

of global warming. Over utilization of resources,

exploitation of nature and greater ejection of toxic

wastes and gases by industries and vehicles is also

responsible for increase in global warming.The greenhouse effect makes the Earth an appropriate

place for us to live on; the same benefit is for animals

and plants too. Without it the Earth would be either

freezing or very hot, but excessive greenhouse gas

emissions certainly harm us. If the climate gets to





adopt low carbon economic plans so as to curb the

green house emissions and bring about climate change,we must adopt the concept of sustainable development

which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, construct

green buildings that stay cool and save energy,we

should quantify the target for reduction of emissions.

Obviously, there should be ‘accountability’ for

the fixed target, at every level, an aim should be fixed toreduce the global warming to 2 C above industrial

temperature standards. Of course, a consensus policy

will have to be worked out to achieve this by 2020,a

strong people’s movement should be started to create a

greater awareness amongst all citizens of the world, a

massive tree plantation needs to be undertaken at all

levels and it should be ensured that the newly planted

trees grow properly and at the same time there is no

deforestation, take aggressive action to cut global

warming and toxic pollution.It is worthy to mention

here that, at the International level, the Copenhagen

Summit” has already taken place in Denmark during

December 2009 and it was specifically for the single

issue of “Climate Change”. This simply means that, the

‘deadly threat of Global Warming to the human life’ is

on the threshold of the entire world.





To sum up, our brilliant policy makers,

bureaucrats, disaster planning managers , Politicalleaders ,all NGOs working in the fields , massmedia,

volunteers and citizens of the country would whole-

heartedly support, contribute and participate in the

environment regeneration programmes and will

certainly make it a success. The harm has already been

done. However, it is high time now for us to shake aleg and save the only planet that supports life; that

supports us. It is not a war against an enemy; it is a

war against our own conscience. It is not hard to

imagine the fate of the human race if man does not act

in time. The Human race owes its survival and success

to “Adaptability”. The global consensus in

understanding the Global warming and its perils will

help in adapting the human-lifestyle towards more

environment friendly measures (cleaner fuels, greener

technology and environment friendly building

architecture and construction). Perhaps this human-

trait of “Adaptability” will rescue humans again.





“SA VIDYA YA VIMUKTAYE” (Education that liberates)

India has high heritage of hoary past with glory

grandeur of education as summum bonum of human

life.Rights to Edcuation ,the importance of learning is

to enable the individual to put his potentials to optimal

use. Education makes man a right thinker and a

correct decision-maker consequently justify

him/herself as rational animal. It achieves this by

bringing him knowledge from himself by continuour

reconstruction of experience, from the external world,

teaching him to reason and acquainting him with pasthistory, so that he can be a better judge of the present.

With education, he finds himself in a room with all its

windows open to the outside world. A well educated

man is a more reliable worker, a centre of wholesome

influence, pride to his community and honour to his

country above all an enlightened citizen. A nation is great only in proportion of its advancement in

education,for which education is taken as one of the

index in the Human Development Index(HDI)by

UNDP.





aim of such an education must have been just to fit

one to earn a living. It is called “Bread andButter” system of education, as well. With the above

situation and concept in mind, on April 1, 2010, India

has reached a historic milestone in country’s struggle

for Children’s Right To Education. In way back year

2002, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan launched in the

leadership of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, to cover uplarge chunk of child in education schools. The

Constitution (86th Amendment) Act 2002 making

elementary education a Fundamental Right and its

consequential legislation, the Right of Children to Free

and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009, comes

into force. This historic landmark Abhiyan expired on

31st March, 2010. Human resources ministry

successfully get enacted this bill through both houses

of parliaments in July 2009 though applicable from

1st April 2010 and again achieved a milestone as

achieved in way back 2002 through made it a

constitutional right under Article 21A by “The

Constitutional (86th Amendment) Act, 2002”. Recently

finance commission handover initial fund Rs 25000cr

for benefit of estimated 1cr. children through this Act.





The enforcement of this right represents a momentous

step forward in 100 – year struggle for universalizingelementary education.

The Salient Features of the RTE Act are viz. Filling

vacancies; School and social mapping; Catching those

out of school; Re-deployment of teachers; Grievance

redressal etc..

Under the RTE Act, it is envisaged that, the teaching-

learning process would be stress-free and a massive

programme for curricular reform would be initiated

to provide for a child friendly learning system, that is

at once relevant and empowering. Similarly, the

Teacher accountability systems and processes wouldensure that the children are learning and that their

right to learn in a child friendly environment is

safeguarded.

Among other essential things, the schools would also

ensure adequate and safe drinking water and an

accessible and adequate sanitation facility for girls and

boys in the Institution premises itself. Moreover,

school would also provide geo-spatial technologies to

supplement social mapping exercises at the grassroots

level.





Law maker not only accentuate on food for mind but

also for belly. Infrastructural need is also addressed.Inspite of all effort, this right is also threatens to

emerge only a right on government’s report card. Even

if beneficiaries of this right are denied or violated then

also they can’t even launch legal battle, due to

minority, without getting satisfied their guardian to

represent them. Even if later on they won, nocompensation can represent the childhood once

chocked.

One should laud the union government for taking on

this momentous task of ensuring that every child has

the right and equal opportunity to be in school. The

RTE programme is going to be one of the largest

public service exercises in the world. There is no

single iota of doubt that it is a noble venture. At

another level, it will be interesting as to know how the

RTE will impact on the most vulnerable sections of the

society i.e. those who suffer from abject poverty. Asrightly pointed out,children who have either dropped

out of schools or have never been enrolled in any

educational institution will get an apportunity to do so

free of cost. However , there could be children who

will be compelled to continue to working to earn their





vibrant partnerships with the departments and

organizations concerned with children of theScheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and

educationally backward minorities. Government will

have to set up systems for equal opportunity for

children with special needs. The Rural Development

and Panchayati Raj Departments would need to

accelerate poverty reduction programmes so thatchildren are freed from domestic chores and wage

earning responsibilities. State Governments would

simultaneously ensure that the Panchayati Raj

institutions get appropriately involved so that ‘local

authorities’can discharge their functions under the

RTE Act. There is a need for close cooperation amongst

departments concerned to ensure that so far the

deprived children get their rights to education.

The Sports Departments would need to build in

physical education for the overall physical, social,

emotional and mental development of the child. Aboveall, people’s groups, civil society organizations and

voluntary agencies will have to play a crucial role in

implementing the RTE. A vibrant civil society

movement would also ensure that the rights of the

child are not violated; it can amplify the voice of the





disadvantaged and weaker sections of society. It can

also improve programmer outcomes by contributinglocal knowledge and technical expertise and bringing

innovative ideas and solutions to the challenges ahead.

And as we all know how the latter has faced problems,

especially massive corruption in the name of

development. Proper checks and balances must be

there toto ensure that the funds dont get diverted. The

RTE act may have been passed by the central

government, ti is the state government and the

officials at the local level will implement the act. The

finance commission has provided 25000 crores for

the implementation of the statute. Further, providing

quality educatioon is easier said than done. First there

will be a need of a huge amount of teachers and

schools. The UP and Bihar govenments have already

expressed their inability to implement this act as both

these states lack adequate number of teachers and

schools. It will be fairly daunting task to recruit theteachers in a transparent and fair manner. Likewise,

basic infrastructure like library and classrooms will

have to be put in place very quickly. Given the present

state of our present school infrastructure, it will be

fairly a very daunting task. At the end whatever funds





Parents have expectations from the education system

that it would equip their children for gainfulemployment and economic well being. The

enforcement of the Fundamental Right to Education

would provide us a unique opportunity to mount a

mission encompassing all the discourses to fulfill our

goal of universal elementary education. The right to

education goes beyond free and compulsory educationto include quality education for all.

With the introduction of RTE Act, in the years to come,

there would be a notable achievement in the ‘literacy

rate’ in our country. Is it not the ‘dream’ and ‘prime

motto’ of our Leaders?

Thus, it can be concluded that, Education is a

fundamental human right, without which capabilities

for a decent life and effective participation in society

are less likely to be developed. Since the RTE Act has

provided us the tools to provide quality education to

all our children, it is now imperative that we, thepeople of India, join hands to ensure the

implementation of this law in its true spirit. The

Government is committed to this task though real

change will happen only through collective action and

we must come forward willingly for the same.





After Indira Gandhi’s demise there was no big woman

name in the Indian Political arena for almost a decade.But today this picture has changed and Indian women

have come out of their ‘sari-dhoti’ image and entrap

the Political world by their power and hard work.

Sonia Gandhi is the live example of the same and she

is now an inspiration for millions of Indian women. It

is by her sheer hard work and dedication that she hasnot only learnt the Hindi language but manages the

Congress party to perfection that today she is the

epitome of Indian Politics. Smt. Mamta Banerjee is the

next big name; she has managed to break the jinx of

Communist Party in Bengal who has ruled there for

more than half the century. She is the Railway

minister of India and is working hard to improve the

image of Indian railway. Smt. Mayawati who is the

Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and president of the

Bahujan Samaj Party is the most influential name in

the Indian Politics. Smt. Sushma Swaraj is another very

big name in the Indian Politics and she influentially

holds the key position in Bhartiya Janta Party.

Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil is the first women

President of India and is actively working for the

upliftment of Indian women. The year 2009 witnessed





the History written moments when Smt. Mira Kumar

became the first Indian women to hold the office of the Lok Sabha Speaker. She is an ex-IFS officer and

hails from the Bhojpuri land clearly indicating the

women power in politics.

Indian Women are no more restricted to the four

walls of the home but are actively handling big

portfolios in the Indian cabinet. Smt. Ambika Soni-

Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Smt.

Panabaka Lakshmi- Minister of State in the Ministry

of Textiles, Kumari Selja is holding two departments

namely Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty

Alleviation and Minister of Tourism, Smt. Krishna

Tirath- Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the

Ministry of Women and Child Development, Smt.

D.Purandeswari- Minister of State in the Ministry of

Human Resource Development, are some instances of

women successfully managing important positions at

present in political scenario.Apart from the above mentioned names, there are also

many key leaders who redefined the local state

politics. Leaders like Smt. Vasundhra Raje Scindia, Smt.

J Jayalalitha, Smt. Uma Bharti, Smt. Meneka Gandhi

worked hard and broke the family barriers and come





into active politics and made their mark. Smt. Renuka

Chaudhary and Smt. Brinda Karat hold key positionsin their Political Parties and actively taking them

higher and since the last decade they remain key

players in forming the collation government at center.

The chief minister of Delhi, Smt. Sheela Dixit who

won the post three consecutive times is solely

responsible for the face change of Delhi.

The power of politics has influenced women from

various fields. Many successful actresses of Hindi film

industry have attracted towards political arena and

are now members of Parliament. Jaya Bachchan,

Hemamalini, Jayaprada are well known faces of the

Indian Parliament. Politics is now attracting women

from all sphers and they are actively participating in

it.

The youth has seen it as a career option and the trends

are changing day by day. Many young politicians have

evolved and have won by huge margins. Ms. AgathaSangma, Harsimrat Kaur Badal, Supriya Sule , Smt.

Kiran Chaudhary and Priya Dutt, are the upcoming

faces of the Indian politics. Indirect involvement of

women in politics is also increasing pace. Faces like





Priyanka Gandhi become visible only during election

times and leave a deep impression on voters.Women leaders in India can be classified broadly into

two groups viz.firstly, dynastic groups (Sonia

Gandhi,Vasundhara Raje Scindhia, Amma, Rabri

Devi,Sheila dixit) having family ties and secondly,

hysterical group: Mamta, Sushma Swaraj, Uma Bharti,

Mayawati In this is broad generalization some have

been left like Krishna tirath etc.

Among the dynastic groups the name which is most

revered or has became synonymous with Indian

politics is Sonia Gandhi ,leaving her most of other

dynastic groups members aren’t able to set theirfoothold ,this also clear by example of Vadsundhra

Raje who has been made scapegoat after the loss of BJP

in state assembly and lok sabha elections.Also Amma

and Rabri are craving for power.

Talking of hysterical group on one hand Mayawati

stands out clear winner as a women who relies on

vote bank of dalits , and is CM of most populated state

of country . Conversely, some like Mamta Banerjee are

never able to outgrow their rebel image and have

become more or less a relic in the changed political





situation. The most interesting thing is that the

dynastic groups is no pushover.Indian Panchayat system has the reservations for

women and it has become a wider platform for the

welfare of women and making the poor and village

women’s to come forward and share their views for

the betterment of Indian villages. Mass involvement of

female workers in college and university elections is

also proving a boon for the large political structure.

Despite the improving participation of women in

Indian Politics, there are some bigger challenges

which still need to be worked upon. The pity state of

women still lays unnoticed in many areas and it hasbeen often seen that the male candidates uses them as

mere puppets and the reservations in Panchayats are

sometimes become camouflage and the women

remain just the face and power is enjoyed by their

counterparts. ‘Women Reservation Bill’ is pending

since ages and no discussion takes place for the same.It has been often seen that the women with some

glamorous background are given backdoor entries

whereas a large number of women spend their lives

struggling to get to the deserving seat. India falls in the

lowest quartile with respect to the number of women





in parliment (9.1%,14th loksabha). Even Mozambique

(34.8%) south Africa (44.5%), Rawanda (56.7%) andmany others have much more women representatives,

according to the UN's 2008 survey of women in

politics. That said the recently concluded 15th Lok

Sabha elections have delivered a record 59 women as

members of Parliament, the highest since

independence, raising their parliamentary participation to 10.7%. Seventeen of these women are

under 40. And representation of women leaders at the

grassroots level in India is nearly 50%, especially since

the passing of the 73rd amendment of 1992, which

allotted one-third of all seats to women.

The problem of Indian politics is that reservation is

made for women but women are not included in these

policies. The country’s ruling party Congress, led by a

woman and supposedly pushing for reservation for

women till recently had 10 per cent of women among

the candidates announced so far. For the BJP theproportion of women candidates is even lower at 7

per cent. Even in the case of the Communist Party of

India (Marxist), only 7 per cent of the candidates are

women. It is not that women are not provided major

work in politics but most often, indeed, they are





relegated to the "women's wing" of the party, and

made to concentrate on what are seen as specifically "women's issues" such as dowry and rape cases, and

occasionally on more general concerns like price rise

which are seen to affect especially "housewives".

Politics and leadership requires an enigmatic

charisma. Most of the women candidates find it

difficult to establish themselves even within the party

until they present themselves a “Bahus or Betis” from a

rich political background. This results in “leaders

without excellence”. The passing and approval of the

Reservation Bill or giving equal priority alone is not

the criteria but the elegance and prowess of the

women that matters. This is a clear indication of the

Indian politics requiring a giant leap. Finally, “It is not

with the gender but a politics with a minimum

blunder”.

Lastly, it can be said that the image and involvement of

women in Indian Politics has increased by many foldsand some of them have successfully reached the top

posts but a lot more has to be done in order to increase

their presence, works towards the betterment of the

women society and taking India parallel to the world’s

developed countries.For this contineous effort from all





A man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of

life. -

The value of an idea lies in the using of it. -

Someone has to die in order that the rest of us should value life more.

Sincerity makes the very least person to be of more value than the most

talented hypocrite. -

As the biggest library if it is in disorder is not as useful as a small but well-

arranged one, so you may accumulate a vast amount of knowledge but it

will be of far less value than a much smaller amount if you have not

thought it over for yourself. -

Humanism was not wrong in thinking that truth, beauty, liberty, and

equality are of infinite value, but in thinking that man can get them for

himself without grace. -

When once a certain class of people has been placed by the temporal and

spiritual authorities outside the ranks of those whose life has value, then

nothing comes more naturally to men than murder. -

Humor is richly rewarding to the person who employs it. It has some value

in gaining and holding attention, but it has no persuasive value at all.

The little things, I can obey. But the big things - how we think, what we

value - those you must choose yourself. You can't let anyone - or any

society - determine those for you. -

The value of life lies not in the length of days, but in the use we make of

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them... Whether you find satisfaction in life depends not on your tale of

years, but on your will. -

The scientific spirit is of more value than its products, and irrationally held

truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. -

The principal point of cleverness is to know how to value things just as

they deserve. -

Knowledge is of no value unless you put it into practice. -

The value of old age depends upon the person who reaches it. To some

men of early performance it is useless. To others, who are late to develop, it

just enables them to finish the job. -

The value of experience is not in seeing much, but in seeing wisely.

When you realize the value of all life, you dwell less on what is past and

concentrate more on the preservation of the future. -

Means must be subsidiary to ends and to our desire for dignity and value.

To penetrate and dissipate these clouds of darkness, the general mind must

be strengthened by education. -

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in

school. -

Purity of personal life is the one indispensable condition for building up a

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sound education. -

We have an obligation and a responsibility to be investing in our studentsand our schools. We must make sure that people who have the grades, the

desire and the will, but not the money, can still get the best education

possible. -

The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think

critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education.

Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a

more clever devil. -

Genius without education is like silver in the mine. -

Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to

time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught. -

In large states public education will always be mediocre, for the same

reason that in large kitchens the cooking is usually bad.

-

Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who

prepare for it today.-

The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the

dissemination of truth. -

Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education.

The human mind is our fundamental resource. -

Education comes from within; you get it by struggle and effort and

thought. -

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Music is the movement of sound to reach the soul for the education of its

virtue. -

Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your

temper or your self-confidence. -

Give a girl an education and introduce her properly into the world, and

ten to one but she has the means of settling well, without further expense

to anybody. -

Natural ability without education has more often raised a man to glory

and virtue than education without natural ability. -

The education of a man is never completed until he dies. -

The most valuable of all education is the ability to make yourself do the

thing you have to do, when it has to be done, whether you like it or not.

Education must provide the opportunities for self-fulfillment; it can at best

provide a rich and challenging environment for the individual to explore,

in his own way. -

There is no need to education. It is not that you read a book, pass anexamination, and finish with education. The whole of life, from the

moment you are born to the moment you die, is a process of learning.

An unschooled man who knows how to meditate upon the Lord has

learned far more than the man with the highest education who does not

know how to meditate. -

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you see one. -

Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. -

Globalisation has made us more vulnerable. It creates a world without

borders, and makes us painfully aware of the limitations of our present

instruments, and of politics, to meet its challenges. -

Globalisation makes it clear that social responsibility is required not only

of governments, but of companies and individuals. All sources must

interact in order to reach the MDGs. -

Globalisation will make our societies more creative and prosperous, but

also more vulnerable. -

One of the fundamental questions of today's world is undoubtedly the

question of equitable globalisation. -

Globalization and free trade do spur economic growth, and they lead to

lower prices on many goods. -

Globalization, as defined by rich people like us, is a very nice thing... you

are talking about the Internet, you are talking about cell phones, you are

talking about computers. This doesn't affect two-thirds of the people of the

world. -

If it is, in reality, capitalism that is the motor force behind the destructive

forms of globalization, then it must be in their capacity to neutralize or

transform this particular mode of exploitation that one can best test these

various forms of resistance to the West. -

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In its current form, globalization cannot be sustained. Democratic societies

will not support it. Authoritarian leaders will fear to impose it.

Born in iniquity and conceived in sin, the spirit of nationalism has never

ceased to bend human institutions to the service of dissension and distress.

Every major question in history is a religious question. It has more effect in

molding life than nationalism or a common language.

I do not believe that the values which the Western democracies consider

essential to civilization can survive in a world rent by the international

anarchy of nationalism and the economic anarchy of competitiveenterprise. -

I have been thinking about the notion of perfect love as being without fear,

and what that means for us in a world that's becoming increasingly

xenophobic, tortured by fundamentalism and nationalism. -

If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no

official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics,

nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion, or force citizens to

confess by word or act. -

In some states militant nationalism has gone to the lengths of dictatorship,

the cult of the absolute or totalitarian state and the glorification of war.

Independence did not mean chauvinism and narrow nationalism. -

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It is not easy to see how the more extreme forms of nationalism can long

survive when men have seen the Earth in its true perspective as a singlesmall globe against the stars.

Nationalism - in other words, the dividing of the church into bodies -

consisting of such and such a nation, is a novelty, not above three

centuries old, although many dear children of God are found dwelling in

it. -

Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind.

Nationalism is power hunger tempered by self-deception.

Nations whose nationalism is destroyed are subject to ruin.

On the contrary. Internationalism also recognizes, by its very name, that

nations do exist. It simply limits their scope more than one-sided

nationalism does. -

Patriotism is when love of your own people comes first; nationalism, when

hate for people other than your own comes first. -

Pervading nationalism imposes its dominion on man today in many

different forms and with an aggressiveness that spares no one. The

challenge that is already with us is the temptation to accept as true

freedom what in reality is only a new form of slavery. -

There is a fuzzy but real distinction that can and I believe should be made,

between patriotism, which is attachment to a way of life, and nationalism,

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which is the insistence that your way of life deserves to rule over other

ways of life. -

To realize that new world we must prefer the values of freedom and

equality above all other values - above personal wealth, technical power

and nationalism. -

War springs from the love and loyalty which should be offered to God

being applied to some God substitute, one of the most dangerous being

nationalism.

No occupation is so delightful to me as the culture of the earth, and no

culture comparable to that of the garden. -

A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people.

Culture of the mind must be subservient to the heart. -

If art is to nourish the roots of our culture, society must set the artist free to

follow his vision wherever it takes him. -

You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stopreading them. -

No culture can live if it attempts to be exclusive. -

part of a true culture to tame tigers, any more than it is to make sheep

ferocious. -

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The tendency to aggression is an innate, independent, instinctual

disposition in man... it constitutes the powerful obstacle to culture.

Culture: the cry of men in face of their destiny. -

A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is

like a tree without roots. -

If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must

recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less

arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse human gift will find a

fitting place. -

The highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognize that we

ought to control our thoughts. -

Like every other good thing in this world, leisure and culture have to bepaid for. Fortunately, however, it is not the leisured and the cultured who

have to pay. -

All over the place, from the popular culture to the propaganda system,

there is constant pressure to make people feel that they are helpless, that

the only role they can have is to ratify decisions and to consume.

Man's biological weakness is the condition of human culture.

Noble life demands a noble architecture for noble uses of noble men. Lack

of culture means what it has always meant: ignoble civilization and

therefore imminent downfall. -

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When you learn something from people, or from a culture, you accept it as

a gift, and it is your lifelong commitment to preserve it and build on it.

The Law of Raspberry Jam: the wider any culture is spread, the thinner it

gets. -

Everything is arranged so that it be this way, this is what is called culture.

Preservation of one's own culture does not require contempt or disrespect

for other cultures. -

Culture is the process by which a person becomes all that they were

created capable of being. -

It seems to me that, in every culture, I come across a chapter headed"Wisdom." And then I know exactly what is going to follow: "Vanity of

vanities, all is vanity." -

Culture's worth huge, huge risks. Without culture we're all totalitarian

beasts. -

We have not invaded anyone. We have not conquered anyone. We have

not grabbed their land, their culture, their history and tried to enforce our

way of life on them. -

In such diffused changes of culture two factors are necessary: contact and

understanding. -

Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit.

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There's a general culture in this country to cut all the trees. It makes me so

angry because everyone is cutting and no one is planting.

Culture is a way of coping with the world by defining it in detail.

Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations

which we can perform without thinking of them.

Do you realize if it weren't for Edison we'd be watching TV by

candlelight? -

Everybody gets so much information all day long that they lose their

common sense. -

For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public

relations, for Nature cannot be fooled. -

Humanity is acquiring all the right technology for all the wrong reasons.

I am sorry to say that there is too much point to the wisecrack that life is

extinct on other planets because their scientists were more advanced thanours. -

It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our

humanity. -

It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful

they are. -

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It is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened

the day's toil of any human being. -

Men have become the tools of their tools. -

Technological progress has merely provided us with more efficient means

for going backwards. -

Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of

God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences.

The best way to predict the future is to invent it. -

The machine does not isolate man from the great problems of nature but

plunges him more deeply into them. -

The march of science and technology does not imply growing intellectual

complexity in the lives of most people. It often means the opposite.

The most important and urgent problems of the technology of today are no

longer the satisfactions of the primary needs or of archetypal wishes, but

the reparation of the evils and damages by the technology of yesterday.

The real problem is not whether machines think but whether men do.

You do not know our culture, our ethics, or the unwritten codes that

already provide our society more order than could be obtained by any of

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While there's been much progress on terrorism, there's still much work to

do and it is very important that the countries work together in order toaddress this threat together. -

The uncertainty of the danger belongs to the essence of terrorism.

One might have thought the world would stop ascribing moral

equivalence between acts of terrorism and acts of punishing terrorism. It

has not happened that way. -

Fighting a war on terrorism is like fighting against crime. We can never

hope to eradicate crime, so we shouldn't bother fighting it.

Today, we talk a lot about terrorism, but we rarely talk about state

terrorism. -

The original PATRIOT Act greatly increased our nation's ability to share

intelligence information, made better use of technology, and provided

terrorism investigators tools that have long been available in cases

involving illegal drugs and organized crime. -

Much has been accomplished during the last year in the campaign against

terrorism. This struggle will require vigilance, perseverance and sacrifice

for many years to come. -

Terrorism can never be accepted. We must fight it together, with methods

that do not compromise our respect for the rule of law and human rights,

or are used as an excuse for others to do so.

The purpose behind terrorism is to instill fear in people - the fear that

electrical power, for instance, will be taken away or the transportation

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system will be taken down. -

Our enemy of international terrorism respects no laws of warfare or

morality, and its individual members take innocent lives, just to create

chaos for news cameras. -

Terrorism is a psychological warfare. Terrorists try to manipulate us and

change our behavior by creating fear, uncertainty, and division in society.

The war against terrorism is a war against those who engage in torture.

Without health life is not life; it is only a state of langour and suffering -

an image of death. -

Our greatest happiness does not depend on the condition of life in which

chance has placed us, but is always the result of a good conscience, good

health, occupation, and freedom in all just pursuits.

It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver.

The only way to keep your health is to eat what you don't want, drink what you don't like, and do what you'd rather not. -

The first wealth is health. -

The health of the eye seems to demand a horizon. We are never tired, so

long as we can see far enough. -

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Attention to health is life greatest hindrance. -

When wealth is lost, nothing is lost; when health is lost, something is lost;

when character is lost, all is lost. -

The best activities for your health are pumping and humping.

If you can be well without health, you may be happy without virtue.

You cannot have maternal health without reproductive health. And

reproductive health includes contraception and family planning and

access to legal, safe abortion. -

The greatest of follies is to sacrifice health for any other kind of happiness.

A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings,

and learn how by his own thought to derive benefit from his illnesses.

A woman's health is her capital. -

The preservation of health is a duty. Few seem conscious that there is sucha thing as physical morality. -

The health of the people is really the foundation upon which all their

happiness and all their powers as a state depend. -

Fame and power are the objects of all men. Even their partial fruition is

gained by very few; and that, too, at the expense of social pleasure, health,


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conscience, life. -

He who has health, has hope; and he who has hope, has everything. -

Health is the soul that animates all the enjoyments of life, which fade and

are tasteless without it. -

The wish for healing has always been half of health. -

Cheerfulness is the best promoter of health and is as friendly to the mind

as to the body. -

The seven deadly sins: Want of money, bad health, bad temper, chastity,

family ties, knowing that you know things, and believing in the Christian

religion. -

It is a poverty to decide that a child must die so that you may live as you

wish. -

Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that

is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who

has nothing to eat. -

The most terrible poverty is loneliness and the feeling of being unloved.

Our life of poverty is as necessary as the work itself. Only in heaven will

we see how much we owe to the poor for helping us to love God better

because of them.

Wars of nations are fought to change maps. But wars of poverty are fought


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to map change. -

Poverty is a veil that obscures the face of greatness. An appeal is a mask

covering the face of tribulation. -

You can turn painful situations around through laughter. If you can find

humor in anything, even poverty, you can survive it.

Love conquers all things except poverty and toothache. -

In poverty and other misfortunes of life, true friends are a sure refuge. The

young they keep out of mischief; to the old they are a comfort and aid in

their weakness, and those in the prime of life they incite to noble deeds.

The community which has neither poverty nor riches will always have the

noblest principles. -

To say that any people are not fit for freedom, is to make poverty their

choice, and to say they had rather be loaded with taxes than not.

Money is better than poverty, if only for financial reasons. -

Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance

prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an

organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons

nor property will be safe. -

The common argument that crime is caused by poverty is a kind of slander

on the poor. -

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Poverty is the mother of crime. -

You can't get rid of poverty by giving people money. -

Anyone who has ever struggled with poverty knows how extremely

expensive it is to be poor. -

Affluence creates poverty. -

The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations.

Poverty makes you sad as well as wise. -

Poverty makes you wise but it's a curse. -

The two big advantages I had at birth were to have been born wise and to

have been born in poverty. -

Poverty is uncomfortable; but nine times out of ten the best thing that can

happen to a young man is to be tossed overboard and compelled to sink or

swim. -

Wealthy men can't live in an island that is encircled by poverty. We all

breathe the same air. We must give a chance to everyone, at least a basic

chance. -

Whoever cultivates the golden mean avoids both the poverty of a hovel

and the envy of a palace. -

Money can't buy poverty. -

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Man can never be a woman's equal in the spirit of selfless service with

which nature has endowed her. -

I have worshipped woman as the living embodiment of the spirit of service

and sacrifice. -

The real ornament of woman is her character, her purity.

Morality which depends upon the helplessness of a man or woman has notmuch to recommend it. Morality is rooted in the purity of our hearts.

Behind all their personal vanity, women themselves always have an

impersonal contempt for woman. -

A woman is like a tea bag - you can't tell how strong she is until you put

her in hot water. -

In nine cases out of ten, a woman had better show more affection than she

feels.

A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another

woman makes a fool of him in twenty minutes. -

A diplomat is a man who always remembers a woman's birthday but never

remembers her age. -

How wrong it is for a woman to expect the man to build the world she

wants, rather than to create it herself. -



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The great question that has never been answered, and which I have not yet

been able to answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine

soul, is "What does a woman want?" -

If a woman can only succeed by emulating men, I think it is a great loss

and not a success. The aim is not only for a woman to succeed, but to keep

her womanhood and let her womanhood influence society.

Women have to harness their power - it's absolutely true. It's just learningnot to take the first no. And if you can't go straight ahead, you go around

the corner.

A woman is the full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture and

transform.

The test for whether or not you can hold a job should not be the

arrangement of your chromosomes.

Women's empowerment is intertwined with respect for human rights.

Woman must not accept; she must challenge. She must not be awed by

that which has been built up around her; she must reverence that woman

in her which struggles for expression. -

If you're able to be yourself, then you have no competition. All you have to

do is get closer and closer to that essence.



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