Strategic vision of the United Nations in Madagascar, 2010-2011 (SNU- 2011)

8/6/2019 Strategic vision of the United Nations in Madagascar, 2010-2011 (SNU- 2011)

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United Nations SystemMadagascar

June 2010

STRATEGIC VISIONOF THE UNITED NATIONS

IN MADAGASCAR

2010-2011



ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AGOA African Growth Opportunity Act

Aide publique au développement Anti-rétrovirauxBureau International du travailCirconscription ScolaireConférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développementCommission de l'Océan IndienCentre de Santé de BaseEducation Pour TousFood and Agriculture OrganizationFonds d'Equipement des Nations UniesFonds International pour le Développement de l'AgricultureFikambanan'ny Raiamandrenin'ny Mpianatra (Association des Parents d'Elèves)Fast Track InitiativeGroupe International de ContactGestion des Risques et des CatastrophesHaute Intensité en Main d'ŒuvreInter Agency Standing Committee (Equipe humanitaire)Indice de Perception de la CorruptionMulti crisis Rapid Assessment MechanismOrganisation Internationale de la FrancophonieObjectifs du Millénaire pour le DéveloppementOrganisation Mondiale de la SantéOrganisation Non GouvernementaleOrganisation des Nations UniesOrganisation des Nations Unies pour le Développement IndustrielProgramme Commun des Nations Unies sur le VIH/SidaOrganisations de la société civileProgramme Alimentaire MondialPetite et Moyenne EntrepriseProgramme des Nations Unies pour le DéveloppementPartenaires Techniques et FinanciersSouth African Development CommunitySystème des Nations UniesSector Wide ApproachUnited Nations Development Assistance FrameworkUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUnited Nations Fund for PopulationUnited Nations Children's Fund

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I. INTRODUCTIONDuring the updating (annual review) of Madagascar's 2008-2011 UNDAF (United Nations Development AssistanceFramework) in November 2009, the UN Country Team made the decision to develop a strategic vision for theperiod 2010-2011. This unprecedented arrangement was adopted in view of the difficult programming environmentin which the United Nations System is operating since the unconstitutional change of power on 17 March 2009.

The targeted goal is to enable the United Nations agencies to effectively fulfill their respective mandates in the cri-sis context and during the transition phase, once a political agreement accepted by the international community isreached.

In the framework of the negotiations, facilitated by the joint international mediation team under the aegis of the African Union (AU) and headed by Joaquim Chissano on behalf of the Southern African Development Community(SADC) and with the participation of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) and the UnitedNations (UN), the four main national political movements signed the Maputo Agreements and the Addis Ababa Additional Act between August and November 2009. These texts advocate non-violence, tolerance, forgiveness,reconciliation, mutual respect and the respect of human rights and of fundamental freedoms; furthermore, theyestablish a framework for the management of a 15 month transition, which will allow the return to a constitutionalorder in Madagascar through the holding of credible and transparent elections.

The UNDAF update exercise reinforced the five UNDAF effects, which remain relevant and valid as a whole; thisis justified essentially by the fact that the UNDAF is aimed to accompany national efforts to reach the MDGs andthe implementation of the Millennium Declaration. The UNDAF outputs have been adjusted to take account of thecurrent context as well as the new challenges linked to the transition.

Thus, in line with the UNDAF outcomes, the Strategic Vision of SNU defines priority lines of action to meet contextspecific needs. The Vision also takes into account the conclusions of the paper on the impact of the suspensionof development assistance and of some international trade agreements, which has been communicated to theInternational Contact Group (ICG) in October 2009.

Taking into account the situation of crisis, the strategic vision of the UN System aims at:The promotion of human rights which are universal, indivisible, interrelated, interdependent and mutuallyreinforcing rights, through the implementation of international human rights instruments;The progressive attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly for vulnerablepopulations.

The vision is articulated around the following five areas: Assistance to the transition and national reconciliation processes according to the process adopted and reco-gnized by the international community, and support to the respect of the rule of law and the promotion of a cul-ture of peace and conflict prevention; Access to basic social services in the areas of education and health;Protection of vulnerable and at-risk populations, including disaster management;Support to the economy;Strengthening of information, monitoring/evaluation and communication.

By doing so, the United Nations would contribute to a peaceful and stable environment which will be necessary for a concerted commitment of national stakeholders in their efforts towards a fourth Republic and the resumption of economic and social development.

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II. CURRENT SITUATION AND CHALLENGES

Madagascar faces several challenges linked to the attainment of the MDGs and to the current institutional context.Prior to the crisis, Madagascar was considered "on track" for three out of the eight MDGs (primary education,empowerment of women, and the fight against HIV, malaria and other diseases).

1) State Budget

The political crisis deteriorated the functioning of basic public services. As a consequence, there has been a dropin public finances, conflicts within the administration, disagreement within the defacto government on key aspectsof public sector management and migration of public workforce towards the private sector or abroad. Tax andcustoms revenues have dropped following the decline in economic production. A US$ 350 million freeze wasapplied to foreign aid; this situation weighs heavily on the State budget since it funds 50 percent of public opera-ting budget exclusive of the wages of civil servants and 75 percent of public investment budget. Thus the freezingof the aid allocated to public investments has had negative impacts on public infrastructure sector. The drastic fallin public revenues could affect the payment of the debt service, which has allowed maintaining a minimal levelof commitment from the international community. The State budget for 2010 remains unknown as of end November 2009, thus preventing planning.

2) Political governance, democracy and state of law

Even though Madagascar is party to most international human rights instruments, the monitoring, informationcollection and analysis capacities of both public institutions and the civil society in the area are weak. The lack of an independent national monitoring system capable of ensuring the application of international human rights

standards remains a challenge for the society. Despite weak monitoring capacity, national and international non-governmental institutions could observe a gradual deterioration of the human rights situation, including not onlycivil and political rights but also socio-economic and cultural rights.

Thousands of jobs have been lost in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Although it was already problematicbefore the crisis, a higher frequency of arbitrary arrests, restrictions of freedom of opinions, expressions andgatherings as well as the excessive use of force was noted in 2009. The situation in prisons and detentionconditions are also affected by budget cut. The number of incidences of violence including sexual violence andexploitation and violence against children is increasing.

Madagascar is also on the decline in the annual ranking of press freedom according to "Reporters SansFrontières", with the country ranking at 134th in 2009. Finally, the last report of "Transparency International"reveals a regress of fight against corruption in the country. With a Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of 3 out of 10in 2009, Madagascar fell from the 85th place to 99th out of the 180 countries covered by the survey.

In a context of budgetary constraint and major organizational challenges, a budget of US$ 10 to 20 million for eachelection and an operating budget of US$ 5 to 7 million per month are necessary for the new institutions. Electoralregisters need to be reviewed in a context of poor performance of registry offices.

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3) Health and education system

In 2009, the budgets allocated to the Ministries in charge of health and education were cut by 20 to 30 percent.The weaknesses in human resources and the difficulties in maintaining them weakened the public sector evenmore. Less than 3000 general practitioners are employed in the public sector for a population of nearly 20 millions,with a falling trend being observed. 40 percent of health facilities do not receive sufficient supplies of drugs and

other health inputs from the national supply system via the central buying agency, SALAMA, hence their servicesare not sought out. The Ministry of Health budget for 2010 is likely to be even more reduced, which will further affect the supply chain and entail a possible collapse of the health system. 2010 orders have been alreadyaffected. In addition, the isolation of some localities affects geographical access of the population to healthcare,with 40 to 60 percent of the populations being without access depending on the regions. In the area the fightagainst HIV and AIDS, 9/10 of the funding of priority national needs depend on the support of technical andfinancial partners. The suspension of funding may cause impacts that are difficult to make up for both on theinstitutional and social level and also in terms of case management.

If the enrollment in primary education has nearly doubled since 2002, it is thanks to a considerable effort from thegovernment to allocate national resources as well as significant foreign financing. Nevertheless, the Education For All (EFA) plan endorsed by technical and financial partners in February 2008 - for which an allotment of US$ 85.1million for 2009-2011 was received from the Fast Track Initiative-Catalytic Fund (FTI-CF) - is at times questioned,resulting in a significant confusion at the deconcentrated levels of the education system.

This year, the donors already intervened through the Fast Track Initiative (FTI) funds to avoid losing theabovementioned resources and to start disbursing US$ 15 million through UNICEF in order to, inter alia, cover subsidies for the first 4 months of 2010 of 38,585 FRAM teachers who ensure the schooling of approximately 2million primary school children. Additionally the reallocation to WFP of US$ 1.9 million in the framework of the debtreduction contract between France and Madagascar made it possible to continue school canteen activities in theSouth during the 2009/2010 school year. As for the allocation of the remaining US$ 70.1 million, US$ 21.10 millionhave already been cut further to the loss associated with implementation in 2009, and the remaining US$ 49 millionto be requested in July 2010 will depend on the commitment of the new government.

Although part of the funds (US$ 15 million) has been secured for the period of January to June 2010, it is crucialto restore coherence and continuity in the education sector to avoid not only the loss of resources, but above allthe loss of achievements in schooling rate, success rate and other quality indicators. In addition to the efforts tosupport continuity, the ongoing programs targeting vulnerable children and elimination of illiteracy need to bescaled-up.

4) Vulnerability and economic growth

Whereas Madagascar's annual growth rate was estimated at 7.2% in 2008, the perspectives for 2009 have beenconfirmed to be negative. The overall vulnerability levels are said to be quite high: approximately 69 percent of thepopulation lives under the poverty threshold, a rate that has remained almost unchanged since 1993 despitemodest but constant economic growth. It is estimated that 44 percent of the population, i.e. 8.3 million of people,lives in a situation of extreme poverty. Madagascar is also among the 18 countries where the prevalence rate of

chronic malnutrition exceeds 45 percent.

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Poverty affects primarily the populations living in rural areas (representing 80 percent of the population) where theindicators are the highest. At some places, particularly the Southern and South-Eastern parts of the country, foodinsecurity and chronic malnutrition rates are remarkably high and acute nutritional crises often occur followingrecurring natural disasters. Similarly, in urban areas, more than 50 percent of the population lives under thepoverty threshold. The surveys undertaken end 2008 also revealed that almost half of the urban poor faces foodinsecurity issues and that chronic malnutrition rate in the capital is higher than the national average.

The increasing vulnerability of the population, whose means are too limited to cope with the situation, maybecome more pronounced due to: (a) a rise in unemployment rate (more than 200 000 jobs have already been lostin 2009 due to the crisis and the slowing global economic demand); (b) a decline in agricultural production due tothe lack of inputs, which are usually supplied by the government but were missing in 2009; and (c) a possibleinappropriate regulation of foodstuff prices on the market. Even though a marked deterioration of the foodsecurity situation was not observed among the capital city's population in 2009, due in part to a drop in the priceof basic foodstuffs, the trends should be continually monitored, as was the case during the socio-economic crisisof 2001/2002 during which poverty indicators increased by 20 percent in urban areas against 10 percent in ruralareas, given that the capital had been most affected by the crisis. Much depends on the subsequent developmentof the agricultural sector and the job opportunities in the already negatively impacted secondary and tertiarysectors.

Madagascar is the country that is most exposed to cyclones in Africa (3-4 major cyclones per year) and thissituation causes devastating effects on its population and its economy. The damages, losses and rehabilitation andreconstruction needs assessment exercise conducted in 2008 estimated the damages and losses at US$ 333million, i.e. 4 percent of the GDP. 25 percent of the Malagasy population lives in at-risk areas. Between 121 000and 353 000 people have been affected in the past three years. Simultaneously, periods of drought affect thesouthern regions of the country, i.e. 1.3 million people. Approximately 9 500 cases of severe malnutrition amongchildren have been recorded in 2009. The national mechanism to respond to such emergency situations has beendisrupted as a result of the crisis.

III. THE PRIORITY AREAS

In the light of the new context and challenges, the United Nations will focus their efforts on five priority areas:

Support to the transition process and the restoration of the rule of law . Once a consensual transition

accepted by the international community is in place, the UN can provide political assistance and technicalsupport (support to transition institutions and activities) including strengthening national capacity and citizenparticipation in the organization of election (according to modalities yet to be defined), in collaboration with localand international partners. The UN agencies will also strengthen their ongoing programmes in the areas of human rights promotion and protection, culture of peace and conflict prevention.

In the light of the progressive erosion of some public services and in order to guarantee access to healthcareand education to the population, the UN System will support supply of minimum health and educationservices, particularly in the areas of 1) health through i) support to supply chain and distribution of essentialdrugs and health inputs; ii) extension of mobile and outreach strategies for health and nutrition services, iii)support to the supply of quality basic services and iv) supply of drinking water and sanitation services to basichealth centers (CSBs) and targeted rural and urban communities ; 2) education where the UN System will playa leading role in assisting basic capacities to attain sustainable quality, inclusive and accessible education in

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the framework of the EFA. The implementation of UN development programmes in these two areas will alsocontinue.

Protection of vulnerable groups including people living with HIV and at-risk populations and protection of these groups from natural or humanitarian disasters through targeted interventions to support social securitynets, increase food crops production and increase emergency preparedness, coordination and response

through the cluster mechanism which will be strengthened by the "inter-cluster"1

.Specific actions to support economic recovery are also taken into account, with special focus on women,youth and the victims of the crisis, including businesses. Such actions will support i) establishment of measures to promote employment and self-employment; ii) emergency and special assistance measures for Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs), which are the driver of the country's economy; iii) theestablishment of mechanisms aimed at developing inclusive markets; and iv) improvement of access tofinancial services, particularly microfinance.

In order to increase awareness of the situation and improve preparation of any future developmentplanning process , activities aimed at improving information collection, monitoring/evaluation andcommunication will also be promoted.

III.1 Political governance, democracy and rule of law

In the framework of the implementation of the Maputo and Addis Ababa agreements and according to theschedule that will be determined, the United Nations is committed to support :

The implementation of the transition in general, through facilitation and mediation according to a monitoringmechanism, whose modalities are yet to be defined;

The electoral process which will take place at several levels (creation and operationalization of the ConseilNational de Réconciliation "CNR" and the review committees - for the electoral code and the Constitution -, theIndependent National Electoral Commission; establishment of electoral registers; implementation of voter registering operations; logistics; support to the legal institutions to control and approve votes; the High Courtof the Transition, etc.) and will be consistent with internationally-recognized best practices.

The establishment of a new constitutional order and the rebuilding of the Malagasy State , particularlythrough the revision of the Constitution and the support to the different institutions of the transition (theCongress of the Transition, the High Council of the Transition, the National Reconciliation Council, etc.) toenable the latter to fully play their respective roles in accordance with international human rights norms andstandards, particularly the right to information and the right to participation;

The national reconciliation process, fair transition and the resolution of the triggers of the crisis :support to the reconciliation and amnesty process resulting from the Maputo and Addis Ababa Agreements inorder to lay the foundation for sustainable resolution of recurrent sociopolitical issues.

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1 The intercluster is an entity aimed at arbitrating priorities among humanitarian interventions.



Additionally, the United Nations will strengthen their ongoing programmes in the following two areas:

Assistance to the establishment of the rule of law and strengthening of the national system for the protectionand the promotion of human rights, by building the human right capacity of the judicial power and lawenforcement actors, by encouraging the authorities to collaborate with the human rights mechanisms of theUnited Nations and eventually set up the National Commission of Human Rights, and by building the capacity

of the civil society in terms of human rights promotion and protection;Culture of peace and conflict prevention : the United Nations will place a special focus on building the capa-city of national media and on strengthening community dialogue mechanisms in the fight against violence andconflict prevention by using the existing networks. A special emphasis will be laid on the positive role the mediacan play in building social cohesion, and on the essential role young people play in the institution of a cultureof peace and conflict prevention through a participatory approach.

III.2 Access to basic social services

While pursuing their development activities and in the framework of UNDAF Outcomes 3 and 5, the United Nationswill provide an increased support to the functioning of basic social services in the areas of education and healthby guaranteeing access to the most vulnerable.

Education

In view of the context of increased fragility and vulnerability, and the importance of education for the consolidationof peace, security and good governance, the United Nations system will:

Assume a leading role in promoting further harmonization among technical and financial partners inorder to ensure that the educational system works, that education resources are secured, thatachievements are capitalized and that the objectives of the EFA plan are reached, particularly thoserelated to the reform of the education.

Raise awareness among the population with regard to the integrity of the education sector: educationalinstitutions must not be used for political purposes.

Ensure that monitoring and response means and strategies to cope with the impacts of the crises on the

education of the vulnerable population are in place (food insecurity, vulnerability of families, increasingcosts, loss in values, political violence, impacts of climate change, etc.).

Assume a leading role in building basic capacities with the aim of reaching sustainable quality educationfor all in a safe, healthy and friendly setting for children, who are the agents of behavioral change incommunities.

Play a key role in ensuring inclusive education (unschooled children and youth, victims of socialexclusion, illiterate people, etc.) and in ensuring that inclusive education is integrated in the EFA-FTI

collaboration for a comprehensive discussion of the educational system (full SWAP).

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Health

In addition to their regular development programmes, the United Nations agencies will support three criticalinterventions to guarantee access of the populations to healthcare services while avoiding total collapse andsignificant disruption of the health system consequently to the crisis:

Assistance to the supply chain and the distribution of essential drugs and other health inputs: the UnitedNations will support the supply chain and the distribution of essential drugs and health inputs throughthe central buying office, SALAMA, including reproductive health (heath essential commodities) (drugs,vaccines, syringes, contraceptives, antiretroviral drugs, childbirth kits, surgery kits, HIV testing reagents…)in order to enable public health services in general, and public and private health institutions to maintaintheir operations in the country and to deliver basic health services. In the priority areas, the United Nationswill also support free distribution of some essential health inputs to the most vulnerable.

Support to service supply for the populations with least access in the priority areas, by implementingmobile and outreach strategies for health, reproductive health and nutrition. The United Nations will alsosupport the extension of mobile and outreach strategies for health and nutrition services targeted atmothers, children and youth in order to ensure that essential services are made accessible to thecommunities with least access. Activities will include distribution of mosquito nets, identification of high-riskpregnant women to refer them to qualified services, maternal and reproductive health services, provisionof youth-friendly services, integration of HIV and tropical diseases, strengthening of community servicesand promotion of hygiene.

Support to quality service offer: the United Nations will support the supply of quality services byimproving delivery of community healthcare services, through NGOs and the civil society. Activities willinclude supplying drinking water and sanitation services to basic health center and targeted rural and urbancommunities, and providing integrated surveillance, epidemic disease response, supervision andreinforcing human resources.

III.3 Protection of vulnerable and at-risk populations

The United Nations will intensify their efforts aimed at protecting vulnerable and at-risk populations 2. Theseinterventions will be even more critical to the extent that they will contribute to reduce greater economic and social

tensions in the coming months, which could compromise the successful outcome of the transition process, with aparticular attention on urban and periurban areas.

While ensuring access and functioning of basic services, social safety nets should be immediatelystrengthened in order to protect vulnerable and at-risk populations and prevent extreme, even irreversible,degradation of their food security, nutritional and health situations, which were already quite precarious beforethe crisis. In urban areas, this will require the launching of a set of complementary activities that could includea combination of targeted money and/or food transfers, supply of fortified food to women and children,scaling-up of HIMO (high intensity of labour) programmes and agricultural production support programmes in

urban and periurban areas.

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2 At-risk populations include people living with HIV



Considering the importance of agriculture in the economy, the UN will support targeted interventions aimed ata rapid increase of food crops production, through:

Advocacy for the establishment of a mechanism to facilitate access to inputs (seeds and fertilizers) andfinancing for farmers;Revitalization of seed sub-sector (ongoing) and constitution of a seed capital to cope with agricultural

emergencies;Setting-up of local product procurement program for food aid;Contribution to the establishment of an appropriate and credible institutional framework for naturalresources governance.

In a situation where the government disaster management capacity is reduced, the United Nations will alsostrengthen their role in the preparation, coordination and implementation of emergency responses through thehumanitarian cluster system. The United Nations and its partners will ensure both the pre-positioning of essential products for immediate assistance to the populations and the assistance to preparation, mitigationand reconstruction activities for early recovery. The scaling-up of these activities will depend more on theexisting community networks and the partnership with the NGOs that supervise them.

III.4 Support to the economy

The interventions of the United Nations will include specific actions to support economy recovery for all, withspecial focus on women, youth and the victims of the crisis, including businesses, while supporting socialdevelopment.

The United Nations will:

Support the establishment of employment and self-employment promotion measures;

Provide necessary technical assistance to partners so that urgent measures for special assistance to SMEs,the drivers of national economy, are initiated to avoid that faltering businesses fall into a bankruptcy situation,with the objective of saving jobs. Special attention will be given to the establishment of mechanisms todevelop inclusive markets and to standardize products.

Support increased access for all to financial services, particularly microfinance. In this respect, the sector's

technical and financial infrastructure will be improved. Subsequently, financial products will be extended,particularly to vulnerable groups (youth, women). Finally, venture capital products will be tested in growth poleareas.

Support sustainable mobilization of water resources and access to sanitation for poor urban and ruralpopulations. Water and sanitation interventions will also include technical support for water supply through theconstruction/rehabilitation of community facilities, strengthening of access mechanisms for urban poor in the 5major cities, establishment and improvement of service management and supply chain in 5 regions, as well aspromotion of environmental hygiene, hand cleaning practices and support to solid waste management.

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III.5 Information management, monitoring/evaluation and communication

This cross-cutting component includes two parts:

(i) Information management, programme monitoring/evaluation

The United Nations System will continue to support the information systems to improve the availability of reliableinformation on the response to the population needs and vulnerability. UN assistance will consist in promoting andimproving collection and use of data from administrative sources to safeguard the information systems of sectoralministries such as the ministries of education, health and agriculture on one hand, and in organizing periodicalsurveys or studies particularly to monitor and assess the increased vulnerability of the population (such as the2010 household poverty survey), and the periodical McRAM urban surveys, on the other hand. Additionally, aspecial attention will be given to data collection in emergency humanitarian situation and to the improvement of the early warning system in areas exposed to natural disasters.

(ii) Mobilization and advocacy

It consists in carrying out a joint action for human rights-based communication, with a focus on youth and humandignity ; a component on HIV and Aids is also included. Communication will also promote founding themes suchas democracy and fauna and flora protection in order to preserve Madagascar's heritage.

IV. THE MAJOR RISKS

The context of the implementation of the United Nations assistance involves the following major risks:

Political risks inherent to transition situation: risks marked by the fragility of the political framework of thetransition and the pre-electoral context. The vulnerability of the political framework would increase in theabsence of social safety nets, considering the degradation of economic conditions.

Administrative and operational risks associated with the disruption of the government's administrativeapparatus, which impacted on the coherence of structures, the stability of organic frameworks and therespect of the command system. These risks would increase with the expected collapse of tax revenuesstarting from 2010.

The conjugated impact of the drop in tax and customs revenues and the suspension of international aidwould lead to a shortage in the overall supply of basic social services, to the non-respect of human rights,to the increased poverty and vulnerability level of the most disadvantaged groups, to a reducedpreparation and a reduced ability to respond to disasters, and to the impossibility of carrying out severaldevelopment activities.

The risk of using violence should not be completely put aside.

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V. THE MODALITIES OF INTERVENTION

In the light of the risks enumerated above, the agencies of the United Nations system will adopt the mostappropriate modalities of implementation. The recourse to service providers and third party partners, including thecivil society (NGOs) and the communities themselves will be increased, particularly in the area of basic services

delivery. Moreover, and still with a view to optimize assistance delivery, the UN agencies will use the modalities of direct implementation and direct payment or reimbursement, which are authorized under a Special DevelopmentSituation. Advance payments may be made on a case-by-case basis to governmental partners at the central or decentralized level, with a reinforced control and monitoring system.

Following an assessment of the situation and when the situation will allow it, the United Nations system couldconsider the progressive application of the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.

The leadership of the United Nations will be necessary in the areas where it has recognized comparativeadvantages such as governance, humanitarian response in collaboration with international NGOs, basic socialservices, protection of the most vulnerable and reduction of poverty, in the framework of the achievement of theMDGs and the respect of human rights. In the current context of Madagascar, good governance for thepreservation of the country's protected areas and biodiversity capital is also an essential point.

The United Nations will also assume a coordination role through the platform of technical and financial partners,the sectoral groups, and the humanitarian clusters Inter Agency Standing Committee (IASC). Finally, andparticularly in this delicate political transition stage, the United Nations will strive to remain a neutral, efficient andunifying go-between for national parties and the international community, with a view to maximize the possibilitiesof returning to social peace and political stability in order for Madagascar to reach the MDGs.

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Strategic vision of the United Nations in Madagascar, 2010-2011 (SNU- 2011)

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