Strategic Technology Alliances in the Age of Convergence
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Transcript of Strategic Technology Alliances in the Age of Convergence
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8/3/2019 Strategic Technology Alliances in the Age of Convergence
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TYQNY@HFD Y@DCLKJKHV NJJFNLD@T FL YC@ NH@ KB DKLR@QH@LD@ FL
G@IFN " Y@J@DKG FLIPTYQV
_q`t`ly`i av
Gknn} Apqef* ?06294990
Fl _nqyfnj bpjbfjg`ly kb yc`
Gnty`qt kb Tdf`ld` I`hq`` fl Y`dclkjkhv @spjkfynyfkl " Gnlnh`g`ly
_q`t`ly`i yk
Gq, Jneft Enkplfi`t
#Ifq`dykq kb Y`dclkjkhv " Fllkrnyfkl&
^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Plfy`i Eflhikg
Nphpty 1?yc* 1??8
Xkqi Dkply= 10*23>
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
1GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Ynaj` kb Dkly`lyt
Dcny`q > Flyqkipdyfkl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >1
>,> Cftykqv kb Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >4
>,1 I`bflflh njjnfld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >9
>,1,> Hqkpliflh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >9
>,1,1 Dkq` bkplinyfkl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >0
>,1,4 Kpydkg` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >0
>,4 Dkgnqftkl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >0
>,9 Njjfnld`t fl Y`j`dkggplfdnyfkl Fliptyqv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >2
>,0 Q`t`nqdc _pqkt` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >3
>,0,> Nfg kb yc` Q`t`nqdc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6
>,0,1 Q`t`nqdc ^p`tyfklt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6
>,0,4 G`yckikjkhv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6
>,0,9 Tyqpdypq` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1?
Dcny`q 1 Jfy`qnypq` Q`rf`x ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11
1,> Flyqkipdyfkl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11
1,1 Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14
1,1,> Gkyfr`t bkq Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12
1,1,1 Yqnltb`q kb Elkxj`ih` nli Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13
1,1,4 Yv`t kb Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16
1,1,9 Nirnlynh`t kb nl Njjfnld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 44
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
9GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
4,8 Ft Dklr`qh`ld` Q`~pfq`i; ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8?
4,3 Bndykqt Nbb`dyflh Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 81
4,3,> Dptykg`q Bkdpt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 81
4,3,1 Q`hpjnyfkl kb dklr`qh`i t`qrfd`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80
4,3,4 _fqndv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80
4,3,9 Flbkqgnyfkl t`dpqfyv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 88
4,6 Tpdd`tt kb ^pniqpj` _jnv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 83
4,6,> Q`ipd`i Kr`qnjj @s`lifypq` Av Dptykg`q ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3?
4,6,1 Q`ipd`i Kr`qnjj @s`lifypq` Av K`qnykq ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3>
4,>? Qkj` kb Gkafj` Rfqypnj L`yxkqe K`qnykqt fl Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3>
4,>> Iqfr`qt kb Dklr`qh`ld` #Inyn Nlnjvtft& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 31
4,>1 Yc` @s`dpyfr` I`dftfkl #Inyn Nlnjvtft& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 38
4,>4 Dklyqkjflh Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6>
4,>9 ft Dklr`qh`ld` Fggfl`ly; ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61
4,>0 Qkj` kb Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60
9 Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t " Dklr`qh`ld` fl Y`j`dkgt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >??
9,> Flyqkipdyfkl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >??
9,1 Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >??
9,4 Hjkanj Q"I Td`lnqfk ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?>
9,9 Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Hjkanj Y`j`dkggplfdnyfkl Fliptyqv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?0
9,0 Iqfr`qt kb Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?2
9,2 Dpqq`ly Yq`li fl Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?2
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
0GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
0 Bfliflht " Dkldjptfklt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>?
0,> Flyqkipdyfkl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>?
0,1 Bfliflht ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>?
0,4 J`r`jt kb Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>9
0,9 Bpypq` kb Gkafj` Rfqypnj L`yxkqe K`qnykqt fl Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>2
Afajfkhqncv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>6
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
2GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Jfty kb Bfhq`t
Bfhpq` > T`dyqpg kb Dkqkqny` Dklyqkj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >2
Bfhpq` 1 T`dykqnj Iftyqfapyfkl kb Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t* >66? >666 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9>
Bfhpq` 4 J`r`jt kb Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 04
Bfhpq` 9 Bfqty Tynh` kb Dklr`qh`ld` #>66? 1???& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24
Bfhpq` 0 Hqkxyc kb LHL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22
Bfhpq` 2 Nrnfjnafjfyv kb Xfq`j`tt Ckytkyt Xkqjixfi` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 28
Bfhpq` 8 Plfyt kb Gkafj` _ckl`t Tkji ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 23
Bfhpq` 3 H`l`qnyfklt kb Gkafj` Dkggplfdnyfkl #>66? 1??8& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26
Bfhpq` 6 Yqfj`'jnv Dptykg`qt fl @pqk` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 84
Bfhpq` >? Dptykg`q Fly`q`ty fl Dklr`qh`i T`qrfd`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 89
Bfhpq` >> @tyfgny`i _D tkbyxnq` fqndv jktt`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 82
Bfhpq` >1 BAF Fly`jj`dypnj _qk`qyv Flifdyg`lyt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 88
Bfhpq` >4 _`qd`lynh` kb dkltpg`qt dkld`ql`i kr`q t`dpqfyv kb flbkqgnyfkl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 83
Bfhpq` >9 Yqfj`'jnv tpatdqfa`q #fl gfjjfklt& bkq`dnty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 86
Bfhpq` >0 Yqfj`'jnv _`l`yqnyfkl kb Ckpt`ckjit #1??0& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 86
Bfhpq` >2 @s`lifypq` kl Y`j`dkg " G`ifn t`qrfd`t `q Ckpt`ckji ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3?
Bfhpq` >8 Fgndy kb Dklr`qh`ld` xfycfl l`sy Ycq`` V`nqt #% kb @s`dpyfr`t& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34
Bfhpq` >3 Rkfd` " Inyn T`qrfd`t fl X`ty`ql @pqk` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 39
Bfhpq` >6 Fltynjjnyfklt kb Fliptyqfnj @yc`ql`y ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30
Bfhpq` 1? Tkbyxnq` Gnqe`y Hqkxflh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32
Bfhpq` 1> Nqkndcflh Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 38
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
8GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Bfhpq` 11 Q`tkli`lyt I`gkhqncfdt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33
Bfhpq` 14 Fgj`g`lynyfkl kb Dklr`qh`ld` fl Kqhnlftnyfklt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 36
Bfhpq` 19 Fgj`g`lynyfkl kb Dklr`qh`ld` #L`sy 0 V`nqt& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6?
Bfhpq` 10 Q`ypql kl Flr`tyg`ly ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6>
Bfhpq` 12 @gaqndflh Dklr`qh`ld` fl yc` l`sy 4 v`nqt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 64
Bfhpq` 18 Fgndy kb Dklr`qh`ld` xfycfl l`sy Ycq`` V`nqt #% kb @s`dyfr`t&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 64
Bfhpq` 13 Tcnq` kb Q"I @s`lifypq` >66? 1??9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?>
Bfhpq` 16 Yk Ycq`` Q"I _`qbkqg`qt >66? 1??4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?1
Bfhpq` 4? Xkqjixfi` Q"I @s`lifypq` >66? 1??4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?4
Bfhpq` 4> Fly`qlnyfklnj Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t >63? 1??4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?9
Bfhpq` 41 Y`j`dkg @~pfg`ly Dkltkjfinyfkl 1??0 1??2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?0
Bfhpq` 44 Tvgafnl Kxl`qtcf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?3
Bfhpq` 49 Iqfrflh Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld` " Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?6
Bfhpq` 40 Dklr`qh`ld` Jfb`dvdj`,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>?
Bfhpq` 42 Bndykqt Ycq`ny`lflh yc` Dklr`qh`ld` Jfb`dvdj` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>1
Bfhpq` 48 Dkgj`y` Dklr`qh`ld` Jfb` Dvdj` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>4
Bfhpq` 43 Fliptyqf`t ny Rnqfkpt J`r`jt kb Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>0
Bfhpq` 46 Qkj` kb GRLKt fl Dklr`qh`ld` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>3
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
3GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Jfty kb Ynaj`t
Ynaj` > Gkyfr`t bkq Njjfnld`t ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 49
Ynaj` 1 Q`ntklt bkq Dkjjnakqnyfkl fl Y`j`dkgt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 96
Ynaj` 4 J`r`jt kb Dklr`qh`ld`,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24
Ynaj` 9 Iqfr`qt kb Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl Y`j`dkgt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?2
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
6GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Ndelkxj`ih`g`ly
F xkpji jfe` yk ycnle Njgfhcyv Njjnc bkq hfrflh g` yc` tyq`lhyc nli elkxj`ih` yk flfyfny` nli
dkgj`y` ycft aptfl`tt q`t`nqdc qkm`dy, Bpqyc`qgkq`* F xkpji jfe` yk ycnle gv nq`lyt xck`ldkpqnh`i g` `r`qv ty` kb yc` xnv nli `lnaj`i g` yk typiv fl n xkqji'djntt fltyfypyfkl,
Gq, Enkplfi`t gv tp`qrftkq* xfyckpy cft hpfinld` ycft yc`tft xkpji lky cnr` a``l
kttfaj`, Nli bflnjjv yk njj gv bqf`lit nli jkr`i kl`t xck tpkqy`i g` ycqkphckpy ycft
yfg`,
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
>?GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
@s`dpyfr` Tpggnqv
Ycft aptfl`tt q`t`nqdc qkm`dy bkdpt`t kl tyqny`hfd y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t fl yc` dpqq`ly hjkanj
gkafj` y`j`dkg fliptyqv ngfity yc` hqkxflh cv` kr`q dklr`qh`ld` kb g`ifn " y`j`dkgt`qrfd`t, Yc` npyckq cnt dckt`l ycft ykfd kb q`t`nqdc ant`i kl cft kxl fly`q`ty nli
qkb`ttfklnj `s`qf`ld` fl yc` y`j`dkg fliptyqv, Y`dclkjkhfdnj nirnld`g`lyt fl yc` FY "
y`j`dkg fliptyqv cnr` t``l l`x y`dclkjkhf`t nqft`, Ycft yv` kb q`t`nqdc xnt `tt`lyfnj nt fy
qkrfi`t nl fl'i`yc jkke flyk yc` dpqq`ly y`dclkjkhv nli gnqe`y yq`lit fl yc` hjkanj
y`j`dkg fliptyqv* xfyc n t`dfnj `gcntft kl y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t nli dklr`qh`ld`,
Dklr`qh`ld` kb yc` y`dclkjkhv* g`ifn nli y`j`dkg fliptyqv ft a`jf`r`i yk a` yc` l`sy afh
ycflh nli njq`niv dkgnlf`t fl yc`t` fliptyqf`t nq` bkqgflh dqktt fliptyqv njjfnld`t yk `ly`q
yc` dklr`qh`ld` qnd`, Tyqny`hfd njjfnld`t fl yc` y`j`dkg fliptyqv cnr` qkr`i tpdd`ttbpj fl
h`l`qnyflh cfhc`q q`r`lp` nli flr`lyflh l`x y`dclkjkhf`t, Dpqq`lyjv yc`t` y`dclkjkhv
njjfnld`t nq` a`flh bkqg`i ngklh g`ifn dkgnlf`t nli y`j`dkg k`qnykqt fl kqi`q yk
qkrfi` dklr`qh`i t`qrfd`t,
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dklr`qh`ld` nli tyqny`hfd y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t fl yc` hjkanj y`j`dkg fliptyqv,
Xcny nq` yc` bndykqt j`niflh yk dklr`qh`ld` fl yc` y`j`dkggplfdnyfkl fliptyqv;
Xcny nq` yc` dnpt`t kb tyqny`hfd y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t* bkqg`i fl y`j`dkgt ykinv;
Xcny ft yc` q`jnyfkltcf a`yx``l dklr`qh`ld` nli tyqny`hfd y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t;
Yc` bndykqt j`niflh yk dklr`qh`ld` nq` yc` hqkxyc fl yc` lpga`q kb l`sy h`l`qnyfkl nt x`jj
nt dkqkqny` F_ l`yxkqet kbb`qflh rkfd`* inyn nli gpjyfg`ifn t`qrfd`t kr`q yc` tng`
l`yxkqe, Bpqyc`qgkq`* `li'pt`q i`rfd`t jnv n d`lyqnj qkj` fl yc` ptc ykxnqit
dklr`qh`ld`,
Tyqny`hfd y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t kl yc` kyc`q cnli nq` bkqg`i yk dq`ny` l`x y`dclkjkhf`t
nli+kq `qbkqg Q"I kl `g`qhflh y`dclkjkhf`t, Ipqflh yc` ikydkg `qn yc`q` xnt nl
fldq`nt` fl yc` y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t nt ande yc`l yc`q` xnt tfgfjnq cv` kr`q dklr`qh`ld`
a`yx``l gkafj` nli yc` FY fliptyqv, Ckx`r`q* xfyc yc` dqntc kb yc` tykde gnqe`y fl
Gnqdc 1??? njj dklr`qh`ld` iftdpttfklt `li`i, Ipqflh ycft `qfki yc` lpga`q kb tyqny`hfd
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
>>GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t njtk iqk`i, Tckxflh n q`jnyfkltcf a`yx``l dklr`qh`ld` nli
y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t,
Nby`q yc` ikydkg `qn dklr`qh`ld` ynjet q`tpg`i* xfyc yc` fly`ql`y tyqklh`q ycnl `r`q
a`bkq` nli xfyc rnjpnaj` j`ttklt j`nqly* fy t``gt ycny ycft nh` kb dklr`qh`ld` xfjj qkr` yk
a` gkq` qndyfdnj ycnl fyt q`i`d`ttkq,
GRLKt y`li yk hnfl yc` gkty bqkg dklr`qh`ld` nt yc`v ktt`tt njj yc` flhq`if`lyt q`~pfq`i
bkq yc` tpdd`ttbpj fgj`g`lynyfkl kb dklr`qh`i rkfd`* inyn nli g`ifn t`qrfd`t,
Kl yc` kyc`q cnli bkq `lyqnlyt flyk ycft dklr`qh`ld` qnd`* yc`v l``i yk dj`nqjv tyqny`hft` kl
xcny j`r`j kb dklr`qh`ld` yk ndcf`r`, Aptfl`tt`t l``i yk ktt`tt dj`nq pli`qtynliflh kbyc` j`r`jt kb dklr`qh`ld` nt yc`t` j`r`jt nq` yc` antft bkq nlv aptfl`tt yk tpqrfr` fl ycft `qn
kb dklr`qh`ld` xc`q` n aj`li kb t`qrfd`t ft ndd`ttfaj` ycqkphc n tflhj` i`rfd` dkll`dy`i yk
n t`ngj`ttjv dkll`dy`i l`yxkqe,
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
>1GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
DCN_Y@Q > FLYQKIPDYFKL
Ycft yc`tft xnt fltfq`i av yc` npyckqt fly`q`ty fl yc` FY " Y`j`dkgt fliptyqv* xfyc n
Andc`jkqt i`hq`` fl Dkgpy`q Tdf`ld` nli njgkty 4 v`nqt kb bf`ji `s`qf`ld` fl yc` y`j`dkg
fliptyqv kb _neftynl* yc` npyckq cnt dkgafl`i cft elkxj`ih` kb yc` FY " Y`j`dkg fliptyqv
xfyc yc` jfy`qnypq` yckqkphcjv q`rf`x`i fl kqi`q yk qkrfi` yc` fly`li`i q`ni`qt xfyc nl
pli`qtynliflh kb yc` q`jnyfkltcf a`yx``l y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t nli dklr`qh`ld` fl yc`
y`dclkjkhv* g`ifn nli y`j`dkg fliptyqv,
Yc` y`qg dklr`qh`ld` ft ikgflnly fl njgkty yc` `lyfq` y`dclkjkhv* g`ifn nli y`j`dkg
fliptyqv, @r`qv ty` yne`l av nl kqhnlftnyfkl fl kqi`q yk `lcnld` fyt t`qrfd` kbb`qflht yc`
iqfr`q ft dklr`qh`ld`, Ycft yc`tft xfjj qkrfi` nl fltfhcy flyk yc` xkqji kb dklr`qh`ld` nli
fyt jfle xfyc tyqny`hfd njjfnld`t, Bndykqt nbb`dyflh nli yc` iqfr`qt kb dklr`qh`ld` nli
tyqny`hfd njjfnld`t cnr` a``l dqfyfdnjjv nlnjvt`i nli yc` bfliflht cnr` a``l `syqndy`i bqkg
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Yc` qkj` kb tyqny`hfd njjfnld`t cnt tk bnq a``l dqpdfnj fl yc` tpdd`tt kb nl kqhnlftnyfkl,
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yc` y`j`dkg fliptyqv, Y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t fl yc` y`j`dkg fliptyqv cnr` q`tpjy`i fl yc`
h`l`qnyfkl kb l`x y`dclkjkhfdnj aq`neycqkphct* kl yc` l`yxkqe nt x`jj nt yc` i`rfd` `li*
`lnajflh yc` y`j`dkg k`qnykqt yk qkrfi` n ckty kb t`qrfd`t yk yc` dptykg`q,
Nby`q yc` q`rf`x kb ycft yc`tft yc` q`ni`q xfjj cnr` nl pli`qtynliflh kb yc` iqfrflh bndykqt fl
yc` dpqq`ly g`ifn " y`j`dkg gnqe`y, Yc` yc`tft ft q`rkjrflh nqkpli yc` q`rf`x kb
y`dclkjkhv njjfnld`t fl jfhcy kb dklr`qh`ld`* nt nddkqiflh yk yc` npyckq yc` ngkply kb
gkl`v a`flh flr`ty`i fl yc` y`dclkjkhv* g`ifn nli y`j`dkg fliptyqv ft ny gnttfr` tdnj`,
D`qynfl ~p`tyfklt #a`jkx& cnr` a``l dqfyfdnjjv nlnjvt`i fl kqi`q yk ndcf`r` n yckqkphc
pli`qtynliflh kb yc` tpam`dy,
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Xcny nq` yc` bndykqt nbb`dyflh nli tpkqyflh dklr`qh`ld`;
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
>4GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Yc` nlnjvtft kb yc` nakr` ~p`tyfklt xfjj qkrfi` yc` q`ni`q xfyc nl pli`qtynliflh kl ckx
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tflhj` dklr`qh`i l`yxkqe* ndd`ttfaj` ycqkphc n tflhj` i`rfd`, Ycft yc`tft xkpji bpqyc`q
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x`jj nt yc` dptykg`q yk `gaqnd` dklr`qh`ld` kb g`ifn " y`j`dkg t`qrfd`t,
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cftykqfdnj andehqkpli kb tyqny`hfd njjfnld`t fl h`l`qnj* gkrflh kl yk yc` `qbkqgnld` kb
yc`t` njjfnld`t fl yc` hjkanj y`j`dkg fliptyqv,
>,> CFTYKQV KB NJJFNLD@T
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njjfnld`t,4
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>Aktykl Dkltpjyflh Hqkp* 1??0* Yc` Qkj` kb Njjfnld`t fl Dkqpkqny` Tyqny`hv* Aktykl Gnttndcpt`yyt
1Q`p`q* M, M, 1??9* Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t* Yc`kqv nli @rfi`ld`* PT
4Q`p`q* M, M, 1??9* Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t* Yc`kqv nli @rfi`ld`* PT
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
>9GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
`dklkgf`t xc`q` `lyqv anqqf`qt x`q` cfhc* gktyjv fl yc` i`r`jkflh xkqji, Njjfnld`t
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eflit,
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qkd`tt kb dkjjnakqnyfkl, Yc` Lnyfklnj L`yxkqe bkq Dkjjnakqnyfkl cnt pajftc`i n bqng`xkqe
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#Yc` Lnyfklnj L`yxkqe bkq Dkjjnakqnyfkl* >662&
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
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>,1,1 DKQ@ BKPLINYFKL
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n, Rftfkl '''''' N i`tdqfyfkl kb yc` qkkt`i kpydkg`
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>,1,4 KPYDKG@
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0Aktykl Dkltpjyflh Hqkp* 1??0* Yc` Qkj` kb Njjfnld`t fl Dkqpkqny` Tyqny`hv* Aktykl Gnttndcpt`yyt
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
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Yc` bfhpq` a`jkx tckxt yc` ifbb`q`ly yv` kb dkqkqny` dklyqkj=
Tkpqd`= ADH Nlnjvtft #1??0&
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q`jnyfkltcf ft tckqy y`qg, Fl dnt` kb G`qh`qt " Nd~pftfyfklt gnmkqfyv tcnq`t nq` dklyqkjj`i
av kl` dkgnlv* yc`q`bkq` cfhc`q qfte ft flrkjr`i* ipqnyfkl ft `qgnl`ly nli yc` j`hnj
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pnqyl`qtcfp yvp`t xcfdc pqkrfi` hq`ny`q tyqny`hfd bj`sfafjfyv* tfld` bfqgt nq` fl n l``i yk cnr`
~fde q`tpklt`t yk dcnlh`t fl y`dclkjkhfdnj j`ni`qtcfp, Bpqyc`q fl yc`fq typiv Ktakql` "
98Enlh* L, " Tnenf* E, 1???* Fly`qlnyfklnj Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`fq Qkj` fl Flityqfnj Hjkanjftnyfkl* K@DITdf`ld`*
Y`dclkjkhv nli Fliptyqv Xkqeflh _n`qt* 1???+0* K@DI _pajftcflh
93Cnh`ikkql* M, " T`infyft* M, A, >663* _nqyl`qtcfp fl Yqnltfyfkl @dklkgf`t= Fly`qlnyfklnj Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl
Qttfn* Q`t`nqdc _kjfdv* ,>88 >30
96Cnh`ikkql* M, " T`infyft* M, A, >663* _nqyl`qtcfp fl Yqnltfyfkl @dklkgf`t= Fly`qlnyfklnj Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl
Qttfn* Q`t`nqdc _kjfdv* ,>88 >30
0? Aqkxl* J, " _nyyfltkl* C, >660* Y`dclkjkhv ft cnrflh n ifq`dy fgpndy kl yc` bkqgnyfkl nli gnlnh`g`ly kb Tyqny`hfd
Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`g`ly I`dftfkl ,9>'0>
0> Aqkxl* J, " _nyyfltkl* C, >660* Y`dclkjkhv ft cnrflh n ifq`dy fgpndy kl yc` bkqgnyfkl nli gnlnh`g`ly kb Tyqny`hfd
Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`g`ly I`dftfkl ,9>'0>
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
41GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Anphcl01 cnr` njtk tyq`tt`i ycny fl dnt`t xc`q` bfqgt t``e yk j`nql nli yqnltb`q yndfy
elkxj`ih` ande yk yc` pnq`ly bfqg* tdc nt gnqe`y'tp`dfbfd elkxj`ih` xc`l `ly`qflh n l`x
gnqe`y* kq nq` `lhnh`i fl pqkidyfkl nt x`jj nt q`t`nqdc* `~fyv bkqgt kb nhq``g`ly gnv a`
gkq` nppqkpqfny`,
LKL'@^PFYV NJJFNLD@T #Y@DCLKJKHV ANT@I NJJFNLD@T&
Nddkqiflh yk Bnpjel`q04
Lkl'`~fyv njjfnld` fldji` n ckty kb fly`q'bfqg dk'kp`qnyfr`
nhq``g`lyt tdc nt Q"I njjfnld`* dk'pqkidyfkl dklyqndyt* y`dclkjkhv tcnqflh* tppjv
nqqnlh`g`lyt* gnqe`yflh nhq``g`lyt* `spjkqnyfkl dkltkqyfn* `yd, Ycqkphc yfg` nli
qndyfd` dkgnlf`t cnr` lkx a`hpl yk q`njf}` ycny fl kqi`q yk hnfl dkg`yfyfr` nirnlynh`
kr`q qfrnjt yc` t`dq`y ft fl bkqgflh tpdd`ttbpj njjfnld`t, Hpjnyf " Tflhc09 cnr` tyny`i ycny
Lkl'`~fyv njjfnld`t njtk cnr` b`x dkggnli tyqdyq`t nli q`~fq` q`gnqenaj` yqty nli
dkkqiflnyfkl yk kbbt`y yc` jnde kb fld`lyfr` tvty`gt* nyckqfyv nli tynlinqi kp`qnyflh
tvty`gt,Bnpjel`q00
bpqyc`q `sjnflt ycny N lkl'`~fyv njjfnld` ft kby`l n pq`jfgflnqv ty`p
yk dq`nyflh n mkfly r`lyq` nli ft yc`q`bkq` yc` gkty bj`sfaj` nli pky`lyfnjjv yc` j`nty
dkggfyy`i bkqg kb njjfnld`, Enlh " Tnenf02
xck cnr` typif`i nli g`lyfkl`i Bnpjel`qt
xkqe fl yc`fq typiv* cnr` njtk lky`i ycny tfld` yc` njjfnld` q`~fq`t lk gnmkq flfyfnjdkggfyg`ly* fy cnt lk jfgfynyfklt nli ft pqkanajv yc` gkty nppqkpqfny` bkqg kb dkkp`qnyfkl
xc`l yc` `sy`ly kb yc` q`jnyfkltcfp ft fgpkttfaj` yk bkq`t`` ny yc` kyt`y* xc`l yc` njjfnld`
ft lky akli av n tp`dfbfd atfl`tt kq t`y kb ntt`yt* nli xc`l mkfly `sy`qlnj dkggfyg`ly ny n
d`qynfl j`r`j ft lky tp`dfbfdnjjv tkhcy,
01 Aqkxl* J, " _nyyfltkl* C, >660* Y`dclkjkhv ft cnrflh n ifq`dy fgpndy kl yc` bkqgnyfkl nli gnlnh`g`ly kb Tyqny`hfd
Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`g`ly I`dftfkl ,9>'0>
04Enlh* L, " Tnenf* E, 1???* Fly`qlnyfklnj Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`fq Qkj` fl Flityqfnj Hjkanjftnyfkl* K@DITdf`ld`*
Y`dclkjkhv nli Fliptyqv Xkqeflh _n`qt* 1???+0* K@DI _pajftcflh
09 Tynl`e* G, A, 1??9 G`ntqflh njjfnld` rnj` nli qfte= N gki`j nppqkndc yk pqfkqfyf}flh njjfnld` pqkm`dyt* Gnlnh`g`ly
I`dftfkl* Dkld`ypnj _n`q
00Enlh* L, " Tnenf* E, 1???* Fly`qlnyfklnj Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`fq Qkj` fl Flityqfnj Hjkanjftnyfkl* K@DITdf`ld`*
Y`dclkjkhv nli Fliptyqv Xkqeflh _n`qt* 1???+0* K@DI _pajftcflh
02 Enlh* L, " Tnenf* E, 1???* Fly`qlnyfklnj Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`fq Qkj` fl Flityqfnj Hjkanjftnyfkl* K@DITdf`ld`*
Y`dclkjkhv nli Fliptyqv Xkqeflh _n`qt* 1???+0* K@DI _pajftcflh
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
44GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
1,1,9 NIRNLYNH@T KB NL NJJFNLD@
Yc` iftdpttfkl kl njjfnld`t xfjj lky a` dkgj`y` fb yc` nirnlynh`t nli iftnirnlynh`t nq` lky
bpjjv iftdptt`i, Kr`q yfg` n jky kb q`t`nqdc`qt cnr` dklipdy`i `scnptyfr` nlnjvtft kl
njjfnld`t* q`ntklt bkq nl njjfnld`* tpdd`tt nli bnfjpq` kb njjfnld`t `yd, Yc`q`bkq`* bkq n
dkgnlv yk bkqg nl njjfnld` xfyc n ky`lyfnj nqyl`q fy cnt yk dkltfi`q njj yc` q`j`rnly
nirnlynh`t nli iftnirnlynh`t kb yc` nttkdfnyfkl fl kqi`q yk cnr` n tpdd`ttbpj q`jnyfkltcf,
Nddkqiflh yk Tflhc " Gfydc`jj08
njjfnld` a`l`bfyt fldji` tcnqflh dktyt* nd~fqflh yndfy
elkxj`ih`* dkgg`qdfnjf}flh dkgpj`s y`dclkjkhv* `spnliflh flyk l`x gnqe`yt* `ly`qflh l`x
flityqf`t* dkgpj`g`lyflh pqkidy jfl`t* nli fldq`ntflh gnqe`y pkx`q,Cnlt`l " Lkcqfn03
cnr` `gcntft`i kl tkg` gkq` nirnlynh`t kb njjfnld`t xcfdc nq` dny`hkqft`i a`jkx=
Dkty tnrflht ycqkhc yc` yqnltb`q kba`ty pqndyfd`t
A`yy`q i`dftfkl gneflh nt n q`tjy kb nirfd` kaynfl`i bqkg dkjj`nh`t fl kyc`q
tatfifnqf`t
Fldq`nt`i q`r`l` ycqkhc yc` tcnqflh kb `sp`qyft` nli pqkidyt ngklh tatfifnqf`t
Fllkrnyfkl ycqkhc yc` dkgaflnyfkl nli dqktt'pkjjflnyfkl kbfi`nt nli
@lcnld`i dnpndfyvbkq dkjj`dyfr` ndyfkl ycny flrkjr`t iftp`qt`i lfyt
Nddkqiflh yk Bnqke M, Dklyqndykq06
yc` bkjjkxflh nq` yc` nirnlynh`t nli q`ntklt xcv
dkgnlf`t bkqg njjfnld`t
08Tflhc* E, " Gfydc`jj* X, 1??0* Hqkxyc Ivlngfdt= Yc` Afifq`dyfklnj Q`jnyfkltcfp a`yx``l Fly`q'bfqg Dkjjnakqnyfkl nli
Atfl`tt Tnj`t fl @lyqnly nli Fldga`ly Njjfnld`t* Tyqny`hfd Gnlnh`g`ly Mkpqlnj __ 96801>
03 Cnlt`l* G, Y, " Lkcqfn* L, 1??9* Ckx yk Afji Dkjjnakqnyfr` Nirnlynh`* GFY Tjknl Gnlnh`g`ly Q`rf`x* , 11
06Q`p`q* M, M, 1??9* Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`kqv " @rfi`ld`* PT* Ksbkqi plfr`qtfyv _q`tt* __ >6 98
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
49GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
Kppkqylfyv I`ynfjt
Qfte q`idyfkl _qkipdy + _kqybkjfk ifr`qtfbfdnyfkl
Ift`qtfkl nli+kq q`ipdyfkl kb bfs`i dkty
Jkx`q ykynj dnfynj flr`tyg`ly
Bnty`q `lyqv nli nvande
@dklkgf`t kb tdnj` Jkx`q nr`qnh` dkty bqkg jnqh`q rkjpg`
Jkx`q dkty av ptflh dkgnqnyfr` nirnlynh` kb `ndc nqyl`q
Dkgpj`g`lynqv y`dclkjkhf`t nli pny`lyt Y`dclkjkhfdnj tvl`qhv
@sdcnlh` kb ny`lyt nli y`qqfykqf`t
Dk'kpyflh kq ajkdeflh dkgp`yfyfkl I`b`ltfr` mkfly r`lypq`t yk q`ipd` dkg`yfyfkl
Kbb`ltfr` mkfly r`lypq`t yk fldq`nt` dktyt nli+kq jkx`q gnqe`y tcnq`
bkq n ycfqi dkgnlv
Kr`qdkgflh hkr`qlg`ly anqqf`qt kl
flr`tyg`ly " yqni` Q`d`frflh `qgfy yk k`qny` nt n jkdnj `lyfyv a`dnpt` kb jkdnj nqyl`q
Tnyftbvflh jkdnj dkly`ly q`~pfq`g`lyt
Fly`qlnyfklnj spnltfkl
A`l`bfy bqkg jkdnj nqyl`qt elkx ckxR`qyfdnj fly`hqnyfkl Ndd`tt yk gny`qfnjt
Ndd`tt yk y`dclkjkhv
Ndd`tt yk jnakpq
Ndd`tt yk dnfynj
Q`hpjnykqv `qgfyt
Ndd`tt yk iftyqfapyfkl dcnll`jt
A`l`bfyt bqkg aqnli q`dkhlfyfkl
@tynajftcflh jflet xfyc gnmkq apv`qt
Iqnxflh kl sftyflh bfs`i gnqe`yflh `tynajftcg`lyTkpqd`= Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`kqv " @rfi`ld`* #1??9&
Ynaj` > Gkyfr`t bkq Njjfnld`t
1,1,0 ELKXJ@IH@ " DCNLH@ GNLNH@G@LY
Elkxj`ih` yqnltb`q ft nl fly`hqnj nqy kb nlv njjfnld`* yc`q`bkq`* fl kqi`q bkq bfqgt yk cnr` n
tpdd`ttbpj njjfnld` yc` elkxj`ih` nd~pfq`i nli yc` dcnlh`t aqkphcy av yc` njjfnld` l``i yk
a` gnlnh`i qk`qjv, Gnlnh`g`ly kb elkxj`ih` nli dcnlh` ft `qcnt yc` gkty
fgkqynly nqy kb nl njjfnld` kl xcfdc bfqgt tckpji nv `syqn nyy`lyfkl bkq yc` tgkkyc
qpllflh kb yc` njjfnld`+dkjjnakqnyfkl, C`fg`l " Lfde`qtkl2? fl yc`fq q`t`nqdc nqhp` fly`q
bfqg njjfnld`t dnl qnft` n bling`lynj pqkaj`g ycny ft fl kqi`q yk dq`ny` rnj`* dkjjnakqnykqt
gnv cnr` yk nikpy n rnqf`yv kb pqndyfd`t yk bndfjfyny` elkxj`ih` yqnltb`q* i`pjkvflh yc`t`
pqndyfd`t fldq`nt`t yc` jfe`jfckki ycny `dklkgfdnjjv rnjnaj` elkxj`ih`* xcfdc ft bfqtyjv
2?
C`fgnl* A,N, " Lfde`qtkl* M,N, 1??9* @gpfqfdnj @rfi`ld` Q`hnqiflh yc` Y`ltfkl A`yx``l Elkxj`ih` Tcnqflh nli
Elkxj`ih` @spqkpqfnyfkl fl Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`qfnj nli I`dftfkl @dklkgfdt* _pajftc`i kljfl` fl Xfj`v Fly`qTdf`ld`
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
40GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
a`vkli yc` tdkp` kb yc` njjfnld`* nli t`dklijv ifbbfdjy yk j`hnjjv pqky`dy gnva` t`f}`i nt n
q`tjy,
Yc` c`lkg`lkl kb elkxj`ih` tcnqflh gnv a` rf`x`i fl yc` jfhcy kb yc` bkjjkxflh `sngj`
yne`l bqkg yc` xkqe kb Tcp`l2>
, Yc` `sngj` ft kb nl njjfnld` a`yx``l nl Ng`qfdnl bfqg
nli n Mnnl`t` bfqg* fl kqi`q bkq yc`g yk xkqe ykh`yc`q nli bkq yc` qkd`tt kb elkxj`ih`
yqnltb`q yk qpl tgkkycjv yc` y`ngt bqkg akyc bfqgt x`q` dk'jkdny`i njjkxflh yc`g yk xkqe
djkt`jv nli kl n q`hpjnq antft, Tcp`lt kat`qrnyfklt x`q` yc` bkjjkxflh=
NG@QFDNL BFQG
Yc` Ng`qfdnl pnqyl`q dkld`lyqny`i gnfljv kl kaynflflh yc` elkxj`ih` ycny xnt ifq`dyjv
q`jny`i yk yc` i`jfr`qnaj`t* nttkdfny`i xfyc yc` njjfnld`t hknjt nli kam`dyfr`t,
MN_NL@T@ BFQG
Yc` Mnpnl`t` pnqyl`q kl yc` kyc`q cnli dkld`lyqny`i kl nd~fqflh pqkd`tt'q`jny`i
elkxj`ih` kb yc` Ng`qfdnl bfqgt l`x pqkidyfkl y`dclkjkhv,
BFLIFLHT
Yc` elkxj`ih` a`flh nd~fq`i av yc` Ng`qfdnl bfqg xnt xfycfl yc` nhq``i tdkp` kb yc`
dkjjnakqnyfkl* xc`q`nt* yc` elkxj`ih` a`flh nd~fq`i av yc` Mnpnl`t` bfqg xnt lky ifq`dyjv
q`j`rnly yk yc` tyny`i hknjt kb yc` njjfnld`,
DKLDJPTFKL
Fl yc` jfhcy kb yc` nakr` `sngj`* Tcp`l21
dkldjpi`i i`tdqfpyfkl kb yc` njjfnld` thh`tyt
ycny bfqgt `gpjkv``t x`q` l`fyc`q `spjfdfyjv nxnq` kb yc` kyc`q bfqgt elkxj`ih` nd~ftfyfkl
fly`lyfklt* lkq x`q` yc`v nxnq` kb yc` `sy`ly kb elkxj`ih` jyfgny`jv yqnltb`qq`i,
N tfgfjnq `sngj` cnt a``l hfr`l av Dklyqndykq24 fl y`qgt kb qkbfy gnqhflt* nddkqiflh yk
cfg Fb yc` `bb`dy kb n dkkp`qnyfr` gkr` a`yx``l pnqyl`qt ft yk dq`ny` n jklh'y`qg dtykg`q
2>C`fgnl* A,N, " Lfde`qtkl* M,N, 1??9* @gpfqfdnj @rfi`ld` Q`hnqiflh yc` Y`ltfkl A`yx``l Elkxj`ih` Tcnqflh nli
Elkxj`ih` @spqkpqfnyfkl fl Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`qfnj nli I`dftfkl @dklkgfdt* _pajftc`i kljfl` fl Xfj`v Fly`qTdf`ld`
21C`fgnl* A,N, " Lfde`qtkl* M,N, 1??9* @gpfqfdnj @rfi`ld` Q`hnqiflh yc` Y`ltfkl A`yx``l Elkxj`ih` Tcnqflh nli
Elkxj`ih` @spqkpqfnyfkl fl Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`qfnj nli I`dftfkl @dklkgfdt* _pajftc`i kljfl` fl Xfj`v Fly`qTdf`ld`
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
42GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
bkq n pnqy kq ndyfr` flhq`if`ly* yc` tyqny`hfd fgpndy hk`t a`vkli yc` nqqnlh`g`ly fyt`jb, Yc`
gnlnh`g`ly kb elkxj`ih` nli dcnlh` cnt a``l bpqyc`q tyq`tt`i av Q`p`q29
* nddkqiflh yk
cfg yc` xkqqv kb dq`nyflh n byq` dkgp`yfykq ft kby`l kr`qajkxl* ay gty a` dkltfi`q`i
xc`l `ly`qflh flyk nlv dkkp`qnyfr` r`lyq` kq yqnltb`qqflh y`dclkjkhv kq elkx ckx yk
nlkyc`q bfqg,
Q`p`q bpqyc`q `sjnfl yc` c`lkg`lkl kb elkxj`ih` gnlnh`g`ly xfyc q`b`q`ld` yk
_kqy`qt akke* Dkgp`yfyfr` Nirnlynh`= Dq`nyflh nli Ttynflflh Tp`qfkq _`qbkqgnld`*
Q`p`q20
`sjnflt ycny xc`l n nl flityqvt tdkp` ft dklyqv ant`iyc` ycq`ny kb njjfnld`t ft
tfhlfbfdnlyjv j`tt* kljv fb yc` pnqyl`q ft n jkdnj bfqg nli lnaj` yk gne` fyt kl ifq`dy
flr`tyg`lyt fl kyc`q dklyqf`t,
Ycpt* nddkqiflh yk C`fgnl nli Lfde`qtkl22
* yc`q` ft n l``i ycny yc` rnj` dq`ny`i av yc`
njjfnld` bqkg yqnltb`qqflh elkxj`ih` gnv a` dkld`nj`i fl q`jnyfkl yk yc` elkxj`ih`
`spqkpqfny`i ycny gnv q`tjy fl n jktt fl dkgp`yfyfr` nirnlynh`* fb yc` ifj`ggn ft lky x`jj
gnlnh`i,
1,1,2 NJJFNLD@ DCNJJ@LH@T
Nby`q yc` fl i`yc nlnjvtft kb elkxj`ih` gnlnh`g`ly fl njjfnld`t* yc` iftdpttfkl gkr`t kl
yk `sjnflflh yc` ky`lyfnj anqqf`qt yk njjfnld`t, _kttfaj` anqqf`qt yk njjfnld`t cnr` a``l
iftdptt`i fl hq`ny i`ynfj fl yc` xkqe kb Cnlt`l " Lkcqfn28* xcfdc nq` jfty`i a`jkx nli
`sjnfl`i fl i`ynfj,
24Q`p`q* M, M, 1??9* Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`kqv " @rfi`ld`* PT* Ksbkqi Plfr`qtfyv _q`tt* __ >6 98
29Q`p`q* M, M, 1??9* Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`kqv " @rfi`ld`* PT* Ksbkqi Plfr`qtfyv _q`tt* __ >6 98
20Q`p`q* M, M, 1??9* Tyqny`hfd Njjfnld`t= Yc`kqv " @rfi`ld`* PT* Ksbkqi Plfr`qtfyv _q`tt* __ >6 98
22
C`fgnl* A,N, " Lfde`qtkl* M,N, 1??9* @gpfqfdnj @rfi`ld` Q`hnqiflh yc` Y`ltfkl A`yx``l Elkxj`ih` Tcnqflh nliElkxj`ih` @spqkpqfnyfkl fl Njjfnld`t* Gnlnh`qfnj nli I`dftfkl @dklkgfdt* _pajftc`i kljfl` fl Xfj`v Fly`qTdf`ld`
28Cnlt`l* G, Y, " Lkcqfn* L, 1??9* Ckx yk Afji Dkjjnakqnyfr` Nirnlynh`* GFY Tjknl Gnlnh`g`ly Q`rf`x* ,11
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Tyqny`hfd Y`dclkjkhv Njjfnld`t fl yc` Nh` kb Dklr`qh`ld`
Nhty 1?* 1??8
48GTd, Y@SGNL* Gny`qfnjt I`py, ^``l Gnqv* Plfr`qtfyv kb Jklikl
PLXFJJFLH YK T@@E FL_PY NLI J@NQL BQKG KYC@QT
Fl kqi`q yk pli`qtynli yc` dkld`y kb ycft anqqf`q x` cnr` yk nq`dfny` xcny Yckgtkl "
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cnr` `sjnfl`i fl yc`fq xkqe* nl njjfnld` ft njxnvt xc`l tkg`kl` aqflht tkg`ycflh
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