STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL CHALLENGES FOR WATER MANAGEMENT … · STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL CHALLENGES FOR...
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STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL CHALLENGES FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED Douglas Beegle, Distinguished Professor of Agronomy
Dept. of Plant Science
Penn State University
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Chesapeake Bay Health
Chesapeake Bay Program
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Ag Nutrient Management for Environmental Protection in the Chesapeake Bay
• What is causing the problem?
– Tactical - Management • Mismanagement
– Environmental – Economic
» Assumption: Economics should solve the problem . . . but that’s not happening?
• On the farm focus • Regulations • Education
– Strategic - Systemic • Economics are driving the problem,
not the solution • Structure of agricultural systems • Regional nutrient imbalance • Beyond the farm focus
• Solutions must address both strategic and tactical issues
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Traditional Animal Ag Nutrient Flows
Crops
Local Animals
Soil
¼
¾
Manure
Fertilizer
$
In 1881 the PA
Supreme Court
ruled that manure
was part of the
“realty” of the
farm.
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Why is there a pollution problem with nutrients?
• Prior to WW II, most farms relatively feed self-sufficient traditional farms – Main source of N was legumes and manure
• Nitrate plants built for explosives in WW II – Converted to fertilizer production after the war
– Enabled grain production on farms without animal manure and legumes to supply N
• Facilitated specialization – Specialization
• Farms in the “corn belt” grew corn
• Farms in places like PA fed that corn to animals
– Concentration of ag industries
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$
Contemporary Animal Ag Nutrient Flow
Soil
Crops
Feed mill
$
- $
¼
-$
Animals
¾
Manure ? ? ?
Global
Externality $?
(~ $900 M/yr) Shortle, et al, 2013
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Nutrient Imbalance
Maguire et al., 2007
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Bay Watershed Model
• PA Nutrient Management Act
• PA Clean Streams Law
• Federal Clean Water Act: AFO/CAFO
• Chesapeake Bay TMDL
• Bay Watershed Model
All focus on changing on-farm management!
On-farm management has been at the core of Bay restoration efforts
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Progress in the Chesapeake Bay
• BMP based programs – Significant progress. . . But
not enough progress
– Relatively low hanging fruit
– Progress may be slowing
– Economic of going forward with this same approach are not sustainable
• Strategic approaches – Real progress requires
strategic approaches that address the fundamental underlying systemic problem
• Nutrient Imbalance
– Internalize the environmental costs
Chesapeake Bay Program
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Strategic Conflict Between Economic Production and the Environmental Protection
Social Pressure
Non-Market Env.
Outputs
Adapted from Lanyon, 2000
Food
Economic Forces
Market
Current Policy
Response
BM
Ps
Economic externality!
Some Public
Funding
Farm
Production
Decisions
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$
Contemporary Animal Ag Nutrient Flow
Soil
Crops
Feed mill
$
- $
¼
-$
Animals
¾
Manure ? ? ?
Global
Externality $?
(~ $900 M/yr) Shortle, et al, 2013
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Env.
Strategic Solution to Food Production and the Environment
Production
Decisons
Economic Power Economic/Social Signals
Adapted from Lanyon, 2000
Market BMPs
We need to internalize the environmental
costs of food production . . . Somehow?
Food
Outputs
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Contemporary Animal Ag Nutrient Flow
Soil
Crops
Feed mill
Global
¼
Externality $?
Animals
¾
Manure ? ? ?
$
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Addressing the Real Solution to the Nutrient Management Problem?
• This is not an just agricultural issue it is a food issue
Producing food in a way that causes less pollution is more expensive . . . How are we going to pay that cost?
• Will require changes and restructuring in our food systems – In government policy – On the farm – In the home/grocery store
• Nutrient management is a complex socioeconomic/environmental problem within a complex ecosystem – Limited Resources
• Balance Idealism & Realism • Cost/benefits - Targeting
– Understand variability and uncertainty – Continued emphasis on science and education
• More emphasis strategic issues
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Summary • Understand and address both the systemic and management issues
• Major progress has been made in many segments of the food production system resulting in significant improvements in water quality
– Improved agronomic efficiency
– Improved animal production efficiency
– Improved nutrient management systems
• Integrate nutrient management into systems focusing on outcomes not activities
– Set the objectives and give managers the freedom to come up with solutions
– Encourage individual innovation
– Don’t dictate practices, especially one size fits all prescriptions
• Greater emphasis on solutions to the systemic issues
– Relieve the strategic conflict between production and the environment
– Encourage public and private strategic innovation
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Douglas Beegle
Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program
http://panutrientmgmt.cas.psu.edu
Penn State Extension Crop Management Team
http://cmeg.psu.edu
Penn State Extension
http://extension.psu.edu