Story of South Africa Story of South Africa

•It’s European Invasion It’s European Invasion

and Struggle with and Struggle with Apartheid Apartheid

SS7H1C: Explain the creation SS7H1C: Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F. W. DeKlerk Mandela and F. W. DeKlerk

• Essential Questions???Essential Questions???

• What events led up to apartheid?What events led up to apartheid?

• What is apartheid? What was its purpose?What is apartheid? What was its purpose?

• How were the black South Africans How were the black South Africans treated and how does it compare to the treated and how does it compare to the treatment of the black Americans prior treatment of the black Americans prior and during the Civil Rights Movement?and during the Civil Rights Movement?

SS7CG3: The student will SS7CG3: The student will analyze how politics in Africa analyze how politics in Africa impacts the standard of livingimpacts the standard of living

• How did apartheid impact the How did apartheid impact the standard of living of black South standard of living of black South Africans in contrast to the standard Africans in contrast to the standard of living of white South Africans?of living of white South Africans?

Read page 561 Read page 561 16521652• The The Dutch settled the Cape Colony in Southern Dutch settled the Cape Colony in Southern Africa.Africa.

• Over time they considered themselves more Over time they considered themselves more African than European and called themselves African than European and called themselves Afrikaners.Afrikaners. They considered themselves They considered themselves superior to native Africans and used them as superior to native Africans and used them as slaves until the early 1800s when the British slaves until the early 1800s when the British took control of the Cape Colony and abolished took control of the Cape Colony and abolished slavery.slavery.Early 1800s in Southern AfricaEarly 1800s in Southern Africa

After defeating the black South Africans, the After defeating the black South Africans, the Afrikaners had migrated north of the Orange Afrikaners had migrated north of the Orange River, known as the Great Trek, due to the River, known as the Great Trek, due to the British presence in the Cape Colony. British presence in the Cape Colony.

1899-19021899-1902 Large quantities of Large quantities of gold were found by gold were found by the Afrikaners and the Afrikaners and coincided with the coincided with the British discovering British discovering diamonds in southern diamonds in southern Africa in 1867.Africa in 1867.

The riches, along with the The riches, along with the colonial movement in colonial movement in general, led to the British general, led to the British crossing over the Orange crossing over the Orange River resulting in the Boer River resulting in the Boer War of 1899-1902.War of 1899-1902.

3 generations of Boers

AfrikanersAfrikaners/Boers/Boers

• The The AfrikanersAfrikaners were originally were originally called Boers (“farmers”) called Boers (“farmers”) because many Dutch settlers of because many Dutch settlers of the old Cape Colony became the old Cape Colony became frontier farmers.frontier farmers.

• They established self-sufficient They established self-sufficient communities, developed their communities, developed their own language and were own language and were committed to a policy of committed to a policy of apartheid. apartheid.

• They fought a bitter war with They fought a bitter war with the British ( Boer War, 1899–the British ( Boer War, 1899–1902) over the right to govern 1902) over the right to govern the frontier territories. Though the frontier territories. Though defeated, they retained their defeated, they retained their old language and culture and old language and culture and eventually attained politically eventually attained politically the power they had failed to the power they had failed to win militarily.win militarily.

Boer WarBoer War• Native Africans fought alongside the Native Africans fought alongside the

British due to their abolishment of British due to their abolishment of slavery.slavery.

• The British won the Boer WarThe British won the Boer War and and after a few years of negotiation with after a few years of negotiation with the Afrikaners, combined four the Afrikaners, combined four colonies (2 Dutch and 2 British) into colonies (2 Dutch and 2 British) into the Union of South Africa in 1910. the Union of South Africa in 1910.

• Even though it was a republic, the Even though it was a republic, the black South Africans had no rights.black South Africans had no rights.

Read Page 562 Afrikaners Read Page 562 Afrikaners continued . . .continued . . .• They dominated South They dominated South

African politics for most African politics for most of the 20th century but of the 20th century but were forced to give up were forced to give up national power in 1994 national power in 1994 after the first elections after the first elections based on universal based on universal suffrage (Everyone, suffrage (Everyone, including blacks, voted). including blacks, voted). Today much of the Today much of the country's economic country's economic wealth remains in wealth remains in Afrikaner hands.Afrikaner hands.

Queen Victoria's diamond from the Transvaal

What is Apartheid?What is Apartheid? (Show video)(Show video)

•The term The term apartheidapartheid (from the Afrikaans (from the Afrikaans word for "apartnessword for "apartness") was coined in the ") was coined in the 1930s and used as a political slogan of 1930s and used as a political slogan of the National Party in the early 1940s, the National Party in the early 1940s, but the policy itself extends back to the but the policy itself extends back to the beginning of white settlers (the Dutch) beginning of white settlers (the Dutch) in South Africa in 1652. in South Africa in 1652.

•After the primarily Afrikaner After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948, Nationalists came to power in 1948, apartheid was implemented under law.apartheid was implemented under law.

How did the new government

enforce this new policy?

• The implementation of the policy, later referred to as "separate development," was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), White, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

Afrikaner Nationalists’ Afrikaner Nationalists’ policiespolicies

• The system of apartheid was enforced by a series of The system of apartheid was enforced by a series of laws passed in the 1950s: the laws passed in the 1950s: the Group Areas Act of Group Areas Act of 19501950 assigned races to different residential and assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas business sections in urban areas

• The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 restricted nonwhite restricted nonwhite residence to specific areas. These laws further residence to specific areas. These laws further restricted the already limited right of black Africans to restricted the already limited right of black Africans to own land, entrenching the white minority's control of own land, entrenching the white minority's control of over 80 percent of South African land. over 80 percent of South African land.

• Other laws prohibited most social interaction between Other laws prohibited most social interaction between the races; enforced the segregation of public facilities, the races; enforced the segregation of public facilities, including educational; created race-specific jobs; including educational; created race-specific jobs; limited the powers of nonwhite unions; and minimized limited the powers of nonwhite unions; and minimized nonwhite participation in government. nonwhite participation in government.

More Restrictions!!!More Restrictions!!!•The Bantu Authorities Act of The Bantu Authorities Act of

19511951 and and the Promotion of Bantu the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959Self-Government Act of 1959 furthered these divisions between furthered these divisions between the races by creating ten African the races by creating ten African "homelands"homelands“ to be self-governed by “ to be self-governed by the various “tribes.” the various “tribes.”

•The Bantu Homelands Citizenship The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970Act of 1970 made every black South made every black South African a citizen of one of the African a citizen of one of the homelands which eliminated black homelands which eliminated black Africans from South African politics.Africans from South African politics.

A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982.

A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

Houses in Soweto, a

black township in

the “homelands.”

A girl looking through a window of her shack in Cross Roads, 1978.

Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.

Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.

Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988.

A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe consequences from the government.

Grave of the young Black leader, Steve Biko, in King Williams Town, South Africa. Biko died while in prison in 1977. During the investigation into his death, strong evidence was presented that Biko suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his imprisonment.

SS7E2B: Describe a trade barrier that effected the economy of South Africa

• What is a sanction?

• Why did foreign countries impose sanctions on South Africa?

• How did foreign countries hurt South Africa’s economy with sanctions.

Key word is “selective”Key word is “selective” Apartheid was also denounced by the Apartheid was also denounced by the

international community: in 1961 South international community: in 1961 South Africa was forced to withdraw from the Africa was forced to withdraw from the British Commonwealth by member British Commonwealth by member countries who were critical of the countries who were critical of the apartheid system, and in 1985 the apartheid system, and in 1985 the governments of the governments of the United States and United States and Great Britain imposed Great Britain imposed selectiveselective economic sanctions on South Africa in economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy. protest of its racial policy.

The numbers don’t lie . . .

Population

Land allocation

Share of national income

Minimum taxable income

Doctors/population

Infant mortality rate

Annual expenditure on education per student

Teacher/student ratio

Blacks Whites

19 million 4.5 million

13% 87%

<20% 75%

360 rands 750 rands

1/44,000 1/400

20%-40% 2.7%

$45 $696

1/60 1/22

Assessment 1: Create a protest poster.• You are a black South African and you are

protesting against Apartheid.

• On your poster tell 4 things that the Afrikaners are doing that are restricting your rights as a black South African. (25 points for each correctly explained event/right.)

• Include an illustration of each event. Make it colorful and creative! You want to draw people’s attention.

• Due: ____________________

SS7H1C: Explain the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W. DeKlerk in South Africa

• What did F.W. DeKlerk and Nelson Mandela do to end apartheid?

• What were their roles in the new government?

SS7G2C: Students will explain the structures of the modern governments of Africa

•What was the government of South Africa like after the abolishment of Apartheid?

SS7G4C: Evaluate how the literacy rate affects the standard of living

• How did denying black South Africans the same education during apartheid impact today’s South African economy and standard of living?

Show second video

Reform!!!Reform!!!• As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and outside of As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and outside of

South Africa, the South African government, led by South Africa, the South African government, led by President President F. W. de Klerk, (white) began to dismantle the apartheid F. W. de Klerk, (white) began to dismantle the apartheid system in the early 1990s. system in the early 1990s.

• The year 1990 brought a National Party government The year 1990 brought a National Party government dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of formerly dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of formerly banned black congresses (including the banned black congresses (including the ANC—African National ANC—African National CongressCongress) and the release of imprisoned black leaders. ) and the release of imprisoned black leaders.

• In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten and free In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten and free general elections were held for the first time in its history, general elections were held for the first time in its history, and with and with Nelson Mandela's election as South Africa's first Nelson Mandela's election as South Africa's first black president,black president, the last remnants of the apartheid system the last remnants of the apartheid system were finally outlawed. were finally outlawed.

Nelson Mandela

South Africa’s Government TodayRead Page 563

• South Africa is now a Republic

• The president is elected by all citizens (black, white, Asian, mixed) for 5 year terms. All citizens over the age 18 are allowed to vote

• The Legislature is bicameral and is elected by the citizens.

• The country is still dealing with social difficulties among the black population, such as education/literacy rate, quality of jobs, overall standard of living

Assignment 2: Write a newspaper article

• You are living in South Africa at the time of the abolishment (outlawing) of apartheid. Write a newspaper article describing what Nelson Mandela and F.W. DeKlerk are doing to create equal rights.

• Describe what rights the black South Africans now have due to the new republic and abolishment of apartheid.

• Include an illustration (picture) and a headline announcing the “main idea” of your article. (10 pts)

• Article needs to be at least 4 paragraphs long. (1st = life like under apartheid 25 pts, 2nd = Mandela’s role in abolishing apartheid (25 pts), 3rd= DeKlerk’s role in abolishing apartheid (25 pts), 4th = what life is like in South Africa Today (25 pts). Due: ____________

Information and photo Information and photo credits:credits:

The United Nations The United Nations http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htmapartheid.htm

Alonford James Robinson Jr. with Alonford James Robinson Jr. with Africana Encyclopedia Africana Encyclopedia http://www.africanaencyclopedia.comhttp://www.africanaencyclopedia.com/apartheid/apartheid.html/apartheid/apartheid.html