Story Lines and Myths in 20 th Century Immigration Historiography.
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Transcript of Story Lines and Myths in 20 th Century Immigration Historiography.
![Page 1: Story Lines and Myths in 20 th Century Immigration Historiography.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051618/56649c865503460f9493e0a6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Story Lines and Myths in 20th Century Immigration Historiography
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Opening Comments – Where are the immigrants?
• Scholarship and autobiography
• John Higham, STRANGERS IN THE LAND
• Mark I Choate, EMIGRANT NATION; THE MAKING OF ITALY ABROAD
• African Americans
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Pre 1790|1790|1820|1880|19
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Colonial Period
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Early National Period
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Middle 19th Century
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Immigration High Tide The “New Immigrants”
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Mid 20th Century
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Late 20th Century
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The General Theory – Push/PullPush
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Pull
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The Mudsill Myth – “La Miseria”
• Difficulties in discerning differences between those who left and those who stayed behind
• Emigration is a positively selective process• Motives for emigrating– Advancing the family economy– Avoiding conscription or jail
• Social strata of repatriates – Benestante, Americani, and new Americani
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Social Stratification in Franza – 1900 & 1960
Joseph Lopreato, Peasants No More: Social Class and Social Change in an Underdeveloped Society (1967)
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The fallacy of using schooling as a measure of an immigrant’s worth
• Schooling in 19th and early 20th century Italy and America– The significance of this for assessing the character
and resources of emigrants?– In the U.S. the Common School provided 6 to 8
years of instruction to students– In Italy village schools offered 3 years [at best]
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American Responses to Immigration
• Open Door– Motivations• Humanitarian• Economic
• Restriction – Motivations• Economic• Nativist
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History of Nativism
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A Case Study of Pull Immigration The Tirocchi of Providence, RI
A Classic Chain Migration
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Origins - Guarcino
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Madame Tirocchi{Anna}
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Madame Tirocchi her Butler Exchange Shop – “A & L Tirocchi” ca 1911
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M. Tirocchi with Shop Girls
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The new home of “Tirocchi Gowns”514 Broadway - 1915
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Laura Tirocchi-Cella and Dr. Cella
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Eugenia Tirocchi – Grocerier and Landlord
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The Tirocchi Men
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Frank Tirocchi – padrone, pharmacy clerk, trucker
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Tirocchi Cousins – sand and gravel merchants, concrete block
manufactures, construction contractors, tire recapping plant, auto service stations, dairy plant
and home delivery service, commercial laundry, etc.
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Federico – missionary, parish priest
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Ellis Island – The symbol
• 1982 – 1924 – 20+ Million immigrants pass through
Ellis Island– Peak year – 1907 – 1,004,756 pass
through the station– 560, 971 enter in 1921– 1921 Quota Law set nationality limits
for each nationality to 3% of their number in the 1910 U. S. population and total annual limit of 358,000
– 1924 Quota Law moved the “reference date” to 1890 and reduced annual quota to 164,000
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The Ellis Island Myth – “our name was changed by officials at Ellis Island”
• Time spent and nature of the processing of immigrants at Ellis Island– Ship
passenger lists– Eligibility
screening– The “six
second physical”
– Utility of the Myth
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Americanization/Assimilation - Theories
• Racial implications of the “new immigrant” concept
• Red Scare and the intensity of Americanization efforts
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Melting Pot or Salad bowl
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The Melting Pot at Ford
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Immigrants’ responses to assimilation
• Family economic strategies –Old or new world locus •Schooling for children•Economic choices •Language and citizenship decisions – “language loyalty”
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The Myth of the Marginal Man
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Americanization – Institutions
• Schools• Settlement Houses• Industry• Public Libraries• Religion• Ethnic Press
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George F. Johnson and the Square Deal• New employees at Endicott Johnson
were given a copy of a pamphlet called "An EJ Worker's First Lesson in the Square Deal."
• It read, in part:• "To the new EJ worker: You have
now joined the happy family in the square deal. If you are faithful, loyal, and reliable, you will earn a good living under fair conditions. You are indeed a part of the company. Remember that you are cared for when sick, medical and hospital services are yours, privileges of many kinds are yours. Your friend, George F. Johnson."
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Religion
• The American “Irish” Church and Immigrants• “National Parishes”– Protestant evangelicals – Italians– Trusteeism – Other Roman Catholic groups – “The Polish National
Catholic Church -1897”• Ownership of Church property• Parish government in secular matters by parishioners• Parishioner authority in assignment of Priests• Appointment of Polish Bishops in the U.S. – participation of
clergy and Laity
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Schools – Public and Parochial
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Chazy Central Rural School
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Home Economics
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Physical Education
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Industrial Education
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Adult Education
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