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A guide for policy-makers in Croatia

STOP THE FLOOD OF PLASTIC

2019REPORT

| CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in Croatia

CROATIAEXECUTIVE SUMMARYCROATIA’S PLASTIC VALUE CHAIN LEADS TO 40KT OF PLASTIC WASTE LEAKED INTO NATURE EACH YEAR.

Croatia generates 400kTs of plastic waste each year, or 96 kg of plastic per capita. It has the 3rd highest per capita waste generation in the region. Tourism is a key factor in this waste generation, increasing waste substantially in summer months. The majority of waste in Croatia has a linear fate, as 67% of waste is sent directly to landfill, and 6% is incinerated. Only 16% of waste is recycled, due to low collection rates, contaminated waste streams, and limited recycling infrastructure. Uncollected waste is the main cause of plastic leakage into nature, leading to 40kT of plastic ending up in nature each year.

CROATIA’S MEDITERRANEAN COASTLINE EXPERIENCES NEGATIVE IMPACTS FROM PLASTIC POLLUTION.

Around 4kT of plastic enters the Mediterranean from Croatia, including 18% from sea-based sources, such as ghost finishing nets and equipment. Half of this waste makes its way back to pollute Croatian coastlines each year. This plastic pollution causes an estimated €8M loss to the Croatian Blue Economy, including tourism, fishing and shipping.

TO REDUCE ITS PLASTIC POLLUTION, CROATIA SHOULD FOCUS ON FURTHER REDUCING CONSUMPTION, IMPROVING COLLECTION AND INCREASING RECYCLING.

In 2019, Croatia imposed a ban on the free distribution of plastic bags. Beyond this, Croatia should aim to implement the EU single-use directive, enforcing bans on additional plastic items. To reach its target of 50% separate collection by 2020, Croatia should provide additional technical and financial resources for municipalities to conduct waste collection. This includes developing seasonal waste management plans for regions receiving high tourism influx, to ensure additional collection capacity. Finally, Croatia should grow its recycling industry to reach EU recycling targets, by setting more ambitious targets and improving the economics of markets for recycled materials.


CROATIA

1. MAPPING THE LIFECYCLE OF PLASTIC IN CROATIA Value chain analysis of plastics’ lifecycle from production to waste

management Evaluation of the main sources of plastic leakage into Nature

3. EVALUATING THE POLICY LANDSCAPE REGARDING PLASTIC Review of the existing policy landscape and initiatives to curb plastic

pollution Roadmap to recommended future interventions

2. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF PLASTIC Overview of the impact of plastic on the country’s environment and

economy Spotlight on the top Mediterranean hotspots

ANNEX The plastics value chain and stakeholders Glossary Methodology Overview Plastic waste system activities causing controlled and mismanaged waste

INDEX

Published in June 2019

By WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund)

Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title, the lead author, and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner.

Citation of this report: Dalberg Advisors, WWF Mediterranean Marine Initiative, 2019 “Stop the Flood of Plastic: How Mediterranean countries can save their sea”

Authors: Dalberg Advisors, and the team comprised of Wijnand de Wit, Adam Hamilton, and Arianna Freschi.

Communications: Stefania Campogianni, WWF

Editing: Alona Rivord

Design/Layout/Infographics: Bianco Tangerine Snc

Front cover © Shutterstock / John Cuyos / WWF


CROATIAOVERVIEW

ITALY IS THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF PLASTIC GOODS AND THE 2ND LARGEST WASTE GENERATOR IN THE REGION

global plastic goods production0.1% PRODUCED IN CROATIA0.5 MT PLASTIC GOODS PRODUCED (2016)

end of life management0.4 MT PLASTIC WASTE GENERATED(of which 89% are collected)0.3 MT UNDERGOES LINEAR WASTE TREATMENT (landfill and incineration)0.1 MT COLLECT FOR RECYCLED (2015)

Plastic footprint overview:

CROATIA IS THE 10th LARGEST PLASTIC GOODS PRODUCER AND THE 10th WASTE GENERATOR IN THE REGION

Country facts:

population4.2 MILLION REGISTERED CITIZENS (2016)14th BIGGEST MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRYBY POPULATION SIZE

economy€42 BILLIONGDP (2016)78th LARGEST NOMINAL GDP IN THE WORLD (2018)10th LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE REGION

territory56,594 km2 OF TERRITORY5,835 km OF COASTLINE ON THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

€


CROATIAPLASTIC LIFECYCLE

PLASTIC GOODSPRODUCTION

OPENDUMP

UNCONTROLLEDLANDFILLS

CONTROLLEDLANDFILLS

INCINERATEDRECYCLEDCOLLECTEDWASTE

UNCOLLECTEDWASTE

GENERATEDWASTE

PLASTICSTILL IN USE

PLASTICPRODUCTION

PLASTICUSAGE

WASTEMANAGEMENT

MISMANAGED WASTE

0.51 0.11

0.40 0.040.36 0.07

0.270.02

1 Two main actors are needed to produce plastic goods for consumption: i. Virgin plastics producers; and ii. Manufacturers/converters of virgin plastic into a plastic good. This total production figure includes all plastic products manufactured using local and imported virgin plastic material

2 These are plastic goods produced with a mean product lifetime greater than 1 year, and/or exported for consumption in another country 3 This figure includes waste with a mean product lifetime from 1 year (or less) to 35 years

Source: PlasticsEurope 2018, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), European Environmental Agency, 2014, “Horizon 2020 Mediterranean Report. Dalberg analysis. ADEME, « Déchets. Chiffres Clés », 2017

1 2 3


CROATIAPLASTIC LIFECYCLE FOOTPRINT

PLASTIC GOODSPRODUCTION

PLASTIC WASTEGENERATION

CONTROLLED WASTETREATMENT

MISMANAGEDWASTE LEVELS

PLASTIC LEAKAGEIN NATURE

RECOVEREDMISMANAGED PLASTIC

RECYCLEDMATERIALS

PLASTICPRODUCTION

PLASTICUSAGE

WASTEMANAGEMENT

MISMANAGED WASTE

0.51 MT 0.40 MT

8.1 yearsaverage: 5.5 years

10th 10th 8th 8th 15th 15th 15th

4th 3rd 2nd 5th 19th 19th 19 th

0.36 MT 0.04 MT 0.00 MT 0.04 MT

112.6 kg 95.6 kg 85.4 kg 10.3 kg 1.0 kg 9.2 kg

n/a 100% 89% 11% 1% 10%

0.07 MT

15.6 kg

16%

RANK

INGPE

R COU

NTRY

(of 2

2 co

un

trie

s)

RANK

INGPE

R CAP

ITA(o

f 22

cou

ntr

ies)

% OF

ANNU

ALWA

STE G

ENER

.ME

D COU

NTRY

RANK

ING(k

g/pe

rson

/yea

r)

highest

lowest123

155

2196

121

1294

115

017

29

02 2

100

10

10

0

90

1

1 Ranking calculated from highest to lowest amount, out of the 22 countries with coastlines on the Mediterranean 2 Number too low to be displayed using 2 decimals rounding

Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), European Environmental Agency, 2014: Horizon 2020: Mediterranean Report

11

2


CROATIA

The Croatian waste management system planning is led by the Ministry of the Environment through a national waste management plan (2017-2022).

The operational responsibility of waste management is led by municipalities, including collection, transport and disposal of waste.

The service may be provided by the municipalities, or delegated to a public agency of intercommunal cooperation or to a private group.

The country is moving from decentralized disposal of non-treated waste on numerous local sub-standard landfills within counties to cen-tralized waste management and Waste Management Centers (WMC) serving the needs of one or several counties.

Statistics show that landfilling rates in Croatia are very high (73%) and

PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENTrecycling rates are still too low (18%) to comply with the waste hierarchy and with the 50% set in the EU Waste Framework Directive (WFD).

The separate collection system is organized by establishing a system of bring points (individual or co-mingled containers or grouped in “green islands”), and while 24% of plastics is subject to separate collection in Croatia, a mere 18% ends up being properly collected for recycling.

Around 8 ERP mechanisms currently exist in Croatia, covering different types of wastes, financed through the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund.

16% OF CROATIAN PLASTIC WASTE IS RECYCLED, WHILE 74% HAS A LINEAR FATE BY LANDFILL OR INCINERATION

PLASTIC PRODUCED0.51 MT

WASTE GENERATED0.40 MT

WASTE COLLECTED0.36 MT

NOT COLLECTED 0.04 MT

RECYCLED PACKAGING MATERIAL 0.07 MT

LANDFILL 0.27 MT

INCINERATION 0.02 MT

In Europe, less than 60% of the plastics collected for recycling is recycled. 40% is considered not recyclable (e.g. due to additives preventing recycling)

Waste collection for separated waste is done through bring points, with door-to-door waste collection available on an experimental basis in selected districts. Large variations are observed between regions

In 2017, 130 landfills were operational in Croatia, as well as 20 biological treatment plants, and 23 energy recovery facilities

Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), ADEME (2017) : « Déchets chiffres clefs », ADEME (2017) : « REP Panorama », CNID (2019)


CROATIAPLASTIC DEBRIS Sea based sea

surfaceSea bedCoastal

activitiesRivers Coastline

18%

79%

3%

11%

45%

44%

4.2 kT/year OF PLASTIC ENTERS THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

SEA-BASEDSEABED

Rivers carry 3% (0.1 kT) of Croatia’s marine plastic. The

largest water bodies of Croatia drain into the Black Sea, while Krka

basin is Croatia’s largest in the Mediterranean.

11% of plastics are deposited on the sea bed. Waste on sea beds becomes almost impossible to clean up.

RIVERS

Fisheries, aquaculture and shipping result in 18% (0.7kT)

of plastic debris. Items include crab pots, mussel nets, shipping

containers, etc.

COASTLINE45% (1.9 kT) of the plastic pollution leaked into the Mediterranean by Croatia washes back onto its shores within a year.COASTAL ACTIVITIES

Coastal activities cause 79% (3.4kT) of plastic inputs into the sea resulting from poor city

waste management practices, tourism and recreational activities.

The coastal cities which produce the highest amount of plastic waste per year include: Ploče and Neretva

Delta, and the Rijeka Bay coastal area.

SEA SURFACE44% of plastic pollution remains on the sea surface and shallow waters 1 year after leakage, taking up to a decade to reach its final destination.

Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), Liubartseva et al “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”, UNECE “Second Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters”, 2011, World Bank “Rapid Assessment of Pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea”, 2011.

PLASTICS LIFECYCLE: 4.2 KT OF PLASTIC LEAKED INTO THE SEA IN 2016, AND 45% ENDS UP ON THE COAST WITHIN A YEAR


CROATIA

The environmental impact of Croatia’s production and consumption of plastic is lower than the Mediterranean average

Croatia consumption requires the equivalent of 7M barrels of oil in energy, and emits 2.8 MT of CO2

The environmental impact of pollution varies at a local level, either because of the local biodiversity (e.g. Krka National park) or because of the sea current patterns concentrating waste in some areas

Plastic debris accumulation along the coast of Croatia is below the Mediterranean average despite its large coastline relative to population.

PLASTIC IMPACT Liubartseva et al, (2018) found

much lower concentration of floating plastic in Croatian waters compared to surrounding countries.

However hotspots exists, such as the Ploče and Neretva Delta and the Rijeka Bay coastal area

The Croatian coast is polluted by waste coming from surrounding countries, such as Albania or Bosnia and Herzegovina. This waste represents around 30% of waste ending up on the shore of Croatia according to Liubartseva et al, (2018).

CROATIA’S COASTS EXPERIENCE BELOW AVERAGE PLASTIC POLLUTION DUE TO THE NATURAL SEA CURRENTS AND DRIFTS

ENERGY CONSUMEDIN OIL EQUIVALENT

ANNUAL COASTLINEPLASTIC POLLUTION

ECONOMIC COSTOF POLLUTION

DAILY PLASTIC DEBRISFLUX PER KM OF COASTLINE

CO2EMISSIONS

€€

PLASTICPRODUCTION

WASTEMANAGEMENT MISMANAGED WASTE

CROA

TIA%

OF TO

TAL

MED I

MPAC

T

7M barrels

1.4%

average: 5.1 kgs/km2.8 MT

1.4%

1.9kT

3%

0.9 kgs/km

n/a

$8 milion

2%

1 Total plastic debris ending up on the country’s coastlines each year, as showcased on the right-hand graph on slide 8 2 Economic impact of plastic pollution on Tourism, Fisheries, and Maritime Trade. Total excludes the cost of clean-up

3 Calculated based on the total economic cost of pollution for all 22 Mediterranean countries 4 Total CO2 lifecycle emissions from production, recycling and incineration (See Annex III for further details)

Sources: S. Liubartseva et al, 2018: “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”, Dalberg analysis.

4 1 2

3


CROATIAMEDITERRANEAN HOTSPOTS

Sources: Dalberg analysis, S. Liubartseva et al, 2018: “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”, World Bank “Rapid Assessment of Pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea”, 2011.

Pula Bay

Zadar Channel

Šibenik and Krka’s estuary Split and Kaštela

Bay

Dubrovnik

RĲEKA BAY

PLOČE & NERETVA DELTA

WASTE COLLECTION IS MOST EFFECTIVE IN MAINLAND OF CROATIA, WHILE THE SOUTH LAGS BEHINDWaste production

Rijeka is the largest port in Croatia Rijeka Bay aquatic system behaves as an essentially closed system with

a slow exchange of water massesWaste management

The municipal waste is disposed at the non-sanitary landfill Viševac (65,000 t/y) and a few other smaller non-sanitary landfills in the vicinity

About 250,000 t of hazardous solid and liquid waste disposed at the Sovjak dump present a great risk of groundwater and sea contamination

Waste production Commercial port of Ploče and intensive agricultural activities in the

Neretva Delta Sector of tourism, with sharp seasonal increase in waste production

rom June to September Untreated municipal wastewaters from upstream Neretva River

Waste management One of the highest number of active landfills in the country and a large

number of illegal landfills, especially on the islands. Non-sanitary landfills in the area gather approximately 20,000 t of

waste per year Dubrovnik Neretva Region still hasn’t established County Centre for

Waste Management, a process started in 2008OTHER POLLUTION HOTSPOTS

PRIORITY POLLUTION HOTSPOTS


CROATIA

Plastic pollution might compromise tourist flow to particular marine areas, and threaten new private sector investment in hotel developments, etc. in these areas.

The tourism industry often bear the cost of clean up to ensure locations remain attractive for tourists.

Marine pollution can clog boat engines and fishing nets leading to disruption of the fishing industry. The largest cost to the industry is related to vehicle damage and additional maintenance caused by collision with plastic debris, and delays caused by fishing nets filling up with plastic rather than fish.

Marine plastic pollution reduces both the supply of, and demand for, seafood due to animal deaths and concerns that animals have ingested plastic.

Transport is particularly vulnerable to collisions with plastic pollution, entanglement of floating objects with propeller blades and clogging of water intakes for engine cooling systems. Costs are incurred by vessel downtime, delays and additional maintenance costs.

Port facilities are also at risk of damage from plastic pollution, including clogging port waterways, creating delays incurring clean up costs.

Shoreline cleaning range costing under €100 per ton collected by volunte-er-led initiatives, to in excess of €18,000 per ton for dense waste and heavy fishing gears.

McIlgorm et al. found that the average shoreline clean-up cost estimate across studies has an average of US$1500/ton (~€1300/ton).

PLASTIC ECONOMIC IMPACT CROATIA’S BLUE ECONOMY LOSES OVER EUR 8 MILLION ANNUALLY TO THE EFFECTS OF PLASTIC POLLUTION TOURISM

ESTIMATED IMPACT:€ 7.2 MILLION

FISHERIESESTIMATED IMPACT:

€ 0.2 MILLION

MARITIME TRADEESTIMATED IMPACT:

€ 1.5 MILLION

COST OF CLEAN-UPESTIMATED IMPACT:

€ 4.2 MILLION

THE IMPACT AND COSTS OF MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION ARE NOT TYPICALLY BORNE BY THE POLLUTERS, BUT BY COASTAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES AND DIRECTLY AFFECTED INDUSTRIES.

Cost to industry is calculated based on the methodology used in McIlgorm et al, 2011. , taking the proxy of cost to the fishing and shipping industries from Takehama, 1990. Sources: Union for the Mediterranean: ‘Blue Economy in the Mediterranean’, WEF, 2017: ‘Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report’

ECONOMIC LOSS POTENTIAL COST


CROATIA

PLASTICPRODUCTION

PLASTICUSAGE

WASTEMANAGEMENT

MISMANAGEDWASTE

natio

nal le

vel

local

level

EXIST

ING IN

ITIAT

IVES

industry policy-makers consumers to be implemented

CURRENT POLICIES REGARDING PLASTICSPOLICY LANDSCAPE: CROATIA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN CURRENTLY FALLS SHORT OF ITS GOALS

WMP 2017-22: by 2019, Compulsory payment for lightweight plastic bags at retail outlets Goal: Comply with EU SUP directive

HR ZOGO 2013: legal framework setting waste disposal standards in line with the EU standards

HR ZOGO 2013: mandatory separate collection of waste and the charging of waste collection services by amount for all Croatian municipalities Goal: comply with EU WFD 2008 target of 50% separate collection by 2020.

HR ZOGO 2013: extended Producer Responsibility for 8 waste tracks including tyres and packaging, financed through the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund

WMP 2017-22: introduction of a waste tax on landfilling Goal: Municipal Solid Waste disposed of to landfills less than 25% of municipal waste

WMP 2017-22: croatian municipalities to meet landfill diversion targets and set up ‘pay-as-you throw’ schemes

Announced: ban on single use items according to EU SUP directive: - By 2021, plastic cutlery, cotton buds, straws, balloon rods, and stirrers, polystyrene cups and those made from oxo-degradable plastics.

- By 2025, plastic bottles should be made of 25% recycled content, and by 2029 90% of them should be recycled.

WMP 2017-22: local waste reduction programs Goal: reduce the total amount of municipal waste by 5%

1 HR ZOGO: NN 94/13 Act on Sustainable Waste Management and subsequent decrees of application // 2 WMP 2017-22 : National Waste Management Plan 2017- 2022 // 3 EU WFD 2008 : 2008 EU Waste Framework Directive // 4 EU SUP Directive : 2018 EU Single Use Plastic Directive

Sources: Dalberg analysis, European Parliamentary Research Service(2018) “Towards a circular economy – Waste management in the EU”, Croatia week, “Croatia to eradicate single use plastics’, 2019 (link), European Commission, “Assessment of separate collection schemes in the 28 capitals of the EU – Croatia factsheet”, 2015, Interreg Danube, “Extended Producer

Responsibility Schemes and their influence on innovation in the TransDanube region”, 2017, European Commission, “Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)”, 2014, European Commission, “Environmental Implantation Review – Croatia”, 2019


CROATIAPOLICY ROADMAPGOALS Reducing demand: less single use plastic is produced and consumed Closing the loop: all waste is circular No leakage: zero plastic in nature

PLASTICPRODUCTION

PLASTICUSAGE

WASTEMANAGEMENT

MISMANAGEDWASTE

natio

nal le

vel

local

levelEX

AMPL

E BES

T PRA

CTICE

INITI

ATIVE

S

Focus on upstream actions to reduce plastic produced, develop alternatives, and ensure the effective design of products

Implement EU requirements in existing plastic bans to reduce consumption and develop the deposit refund scheme

Implement EU requirements by developing EPR and create incentives to invest into plastic waste recovery and recycling

Support municipalities who struggle with waste collect on capacity and increase accountability against illegal waste dumping

Develop eco-design requirements on the recyclability of plastic packaging

Develop requirements for minimum recycled plastic content, in line with EU targets

Provide support at a local scale to SME’s in their transition away from single use plastics

Improve data reporting and availability, through systematic audits on companies providing data on the amounts of packaging placed on the market and on waste

Implement single-use item bans and restrictions - By 2021, plastic cutlery, cotton buds, straws, balloon rods, and stirrers, polystyrene cups and those made from oxo-degradable plastics. - By 2025, plastic bottles should be made of 25% recycled content, and by 2029 90% of them should be recycled.

Develop and improve existing ERP channels, focusing on developing the packaging EPR, by - setting up explicit collection and recycling minimum rates or encouraging producers to set up new not for profit EPR - increasing the fee paid by producers to ensure the full cost of collection services is covered

Implement pay-as-you-go schemes mechanism, through the development of guidelines with technical and organizational details

Implement and gradually increase landfill taxes to phase-out landfilling of recyclable and recoverable waste

Develop seasonal waste management plans for islands and coastline with particularly high tourist influx

Support and coordinate municipalities in need of support, specifically in the South of Croatia, to improve cost-effective collection, sorting, and treatment, and create localised targets for accountability, for instance using EU LIFE funding

Ensure conformity of existing landfills and create accountability mechanisms, - focusing on areas with aging or substandard systems, - by implementing a more refined fine system, taking into account the unlawful economic benefits of non-compliance

Ensure separated waste collection management standards are implemented

industry policy-makers consumers

Consider an integrated deposit-refund scheme on some plastics packaging

Development of a set of national communications materials to raise awareness on plastic use at a local level

POLICY LANDSCAPE: CROATIA SHOULD LOOK TO BEST PRACTICES ACROSS THE VALUE CHAIN, INVOLVING DIFFERENT TYPE OF ACTORS

PRIOR

ITY

Sources: Dalberg analysis, European Commission, “Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)”, 2014 Interreg Danube, “Extended Producer Responsibility Schemes and their influence on innovation in the TransDanube region”, 2017, UN Economic Commission for Europe, “Environmental Performance Review – Croatia”, 2014, European Commission “Early warning report for Croatia

on the implementation of EU waste legislation” 2018


CROATIAANNEX I ‒ THE PLASTICS VALUE CHAIN AND STAKEHOLDERS

PLASTICPRODUCTION

PLASTICUSAGE

WASTECOLLECTION

WASTE TREATMENT

SECONDARYMARKETS

DESC

RIPTIO

NKE

YSTA

KES H

OLDE

RS

Manufacturing of virgin plastic from fossil fuel chemicals by a process of polymerization or polycondensation

Use of plastic from conversion of material into specific products until disposal of product as waste by the end-user

Recovering disposed plastic waste from end-users and sorting waste into various streams for treatment

Treatment of sorted plastic waste through various methods such as landfilling, incineration, recycling and dumping

Reuse of plastic within an economy after reprocessing waste into a secondary material

Petrochemical companies

Oil & gas companies

Plastic converters End customers

(individual, institutional, and commercial)

End customers Local or national

authorities Waste management

companies Plastic converters

Local and national authorities

Regular bodies Plastic producers Waste management

companies Plastic converters

Plastic recyclers Plastic converters

1

1 Manufacturers of plastic products in all plastic markets (e.g. packaging, building and construction, transport) that convert virgin plastic into a specific products for use within the economy.

These plastic products can be combined with other non-plastic materials during the conversion process


CROATIAANNEX II ‒ GLOSSARYTERMS Controlled landfill A landfilling process which is subject to a permit system and to technical control procedures in compliance with

the national legislation in force.

Uncontrolled landfill A landfilling process which fails to meet certain standards and technical control procedures, and therefore is at risk of leakage or contamination.

Open dump Illegal land disposal sites at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, and are therefore susceptible to leakage, open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers.

Controlled waste treatment All legally compliant waste treatment operations, including controlled landfilling, waste-to-energy (incineration) and recycling.

Secondary material production The total amount of secondary plastic product extracted from the plastic recycling process, averaging at 55% of the material inputted for recycling.

Recycling All plastic collected for recycling from the waste stream. This figure is not adjusted for actual material losses during reprocessing into a secondary material. These material losses result from collected plastic considered as not recyclable due to additives preventing recycling or food contamination, etc.

Mismanaged waste All plastic left uncollected, openly dumped into nature, littered, or managed through uncontrolled landfills.

Recovered mismanaged waste Mismanaged waste that re-enters the controlled waste management process through waste-pickers, clean up operations, or any other method.

Bio-degradable A product that can be broken down by microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) into water, naturally occurring gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and biomass.

Blue Economy Represents all economic activities related to oceans, seas or coastal areas. It covers established sectors such as fisheries, shipbuilding and tourism as well as emerging industries, including ocean energy and biotechnology.


CROATIAANNEX III ‒ METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION OF EACH DATA METRIC IN THIS GUIDEBOOKSECTION METRIC METHODOLOGY

PLASTICLIFECYCLE(MT)

Plastic produced Collected national-level data on total production of PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, PCV and PS. Plastics are used in many products that are imported and exported and limited public data exists separating these goods into their raw materials used. This plastic goods production data by country is not adjusted for international trade (import and export) of these products. If national plastic goods data unavailable, calculated based on the ratio of global plastic production to plastic waste for 2016 in the WWF global plastics report (78%).

Waste Generation and Management

Collected national-level data on total plastic waste generation per annum, or total waste MSW waste generation and percent composition of plastic within MSW. Also collect national-level data on plastic management (percentages of plastic waste collected landfilled, incinerated, recycled or openly dumped). Data validated with relevant WWF national offices.

Mismanaged waste Calculated by adding the total waste which goes uncollected, openly dumped and sent to uncontrolled landfills. Data on uncollected waste is taken from the World Bank ‘What a Waste 2.0’ Database.

Waste recovered or leaked into nature

Calculated using the proxy of 90% of mismanaged waste ending up in nature, based on the study completed by Jenna Jambeck Research Group, 2015. We assume the rest of the waste is recovered through clean-up operations, etc.

Waste leaked into the Mediterranean

- For countries whose coastline are only on the Mediterranean, this figure is calculated based on the proxy that 10% of plastic waste becomes marine litter, as found in the analysis completed by Jenna Jambeck Research Group, 2015.

- For countries with multiple coastlines, this figure also takes into consideration the proportion of waste generated by regions with coastlines on the Mediterranean.

Waste leaked by source (sea-based, rivers, coastal)

Collected data on sea-based sources and major rivers from S. Liubartsevaa et al, 2018. Where data is missing for other major rivers, annual plastic flux is calculated as a ratio between the Po River’s drainage basin, and its annual plastic flux. Coas tal sources represent the remainder of annual leakage.


CROATIA

SECTION METRIC METHODOLOGY

PLASTICIMPACT

Energy consumed in oil equivalent (M, barrels)

Calculated based on the weighted average of energy required to make a kilogram of global plastic (PP, PET, HDPE, PS, PCV), converted into barrel of oil equivalent.

Average age of plastic life (years)

Calculated based on national data collected on the production of plastic per industry, and the average lifetime of plastic goods in each industry, as found in peer-reviewed research completed by Roland Geyer et al, “Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made”, 2017

CO2 emissions (MT)

Calculated based on the average CO2 emissions caused by plastic production, incineration and recycling, as reported by SITRA, 2018: “The Circular Economy a Powerful Force for Climate Mitigation”.

Annual coastline plastic pollution (kT)

Calculated based on the daily plastic debris flux (kg/km) multiplied by the total length of the coastline and 365 days. This differs from the total plastic leaked into nature as it doesn’t include plastic on the sea -bed and sea-surface.

Daily plastic flux (kg/km)

Collected data from S. Liubartsevaa et al, 2018: “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”.

Economic cost of pollution (M, €)

Calculated based on the methodology used in McIlgorm et al, 2011 to estimate the cost of plastic pollution to the APAC region, which takes the proxy of cost to the fishing and shipping industries from Takehama, 1990.

Cost of waste generated by tourists (M, €)

Calculated based on the proportion of waste generation caused by tourists, which was calculated based on national statistics on tourist arrivals and departures. The cost uses the World Bank estimated cost of $50-100/T of waste in an advanced system.


CROATIAANNEX IV ‒ PLASTIC WASTE SYSTEM ACTIVITIES CAUSING CONTROLLED AND MISMANAGED WASTE

1 Not accounting for plastic losses during the recovery process 2 Unless explicitly specified as “controlled” or “sanitary”’ landfills, we consider all other landfills as uncontrolled.

Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2015), World Bank (2018), SITRA (2018), European Commission (2001)

CATEGORY MANAGEMENTPROCESS

CONTROLLEDWASTE

TREATMENT

MISMANAGEDWASTE

PLASTICWASTE

CONTROLLEDLANDFILL

INDUSTRIALINCINERATION

RECYCLING

UNCOLLECTEDWASTE

UNCONTROLLEDOR UNSPECIFIED

LANDFILL

OPEN DUMPING

DESCRIPTION Managed disposal of waste on land with little or no pre-treatment.

Site meets requirements for gas monitoring, site compacting and land covering

Combustion of plastic in a controlled and closed industrial process with exhaust gases adhering to environmental emission regulations

Plastic collected from the waste stream and reprocessed into a secondary material

Unrecovered plastic from the end-user via a waste collection system and does not enter a formal waste treatment process

Absence of control of the disposal operations of plastic and lack of management of the landfill site

Discarded plastic directly on land, freshwater or marine areas. Alternatively, littering or any form of unregulated plastic waste management such as open burning

1

2

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• A PLASTIC SYSTEM GUIDEBOOK FOR CROATIAWWFADRIA.ORG

3rdwaste per capita

generator in the region

€8mill/year Croatia’s Blue Economy loss due to plastic pollution

50%waste collected by 2020

40kT/year of plastic waste is leaked

from Craotia into nature

STOP THE FLOOD OF PLASTICawsassets.panda.org/downloads/05062019_wwf_croatia_guidebook.pdfpage 4 |...

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Transcript of STOP THE FLOOD OF PLASTICawsassets.panda.org/downloads/05062019_wwf_croatia_guidebook.pdfpage 4 |...