Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

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The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of Stonewall Jackson This PowerPoint presentation is intended for the US History classroom, the Home-Schoolers, and the Obsessed (with history and/or the Civil War). To the teacher This Power Point presentation has a goal of creating discussions, even arguments. Much like an electronic game the viewer is to be a commander of troops and make decisions. These decisions are to be based upon the lists of factors included in the early slides. What follows should be differing opinions. The choices made by your students may even become impassioned. There are many Q and A throughout. For the Civil War buff they should present a real challenge. 1

Transcript of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Page 1: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

The Shenandoah Valley

Campaign of Stonewall Jackson

This PowerPoint presentation is intended for

the US History classroom, the Home-Schoolers, and the Obsessed (with history and/or the Civil War).

To the teacher This Power Point presentation has a goal of creating discussions, even arguments.

Much like an electronic game the viewer is to be a commander of troops and make decisions. These decisions are to be based upon the lists of factors included in the early slides. What follows should be differing opinions.The choices made by your students may even become impassioned. It is important to take the time with the slides which necessarily means three days to complete the study. The secondary goal would be to learn about the early months of the Civil War, and the individuals of importance: Stonewall Jackson, George McClellan, President Lincoln, Robert E Lee, cannons , rifles, muskets, minie’ balls, and others.

There are many Q and A throughout. For the Civil War buff

they should present a real challenge.1

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For a brief review of the Civil War leading up to the Shenandoah Campaign of Stonewall Jackson,

click the red rectangle

To skip the review click the blue rectangle

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western Virginia

Virginia

Shen

ando

ah Va

lley Washington,

DC

Richmond

Allegh

any M

tns

Blue Ridg

e Mtn

s

It is important to know something about the character and abilities of the leaders involved in the Valley Campaign.

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Now meet the leadership of the North and the

leadership of the South.

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He considered the south in rebellion. He would send troops south to end the rebellion.His goal was to send troops into Virginia and quell the rebellion.

President Abraham Lincoln: aggressive, understood military strategy.

Union leadership:

Union Leadership

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confident, brilliant teacher; cautious;

armies are well prepared.

General George McClellan

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Although General McClellan never faces Stonewall Jackson in battle in the Shenandoah Valley, his strategies and his mind-set will affect most of the decisions made by both sides.

You are required to know him in depth!

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McClellan ,possessed of an enormous, gleaming weapon (150,000 well-trained troops with great equipment), mysteriously refused to use it.

Striking personnel attributes!”; efficient and gifted administrator. Good at the business side of running an army.

Egocentric, harshly judgmental of others, vainglorious, mean-spirited, dissembling, almost pathologically risk-averse, haughty, insincere, back-stabbing, callously dismissive of his peers.

Though he was not a coward in any conventional sense, he was certainly very troubled by the idea of sending large numbers of men into battle.

He believed himself to be God’s chosen instrument on earth for the salvation of the Union.

His true personality was as thoroughly cloaked as Jackson’s.

He appeared, in the spring and summer of 1861, as the savior of the Union, a bright , briskly efficient, refreshingly straightforward, confident, and confidence-inspiring man who could right the terrible wrongs of

Manassas and make “On to Richmond” something other than the empty battle cry it had become.

He had always seemed destined for greatness; precociously smart; U of Penn. At 14, West Point at 16, graduated 2nd in his class-1846.10

Ready to Argue?

A brief quiz on this slide:1. Explain “an enormous, gleaming

weapon.”2. Some words to define:

a. Vainglorious b. Dissembling3. Explain “...pathologically risk-averse,…”4. What was the “wrongs of Manassas”?5. If you were trained by McClellan, would

you be a skilled soldier?6. Would your chances of surviving the war

be greater if you were in McClellan’s army than another general?

Some responses: 1. McClellan’s army. 3. Irrationally against fighting at any time. 4. The many reasons for the Union defeat at the First Battle of Manassas, aka First Battle of Bull Run. 5. Yes 6. Yes

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General Irvin McDowell:

demoted from General of the Army of the Potomac after his failure at Bull Run.

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General Nathaniel BanksTrim, compact, athletic.-looked the very model of a Civil War general.-confident-dignified-patrician bearing-”a genius for being looked at”-engaging-bright-intensely ambitious-booming oratorical voice-no military experience-considered a “political general”

Splendid looking man, trim, compact, athletic, the very model of a Civil War general. Bright, engaging,, confident, dignified, patrician bearing. There was absolutely nothing of the aristocrat in him. Grown up in the working class neighborhoods of Massachusetts., Elected governor of Massachusetts in 1858. A booming oratorical voice. No military experience.Wealthy, entirely self-made, politically powerful.

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Major General James Shields

Lean, combative, believed Jackson was afraid of him, competent, well-balanced.Shields kept his troops

alert. He had the worst cavalry in the world (not his fault or responsibility)

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Matching Test on the Union Leadership;

a.President Lincoln

b.George McClellan

c.Irvin McDowell

d.Nathaniel Banks

e.James Shields

1. Demoted2. Commander in Chief3. Commander at Bull Run4. Lean and combative5. Commanded the worst cavalry in

the world.6. Governor of Massachusetts7. Aggressive 8. Excellent teacher9. Believed himself to be God sent10. Tallest 11. Most dislikable of the five.

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Matching Test on the Union Leadership;

a.President Lincoln

b.George McClellan

c.Irvin McDowell

d.Nathaniel Banks

e.James Shields

1. Demoted2. Commander in Chief3. Commander at Bull Run4. Lean and combative5. Commanded the worst cavalry in

the world.6. Governor of Massachusetts7. Aggressive 8. Excellent teacher9. Believed himself to be God sent10. Tallest 11. Most dislikable of the five.

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President Jefferson Davis- located in Richmond, Virginia; knew military strategy.

Many historians attribute the Confederacy's weaknesses to the leadership of President Davis. His preoccupation with detail, reluctance to delegate responsibility, lack of popular appeal, feuds with powerful state governors, favoritism toward old friends, inability to get along with people who disagreed with him, neglect of civil matters in favor of military ones, and resistance to public opinion all worked against him. Historians agree he was a much less effective war leader than his Union counterpart Abraham Lincoln.

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Confederate Leadership

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Robert E Lee He had earlier been asked by one of his lieutenants if he intended to fight for the Confederacy or the Union, to which Lee replied,

"I shall never bear arms against the Union, but it may be necessary for me to carry a musket in the defense of my native state, Virginia, in which case I shall not prove recreant to my duty."

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General “Stonewall” Jackson

Commander of the Confederate Army in the Shenandoah Valley.

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General Thomas J . JacksonJackson was persistent , A terrier-like refusal to give up on the idea of attacking and occupying his

Union-leaning homeland.-willing to sacrifice comfort.-persuasive. -no sympathy for his troop’s suffering.-shared the misery his troops suffered.-held fast to his objectives-gall and audacity-no fear of his troops being isolated-shared little information with his staff

about his plans.-hardship, or the prospect of hardship, or

the fear of what was to comehad no effect on his thinking.

-he always showed the world the face of the stiff, somber, inflexible, and duty-bound officer.

-privately with Anna he was a loving father and husband.

A strong Christian with a solid Faith in God. He prayed constantly and consistently.

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General Joseph E Johnston commander of the force defending Richmond,

experienced and skilled leader

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TheMoment

• Following the embarrassing defeat at Bull Run, McDowell was demoted and George McClellan was named commander of the Army of the Potomac.

• McClellan has trained his men well for six months and, with the experience of Bull Run, they are a formidable force.

• McClellan is very cautious and will advance on the enemy only if he has a huge superiority in numbers.

• The Union was aching for a successful fight with the Confederacy. • McClellan’s plan was to ship 110,000 troops to Fortress Monroe on the James

River.• McDowell and Banks will unite and move south to Richmond as McClellan moves

northwest to Richmond. • But, McClellan believes Johnston has how many men?

• The Confederates are protecting their Capitol, Richmond, with Johnston’s troops.• Union General Fremont is in the Allegheny Mountains• General Stonewall Jackson is in the Shenandoah Valley with a small force.

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Which bullet-point will be most critical to Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign?

a. 25,000 b. 50,000 c. 100,000 d. 150,000 e. 1,000,000

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McClellan will not move unless Banks and McDowell attack from the north.Therefore Lincoln must eliminate Jackson so that Washington will not be threatened. He can only release McDowell if Washington is protected. If he keeps Banks at Washington then he is allowing Jackson to reach Harpers Ferry

and threaten Washington from the west and from the north.So…….Banks orders Shields (1100) into the valley to find Jackson.

Q: How does Jackson plan on accomplishing the orders of Johnston? a. Attack Banks and drive him back toward Harpers Ferry. b. Just be a nuisance for Banks for a day and then retreat. c. Retreat to Luray and cross the Blue Ridge Mountains heading toward Richmond. d. Hold present position against any move south by Banks and wait for reinforcements.

Army of the Potomac- 110,000 men at Fortress Monroe

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Army of the Potomac- 110,000 men at Fortress Monroe

Throughout the Civil War we are constantly being made aware of troop numbers. Estimate (or count, if you are really obsessed) the number of troops in the drawing.

What is your estimate, your count?I estimated 400 to 500.

Following are some images of large armies or examples of thousands and more.

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500?

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Possibly 2000 versus 2000?

About 1500?!?

At Nazi Party Conference

From WW IAbout 500WW II Normandy

Cemetery

There are approximately 9,000 white crosses in this aerial view.

Identify this historic location:

a. Washington DC b. Gettysburg, Penn.

c. Normandy, France d. Nuremburg, Germany

Would you volunteer to note the tragic irony in this multi-image slide?

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First, to the North:

Argue those that make sense.

a. Compared to the value of Richmond, the Valley is of only minor value.

b. The Valley can supply a moving army with nearly unlimited food supplies.

c. The Valley provides the Southern armies a route into Maryland, and a possible route from the rear into Washington.

d. A protected route to the southwest that could align the Union army only 50 miles to Richmond.

The Value of the Shenandoah River

Valleyin the Civil War

“a” is not a choice.The rest make sense………….But #1 is………

Richmond

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Argue those that make sense.a. The Valley can supply a moving

army with nearly unlimited food supplies.

b. The Valley provides the Southern armies a route into Maryland, and a possible route from the rear into Washington.

c. The Valley offers near perfect protection and fodder for an army.

d. Not a choice.

The Value of the Shenandoah River

Valley in the Civil War All are true.

Each is of value to the Confederacy.

Richmond

Value to the South

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The Valley Campaign of

Stonewall Jackson

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An outline of Jackson’s major events of the Shenandoah Valley Campaign:

To go directly to one of the events, click the colored rectangle next to the location

1. Romney2. Kernstown3. McDowell

It is recommended that you not skip any slide. Each one is informative and each question is worthy of your attention.

But……..you may go to any of the specific battles if you choose.

Or, view in order

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Jackson’s Romney ExpeditionJanuary 1st, 1862

Winter march of horrors. Freezing, exhausted, hungry troops kept moving northwest toward Romney. Many stragglers, many injured, sick, freezing; complained bitterly about the tortures they were suffering because of Jackson. Many thought he was crazy.Sleet, snow, horses falling on the icy roads; a desperate time. A 160-wagon supply train labored to keep up.

January 14th, 1862

Jackson and his soldiers marched into Romney after two harrowing weeks. Seven thousand Union troops and artillery who had occupied the town, alerted to Jackson’s advance

a. Had dug in and were ready for Jackson b. Had evacuated and fled north. c. Had aggressively decided to attack Jackson’s advancing and most likely,

exhausted troops.Three choices

Jackson’s Romney Expedition

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

McDowell 35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson10,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

D H Hill12,000

Frederick

Rosecrans22,000

Johnson3000

December, 1861

Rosecrans7,000

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Jackson’s forced march into the mountains through snow, ice, and freezing wind reminds one of what “march” in history?

Romney had been evacuated because Jackson’s advance had scared George McClellan, who, a hundred miles away in Washington, was in no mood to engage with an aggressive rebel army of unknown size in midwinter. Though Generals Nathaniel Banks and Frederick Lander had wanted to move against Jackson, McClellan would not allow it.

Why had the Union troops evacuated Romney before Jackson had arrived?a. They were sure they were outnumbered by 2 to 1.b. Union Generals Lander and Banks didn’t want a fight.c. Overall commander General McClellan was afraid of Jackson.

Three choices.

Curiously, Generals Lander and Banks wanted to move against Jackson but McClellan would not allow it.

a. Hannibal crossing the Alps.

b. Washington crossing the Delaware River.

c. Napoleon's retreat from Russia.

To review the character analysis of General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson click on the Red arrow……….to advance to the next slide click the Blue arrow.

A study of General Stonewall Jackson Continue without study

of Stonewall Jackson

d. Can you recall another?

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

McDowell 35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson10,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

D H Hill12,000

Frederick7,000

Rosecrans22,000

Johnson3000

December, 1861

The Shenandoah Valley supplied all food stuffs for the Confederate army. Winchester was the gateway and the military key to the Valley.

Jackson was given his orders from General Joe Johnston,

We cannot lose the Valley.

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Jackson marches back to Winchester, Virginia with 10 to 13 thousand men on paper. He actually had less than 4,000 men healthy enough to fight. What had happened to the 6,000 to 9,000 men?

a. Sicknessb. Absenteeismc. Desertionsd. Recruitment furloughs.

And the answer?????His numbers depleted by sickness, absenteeism, desertions, and recruitment furloughs, left him with less than 4,000 men.

ALL

McClellan in Washington DC with 155,000 well-trained men.

Against Jackson were three Union forces, all under the command of Major General Nathaniel Banks, that totaled thirty thousand men- a ten to one advantage, if they were all brought to bear on Winchester.

By the end of February, two of these forces had crossed the Potomac River and entered Virginia; another was camped at Harpers Ferry. Banks's main force, a day’s march away in Charlestown, had 23,000 men, enough to envelop Winchester and crush Jackson where he stood.

There was no hope for reinforcements any time soon.

The Union advantage in men was 10 to 1 !

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. Many of Jackson’s men were carrying “percussion smoothbores,” outdated muskets with a range of maybe a hundred yards against a Union army that had mostly rifled weapons accurate at three times that distance. But many others had no weapons at all.

The Union had more advantages than just more men.

The Union had the advantage in weapons with their rifles, accurate to 200 to 300 yards.

To view the loading procedure with a Civil War Enfield Rifled Musket press Blue symbol. To advance to

next slide press Red symbol.

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To view a YouTube video of the loading of a Springfield Rifled Musket…

click the red rectangle.

To skip the video click the blue rectangle

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Harpers Ferry

Strasburg

Front Royal

KernstownWinchester Potomac River

Manassas

4,000

3,000

22,000Rosecrans

16,000Banks

4,000

155,000McClellan

35,000McDowell

3,000Ed. Johnson

65 miles 35,000Joe Johnston

10 miles

Study this map, the numbers and

distances.

20 miles

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Harpers Ferry

Strasburg

Front Royal

KernstownWinchester Potomac River

Manassas

4,000

3,000

22,000Rosecrans

16,000Banks

4,000

155,000McClellan

35,000McDowell

20 milesWhat word best describes Jackson’s position?a. Hopelessb. Hopelessc. Hopelessd. Hopeless

Do the Math! RETREAT!

35,000Joe Johnston

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Harpers Ferry

Strasburg

Front Royal

KernstownWinchester Potomac River

Manassas

4,000

3,000

22,000Rosecrans

16,000Banks

4,000

35,000McDowell

20 miles

35,000Joe Johnston

Jackson would move his 4000 healthy , yet exhausted troops, 21 miles to the south to Strasburg.

Without reinforcements, what would be Jackson’s next move?

a. Escape the Shenandoah Valley and join Johnston in the defense of Richmond.

b. Retreat again.c. Wait for reinforcements.d. Surprise the Union by turning

around and attacking the advancing Union troops.

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Reinforcements were at least one week away and were not expected anyway.According to Jackson’s commander of supplies, John Harman,“It must be flight, continuous, perilous flight, or destruction.”

How can Jackson be obeying his orders if he keeps retreating?a. I have no Idea, it doesn’t make sense.b. He is going to be chased, isn’t he?c. Jackson will simply ignore his orders and do what is best for his men.d. Jackson will simply ignore his orders and do what is best for his reputation.

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000McDowell

35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson 4,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Rosecrans12,000

Johnson3000

February, 1862

DH Hill12000

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Romney

McDowell

Strasburg

Mt.Jackson

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Front Royal

Winchester

LurayManassas

Harrisonburg

Charlottesburg

Franklin

Fredericksburg

Kernstown

McClellan120,000

Transport 120,000 troops, artillery, supplies , to the James River at Fortress Monroe.

Banks and McDowell would move south to Richmond and McClellan would move northwest and thus have Richmond surrounded.

Banks23,000

McDowell35,000

McClellan’s Plan:

Be aware that this is

only a plan! And

Jackson is assig

ned the task of stopping it!

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

McDowell 35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson 4,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Rosecrans12,000

Johnson3000

February, 1862

DH Hill12000

The Confederates are aware of McClellan’s Plan.What next?a. Go for Washington.b. Get Jackson across

the Blue Ridge Mtns. to safety.

c. Get Jackson to draw Union troops into the Valley.

d. Get Johnston and DH Hill back to Richmond to defend against McClellan.

Johnston withdraws to north of Richmond withDH Hill .

BOTH

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

McDowell 35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson 4,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Rosecrans12,000

Johnson3000

February, 1862

DH Hill12000

McClellan will move on Richmond as soon as Banks and McDowell move south toward Richmond.

Jackson will be responsible for keeping Banks occupied in the Valley and McDowell guarding Washington .

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Here is some mathematical logic:

The Contrapositive ( If the premise is true, the contrapositive is true):

If Banks and McDowell do not move south toward Richmond, then McClellan will not move on Richmond.

Therein lies Jackson’s orders: Do what you can to prevent Banks and McDowell from moving south to Richmond.

Premise

Contrapositive

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Romney

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

35,000

Jackson 4,000

Ewell6,000

10,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Johnson3000

March 1, 1862

DH Hill12000

Shields11,000

Banks25,000

Fremont7000

McDowell 33,500

Johnston

Banks will head for Manassas andLeave Shields in the valley at Winchester.

Johnston’s orders: DH Hill and Johnston will move to protect Richmond against McClellan. Jackson will create chaos and become a nuisance to the Union troops in the Valley.

This slide indicates a change in the governing of the Union strategy. Do you see it?a. McClellan’s grand plan.b. Decision to attack Jackson in the

Valley.c. Lincoln is giving the orders.d. Banks and McDowell object to the

orders.

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Clearly some regiment will be attacking another regiment.

Guess which one from this list of seven;

a. Jackson versus Shieldsb. Jackson versus Banksc. Ewell versus Banksd. McClellan versus Johnstone. DH Hill versus McClellanf. Jackson versus Rosecransg. Fremont versus Johnson (not Johnston)

a. Jackson versus Shields

To review the map click on the blue rectangle.

THE

Battleof

KERNSTOWNWant the answer now? Click the red rectangle

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Clearly some regiment will be attacking another regiment.

Guess which one from this list of seven;

a. Jackson versus Shieldsb. Jackson versus Banksc. Ewell versus Banksd. McClellan versus Johnstone. DH Hill versus McClellanf. Jackson versus Rosecransg. Fremont versus Johnson (not Johnston)

To review the map click on the blue rectangle.

Want the answer now? Click the red rectangle

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Clearly some regiment will be attacking another regiment.

Guess which one from this list of seven;

a. Jackson versus Shieldsb. Jackson versus Banksc. Ewell versus Banksd. McClellan versus Johnstone. DH Hill versus McClellanf. Jackson versus Rosecransg. Fremont versus Johnson (not Johnston)

a. Jackson versus Shields

To review the map click on the blue rectangle.

THE

Battleof

KERNSTOWNWant the answer now? Click the red rectangle

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Romney

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

Johnston

35,000

Jackson 4,000

Ewell6,000

10,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Johnson3000

March, 1862

DH Hill12000

Shields11,000

Banks25,000

Fremont7000

McDowell 33,500

Johnston

Kernstown

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Kernstown

Pritchard’s Hill

Sandy Ridge

Sandy Ridge

Opequon Creek

Opequon Creek

Cedar Creek Grade

To Winchester

Hogg Run

One Mile

Valle

y Pi

ke

Valle

y Pike

Middle Road

Middle Road

Opequon Creek

Shields11,000

Jackson4,200

Jackson is going to make a serious error.Take a guess.

a. He will occupy the town of Kernstown

(discuss why this could be an error).b. He will leave his

supply line too far to the south.

c. He will underestimate Shield’s numbers.

d. Not a choice.

He would be attacking a defended line containing two times his own strength.

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Kernstown

Pritchard’s Hill

Sandy Ridge

Sandy Ridge

Opequon Creek Opequon Creek

Cedar Creek Grade

To Winchester

Hogg Run

One Mile

Valle

y Pi

ke

Valle

y Pike

Middle Road

Middle Road

Opequon Creek

Kimball

Jackson

2000

Shields is wounded and his second in command, Colonel Nathan Kimball takes command.

Kimball quickly occupies the high ground on

Pritchard’s Hill with 20 cannon

How did Jackson respond to Kimball’s movement?a. He moved to occupy Sandy Ridge.b. He moved directly at Kimball.c. He retreated once more to the south.d. He dug in where he was.

2000

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To skip forward to the conclusion of the Battle of Kernstown, click the red rectangle

For more information, maps, photographs, sketches, narration of the Battle of Kernstown, click the Blue rectangle.

Ashby’s scouts error in estimation of Union troops strength at 3,000 .

Jackson marches into a trap. Shields will claim falsely for the credit.

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Ashby’s scout’s error in estimation of Union troops

strength at 3,000 .Jackson marches into a trap.

Shields will claim falsely for the credit.

JACKSON’S DIVISION, BADLY OUTNUMBERED, FOUGHT WELL BUT EVENTUALLY HAD TO RETREAT TO

STRASBURG ONCE MORE.

Assess Lincoln’s and McClellan’s outlook on Jackson’s army following Kimball’s victory over Jackson at Kernstown.a. Renewed confidence and enthusiasm.b. Disbelief to the point of even doubting the reports coming from Kernstown.c. No change in the plans. Jackson must be destroyed totally.d. Since he had attacked a force twice his size, Jackson must be feared.

They believed Jackson was stronger than anyone had supposed because he had attacked Shields!?! Can you explain that kind of logic?

Jackson suffered defeat (his sole defeat of the war) at the First Battle of Kernstown (March 23, 1862) against Col. Nathan Kimball, commanding in place of James Shields who was wounded earlier (part of Union Maj.

Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army).

What was Lincoln’s military reaction to Kimball’s defeat of Jackson at Kernstown?

a. He feared Jackson despite his loss. Lincoln sent troops into the Valley that had been designated for McClellan’s move on Richmond.

b. It was now safe to bring all troops out of the Valley and move south toward Richmond as part of McClellan’s plan.

c. With Jackson defeated and on the run, Lincoln will tell McClellan to begin his move on Richmond.

d. Not a choice.

It proved to be a strategic Confederate victory because President Abraham Lincoln reinforced his Valley forces with troops that had originally been designated for the Peninsula Campaign against Richmond.

Page 51: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

64

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

President Lincoln, now aware of Jackson’s annoying presence in the Valley, sends out his orders.

Banks is sent back to Winchester to drive Jackson away and to support Fremont farther to the west, and the Baltimore and Ohio RR.Fremont is ordered to stay until Jackson is disposed.

What do these orders mean to McClellan and his Plan?a. They will have no effect on

McClellan’s Plan.b. McClellan must wait until

Jackson is either defeated or driven out of the Valley.

c. McClellan will move on Richmond despite Jackson’s presence in the Valley.

d. McClellan will join Banks in the Valley against Jackson.

Banks

Shields

JacksonMcDowell

McClellan

Johnston

Page 52: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

65

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Romney

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

35,000

Jackson 4,000

Ewell6,000

10,000

FrederickRosecrans 7,000

Johnson3000

March, 1862

DH Hill12000

Shields11,000

Banks25,000

Fremont7000

McDowell 33,500

Johnston

If you earlier failed to study the character of General McClellan, then do so now by clicking the blue rectangle.

If you fail to “know” General McClellan, then you will not understand the strategy of the Army of Northern Virginia.

To digest the factors that military strategists must follow, Click the red rectangle.

To skip “the factors,” click here.

Page 53: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

67

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

McDowell

Front Royal

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port RepublicAllegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Romney

Strasburg

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

35,000

Ewell6,000

10,000

FrederickRosecrans 7,000

Johnson3000

March, 1862

DH Hill12000

Shields 7,000

Banks25,000

Fremont23,000

McDowell 33,500

Johnston

Jackson 4,000

Harrisonburg

Mt. Jackson

New Market

McClellan110,000

With orders in hand, what should Jackson do next?a. Outnumbered badly,

escape the valley to join Johnston at Richmond.

b. Attack Shields, withdraw, then repeat the action.

c. Attack Fremont in the Alleghany Mountains.

d. Cross the Massanutten Mountains to Luray and threaten McDowell at Fredericksburg.

Page 54: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

68

Knowing the correct answer, you are to justify Jackson’s attack on Fremont’s 23,000 troops in the city of McDowell in the Alleghany Mountains.

Did you think of these?

Prevent Fremont from getting behind Jackson’ small force.

Success will not necessarily be dependent upon numbers:

23,000 versus 3,000 looks ridiculous.

Page 55: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

69

The

Battle Of

McDowell

April, 1962

The city, not the general.

Page 56: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

70Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000

Milroy3000

Shields 7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont17000

Jackson4000

McDowell35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

A close-up ofthe Shenandoah Valley

Jackson will get the aid of Ewell’s 6,000 and Johnson’s 3,000.

Banks will continue up the Shenandoah River near New Market

Page 57: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

71Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000

Shields 7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont17000

Jackson4000

McDowell35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

A close-up ofthe Shenandoah Valley

Milroy3000

Jackson surprised Milroy’s force by climbing the hills and trapping Milroy.

Fremont!What to do…?a. Retreat further

into the Alleghenies toward Strasburg.

b. Support Milroy and hold the line.

c. Attack Jacksond. Stay put.

Page 58: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

72Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000

Shields 7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont17000

Jackson4000

McDowell35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

A close-up ofthe Shenandoah Valley

Milroy2000

And now, back to Stonewall Jackson.Where next?

a. Chase Fremontb. Escape with Johnson’s

force through the Blue ridge mountains to join Johnston at Richmond.

c. Head for New Market to threaten Banks.

d. Return to Cross Keys and wait for Banks’ aggression.

Page 59: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

73Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000

Shields 7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont17000

Jackson4000

McDowell35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

A close-up ofthe Shenandoah Valley

Milroy2000

Page 60: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

74Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000

Shields 7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont17000

Jackson4000 McDowell

35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

Milroy2000

No question here, just observe the map movements

Page 61: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

76Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000 Shields

7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont23000

Jackson4000

McDowell35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

A close-up ofthe Shenandoah Valley

Page 62: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

77Port Republic

HarrisonburgFredericksburg

Manassas

New Market

Luray

Mt. Jackson

Banks25,000 Shields

7,000

Outside of RichmondDH Hill 12,000 and Johnston 35,000

Johnson3000

Fremont23000

Jackson4000

McDowell35000

At Fortress MonroeMcClellan 110,000

Blue Ridge Mtns.

Massanutten Mtns.

Allegheny Mtns.

Page 63: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

78

Page 64: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah Valley Campaign of

Stonewall Jackson

Richmond

Washington

Masanutten Mountains

Alleghany Mountains

Blue Ridge Mountains

Shenandoah River

For a one page review of the “factors” for commanders and strategy planners, click the blue rectangle

For a map reviewClick the red rectangle.

88

Page 65: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

. Contrary to many views that the Union soldier was not as good as the South's, Shield’s men were westerners, best fighting men in the Union army.

Unfortunately Shields’ command at this time was the cavalry.

Union Cavalry: They were just plainly the worst cavalry in the world.

From previous knowledge or previous readings/teachings how would you rate the soldiers of the Union compared to the soldiers of the Confederacy?How would you rate the respective cavalries?

How have the “experts” rated them? Take a guess.

96

Page 66: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

The MomentFollowing the embarrassing defeat at Bull Run, McDowell was demoted and George

McClellan was named commander of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan has trained his men well for six months and, with the experience of Bull

Run, they are a formidable force. McClellan is very cautious and will advance on the enemy only if he has a huge

superiority in numbers. The Union was aching for a successful fight with the Confederacy. McClellan’s plan was to ship 110,000 troops to Fortress Monroe on the James River.McDowell and Banks will unite and move south to Richmond as McClellan moves

northwest to Richmond. But, McClellan believes Johnston has ______________men?

The Confederates are protecting their Capitol, Richmond, with Johnston’s troops.Union General Fremont is in the Allegheny MountainsGeneral Stonewall Jackson is in the Shenandoah Valley with a small force.

a. 20,000 b. 35,000 c. 100,000 d. 150,000

Johnston Had

55,000 men.

98

Page 67: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

You have the needed information to make reasoned, logical decisions. You know something about the combatants.

Now…………………………Make your decisions.

99

Page 68: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Union goals: from Lincoln and McClellan and Sec. of War Stanton

Invade the south and end the rebellion.Attack and control the Confederate capitol.Protect the Union capitol of Washington.

Confederate goals: from President Jefferson Davis, General Joseph Johnston, and General Robert E Lee

Defend the Confederate capitol of RichmondDefeat every Union army that invades the south.

Now …..check the map showing the dispersal of troops from both the North and the South and prognosticate!

100

Page 69: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

eny M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

FremontKimball

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

And Ashby

Kernstown

Fremont USA with 17,000 men is guarding the main railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio RR, in the Allegheny mountains.

Shields

101

Page 70: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

eny M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

FremontKimball

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

And Ashby

Distribute maps

Kernstown

Brigadier General Edward Johnson CSA with 3,000 men is at Staunton guarding the pass

through the Allegheny Mountains, keeping Fremont out

of the southern regions of the Shenandoah Valley.

Shields

102

Page 71: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

eny M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

FremontKimball

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

And Ashby

Distribute maps

Kernstown

Banks USA, with 40,000 men, is

at Harpers Ferry Shields

103

Page 72: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

eny M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

FremontKimball

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

And Ashby

Kernstown

Jackson with 6000 men is at

New Market.

Shields

104

Page 73: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

eny M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

Fremont

Shields

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

And Ashby

Kernstown

McClellan’s 110,000 are at

Fort Monroe on the James River.

Kimball

105

Page 74: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

eny M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

FremontKimball

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

And Ashby

Kernstown

General Joe Johnston has retreated from Manassas to defend Richmond with 55,000 men.

Manassas

Shields

106

Page 75: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Fremont USA with 17,000 men is guarding the main railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio RR, in the Allegheny mountains.

Brigadier General Edward Johnson CSA with 3,000 men is at Staunton guarding the pass through the Allegheny Mountains, keeping Fremont out of the southern regions of the Shenandoah Valley.

Banks USA with 40,000 men is at Harpers Ferry and Jackson CSA with 6000 men is at New Market.

McClellan’s plan was accepted by Lincoln:McClellan’s 110,000 are at Fort Monroe on the James River.

From there he will wait for McDowell and Banks to move with 75,000 men south toward Richmond.

Together McClellan and McDowell with Banks will move on Richmond with an overwhelming force at the same time.Johnston, recognizing the plan, sent Magruder with 3,000 men toward Fort Monroe to

delay McClellan.

But………there exists a danger in the Shenandoah Valley where Jackson could march down the River (to the north),

…….take Harpers Ferry and attack Washington from the northwest. General Shields moves toward Mt. Jackson and Ashby’s cavalry. He finds no sign of Jackson or Ashby and reports back to Banks that Jackson is not a

threat. 107

Page 76: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Banks prepares to join McDowell in the attack on Richmond with McClellan. He leaves Shields at Winchester just in case there are Confederates in the valley.

What should Jackson do?a. He has fooled the Union army completely and heads across the Blue

Ridge Mountains to join Johnston.b. He will wait until Banks’ scouts find him.c. He will retreat to Cross Keys.d. He will send Ashby’s cavalry to attack Shields.

108

Page 77: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

Staunton Clarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

Fremont

Shields

Banks

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

Ashby

Jackson’s orders are to _________________________________????

Ashby’s cavalry attacks Shields at Mt. Jackson to let Banks knowhe is still there. Winchester

109

Page 78: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Question: What will Lincoln do?

a. Sends McDowell and his 40,000 men to Ft. Monroe and keeps 40,000 at home to protect Washington(many new recruits and transfers from the west) .

b. Because Jackson is still a threat to the capitol, he sends Banks against Jackson to destroy his army, or chase him out of the valley.

c. Keep all of McDowell’s and the rest of McClellan’s troops to protect the capitol.

d. Everyone is ordered to stay where they are.McClellan Jackson McDowell

110

Page 79: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

Fremont Shields

Banks

Johnson

17,000

Jackson6000

20,000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

Ashby

Banks is sent up the valley to destroy Jackson’s force..

Banks with 21,000, moves to Strasburg.What will Jackson do?

a. Attack b. Dig in and defendc. Withdraw to Cross Keysd. Cross through New Market gap

escape the valley and join Johnston.

Ashby with 700 cavalry retreats to Jackson’s HQ

111

Page 80: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

BanksFremontShields

Banks

Jackson

Johnson

17,000

6000

20,000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000

Ewell8500

And Ashby

Jackson withdrew to Cross Keys to accomplish two goals: Identify them.

112

Page 81: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

BanksFremont21000

Shields

Banks

JacksonJohnson

6000

20,000

20,000

1100

Johnston55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000Ewell

8500

Ashby

Jackson is aware of the danger of Banks heading up the South Fork.

He MUST get Banks up the valley.

113

Page 82: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

115

The Minie’ Ball.The old .69 caliber, muzzle-loading, smoothbore musket of the US Army.Fired a large projectile, fired quickly-four times a minute-inaccurate at any range above a 100

yards. The standard infantry weapon of the 1840s and 1850s.The Minie ball: a conical lead bullet developed in 1849, permitted combat muskets to employ rifling making them accurate u to 400 yards and able to kill a man at a thousand yards.The rifled musket fouled far less frequently, easy to lad, advantage of speed and rapidity of fire..58 caliber Springfield rifled musket.British made .577 Enfield.Battlefield tactics of the Civil War remained largely frozen in the Napoleonic era. Civil war commanders stuck to the old close-order formations that Napoleon had used half a century before. Shoulder to shoulder stacked two deep. Able to concentrate their firepower.Battles were won by hurling more lead, more accurately, at the enemy than the enemy hurled at you.

Close tactical formations were the only way that officers could control and move men around a battlefield. In the noise and confusion of battle, a regiment of 300 to 600 men had to be able to hear the orders of its colonel and subordinate officers; those who could not actually hear had to be able to follow the movements of those who did. Orthodox Civil War “charge” against smoothbores, the men had a very good chance of getting close to the enemy’s position. Against rifled muskets fired from cover, the effect approximated pure slaughter. Throw large bodies of men against entrenched defenders wielding rifled muskets, with catastrophic results.. Absolutely murderous range for the new weapons at 100 to 200 yards. Such accuracy makes it even harder to imagine a soldier standing erect in a field in a battle line, unprotected, biting off the paper end of a cartridge, pouring powder down the barrel, ramming a bullet down the barrel with his ramrod, inserting a percussion cap in the breech, then cocking the hammer-a process that took up to thirty seconds- while hundreds or thousands of men on the other side lined him and others like him up in their sights of their rifles. 94% of all men killed and wounded in the war were hit by bullets. Less than half of 1 percent of wounds were inflicted by saber or bayonet. The new muskets rendered cavalry nearly useless as an attacking body.

The Minie’ Ball

Page 83: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Banks now has driven Jackson south, up the valley, and can now head back to Harper’s Ferry, allowing McClellan’s plan for the destruction of Richmond to begin.

What will Jackson do? a. He has drawn Banks far up the valley, accomplishing his orders. He will join Johnston

in defense of Richmond. b. He must draw more Union troops into the valley to ensure that Richmond will not be

attacked- he will attack Banks as he retreats. c. He will withdraw to Swift Run Gap to make an easy escape through the Blue Ridge Mountains to Richmond and, at the same time, protect any advance of Banks up the South Fork. d. Hold a tent-meeting.

117

Page 84: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson has received 7000 troops through Swift Run Gap from Ewell.He moves toward Swift Run Gap anticipating Banks moving further up the valley, which would mean that Jackson has accomplished his goal.

Q: What could Banks do that would ruin Jackson’s plan?

?118

Page 85: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

The Situation at Fort Monroe McClellan’s scouts estimated Johnston’s force at 40,000,

not the 100,000 first thought.

Lincoln is

outraged!Question: Why?

a. The scouts must be incompetent since they countered McClellan’s estimate.

b. Outrage with Johnston for running away to the south avoiding a fight.c. McClellan had missed his chance to end the rebellion with one battle.d. He’s always outraged regardless of the situation.

119

Page 86: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Johnston, aware of McClellan’s plan to move up the peninsula and attack Richmond from the southeast,………….orders Magruder to delay any move of the Union troops up the peninsula.

Q: What does Magruder do?a. A surprise and sudden attack on McClellan’s force as they

are busy with supplies and preparation for their move toward Richmond.

b. Digs in and fortifies a wall across the James River peninsula hoping to delay McClellan's advance.

c. Fire and retreat back to Richmond to help Johnston.d. Brings forth his unit choir to serenade the Union soldiers.Magruder’s

PerformanceClick the red rectangle

next………………………………

To skip the performance click the blue rectangle

120

Page 87: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Magrud

er Your instructor will recount the fantastic story of Magruder’s performance.In short, he had his 300 men march in groups of four in front of his lines, visible to McClellan who was observing.The 300 make one revolution then circle behind their own lines and repeat the march-for 16 hours!As the 300 tire they are replaced with a fresh 300.McClellan counts Magruder’s “marchers” and came up with 20,000 men. He will wait before he moves. Magruder’s performance deserves a standing ovation.

Magruder is trained in drama productions and

stage shows.

121

Page 88: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

McClellan settles into siege formation and waits for more troops. Johnston is on the defensive and has set up fortifications to counterbalance his lack of troops compared to McClellan’s. When McDowell's troops head south through Centreville, McClellan will launch his attack on Richmond.

Badly outnumbered and McClellan beginning to move slowly up the peninsula, Johnston orders Jackson to begin a diversion to keep Banks in the Shenandoah Valley.

The strategic logic of the north:

The strategic logic of the south:

Jackson is needed to defend Richmond but if he can keep Banks busy and draw them further into the valley (up-river)…….he could escape the valley and shore up Johnston’s defense of Richmond.This scenario would most assuredly keep the cautious McClellan from launching his attack on Richmond and……would allow the Confederates to move more troops from the south up to Richmond.

? ?

122

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The strategic logic of the North:If Banks cannot eliminate Jackson from the valley then McDowell

will not move south and McClellan will not move.

The strategic logic of the South:If Jackson can keep Banks busy in the valley, and by so doing threaten

to move down the valley and then threaten Washington, then McDowell will be forced to stay at home near Washington and McClellan won’t move.

The “TIME FACTOR”. Each passing day allows the Confederates time to move more troops to Richmond 123

Page 90: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Time to study

the map

How will Jackson accomplish the ……. DIVERSION?

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Page 91: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

Fremont

Shields

Banks

Jackson

Johnson

17,000 6000

20,000

20,000

1100

Johnson55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000

Ewell8500

And Ashby

126

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View: from Blue Ridge Mountains across the valley to Harrisburg with the Allegheny Mountains in the distance.

127

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View: from Blue Ridge mountains to Luray to the New Market Gap in the distance.

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View: Shenandoah River near Front Royal

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Jackson retreats to Strasburg as Banks reaches Winchester.

11,000 Union troops in the valley is not enough to delay McClellan’s march on Richmond.

Jackson must force Banks, drawing Banks entire army into the valley. That would keep McClellan in place.

He attacks Banks and Shields (11,000) just south of Winchester at Kernstown.

Q: The Battle of Kernstown- results?

a. The attack is successful and Shields withdraws to Harpers Ferry.

b. Before Jackson’s attack was complete Banks sends 20,000 men to assist Shields.

c. Badly outnumbered Jackson is defeated and retreats from Kernstown.

d. No battle occurred as Jackson's reputation and reports that he had 20,000 men led Shields to retreat.

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Kernstown

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Shields, in command of the forward troops of Banks’ 20,000, used his numbers advantage well and communications failed with Jackson's commanders.

• Q: Jackson’s next move?• a. Send Ashby and his cavalry at Shields.• b. Attack again at Kernstown with all his men.• c. Heal the wounds and come back another day.• d. Withdraw up the valley to Cross Keys and get reinforcements.

Shields

Jackson lost 700 men in a humiliating loss and withdraws to Strasburg.The Whole confederate

plan is in jeopardy!

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Banks

Fremont

Shields

Banks

Jackson6000

Johnson

17,000

9,000

20,000

111,000

Johnson55,000

McClellan110,000

McDowell35,000

3000

Anderson12,000

Ewell8500

Kernstown

Ashby

Ashby attacks Shields’ 11,000 men.

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Ashby’s attack is

such a surprise….hours after Jackson had retreated, that Shields

was forced to retreat north of Winchester.

Q: Now what will Lincoln, McDowell, and McClellan decide?a. They believe the battle at Kernstown was a rout, despite Ashby’s success. Jackson was soundly defeated and the Union can now move on Richmond.b. Ashby’s victory at Kernstown made the Union aware that Jackson is still a nuisance and a threat.

C and D are not one of the choices.

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And the answer is...

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Lincoln to General Banks,

“Remove Jackson from the valley!!!”

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Ashby catches Shields 11000 troops with cavalry by surprise forcing Shields to run to Winchester, joining the 9000 Union troops of Banks.

Lincoln is concerned with Jackson and orders Banks and Shields to head up the Shenandoah Valley with his 20,000 troops and get Jackson out of the valley.

Johnston sends Jackson 2,000 more troops with orders to continue to keep Banks involved in the valley; but in addition he must be ready to quickly escape the valley and get to Richmond to help Johnston if McClellan launches a move.

Q: What is Jackson’s next move?a. Join Ashby south of Kernstown and wait.b. Join Ashby south of Kernstown and move toward Winchester.c. Bring Ashby back to New Market and wait for Banks to head up the

valley.d. Cross over New Market Gap and move down the valley toward Front

Royal.

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Al l e

gh

an

y M

ou

nt a

i ns

Bl u

e R

i dg e

Mo

un

t a i ns

Jackson will head north down the river valley to

threaten Winchester.

Q: Then what?

a. Attack….of course. b. Start an attack and

retreat. c. Wait, wait, wait, you

are outnumbered. d. Keep moving, return

to Luray.

Kernstown

138

Page 104: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Thornton’s Gap

Luray

Front Royal

Winchester

Strasburg

Harpers Ferry

Washington

Richmond

New Market

New Market Gap

BanksMcDowell

Attack and runaway! The Confederates must draw the Union forces deeper into the valley.

Kernstown

Shields

Harrisonburg

JacksonAshby

Ewell

Johnston

Swift Run Gap

The next move is the most technical and factor laden decision.

Q: What next for Jackson?a. Stayb. Attackc. Retreat to

Harrisonburgd. Cross New

Market Gap to Luray.

Q: Find the danger in each choice.

McDowell

139

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140A sketch/drawing by the famous Civil War artist Alfred Waud.

Page 106: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Lincoln is frustrated with his army, especially with McClellan’s timidity while having 2 to 1 numerical advantage.

Also, with Banks inability to follow up on the “victory” at Kernstown.

Lincoln will send McDowell and 20,000 men into the valley so that he and Banks will get Jackson out of the valley for good.

Lincoln has also sent 7,000 troops into the Allegheny mountains to assist Fremont in controlling the railroads and passes in the mountains.

Johnston has ordered General Ewell CSA with 6,000 troops to move to Gordonsville, a short trip through a gap in the Blue Ridge mountains and yet still close to Richmond.

Jackson retreats to Harrisonburg.

We revisit the map to discuss Banks 'options.

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Thornton’s Gap

Luray

Front Royal

Winchester

Strasburg

Harpers Ferry

Washington

Richmond

New Market Gap

Banks

McDowellKernstown

Shields

Harrisonburg

JacksonAshby

Ewell

Johnston

Swift Run Gap

New Market

McDowell

Banks with McDowell are aggressively after Jackson.

Q: Identify all of the Union choices.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Surrendering is not one of the choices.

Fremont

Fill in

the b

lanks

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Page 108: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

1. Continue up the valley along the North Fork, thus chasing Jackson out of the valley, or at least so far that he could not threaten Washington.

2. Continue up the valley along the North Fork, but send McDowell’s troops along the South Fork in a pincer movement.

3. Head across New Market gap and let McDowell’s men continue up the North Fork- another pincer movement.

4. Since Jackson is already deep into the valley and no threat to Washington, leave two cavalry units of 2,000 to be a nuisance to Jackson if he tries to return north up the North Fork. Banks and McDowell will return to Harpers Ferry and get the attack on Richmond moving.

5. With McDowell guarding the North Fork route to Harpers Ferry, Banks will hurriedly cross over to Luray and up the South Fork to block Jackson’s escape from the valley.

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Q: Again, what does Jackson do?

a. Digs in to stop Banks’ advance to Harrisonburg. b. Head toward Swift Run Gap and through the Blue

Ridge Mountains, orders completed. c. Withdraw to Staunton and join forces with General

Johnson (3000). d. Bring up Johnson’s , now 4000, men to Cross Keys.

Jackson retreats further to Cross Keys. Fearing that if he remained west of the Masanutten Mountains, Banks might advance

up the Luray Valley east of the mountains and cut off his route across the Blue Ridge mountains to Richmond.

Banks advances to New Market.

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Al l e

gh

an

y M

ou

nt a

i ns

Bl u

e R

i dg e

Mo

un

t a i ns

Jackson heads toward Swift Run Gap but doesn’t leave the valley. He is counting on Banks moving south of Harrisonburg where Jackson could cut off his communications to the north.

Fremont is advancing through the mountains toward Harrisonburg to join Banks.

Banks

McDowell

Swift Run GapJackson

Fremont

Johnson

reserves

McClellan

Johnston

Ewell

Magruder

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Now it’s your turn to strategize……..Review the commands and orders that each group of troops is to obey.

Then……study the map again (go to next slide).

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Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Al l e

gh

an

y M

ou

nt a

i ns

Bl u

e R

i dg e

Mo

un

t a i ns

Banks

McDowell

Swift Run GapJackson

Fremont

Johnson

reserves

McClellan

Johnston

Ewell

Magruder

147

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Q: Jackson’s next move;a. Head toward the mountain passes in the Alleghenies to stop Fremont

from joining Banks.b. Escape through Swift Run Gap to join Johnston at Richmond.c. Attack Banks and make him withdraw to prevent a linking with Fremont.d. Pray

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Jackson must stop Fremont. Ashby attacks Banks north of Harrisonburg.

Q: What does Banks do?a. Easily defeats Ashby’s attack and advances to Harrisonburg.b. Digs in and defends their position.c. Withdraws to New Market.d. He is becoming paranoid so he runs for home.

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Page 115: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Banks, misjudging Ashby’s force, withdraws to New Market.

General Ewell’s 6000 men are sent to defend Swift Run Gap and to stop Banks from escaping to the east

and join McClellan. Jackson jams the mountain pass to stop Fremont who

heads back into the Allegheny Mountains and then north to try and reach Banks at Strasburg.

Ewell sends 3000 troops to join Jackson’s force. Banks withdraws further to Strasburg and sends Shields

to Front Royal to protect the South Fork route. Jackson sends Ashby to scout Bank’s movements. Fremont is moving toward Banks at Strasburg.

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Page 116: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson heads toward Swift Run Gap but doesn’t leave the valley. He is counting on Banks moving south of Harrisonburg where Jackson could cut off his communications to the north.

Fremont is advancing through the mountains toward Harrisonburg to join Banks.

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisonburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Al l e

gh

an

y M

ou

nt a

i ns

Bl u

e R

i dg e

Mo

un

t a i ns

Banks

McDowell

Swift Run Gap

Jackson

Fremont

Johnson

McClellan

Johnston

Ewell

Magruder

AshbyShields

McDowell

For Study

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Q: WHAT DOES JACKSON DO?

a. Continue down the North Fork to New Market.b. Head into the Allegheny mountains at

Harrisonburg and chase Fremont into Strasburg with a surprise attack

on Fremont and Banks.c. With protection from Ewell’s troops escape the

valley through Swift Run Gap to join Johnston at Richmond.d. Join Ewell and head north to Luray and down the east side of the Masanutten Mountains.

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Page 118: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson heads toward Luray

• Banks has lost sight of Jackson, has no idea where he is. • Jackson rapidly moves and attacks the Union force at Front Royal . • Banks, surprised withdraws to Winchester and digs in to fight any further advance by

Jackson. • Banks poorly led defensive effort falls apart and his men retreat quickly north of the

Potomac River near Harpers Ferry.

• Q: What is Lincoln’s reaction? a. Outraged, he orders Banks to attack Jackson’s forces at Winchester.• b. Outraged, he orders Banks to dig in at Harpers Ferry and

prevent Jackson’s forces from crossing the Potomac.• c. Outraged, he orders McDowell's 20,000 men back across the

Potomac and with Banks and Fremont, to destroy Jackson once and for all.

• d. Outraged he surrenders Washington.

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Page 119: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson heads toward Swift Run Gap but doesn’t leave the valley. He is counting on Banks moving south of Harrisonburg where Jackson could cut off his communications to the north.

Fremont is advancing through the mountains toward Harrisonburg to join Banks.

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisonburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Al l e

gh

an

y M

ou

nt a

i ns

Bl u

e R

i dg e

Mo

un

t a i ns

BanksMcDowell

Swift Run Gap

Jackson

Fremont

Johnson

McClellan

Johnston

Ewell

Magruder

Ashby

Shields McDowell

Ewell

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Page 120: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Outraged! Lincoln orders Banks to turn around and orders

McDowell to lead into the valley. Jackson’s spies learn of the plan.

Q: What does Jackson do? a. Quickly retreats to Winchester leaving Ashby

behind to slow the Union advance. b. Attack the Union forces at the Potomac. c. Dig in and wait for the Union forces to attack

him, knowing they will be hindered by the need to cross the river.

d. this is not the answer.155

Page 121: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson retreats to Winchester. Jackson hastily retreats leaving

Ashby behind to slow the Union forces’ advance.

Ashby is killed in that effort. As Jackson retreats he burns all the

bridges across the Shenandoah River.

Jackson reaches Port Republic-Cross Keys

Q: What does Jackson do?

A. Escape through Swift Run Gap B. Withdraw to Staunton where he

can escape to Richmond by railroad. C. Attack the Union forces

advancing up the North Fork. D. Attack the Union forces

advancing up the South Fork.

Banks now splits his huge force. Fremont and McDowell head up the North Fork and Banks up the South Fork.

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Page 122: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson attacks Fremont at Harrisonburg.

• The valley is narrow and McDowell is prevented from helping Fremont.

• The battle is considered a draw and Jackson withdraws to Port Republic.

• Q: What does Jackson do? – A. Attack the Union forces advancing up the South Fork.– B. Attack the Union forces at Harrisonburg again as they would

not expect it, Jackson knowing he is badly outnumbered.– C. Escape through Swift Run Gap to join Johnston at Richmond.– D. Escape by rail from Staunton to join Johnston. 157

Page 123: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson heads toward Swift Run Gap but doesn’t leave the valley. He is counting on Banks moving south of Harrisonburg where Jackson could cut off his communications to the north.

Fremont is advancing through the mountains toward Harrisonburg to join Banks.

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Winchester

Romney

Moorefield

Franklin

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Mt.Jackson

New MarketLuray

Harrisonburg

Cross Keys

StauntonClarksville

Gordonsville

Culpeper

Centreville

Potomac River

James River Fort Monroe

York River

Rappahannock River

Al l e

gh

an

y M

ou

nt a

i ns

Bl u

e R

i dg e

Mo

un

t a i nsBanks

McDowell

Swift Run GapJackson

Fremont

Johnson

McClellan

Johnston

Ewell

Magruder

Ashby

Shields

McDowell

EwellPort Republic

158

: Jackson’s next move?a. Attack the Union forces again on the

South Fork.b. Attack the Union forces again on the

North Fork.c. Escape through Swift Run Gap

toward Richmond.d. Retreat to Staunton and dig in.

Page 124: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson attacks down the South Fork.

With Fremont still licking his wounds from the previous battle Jackson attacks Banks’ forces coming up the South Fork.

Again the valley is too narrow to allow Banks the opportunity to use his superior forces and the battle ends in another

draw.

Page 125: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Jackson has accomplished his

mission-time to go Richmond

The Union has three armies-Banks, Fremont, McDowellstuck far up the Shenandoah Valley,

unable to join in McClellan’s plan to attack Richmond. McClellan is distraught and still misjudging the Confederate

numbers at Richmond. The delaying tactics of Jackson have allowed time to pass

while the Confederates have further fortified Richmond. Richmond will be saved.

)

166

Page 126: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

A Metaphor

Collaborate on discovering a metaphor for Jackson’s orders: draw Banks up the Shenandoah Valley.

Here’s one: explain how it works.

CATNIP167

Page 127: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

Any Questions??

? Any Comments???

To view a collection of fantastic drawings and sketches by the famous Civil War artist George Waud….click the Red Rectangle.

168

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Lincoln and McClellan pose for a photo before Lincoln “kills” him.169

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Lincoln is 6’5” looking down on McClellan 170

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171

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172

Page 132: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

17317th Illinois

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174

Sgt. George Bellville, K company 10th Ohio

Captain Thomas Herndon, 14th Tennessee Infantry

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175

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176

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177

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178

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179

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180

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181

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182

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184

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185

Garnett

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188

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

McDowell 35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson10,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

D H Hill12,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Rosecrans12,000

Johnson3000

December, 1861

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189

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Romney

McDowell

Strasburg

Mt.Jackson

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Front Royal

Winchester

LurayManassas

Harrisonburg

Charlottesburg

Franklin

Fredericksburg

Kernstown

McClellan120,000

Banks23,000

McDowell35,000

Page 149: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

190

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers Ferry

Romney

McDowell

Front Royal

Strasburg

Mt.Jackson

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

LurayManassas

Page 150: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

191

Shenandoah River Valley

Harpers FerryRomney

McDowell

Front RoyalStrasburg

Cross Keys

Staunton

Potomac River

James River

York River

Rappahannock River

Port Republic

Allegh

any M

ount

ains

Blue Ridg

e Moun

tains

Winchester

Luray

Fredericksburg

Manassas

McClellan125,000

McDowell 35,000

Johnston 35,000

Jackson10,000

Ewell6,000

Fremont12,000

10,000

Banks16,000

D H Hill12,000

FrederickRosecrans7,000

Rosecrans22,000

Johnson3000

December, 1861

Page 151: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

192

Jackson headed east crossing through the Blue Ridge Mountains then doubled back to Staunton being lost to the Union.Fear in Washington that Jackson would attack.May 5th Jackson joined by Ed Johnson -3,000. at StauntonThe Union even thought that “Johnson” was “Johnston”.

Page 152: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign

193

Banks was sending troops to McDowell who would then move south toward Richmond.Lee order to Jackson: quickly stop the Union evacuation from the valley.Jackson would attack General Milroy at the town of McDowell. Union believed the town of McDowell was the army of McDowell.Jackson defeated Milroy who retreated to the city of Franklin where Fremont wasThree days of chasing Milroy and Fremont deeper into the Alleghenies, west of Shenandoah.Jackson turned about and went back to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with Banks.Banks is anxious; Shields (11,000) sent to General McDowell at StrasburgBurns 8,000Page 299

Banks was now at Strasburg.Banks believed Jackson was 30 miles away at New marketNow Jackson disappeared again. Screening his front with cavalry he side-slipped to the east crossing the Massanutten Mountain ridge and getting over into the valley of the South Fork of the Shanandoah , picking up General Ewell and his 8000 men en route. On the night of May 22 Jackson had his entire force, thus increased to 17,000 men , in camp ten miles from Front Royal.Page 300, para4.

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195

Jackson mainly wanted to attack a Union army. He had been made to wait passively for months in the camps around Manassas. Now, with something approximating an independent command, he was eager to advance. He was aware that with such a numerical disadvantage his only chance was to keep the enemy off balance. The way to do that, it seemed to him, was with tactical strikes. He wrote to Confederate secretary of war Judah Benjamin in Richmond with a plan, endorsed by Johnston, for a winter campaign “to capture the Federal forces at Romney.” He would need more men, and he proposed that three brigades in the Allegheny Mountains south and west of Winchester, under the command of Brigadier General William W. Loring, be ordered to join him. Thus reinforced he would have more than ten thousand men-he would seize Romney. Once in possession of Romney, he proposed to cross a chunk of the mountains in winter and strike deep into northwestern Virginia (now West Virginia.)

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201

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Masanutten Mountains in the Shenandoah Valley

Jackson will be dealing with Banks, Shields, McDowell, and Fremont on both sides of the Massanutten Mountains, the North and South Forks of the Shenandoah River.

206