I I I

¶Rm

ecfie

san

d‘R

ijual

sF

OL

KM

ED

ICIN

EIN

NO

RW

Ay

AN

DT

HE

NE

WL

AN

D

Kat

hlee

nSt

okke

r

f-

c•t)7

MIN

NE

SO

TA

HIS

TO

RIC

AL

SO

CIE

TY

PR

ES

S

RI

MI

1111

‘N

fl

RI

11

Al

S

the

JIV

ISIV

CJo

,tnn

.ildi

spur

t’s

ih.z

tot

herw

ise

dest

roye

dth

eun

ityof

the

Nor

rnim

mm

rI

-I

•m

lL

IW

t’Ji

thos

ew

how

ere

actrv

cly

oppo

sed

toth

e

md1c

1.u-J,’

JRe

v.I.

Mj

I).il

ilas

a[r

lmd

guid

ein

spir

itual

afEt

irs,”

A

rote

I•i

Urc

mc

I irs

ini

inhi

sI,

))R

ook

LIO

11H

lniu

rir;’,

rnt,

sought

his

pJrsofl’

cII

IO

tiesi

ofI

Iit

.1In

gor

scm

for

him

toV

isit

thei

rsi

ckre

lativ

es:’

51Inouh

I)ah

lh

111

111

‘I

r.ith

erii

Lh(’

r’rf

,iJJ

I’ss

iflI

,in

[Iiitkim

er:tsfJi:iesricniedjcineir

“Th’

e’¶l

3taC

k‘]3

ook

.iu

•IS

SIJ

IJH

L1,

1.11

son

sugg

esn’

d,rh

.irw

on

him

“I—Ic

unde

rsto

od

ins

people

,he

coul

dlo

okiw

oth

eir

trou

bles

,he

coul

dex

plor

eth

eir

imag

i-

mys

tical

mcd

icin

e

IIIt

ioil

s.

(J.1

1som

epio

neer

pasto

rs,

thou

ghno

long

eras

sist

edby

the

magic

al

blac

kbo

ok.

IN)’

used

thei

run

ders

tand

ing

ofhu

man

natu

rean

d

thei

ri

Ilin

n,’

tosd-y

ew

here

ver

and

how

ever

they

wer

ene

eded

topr

o—“W

hoas

ach

ilddi

dno

the

arab

out

the

blac

kho

okan

dth

enqu

ake

in

Vdr

nlore

th.in

ilir

lord

sI 1r

aye

r”jjj

dwJ

WJ

terr

orat

the

‘true

’rep

orts

ofth

isho

ok’s

mag

ical

,mys

tical

pow

ers”

Skill

ing

Mag

azin

.18

59

OR

NIN

ET

EE

NT

H-C

EN

TU

RY

NO

RW

EG

IAN

S,

the

sim

ple

nam

e“b

lack

book

”ra

ised

goos

ebu

mps

and

conj

ured

upth

ough

tsof

the

devi

L

Stor

ies

abou

tthe

blac

kbo

okac

com

pani

edN

orw

egia

nem

igra

nts

toA

mer

ica,

whe

re,

acco

rdin

gto

Car

lR

oan

(bor

n1878),

they

mig

htev

enta

lkab

out

the

book

atso

cial

even

tssu

chas

aqu

iltin

gbe

e.In

his

mem

oir

oflif

ein

(ile

ncoe

,

Min

neso

ta,

duri

ngth

ei8

8os,

Roa

nw

rote

that

afte

rw

om

en

spen

tth

eda

y

piec

ing

toge

ther

ade

cora

tive

cove

rlet

,th

eyw

ould

mak

edi

nner

,an

d,as

“the

men

visi

ted

with

each

othe

rw

hile

eatin

gsu

pper

and

look

ing

over

the

wom

en’s

hand

iwor

k,th

eyw

ould

talk

,am

ong

othe

rth

ings

,ab

out

the

srar

tebo

k,a

volu

me

purp

orti

ngto

reve

alva

riou

str

icks

accr

edite

dto

the

devi

l,”

The

terr

orth

aton

cesu

rrou

nded

the

blac

kbo

okha

dfa

ded

byR

oan’

s

time,

and

the

mag

ical

tom

eha

dco

me

tose

emm

ore

lege

ndar

yth

anre

al,

“Ver

yfe

wif

any

have

ever

seen

it,”

wro

teR

oan,

who

seca

valie

rto

nesh

arpl

y

cont

rast

sw

ithth

atof

Car

lN

yeru

p,a

Dan

ew

how

rote

ini8

i6ab

out

the

-

ypri

anus,

asth

ebl

ack

book

was

also

know

n.T

henam

eC

ypri

anus

refe

rred

toth

ech

urch

patr

iarc

hT

hasc

ius

Cae

ciliu

s,B

isho

pof

Ant

ioch

inth

eth

ird

cent

ury,

who

inex

plic

ably

beca

me

the

subj

ect

ofm

edie

val

stor

ies

alle

ging

that

heat

tend

eda

scho

olof

blac

kar

tsan

dw

rote

the

orig

inal

blac

kbo

ok,

Acc

ordi

ngto

anea

rly

nine

teen

th-c

entu

ryhi

stor

y,th

eho

okw

asth

e“h

or

rify

ing,

nefa

riou

sto

nic

know

nby

ever

yone

inth

eco

untr

ysid

eas

Cyp

rian

us,

whe

reby

one

can

conj

ure

upan

dpu

tdo

wn

the

devi

lan

dge

thi

mto

doju

st

s-75

6E

ME

DIE

SA

ND

RI

IVA

LS

ason

eco

mm

ands

,an

dw

hose

page

ste

ach

how

tore

cove

rlo

stgo

ods,

cure

all

kind

sof

dise

ase,

rem

ove

curs

es,

find

buri

edtr

easu

re,

turn

back

the

at

tack

sof

snak

esan

ddo

gs,

and

mor

e.W

hile

som

eas

soci

ated

the

blac

kbo

okw

ithC

ypri

anus,

othe

rsbe

lieve

dit

tohe

“the

sixt

han

dse

vent

hB

ook

ofM

oses

that

had

been

left

out

ofth

eB

ible

byth

ele

arne

d,so

that

sim

ple

folk

shal

lnot

get

tokn

owth

eth

ings

wri

tten

ther

e.”

(Nor

vegi

aiis

know

the

firs

tliv

ebo

oks

ofth

eB

ible

asth

eB

ooks

of

Mos

es.)

Whi

leth

eB

ible

neve

rha

da

sixt

hor

seve

nth

Boo

kof

Mos

es,

the

aiiu

sion

tOth

ebl

ack

1)00

kas

som

ethi

ngpe

ople

have

lost

sug

gest

sa

link

torh

eC

atho

lic

heal

ing

pray

ers

that

cons

titu

ted

anin

tegr

alpa

rtof

chur

chri

tual

befo

reth

eyw

ere

reje

cted

byL

uthe

ran

doct

rine

.“L

uthe

rhdnr

tran

slat

eth

e6t

hB

ook

ofM

oses

beca

use

itde

alt

with

mag

ic;

held

atr

adit

ion

from

Nor

dmør

e,“T

heC

atho

licB

ible

had

aSi

xth

and

Seve

nth

Boo

kof

Mos

es,

and

thos

ew

ho

wen

tto

the

\Vit

tenb

erg

Scho

ol[M

arti

nI

uthe

rsuniv

ers

ity)

have

cert

ain

lyre

adth

em;

thes

ebo

oks

com

pri

seth

ebl

ack

hook

,”he

lda

corr

esp

ondin

gtr

adit

ion

from

Val

dres

.3

Onc

eaco

nsra

ntki

ndle

rof

conv

ersa

tion

and

cont

rove

rsy,

the

blac

kbo

okac

com

pani

edem

igra

nts

toA

mer

ica

on1y

tore

trea

tin

toob

livio

naf

ter

the

1920

s.B

utw

hile

few

Nor

weg

ian

Am

eric

ans

toda

yha

vehe

ard

ofit

,aw

are

ness

lives

onin

Nor

way

.“1

have

won

dere

dw

here

peop

lege

tho

ldof

the

blac

kho

ok,”

said

am

anfr

oml”

ivrl

and

inSo

gn(b

orn

1914

)du

ring

anin

ter

view

in19

96.

“I’v

eth

ough

tab

out

that

ofte

n.B

utm

any

Nor

weg

ians

doub

tsu

cha

hook

ever

exis

ted

inre

ality

. “I’v

ehe

ard

abou

tth

ebl

ack

book

:’sa

idan

othe

rin

form

ant

(hor

nta

oin

l1ar

land

),“b

utI

have

neve

rse

enon

ean

ddo

n’t

thin

kth

ere

was

such

aho

ok:’

4N

osi

ngle

blac

kho

okdi

dex

ist—

hund

reds

ofth

emdi

d.M

ostw

ere

han

dw

ritt

enco

mpi

latio

nsof

advi

cean

dm

agic

alcu

res,

item

spe

ople

copi

eddo

wn

asth

eyca

me

acro

ssth

emby

wor

dof

mou

thor

inw

ritt

enfo

rm. A

bout

ioin

divi

dual

blac

kho

oks,

mos

tlyco

mpi

led

betw

een

the

late

ioos

and

earl

yiS

oos,

are

know

nto

day.

Muse

um

s,ar

chiv

es,

and

libra

ries

ow

nso

me;

pri

vat

eco

llec

tors

have

othe

rs;

and

new

ones

still

occa

sion

aily

com

eto

light

, suc

has

the

two

blac

kho

oks

that

rece

ntl

ysu

rfac

edin

adu

sty

attic

near

Elv

erum

,so

me

seventy

five

mil

esnort

heast

of()

slo

.M

ary

Rus

tad

(bor

n19

52in

Min

neapoli

s)ft

und

them

one

rain

yday

in19

94at

Nor

dR

usta

d,th

etii

rmle

ftby

her

gre

at-

gra

ndfa

ther

in18

79w

hen

heem

igra

ted

toA

mer

ica.

Mar

yca

me

toN

ord

Rust

ad

asa

new

brid

ein

1977

atag

etw

enty

-fiv

e,ha

ving

mar

ried

her

thir

dcousin

,N

ils. “

One

yea

raf

ter

Iw

as

TH

Eii

I.A

CK

1100K

S77

mar

ried

:’sh

ew

rote

,“m

yhu

sban

dan

dI

foun

da

blac

kho

okin

the

stor

age

room

ofth

eol

dba

rn.

Nils

notic

edit

had

som

eth

ing

todo

with

blac

km

agic

and

quic

kly

put

itaw

ay.

We

won

’tlo

okat

that

flO

W;

hesa

id.

Iw

aspr

egna

ntw

ithou

rfi

rst

child

and

the

blac

kbo

okw

ould

brin

gha

dlu

ck.”

Yar

sla

ter,

Mar

yfin

ally

look

edag

ain

for

the

hook

amon

gth

ings

that

had

been

mov

edto

the

atti

c,6

‘[he

attic

was

hum

idfr

omra

in.

Mar

yfo

und

ach

ild’s

stoo

lan

dsa

tdo

wn

unde

ron

eof

the

eves

,he

rhe

adju

stbe

low

the

ceili

ng.

‘[he

firs

tbo

xsh

e

look

edth

roug

hco

ntai

ned

disc

arde

dsh

avin

geq

uipm

enta

nda

few

old

book

s.Sh

epi

cked

upon

eth

atha

dth

ick,

yello

wed

page

sse

wn

toget

her

byha

nd.’

EnLi

dcn

Kun

stho

g”(A

little

hook

ofsk

ills)

,so

meo

neha

dw

ritt

enon

the

first

page

,tho

ugh

Mar

yco

uld

not

deci

pher

the

goth

icha

ndw

ritin

gju

stth

en.

On

the

seco

ndpa

ge,h

owev

er,

she

mad

eou

tth

ena

me

“Cyp

rian

us’

and

ona

late

rpa

ge,

the

even

mor

ede

mon

ic“B

else

bub:

ihe

seco

ndto

me,

hard

boun

din

anag

edco

ver,

seem

edto

hebl

ank

until

Mar

yno

ticed

that

the

edge

sof

the

mid

dle

sect

ion

ofpa

ges

wer

eso

iled

From

use.

Ope

ning

toth

em,

she

Foun

dth

esa

me

type

ofha

ndw

ritin

gas

inth

efir

stbo

ok.

lhe

volu

me

cons

iste

dof

seve

nty-

eigh

tin

cant

atio

ns;

the

first

volu

me

had

thir

ty-f

our.

Mar

yR

usta

dhold

ing

two

blac

kbo

oks

ofn.

igic

aliu

c,mta—

tions

disc

over

edin

aFa

rmat

ticne

ar1I

vt’r

um,

Norw

ay

;,‘

c ¶4

RE

ML

[)j)

cA

ND

RIT

UA

LS

TIL

Li,,i

,,,.,,,.

-ID

’

IDR

OM

TIL

ER

US

1AD

BL

AC

KB

OO

KS

It)he

alan

eye

ui/C

Ctio

n:

“Jes

usan

dSr

.Pe

ter

wer

ew

alki

ngdo

wn

aro

adan

dm

eta

blin

dm

an.

Ihe

man

said

,H

eal

my

eyes

as

you

heal

edyo

urgo

odm

othe

r’s

eyes

.

Inth

ena

me

ofth

eH

oly

Tri

nity

.”T

hen

say

the

Lord

’sPr

ayer

.

I-ora

toL)

tJ,a

,-hL’

:

V/r

iteth

ese

wor

dson

apie

ce

ofpa

per.

‘ibe

ncu

rit

into

thre

epi

eces

.

I Liv

eth

epa

tien

tpl

ace

the

firs

tpie

ce

on

the

bad

toot

hin

the

evenin

g

and

inth

em

orni

ngqu

ietly

spit

the

pape

ron

the

fire

.D

oth

esam

e

mor

ning

and

nigh

tw

ithth

eot

her

pie

ces.

The

wor

dsare

these:

“gen

II,

Nag

erin

,V

ager

in,J

ager

in,

Ipag

erin

, Sip

ia.”

You

shou

ldw

rite

thes

ew

ords

with

ane

wpe

n.

Ior

au’

o,na

nha

i’inç

adi

fficu

ltla

bor,

soth

atth

eba

byw

illbe

horn

quic

kly:

Tak

etw

opie

ces

ofa

whi

telil

yro

ot, G

ive

itto

the

wom

anto

eat.

Soon

the

baby

will

com

ean

dth

enth

eaf

terb

irth

. The

wom

an

will

be

u nha

rnie

d,

Or: lake

two

eggs

, let

them

cook

toth

eco

nsis

tenc

yof

bard

-boi

led

eggs

.

ILi

veth

ew

oman

, on

anem

pty

stom

ach,

take

aco

uple

ofgo

od-s

ized

spoo

nful

sof

the

wat

erth

atth

eeggs

were

cook

edin

.The

birt

hw

ill

then

soon

com

men

ce, i

his

has

been

used

with

very

good

resu

ltsan

d

isha

rmle

ssto

the

wom

an,

cure

afe

ver

that

begi

nsw

ithch

ills:

‘Wri

teth

ison

apie

ce

of

brea

dan

dgiv

eit

toth

epa

tien

tfo

rei

ght

days

,on

epi

ece

each

day.

and

onth

eni

nth

day,

burn

the

last

piec

e,

whi

chis

Cx:

Col

amer

isx,

Col

amer

jx,

Col

arne

rx,

Col

ame

x,C

olam

x,

Col

ax,

Cd

x,C

ox,

Cx.

Aft

erdo

ing

this

, the

feve

rw

illbe

gone

.

I’or a

irbo

rne

pest

ilenc

e:

“Our

Lor

dJe

sus

and

St.

Pete

ran

dSt

. And

rew

wal

ked

with

the

othe

rdi

scip

les

alon

ga

river.

Up

from

the

wat

erlik

ea

fish

cam

ea

terr

ible

bein

gth

attr

ied

tode

vour

them

. Jes

usgr

abbe

dit

byth

eta

il,

aski

ng’W

here

are

you

goin

g’T

heev

ilsp

irit

answ

ered

,’l

amgo

ing

toth

efa

rmof

N.N

.(in

sert

the

appr

opri

ate

pers

on’s

nam

e)to

harm

the

hors

es,s

win

e,go

ats,

and

shee

p.T

heir

bone

sto

brea

k,fle

shto

eat,

and

bloo

dto

drin

k.’

No!

You

will

nor!

’sa

idJe

sus.

’You

shal

l

retu

rnto

thos

ew

hoha

vere

leas

edyo

u,do

wn

into

the

rive

rag

ain,

and

toits

grea

test

dept

h.in

the

nam

eof

the

Thre

e,’”

‘fhe

nre

cite

the

Lord

’sPr

ayer

thre

etim

es.

Tak

ea

hum

anbo

nefr

oma

grav

eyar

dan

dse

wit

into

your

clot

hes,

butd

ono

tta

keth

ebo

neon

Tyc

hol3

rahe

days

[unl

ucky

orda

nger

ous

days

nam

edby

the

Dan

ish

astr

onom

erT

ycho

I3ra

he(1

546—

Iooi)

J.

Whe

nyo

urch

urni

ngw

on’t

mak

ebu

tter:

‘Thr

owa

piec

eof

silv

erin

toth

ech

urn,

even

1fit’

son

lya

silv

ertw

o

shill

ing..

“Now

two

was

psst

arte

dbu

zzin

gar

ound

my

head

,”M

ary

reca

lls.“

Oh,

wow

,Ith

ough

t,th

isis

asi

gnth

atI’m

look

ing

ator

doin

gso

met

hing

that

I

shou

ldn’

t.M

yhe

art

was

inm

yth

roat

and

Ihi

ltsi

ckto

my

srom

ach.

”T

hen

she

real

ized

she

was

only

imag

inin

gth

ings

;th

ew

asps

wer

eju

stir

rita

ted

beca

use

ofth

ehu

mid

ity.”

lki

lled

the

was

psan

dw

ent

dow

nst

airs

tote

llm

y

husb

and

wha

tI

had

foun

d.”

Une

asy

abou

tth

eir

disc

over

y,th

eR

usta

dsto

okth

ebo

oks

toPe

rSa

nde

atth

epu

blic

arch

ives

inH

amar

.T

hey

also

cons

ulte

da

loca

lbl

ack-

book

ex

pert

,O

ttar

Eve

nsen

,w

hore

adily

unde

rsto

odth

eir

appr

ehen

sion

and

said

:

“Ikn

owon

eow

ner

ofsu

cha

book

who

dare

sno

tsl

eep

inth

ero

omw

here

itis

kept

.”7

Mar

yad

mitt

edth

ataf

ter

find

ing

the

book

s,sh

est

arte

dth

inki

ng

ofpe

ople

bein

g’pu

nish

edfo

rpo

sses

sing

the

blac

kbo

ok,e

ven

burn

edat

the

stak

e:’

infa

ct,

one

ofhe

rhu

sban

d’s

ance

stor

s,In

gebo

rgØ

kset

,ha

dbe

en

convic

ted

of

wit

chcra

ftin

1625

and

exec

uted

inju

stth

atw

ay.

Inge

borg

Øks

etw

ason

eof

1,7

50

Nor

weg

ians

accu

sedo1

witc

hcra

ftbe

twee

n

1550

and

1700.

Abo

uton

e-fi

fth

ofth

eac

cuse

dw

ere

exec

uted

,ac

cord

ing

to

the

Nor

weg

ian

wit

ch-t

rial

scho

lar

Han

sE

yvin

dN

ass,

inm

ost

case

sth

eir

Soth

atlic

esh

all

not

thriv

eon

you:

Nor

weg

ian

witc

htr

ials

vR

EM

ED

IES

AN

DR

ITU

AL

ST

HE

BL

AC

KB

OO

K*

St

crim

esco

nsis

ted

ofno

thin

gm

ore

than

usin

gm

agic

alhe

alin

gin

cant

atio

nsof

the

sort

cont

aine

din

blac

kbo

oks,

9\V

itch-

tria

ltr

ansc

ript

spr

ovid

edm

any

ofth

ebl

ack-

book

form

ulas

now

know

n,su

chas

the

one

used

byac

cuse

dw

itch

Lis

het

Nyp

an. A

the

rhea

rin

gon

May

jo,

1670,

Nyp

anfr

eely

adm

itted

usin

gth

isin

cant

atio

nto

trea

the

rne

ighb

ors

for g

rc(a

rthr

itis

orrh

eum

atis

m),

aco

mm

onai

lmen

tof

her

time:

“As

Chr

ist

wal

ked

toch

urch

with

hook

inha

nd,

the

Vir

gin

Mar

yap

pear

edan

din

quir

edab

out

his

heal

th, ‘

Iam

seri

ousl

yaf

flic

ted

with

rheu

mat

ism

,m

ybl

esse

dm

othe

r,’T

oth

issh

ere

plie

d,’I

ncan

tatio

nsag

ains

trh

eum

atis

mI

will

read

for

you:

from

join

tsan

dbo

ne, t

osh

ore

and

ston

e,in

the

nam

eof

God

the

Fath

er, S

onan

dH

oly

Spi

rit.’

”9

The

form

ula

port

rays

Chr

ist

affli

cted

with

the

sam

eco

nditi

onth

ehe

aler

seek

sto

rem

edy,

and

man

yN

orw

egia

nbl

ack-

bok

form

ulas

cons

ist

ofco

mpa

rabl

est

orie

sfe

atur

ing

sacr

edpe

rson

ages

curi

ngdi

seas

eby

mag

ical

mea

ns.

Like

them

,N

ypan

’sw

ords

appe

alto

the

Vir

gin

Mar

yto

repe

aton

the

pa

tient

the

mir

acle

that

Mar

yus

edto

cure

Chr

ist.

Nyp

an’s

form

ula

empl

oys

“tra

nsfe

renc

e,”

mag

icth

atre

mov

esth

edis

ease

from

the

patie

nt’s

body

(“fr

omjo

ints

and

bone

”)an

dtr

ansp

lant

sit

toan

othe

rlo

catio

n(“

tosh

ore

and

ston

e”).

Like

Nyp

an’s

inca

ntat

ion,

blac

k-bo

okfo

rmul

asof

ten

conc

lude

byqu

otin

gth

eC

atho

licm

ass,

som

etim

esin

clud

ing

fi’ag

men

rsof

the

Lat

in:

Inno

rnin

epa

tris

etJi

lieet

spir

itus

sanc

ti,A

lthou

ghD

anis

hki

ngC

hris

tian

lii

conv

erte

dN

orw

ayto

Lut

hera

nism

byro

yal

fiati

n16

37an

dC

atho

licis

mw

asof

ficia

llyba

nned

until

1842

,re

mna

nts

ofC

atho

licis

mpe

rsis

ted

for

alo

rgtim

eam

ong

the

alm

ue,

Bla

ck-b

ook

form

ulas

wer

eof

ten

acco

mpa

nied

byri

tual

s,L

isbe

tN

ypan

test

ifie

dth

atsh

e“r

ead

her

form

ula

over

salt,

”w

hich

she

smoo

thed

onto

the

pain

ful

area

sof

the

patie

nt’s

body

.T

hew

arm

than

dm

assa

ging

actio

nof

her

hand

spr

obab

lypr

ovid

edso

me

mea

sure

ofge

nuin

ere

liefi

Bet

wee

nea

chre

adin

gof

the

form

ula,

Nyp

anre

cite

dth

eLo

rd’s

Pray

er.

She

repe

ated

the

entir

eri

tual

ato

tal

ofth

ree

times

,W

hile

the

ritu

alw

asm

eant

toin

tens

ify

the

effe

ctof

the

mat

eria

lre

med

y(i

nth

isca

se, s

alt)

, it

also

wor

ked

toin

ten

sify

the

patie

nt’s

fiit

hin

the

rem

edy.

“The

belie

fin

ath

ing’

she

alin

gpo

wer

ofte

nw

orks

bett

erth

anth

ebe

stap

othe

cary

med

icin

e,”

one

nine

teen

th-

cent

ury

folk

heal

erob

serv

ed,”

’O

nth

eda

yN

ypan

conf

esse

dan

dm

ade

publ

iche

rfo

rmul

a,th

eau

thor

itic

ssa

idlit

tle, b

utw

hen

her

tria

lco

ntin

ued

onA

ugus

tio

, the

yas

ked

ifsh

ew

as“k

now

ingl

yse

rvin

gSa

tan

with

thes

edi

sgus

ting,

illic

itpr

ayer

s:’

Nyp

an

deni

edse

rvin

gSa

tan

inan

yw

ay.

How

coul

dth

ese

form

ulas

poss

ibly

be

view

edas

such

,sh

eas

ked,

“sin

ceth

eyw

ere,

afte

ral

l,th

ew

ord

ofG

od.”

The

auth

oriti

essa

wth

ings

difE

rent

ly.

Con

dem

ning

Lis

bet

Nyp

anto

he

burn

edat

the

stak

e,th

eyca

rrie

dou

tth

eirj

udgm

ento

nSe

ptem

ber

s,1

67

0.

From

am

oder

npe

rspe

ctiv

eit

isdi

ffic

ult

toim

agin

ew

hat

had

brou

ght

Lis

bet

Nyp

anto

tria

l.H

isto

rian

Han

sN

ass

blam

esin

tens

ely

stre

ssfu

lci

rcu

mst

ance

spr

evai

ling

inN

orw

aydu

ring

the

sixt

eent

han

dse

vent

eent

hcc

iitu

nes,

whe

nex

plod

ing

popu

latio

nre

sulte

din

too

man

yfa

mili

esliv

ing

onfa

rms

too

smal

lto

supp

ort

them

.Sc

arce

and

dwin

dlin

gre

sour

ces

pitte

dne

ighb

orag

ains

tne

ighb

or.S

hort

ages

and

star

vatio

nra

ised

anxi

ety,

and

ill

ness

fuel

edth

ese

fear

s.U

nhyg

ieni

cco

nditi

ons

spre

addi

seas

eof

all

kind

s,an

dfe

wai

lmen

tsha

dan

obje

ctiv

ely

iden

tifie

dca

use

orcu

re,’

2B

elie

ving

that

mal

evol

ent

spir

itsor

supe

rnat

ural

bein

gsca

stin

firm

ities

upon

them

,the

alm

uetu

rned

tone

ighb

orho

odhe

aler

s,co

nvin

ced

that

som

eha

dm

agic

alm

eans

tocu

reth

em.

But

ifth

ecu

repr

oved

unsu

cces

sful

,des

pera

tion

drov

eth

emto

accu

seth

ehi

lled

heal

erof

witc

hcra

ft.

Con

side

rth

eca

seof

Osm

and

Gild

al,w

hoac

cuse

dne

ighb

orIn

ger

Roe

dof

witc

hcra

ftin

1617

,H

avin

gsu

ffer

edse

vera

lm

yste

riou

sai

lmen

tsea

rlie

rth

atye

ar,

beha

dpa

idR

oed,

repu

ted

toha

vepo

wer

sof

supe

rnat

ural

heal

ing,

one

bush

elof

grai

npl

ustw

enty

shill

ings

for

acu

re.

Whe

nhi

she

alth

did

not

impr

ove

and

Roe

dco

uld

not

retu

rnhi

spa

ymen

t,G

ildal

repo

rted

her

toth

eau

thor

ities

.Si

gnif

ican

tly,

Gild

al’s

accu

satio

nof

witc

hcra

ftm

ade

nom

entio

nof

apa

ctw

ithth

ede

vil,

Nor

did

Roe

dac

know

ledg

ean

ysu

chpa

ct,

thou

ghsh

ew

illin

gly

adm

itted

that

she

coul

dles

e(r

ecite

mag

ical

inca

ntat

ions

)fo

ra

vari

ety

ofill

ness

es,

Sup

erna

tura

lhe

alin

gof

the

sort

prac

ticed

byIn

ger

Roe

dan

dL

isbe

tN

ypan

,kno

wn

assi

gner

i,pl

ayed

aro

lein

the

vast

maj

ority

ofN

orw

ay’s

263

docu

men

ted

witc

htr

ials

.In

tria

laf

ter

tria

l,ac

cuse

d“w

itche

s”ca

me

forw

ard

and

free

lyte

stif

ied

abou

tth

eir

heal

ing

met

hods

,te

lling

abou

tth

esa

lves

they

mad

ean

dth

ebo

nner

(pra

yers

)th

eyre

adov

erth

emto

enha

nce

thei

rpo

tenc

y.‘T

hese

indi

vidu

als

mus

tha

veth

ough

tth

eyha

dno

thin

gto

fear

,for

the

Chu

rch

taug

htth

atpr

ayer

prom

oted

heal

ing.

Like

man

ysix

teen

th-

and

seve

ntee

nth-

cent

ury

heal

ers,

Roe

dan

dN

ypan

appa

rent

lyfa

iled

tore

aliz

eth

eda

nger

ofth

eir

actio

ns, F

-low

coul

dth

eyha

vefo

rese

enth

atw

itch

craf

tac

cusa

tions

unle

ashe

dla

tent

aggr

essi

ons

amon

gne

ighb

ors

stru

gglin

gto

surv

ive

How

coul

dth

ehe

aler

sha

vekn

own

that

Lut

hera

ncl

ergy

who

dom

inat

edth

ese

hear

ings

wou

ldre

gard

thei

rw

ork

as

Inth

ese

page

sfr

oma

hand

wri

tten

Sypr

iann

s(C

ypri

anus

)or

blac

kl,o

ok,

the

left

-han

d

page

urge

sth

eus

erro

empl

oyits

pow

erw

ithca

re,

sara

nism

Flow

coul

dth

eykn

owth

atth

eir

read

yad

mis

sion

sof

usin

gpr

ayer

s

and

rem

edie

str

aditi

onal

lyvi

ewed

astro

ildom

(mag

icor

witc

hcra

ft)

wou

ld

back

fire

inth

eat

mos

pher

eof

chur

chre

form

s”T

hou

shal

tnot

allo

wa

witc

h

toliv

e,”co

mm

ande

dE

xodu

s22;1

8,

‘Thi

sbi

blic

alin

junc

tion

assu

med

fata

l

dim

ensi

ons

inth

eco

ntex

tof

aL

uthe

rani

srn

that

inte

rpre

ted

the

Scri

ptur

es

liter

ally

and

view

edC

atho

licel

emen

tsof

heal

ers’

pray

ers

ashe

resy

.

‘he

blac

kbo

okan

dth

ecl

ergy

The

heal

ing

form

ulas

used

byth

eun

hwtu

nate

Roe

dan

dN

ypan

mad

eno

men

tion

ofco

njur

ing

upth

ede

vil

orof

selli

ngon

e’s

soul

,Fo

rmul

asof

am

ore

dem

onic

natu

redo

appe

arin

Nor

vayi

clas

sic

colle

ctio

n,R

cxef

orrn

ular

erog

,nai

ckc

Ops

krifl

er(‘

Witc

hfi

rmul

asan

dm

agic

alin

cant

atio

ns),

publ

ishe

din

1901—

02

byB

isho

pA

nton

Chr

isti

anB

ang,

hut

thes

eex

ampl

esco

me

from

Ger

man

and

Lat

inso

urce

s.

Iron

ical

ly,

itw

aspr

obab

lyL

uthe

ran

cler

gyth

emse

lves

who

impo

rted

this

type

ofkr

mul

ato

Nor

way

,al

ong

with

the

diab

olic

view

ofhe

alin

gfi,

r_

mul

asin

gene

ral.

‘lhe

Chu

rch

Ord

inan

ceof

1627

,w

hich

mad

ea

univ

ersi

tyde

gree

prer

equi

site

toa

Lut

hera

nm

inis

ter’

sor

dina

tion,

resu

lted

inpr

ospe

ctiv

e

Nor

weg

ian

cler

gym

enbe

ing

sent

tost

udy

inD

enm

ark’

sC

open

hage

nor

in

Ros

tock

,or

atL

uthe

r’s

own

univ

ersi

tyin

Witt

enbe

rg,

Ger

man

y.(C

atho

lic

prie

sts,

byco

ntra

st,

wer

etr

aine

dby

appr

entic

ing

toan

olde

rpr

iest

inth

eir

own

pari

sh.)

‘Whi

leab

road

,pro

spec

tive

Lut

hera

npa

stor

sco

uld

hard

lyha

ve

avoi

ded

the

talk

ofde

vil

conj

urin

gth

atw

aspo

pula

ram

ong

the

Eur

opea

n

elite

.B

ooks

like

the

Mal

leus

Mal

e,fic

arum

(lhe

ham

mer

ofw

itche

s)sp

eci

fied

law

ful

proc

edur

esto

tort

ure

and

kill

susp

ecte

dw

itche

s,an

din

tere

st

inw

itchc

raft

perm

eate

dth

elit

erar

yw

orld

,as

wel

l.‘I

hefa

mili

arG

erni

an

lege

ndof

aso

rcer

erw

hoso

ldhi

sso

ulto

Mes

roph

eles

inre

turn

for

supe

r

natu

ralp

ower

was

wid

ely

circ

ulat

edin

1587

.T

rans

late

din

toE

nglis

hin

1592

asTh

eD

amna

ble

Lt’

and

Des

erve

dD

eath

ofD

octo

rJo

hnFa

ustu

s,it

pro

vide

dth

eco

reof

the

wild

lypo

pula

rpl

ay,

Dr.

Faus

tus,

wri

tten

shor

tlyaf

ter

war

dby

the

reno

wne

dC

hris

toph

erM

arlo

we.

‘Whi

leth

e“d

iabo

lism

”(a

ppea

ling

toth

ede

vil

for

pow

er)

that

infu

sed

thes

ew

orks

was

fore

ign

toth

eN

orw

egia

nhe

aler

s’fo

rmul

as,

Lut

hera

n

cler

gyca

me

tose

eal

lhe

alin

gfo

rmul

asas

diab

olis

m,

and

itw

as

prob

ably

onth

isba

sis

that

they

cond

emne

dth

ehe

aler

sto

horr

ible

deat

hs,

‘Iho

ugh

the

folk

heal

ers’

form

ulas

appe

aled

liar

pow

erno

tfr

omth

ede

vil

but

from

the

Chr

istia

ntr

inity

,L

uthe

ran

doct

rine

rcje

cted

such

dire

ctst

ippl

icat

ion

to

God

and

repu

diat

edth

eno

tion

that

man

-mad

eri

tual

sco

uld

infl

uenc

eG

od.

Inst

ead,

Lut

hera

nism

emph

asiz

edth

efa

rm

ore

abst

ract

conc

ept

that

indi

vidu

als

rece

ived

grac

eby

thei

rfj

ith

alon

e.

The

Nor

weg

ian

alm

ueha

dlit

tleco

ncep

tof

such

inte

llect

ual

refi

nem

ents

.

Wit

hout

acce

ssto

acad

emic

educ

atio

n,th

eyre

lied

ontr

aditi

onal

belie

fsan

d

ance

stra

lw

ays.

“Vv’

ithre

gard

tom

edic

ine,

”ob

serv

edon

eco

ntem

pora

ry,“

they

have

the

sam

epr

ejud

ice

asin

othe

rm

atte

rs,

nam

ely

that

thei

rfo

refa

ther

s

knew

bes

t.”

Mor

eove

r,gi

ven

the

dear

thof

doct

ors

and

med

icin

es,

mos

t

peop

leha

dno

alte

rnat

ive

othe

rth

anto

clin

gto

heal

ing

pray

ers

and

past

prac

tices

,If

the

chur

chha

dfo

rmer

lypr

omot

edsu

chri

tual

s,ho

wco

uld

they

be

com

eev

il?

Lut

hera

ncl

ergy

,ho

wev

er,

argu

edth

atat

tem

ptin

gto

alte

rG

od’s

divi

ne

prov

iden

cew

asev

il,th

athe

aler

s’fo

rmul

asde

secr

ated

the

sacr

edW

ord

of

the

scri

ptur

ean

dde

fied

the

seco

ndco

mm

andm

ent’

sin

junc

tion

agai

nst

tak

ing

the

nam

eof

the

Lor

din

vain

,B

linde

dto

the

alm

ue’s

sinc

ere

Chr

istia

n

piet

yan

din

tent

ones

tabl

ishi

ngth

ele

gitim

acy

ofth

ene

ww

orsh

ip.

cler

gy

insi

sted

that

the

accu

sed

folk

heal

ers

used

Cat

holic

ritu

alm

erel

yas

“pow

er

ful

wor

dsin

tend

edto

mul

tiply

the

heal

ing

stre

ngth

ofth

eir

form

ulas

,”’

4

*R

nM

LD

IbS

AN

DR

I’rt

rAi.

s

S

I 1<

wR

LM

ED

TB

SA

ND

RIT

UA

LS

TH

EB

LA

CK

BO

OK

A.

85

Tw

ohu

ndre

dye

ars

afte

rth

ela

stw

itch

was

burn

ed,

Nor

way

’sB

isho

pB

ang

still

agre

edw

ithth

ecl

ergy

who

cond

ucte

dth

ew

itch

tria

ls. “

Inth

efo

rmul

as,”

heas

sert

edin

i88,

‘we

see

the

dark

est

regi

ons

ofth

esp

iritu

allif

eof

our

peop

le.”

Ban

g’s

wor

dsca

rrie

dth

ew

eigh

tcf

auth

ority

inN

orw

ay,

for

besi

des

bein

ga

Lut

hera

nbi

shop

,he

had

colle

cted

and

stud

ied

the

blac

k-ho

okfo

rmul

asas

noon

eel

seha

ddo

ne.W

hile

Ban

gsu

gges

ted

that

auth

ori

ties

had

“ove

r-re

acte

d”w

hen

they

exec

uted

inno

cent

peop

le,

hefo

und

thei

rac

tions

“ent

irely

just

ifie

d”be

caus

eof

the

evil

natu

reof

the

blac

k-bo

okfo

rm

ulas

they

had

empl

oyed

.”’

5In

his

stro

ngco

ndem

nati

onof

heal

ing

form

ulas

,B

ang

shar

edth

evi

ewhe

ldby

man

yni

nete

enth

-cen

tury

cler

gy.P

roud

prod

ucts

ofa

priv

ilege

dso

cial

back

grou

nd.t

hese

min

iste

rsha

dso

little

inco

mm

onw

ithth

eir

pari

shio

ners

that

they

rega

rded

them

“les

sas

faith

ful

Chr

istia

nsth

anas

exot

icw

orke

rsof

mag

ic,

toqu

ote

the

Nor

weg

ian

theo

logi

anan

dfo

lklo

rist

Arn

eB

ugge

Am

unds

en.’

’O

nSe

ptem

ber

6,18

25,

for

exam

ple,

the

othe

rwis

eco

mpa

ssio

nate

Tel

em

ark

past

orIv

I.l.

Lan

dsta

d,co

mpi

ler

ofa

still

-use

dL

uthe

ran

hym

nal,

ente

red

inhi

sdi

ary

som

e“a

mus

ing

evid

ence

ofth

elo

cal

peas

ants

’en

orm

ous

supe

rstit

ion.

”li

ew

rote

:“A

wom

anca

me

here

rece

ntly

with

anex

trem

ely

illch

ild,b

elie

ving

am

agic

expe

rim

ent c

ondu

cted

inth

ech

urch

coul

dhe

alhi

m.

ibre

em

enbr

ough

tth

ech

ildin

toth

ech

urch

atm

idni

ght.

Wit

hout

utt

erin

ga

sing

lew

ord

todi

stur

bth

esa

cred

sile

nce,

they

wou

ndth

eal

tar

clot

har

ound

the

child

thre

etim

es,

then

plac

edth

ech

ildin

the

pulp

itan

dle

ftth

ech

urch

.”7

Thi

sri

tual

that

Lan

dsta

dre

gard

edas

anen

tert

aini

ng“e

xper

im

erit”

was

toth

ew

oman

ade

sper

ate

atte

mpt

tosa

vehe

rch

ild’s

life

base

don

her

sinc

ere

faith

inth

ehe

alin

gpo

wer

ofho

lypl

aces

and

obje

cts.

Asi

mila

rco

mbi

natio

nof

desp

erat

ion

and

faith

drew

the

Nor

weg

ian

alm

ueto

sacr

edsp

ring

san

dto

love

krke

r(d

evot

iona

lor

“pro

mis

e”ch

urch

es)

thro

ugho

utth

eIS

oos,

thre

ehu

ndre

dye

ars

afte

rth

eR

efor

mat

ion

had

bann

edsu

chpi

lgri

mag

esC

lear

ly, C

atho

liccu

stom

sliv

edon

inL

uthe

ran

Nor

way

.

Con

tinui

ngC

atho

liccu

stom

s

“The

rew

ashe

alin

gw

ater

inO

lavs

gryt

a[S

t.O

lav

wel

l]at

Let

nesh

olm

en,”

said

And

reas

Yst

ad(b

orn

1879

),“a

nddo

wn

thro

ugh

the

ages

man

yfr

omln

derø

ykt

ched

wat

erth

ere

for

thos

ew

how

ere

sick

,a

prac

tice

that

has

cont

inue

dun

tilre

cent

times

.Sa

cred

spri

ngs

can

still

befo

und

inal

lpa

rts

ofN

orw

ay.

Man

y,lik

eth

eon

eat

inde

røy,

wer

ede

dica

ted

toN

orw

ay’s

patr

onsa

int,

Ola

v,th

ough

the

vene

ratio

nof

spri

ngs

pred

ated

Chr

istia

nity

.T

heV

ikin

gsha

dat

trib

uted

the

sprin

gs’

heal

ing

pow

ers

toO

din,

Tho

r,Fr

ey,

and

othe

rgods.

’8

Ola

vH

aral

dsso

n(K

ing

Ola

v11

,lat

erSt

.Ola

v)di

edin

1030

atth

eba

ttle

ofSt

ildes

tad,

and

Nor

way

’sfl

edgl

ing

Cat

holic

chur

chsu

bseq

uent

lypo

rtra

yed

the

Vik

ing

war

rior

asa

Chr

isti

anm

arty

rw

hodi

edfo

rhi

sfa

ith.

His

tori

ans

have

argu

edab

out

Ola

vH

aral

dsso

n’s

mot

ives

ever

sinc

e,bu

tth

evi

tal

role

his

chur

ch-c

reat

edim

age

play

edin

Nor

way

’sC

hris

tian

conv

ersi

onis

be

yond

disp

ute.

For

five

hund

red

year

s,th

esh

rine

ofSt

,Ola

vin

Nid

aros

(now

lron

dhei

m)

attr

acte

dpi

lgri

ms

from

arou

ndth

eC

hris

tian

wor

ld,

putti

ngN

orw

ayon

the

med

ieva

lm

ap. C

entu

ries

afte

rth

eR

efor

mat

ion

of1

53

7of

fici

ally

bann

edth

eve

nera

tion

ofsa

ints

,pop

ular

lege

nds

abou

tSt

.O

lav

lived

on,

and

man

yof

thes

ein

volv

edsa

cred

spri

ngs.

(Nor

weg

ians

and

fore

ign

ers

alik

eha

veag

ain

begu

nfo

llow

ing

the

rece

ntly

rest

ored

pilg

rim

rout

esto

Tro

ndhe

iman

dvi

sitin

gth

eSr

. Ola

vsp

ring

sal

ong

the

way

.)H

’

“Tha

t wat

erha

dhe

alin

gpo

wer

:’sa

idY

stad

ofth

esp

ring

atln

deru

y,”b

eca

use

St.O

lav

rode

his

hors

edo

wn

into

itan

dw

ashe

daw

ayth

ebl

ood

from

his

wou

nds.

”E

ven

bett

erkn

own

isth

esp

ring

near

the

Var

nãs

chur

chin

the

Gre

nsko

gen

woo

dsbe

twee

nSi

gdal

and

Egg

edal

. “L

ocal

farm

ers

kept

bottl

esof

wat

erfr

omth

eSt

.O

lav

spri

ngan

dus

edit

like

any

othe

rm

edi

cine

,rub

bing

iton

for

pain

and

spra

ins,

drin

king

itfo

rsi

ckne

ssin

the

body

:’w

rote

loca

lhi

stor

ian

And

reas

Mør

chin

1932.

He

note

dth

atth

ew

ater

was

“esp

ecia

llyef

fect

ive

intr

eatin

gsk

inra

shes

and

sore

s,a.s

wel

las

lice

and

itch

ing:

’G

iven

the

low

stan

dard

ofhy

gien

eth

atch

arac

teri

zed

man

ypa

rts

ofN

orw

ayw

ell

into

the

19

00

s,th

ew

ater

’ssi

mpl

eab

ility

tocl

ean

wou

ldha

vepr

oved

bene

fici

al.

2°T

hene

arby

Vat

nàs

Chu

rch

had

itsow

npo

wer

. Man

ybe

lieve

dth

atpr

ayer

ssa

idth

ere

wou

ldbe

answ

ered

ifac

com

pani

edby

the

prom

ise

ofa

gift

toth

ech

urc

h,

Alo

vem

eans

“to

prom

ise,

”as

wel

las

“to

prai

se,”

and

love

kirk

erre

ceiv

edsu

ppor

tfr

omgi

fts

give

nin

hope

ofhe

alin

gan

din

than

ksgi

ving

for

havi

ngbe

enhe

aled

.D

urin

gth

eM

iddl

eA

ges,

pilg

rim

sst

oppe

dat

thes

ech

urch

eson

the

long

,pe

rilo

usjo

urne

yto

Nid

aros

.T

houg

hpi

lgri

mag

esto

Ola

v’s

shri

neof

ficia

llyen

ded

with

the

Ref

orm

atio

nof

1537,

the

alm

ueco

ntin

ued

tobr

ing

pray

ers,

gift

s,an

dpr

omis

esto

the

love

kirk

erfo

rhu

ndre

dsof

years

toco

me.

Tod

ayth

ebe

stkn

own

ofth

elo

veki

rker

isne

arth

ere

mot

em

ount

ain

RE

ME

DiE

SA

ND

RIV

UA

LST

HE

BlA

CK

BO

OK

.8

villa

geof

Rol

dal

betw

een

1ele

niar

kan

dH

arda

nger

,w

hich

had

been

the

site

ofa

secr

etm

idni

ght

mas

she

ldan

nual

lyon

Mid

sum

mer

’sEv

eun

til

1835

.H

undr

eds

cam

eto

Rol

dal

expe

ctin

gto

see

am

irac

lean

dho

ping

tobe

heal

edby

the

‘rea

rs”

that

onth

aton

eni

ght

alon

eca

me

from

the

chur

ch’s

med

ieva

lcr

ucif

ix.

Man

yof

thes

epi

lgri

ms

left

behi

ndth

eir

crut

ches

alon

gw

ithsm

all

votiv

egi

fts:

carv

ings

ofar

ms,

legs

,an

dot

her

bo

dy

part

sw

here

thei

rill

ness

esha

ddw

elle

d.B

erge

n’s

His

rori

skM

useu

mha

spr

eser

ved

asa

mpl

ing

ofth

ese

offe

ring

s.)

“The

rear

est

illol

din

habi

tant

sin

Rol

dal

who

rem

embe

rth

est

rang

esc

enes

that

took

plac

ew

ithin

the

little

sacr

eded

ifice

each

St. H

ans

afre

n(M

idsL

imm

er

Eve)

,an

dth

eco

llecn

onof

crut

ches

and

othe

rw

oode

nai

dsto

loco

mot

ion

laid

upin

tIn’

chur

chriv

als

the

one

at

Lou

rdes

,w

rote

Bri

tish

trav

eler

A.

EM

ockl

er-F

erry

inan

inhi

s1896

Har

dang

erac

coun

tso

me

sixt

yye

ars

afte

rcl

eric

alau

thor

ities

had

put

anen

dto

thes

em

asse

s.“‘

Ibe

annu

alga

ther

ing

onth

eou

tski

rts

ofR

oida

lm

ust

have

been

am

arve

lous

sigh

t,bu

tun

tilth

esu

nw

ent

dow

nno

one

was

perm

itte

dto

ente

rth

evi

llage

, and

befo

reth

esu

nro

seag

ain,

the

pilg

rim

sha

dto

begone,

leav

ing

only

afe

wsh

ort

hour

sfo

rth

ehe

alin

gof

the

sufl

crcr

s,Ib

eco

ver

ofda

rkne

ssan

dR

ølda

l’sre

mot

elo

catio

nap

pare

ntly

help

edth

epi

lgri

ms

esca

peof

ficia

lde

tect

ion.

‘Tho

ugh

the

chur

chno

wlie

sbe

side

ahi

ghw

ay,

info

rmer

times

visi

ting

was

not

easy

.Pi

lgri

ms

from

Te[

emar

kha

dto

trav

erse

the

diff

icul

tan

dda

nger

ous

Dyr

skar

Pass

be

fore

mak

ing

the

prec

ipito

usde

scen

tto

Rol

daL

whi

levi

sito

rsfr

omH

arda

ngcr

race

dan

equa

llyperi

lous

route

.‘rt

riley

cam

e,cr

awlin

gan

dlim

ping

byth

esc

ore

,dr

iven

byfi

ithin

the

heal

ing

pmve

rof

the

cruc

ifix

and

conv

ince

dth

atth

edi

ffic

ulty

ofre

achi

ngsu

cha

goal

was

heal

ing

init

self

Cle

rgym

en,

mea

nwhi

le,

had

only

lim

ited

cont

act

with

the

old

chur

chat

Rol

dal,

The

pari

shm

inis

ter

lived

mile

saw

ayin

Suld

alan

dvi

site

dth

ech

urch

only

thre

etim

esea

chsu

mm

er.

l)ec

ades

coul

dpa

ssbe

twee

nvi

sits

byhi

ssu

perv

isor

,or

pros

t.Ib

usit

was

ara

reoc

casi

on,

the

nigh

tbe

fore

July

7,w

hen

Pro

stO

leN

icol

aiL

ober

g(1

804

—68

)an

dth

eSu

ldal

past

orw

ound

thei

rw

ayup

the

roug

hm

ount

ain

road

.‘[

hey

had

chos

enth

isni

ght

inst

ead

ofJu

nea;

,th

eus

ual

date

for

cele

brat

ing

St.

Han

s,be

caus

eJu

ly7

mar

ked

the

old,

mid

sum

mer

date

obse

rved

befo

re1

70

0,

whe

nN

orw

egia

ns

had

adop

ted

the

(ire

gori

anca

lend

ar.

I ilg

rim

ages

toR

olda

lpr

edat

edth

eca

lend

arch

ange

and

reta

ined

the

old

date

.an

othe

rfi

ctor

that

help

edth

emav

oid

dete

cti

on

,th

ough

wor

ddi

doc

casi

onal

lyle

akou

t.(‘

Whe

nO

slo

bish

opN

icE

Glo

stru

pvi

site

dV

inje

,

Tel

emar

k,as

earl

yas

1622

,he

was

told

byth

em

inis

ter

of“g

reat

idol

atry

in

Rol

dal

conc

erni

nga

cruc

ifix

that

the

alm

uese

ekw

hen

they

ate

ill.”)

Now

the

Suld

alm

inis

ter

and

his

pros

tin

tend

edto

put

ast

opto

it.

Lod

ging

for

the

nigh

tat

the

Gry

ting

farm

,P

rost

Lob

erg

was

iust

getti

ng

into

bed

whe

nhe

bear

dch

urch

bells

ring

.Fr

omhi

sw

indo

whe

coul

dse

e

light

stre

amin

gfr

omth

ech

urch

.H

efe

tche

dth

em

inis

ter

who

was

stay

ing

atSa

itvol

l,an

dth

etw

ose

tou

tto

inve

stig

ate.

\Vha

tth

eysa

wm

ust

have

asto

nish

edth

eman

dpr

obab

lyre

sem

bled

the

eyew

itnes

sac

coun

tqu

oted

by

Moc

kler

-Fer

rym

an:

\Vit

hin

the

chur

chat

mid

nigh

tal

lw

asda

rksa

vetil

eco

nfin

edsp

ace

ofth

ech

ance

l,w

here

the

pilg

rim

saw

aite

dth

eir

turn

toto

uch

the

cruc

ifix

,whi

chlig

hted

bysi

xca

ndle

sst

ood

onth

eal

tar.

Adr

opof

the

holy

moi

stur

eth

at,

onon

eni

ght

only

ofth

eye

ar,

issu

edfr

om

the

cruc

ifix

,was

suff

icie

ntto

cure

the

mos

tm

alig

nant

dise

ase.

The

incu

rabl

yla

me

cast

asid

eth

eir

crut

ches

and

unai

ded

left

the

chur

ch;

the

blin

dre

ceiv

edth

eir

sigh

t;w

hile

thos

eaf

fect

edw

ithgr

ievo

us

sick

ness

esof

ever

yki

nd,a

ndde

scri

ptio

nw

ere

imm

edia

tely

cure

d.

Eac

hpe

rson

ashe

left

the

alta

rm

ade

anof

fitin

g,fo

rw

hich

purp

ose

ala

rge

iron

-hou

ndch

est

was

plac

edcl

ose

by,a

ndth

esu

ms

colle

cted

wer

eof

ten

cons

ider

able

,

‘Was

the

drop

ofm

oist

ure

only

cond

ensa

tion

ofai

rw

arm

edby

the

man

ypil

grim

sas

itco

ntac

ted

the

cold

woo

den

cros

sof

tile

chur

chso

high

upin

the

mo

un

tain

sW

hate

ver

the

expl

anat

ion

the

mas

sce

lebr

atin

gth

ew

eepin

g

cruc

ifix

defi

edth

eR

efor

mat

ion

for

thre

ehu

ndre

dyears

.

The

mas

sth

atat

trac

ted

pilg

rim

sto

the

love

kirk

eat

Vat

nãs

was

pro

b

ably

less

spec

tacu

lar

but

itm

ayha

vefe

atur

edeq

ually

vene

rabl

ere

nnan

ts

ofN

orw

egia

nC

atho

licis

m.

Loc

alle

gend

asso

ciat

edth

ech

urch

and

spri

ng

atV

atnâ

sw

ith

St.

Ola

van

dth

eC

hris

tian

conv

ersi

on,

asre

port

edin

this

vers

ion

from

And

reas

Faye

’sw

ell-

know

n18

44co

llee

tion

:”W

hen

Kin

gO

hav

trav

eled

arou

ndN

orw

ayto

enfo

rce

the

Chr

isti

anfa

ith,

heal

soca

me

toS

ig

dal.

Aft

erba

ptiz

ing

the

inha

bita

nts,

hean

dhi

sre

tinu

ew

ent

hunt

ing

but

they

lost

thei

rw

ay.

Exh

aust

edan

dth

irst

y,th

eyev

entu

ally

cain

eto

ana

rrow

valle

y.A

sth

eki

ngdi

smou

nted

,he

prom

ised

that

ifhe

now

foun

dw

ater

,he

wou

ldha

vea

chur

chbu

ilt

onth

eve

rysi

re.”

No

soon

erha

dO

lav

spok

enth

ese

wor

dsth

ana

spri

ngbe

gan

tofl

ow

SR

EM

ED

ILS

AN

DR

itU

AL

S

from

the

bard

rock

,th

esp

ring

who

sew

ater

loca

lfa

rmer

sw

ere

still

usin

gas

med

icin

ein

the

late

i8oo

s.A

shor

tw

alk

onth

ew

ell—

wor

npa

thbe

hind

the

chur

chto

day

brin

gsvi

sito

rsto

the

rock

outc

ropp

ing

that

gave

the

chur

chit

sna

me.

orw

ater

hill”

suggests

that

vene

ratio

nof

the

spri

ngpre

date

sev

enth

eor

igin

alst

ave

chur

chth

atw

asre

plac

edby

the

pres

ent

yello

w,

woo

d-pa

nele

d,cr

oss—

shap

edst

ruct

ure.

Nam

edfo

rth

esu

bsta

ntia

lst

ayer

orlo

gpi

llars

each

corn

er,

stav

ech

urch

esha

vebe

ente

rmed

“age

nial

trans

la—

non

ofth

eR

oman

esqu

eba

silic

afr

omst

one

tow

ood:

23

Eng

inee

red

byde

scen

dant

sof

the

Vik

ings

betw

een

jioo

and

1300,

thei

rco

nstr

uctio

nsh

ows

the

infl

uenc

eof

mas

terl

ysh

ip—

build

ing

tech

niqu

es.

Ext

endi

ngfr

omth

ega

bles

ofm

any

stav

ech

urch

esar

edr

agon

sw

ithpoi

sono

usto

ngue

sto

prot

ect

the

sacr

edsp

ace

from

atta

ckby

dem

ons.

Sim

ilar

drag

ons

proj

ect

From

Nor

way

’sm

edie

val

reliq

uari

es(r

epos

itori

esfo

rth

esa

cred

rem

ains

ofC

hris

tian

mar

tyrs

),su

chas

the

one

that

acco

rdin

gto

lege

ndin

spir

edth

ede

sign

ofth

eor

igin

alV

atná

sch

urch

.Fa

ye’s

vers

ion

cont

inue

s:“1

beki

ngan

dhi

sm

en,

all

abou

tto

peri

shfr

omth

irst

,re

joic

edan

ddr

ank

mer

rily

and

Kin

g()

lav

repe

ated

his

prom

ise.

Prep

arin

gto

leav

e,he

saw

agr

ouse

ona

tree

bran

chan

dto

okai

m,

but

then

hesp

otte

da

tiny

chur

chof

pure

gold

susp

ende

dab

ove

the

bird

.‘F

Eeki

ngor

dere

dth

atth

ech

urch

bebu

ilt

init

sim

age.

”24

‘1hu

s,le

gend

acco

unts

fir

the

Cat

holic

sain

t’sre

liqua

ryth

atm

ust

have

mys

tifie

dth

ew

orke

rsw

hofo

und

itin

the

woo

dsbe

hind

the

chur

chtw

oce

ntur

ies

afte

rth

eR

efia

rmat

ion

had

bann

edth

eve

nera

tion

ofsa

ints

and

mad

eC

atho

licis

mill

egal

inN

orw

ay.

With

itsre

ctan

gula

rba

sean

dpe

aked

hdfr

omw

hich

drag

onhe

ads

proj

ect.

the

foot

—lo

ngre

liqua

rylo

oks

like

am

inia

ture

stav

ech

urch

.Its

woo

den

fram

eis

cove

red

with

shin

ym

etal

pres

sed

into

reli

efs

depi

ctin

gC

hris

t,th

eV

irgi

nM

ary,

and

the

apos

tles.

Ano

ther

relie

f sho

ws

api

lgri

mon

his

way

toN

idar

osC

athe

dral

, whe

reO

Jav’

sbo

dyla

yen

case

din

asi

mila

r,th

ough

muc

hla

rger

. shri

ne.

25

“Vät

nsch

urch

lay

aban

done

daf

ter

the

Bla

ckD

eath

of1

35

0un

til16

65,

whe

nth

e.il

tar

and

acr

ucif

ix,

asw

ell

asa

min

iatu

regi

lded

-cop

per

chur

ch,

wer

efo

und

inth

eov

ergr

own

fore

stby

the

chur

ch,’

wro

tePa

stor

Nils

l3er

nhof

t in

his

17

45

desc

ript

ion

ofSi

gdal

pari

sh.”

Thi

sm

inia

ture

chur

chw

aspl

aced

onth

ech

urch

alta

rw

hen

the

build

ing

was

rest

ored

in1665’

heco

ncl

uded

,se

emin

gly

unaw

are

ofth

ere

liqua

ry’s

sign

ific

ance

inC

atho

licri

tual

.T

heal

mue

them

selv

es, m

eanw

hile

, pro

babl

yco

ntin

ued

Cat

holic

prac

tices

aspa

rtof

thei

rhe

rita

gean

das

alin

kto

thei

ran

cest

ors

.2

T[I

IiB

LA

CK

BO

OK

.89

Supp

lem

entin

gof

ficia

lre

ligio

usdo

ctri

new

ithan

cest

ral

way

sw

asnoth

ing

new

.L

ong

afte

rth

eC

hris

tian

conv

ersi

on,

Nor

weg

ians

had

sim

ilarl

yre

tain

edpr

e-C

hris

tian

prac

tices

such

aspa

ying

hom

age

toth

ega

rdvo

rdth

e

spir

itof

the

one

who

first

culti

vate

dth

eFi

mily

ftrm

.\\

1l

into

the

i8oo

s,

man

ybe

lieve

dth

isgu

ardi

ansp

irit

dwel

led

inth

efa

rms

ance

stra

lgr

ave

mou

nd,

and

they

cont

inue

dto

hono

rit

with

Chr

istm

astr

ibut

esof

beer

or

porr

idge

,des

pite

eccl

esia

stic

alla

ws

that

sinc

eth

eM

iddl

eA

ges

had

expr

essl

y

forb

idde

nth

eve

nera

tion

ofsp

irit

s,27

The

alm

ue’s

cons

tant

atte

ntiv

enes

sto

the

buid

refo

lkor

hidd

enpe

ople

,

and

the

way

they

tailo

red

thei

rac

tions

tom

eet

thes

ehi

dden

bein

gs’

cx

pecr

atio

nsis

sim

ilarl

yro

oted

inpr

e-C

hris

tian

prac

tice.

App

aren

tlyth

e

alm

uefo

und

noco

nflic

tbe

twee

nth

eir

folk

belie

fsan

dth

epi

ous

Chr

istia

n

faith

that

they

obse

rved

with

equa

lde

votio

n.R

athe

rth

anre

sist

ing

offic

ial

chur

chdo

ctri

ne,

the

alm

uesi

mpl

ysu

pple

men

ted

itw

ithtr

aditi

onal

belie

fs

and

prac

tices

that

addr

esse

dth

epr

actic

alne

eds

ofth

eir

daily

lives

.In

the

wak

eof

the

sixt

eent

h-ce

ntur

yR

efor

mat

ion,

the

alm

uesi

mila

rly

supp

le

men

ted

the

offic

ial

faith

with

cust

oms—

-inc

ludi

ngpi

lgri

mag

esto

St.

Ola

v

spri

ngs

and

love

kirk

eran

dC

atho

liche

alin

gpr

ayer

s—th

atfa

ture

dth

edi

rect

appe

als

toth

ede

ityth

atC

atho

licis

mha

den

cour

aged

but

Lut

hera

nism

deni

ed.

Usi

ngth

ebl

ack

book

The

Lut

hera

ncl

ergy

’sco

ndem

natio

nof

Cat

holic

prac

tices

and

dem

oniz

a

non

ofC

atho

liche

alin

gpr

ayer

sin

the

witc

htr

ials

fire

ver

chan

ged

the

way

peop

lere

gard

edfo

lkhe

aler

san

dth

eir

inca

ntat

ions

.Su

bseq

uent

lyas

soci

ated

with

the

devi

l,th

ese

form

ulas

cam

eto

bekn

own

colle

ctiv

ely

asth

e

blac

kbo

ok.

Popu

lar

lege

ndac

cept

edth

isdi

abol

ical

asso

ciat

ion,

asev

iden

t

from

thes

ein

stru

ctio

nsfo

rob

tain

ing

the

blac

kbo

ok:

ifyo

uw

antt

hebl

ack

book

you

mus

tgo

toth

ech

urch

thre

e‘T

hurs

day

evenin

gs

ina

row

.E

ach

ofth

eev

enin

gsyo

um

ust

wal

kth

ree

times

coun

ter-

cloc

kwis

ear

ound

the

chur

ch,a

ndaf

ter

doin

gso

the

thir

dev

enin

g,re

adth

eLo

rd’s

Pray

erba

ckw

ards

.‘lh

enth

eEv

ilO

ne

him

self

will

appe

arw

ithth

ebl

ack

book

inha

nd.

Butbet

reyo

u

take

it,

you

mus

tcu

tyo

urse

lfin

the

fing

eran

dw

rite

your

nam

ein

bloo

din

anot

her

book

the

Evil

One

hold

sou

t.‘W

hen

this

isdo

ne,

RE

SIE

jOIL

SA

Nt)

RIT

UA

LS

iIIE

knA

CK

BO

OK

’91

you

get

the

hook

.B

uton

ceyo

uha

veit

,yo

uca

nne

verg

etri

dof

it,

and

from

that

time

on,y

ouw

illbe

long

toth

ed

evil

.

Rec

orde

din

Ost

erda

len

inth

eea

rly19005,

thes

edi

rect

ions

leav

eno

doub

tab

out

the

terr

orth

ebl

ack

book

arou

sed.

Obt

aini

ngit

perv

erte

dbo

thn

atu

re(w

alki

ngag

ains

tth

esu

n)an

dth

eC

hurc

h(r

eadi

ngth

eLo

rd’s

Pray

er

back

war

ds),

and

tous

eit

was

togi

veup

one’

sso

ulto

eter

nal

dam

nati

on

(“fr

omth

attim

eon

,you

will

belo

ngto

the

devi

l”).

Sim

ilar

inst

ruct

ions

from

one

ofth

eR

usta

dbl

ack

hook

sus

edev

enm

ore

diab

olic

alte

rms:

\Vhe

nyo

uw

ant

tore

leas

eth

ean

gels

from

hell,

then

say

whe

nyo

uar

ise

inth

em

orni

ng:

Ire

noun

ceyo

u,od

and

Fat

her

that

has

mad

em

e.I

reno

unce

you,

Elol

yS

piri

tth

atha

sbl

esse

dm

e.I

will

neve

rw

orsh

ipor

serv

eyo

uaf

ter

this

day’

,but

com

plet

ely

swea

rm

yal

legi

ance

toL

ucaf

r,ru

ler

ofth

eda

rkab

yss.

To

his

rule

Isw

ear,

and

hesh

all

serv

em

ean

ddo

wha

tI

ask

ofhi

m.

Inex

chan

geI

give

my

own

bloo

das

insu

ranc

ean

dpl

edge

.Th

isbi

nds

me

tohi

m,b

ody

and

soul

,fo

ra11

eter

nity

,as

long

as

hedo

esw

hat

[ ask

,ord

eror

corn

—in

and

ofhi

m.A

ndto

this

pact

Isi

gnw

ithm

yow

nba

ndan

dw

ithm

yow

nbl

ood

that

this

bece

rtai

nan

dtr

uein

ever

ypo

ssib

lew

ay.”

29

Cou

ldit

hepu

tmor

epl

ainl

yT

ous

eth

ebl

ack

book

,one

had

tore

noun

ceth

eC

hris

tian

t’sith

, an

unsp

eaka

ble

act

tom

ost

nine

teen

th-c

entu

ryN

orw

egia

ns.

Giv

enth

edi

reco

nseq

uenc

esof

asso

ciat

ion

with

the

blac

kbo

ok,N

orw

egi

ans

wer

ere

mar

kabl

yqu

ick

toac

cuse

thei

rne

ighb

ors

ofow

ning

it.

“My

gran

dmot

her

used

ratio

nal

med

icin

es,b

umpe

ople

insi

sted

she

had

the

blac

kbo

ok,”

said

And

reas

[ilia

sson

Aan

en(b

orn

1858

),th

egr

ands

onof

aw

ell-

know

nfa

lkhe

aler

from

Vef

snin

Nor

thN

orw

ay.”

ihey

said

that

abou

tan

ybo

dyw

hokn

ewJu

sta

little

bit

mor

eth

anot

hers

;su

chpe

ople

were

alw

ays

accu

sed

ofha

ving

the

blac

kb

tk:’

30

Aan

en’s

gran

dmot

her,

Kar

enB

ents

de(c

a.17

90—

1863

),liv

edon

the

Smed

—se

ngfa

rm.

Nei

ghbo

rsre

lied

onhe

rcu

res-

—an

dgo

ssip

edab

out

her

mag

ic.

[hey

alle

ged

she

vent

toth

e“c

hurc

hto

wer

every

Chr

istm

asEv

eto

scra

pem

etal

from

rhe

bells

for

her

med

icin

es.”

The

yal

sosu

spec

ted

her

of

snea

kin

gto

the

cem

eter

yar

anot

her

stap

leot

mag

ical

cure

s,

gra

vey

ard

soil:

“Sm

edse

ng—

Kar

ento

okdi

rtfr

omth

ech

urch

yard

atD

olst

ad,

..

.Si

nce

it

was

only

pow

erfu

lon

Mid

sum

mer

Eve,

she

had

tota

keen

ough

that

nigh

t

for

the

who

leye

arth

roug

h:’

Mid

sum

mer

’sEv

ejo

nsok

orS

t.It

ans)

,lik

e

Chr

istm

asEv

e,en

hanc

edth

epo

wer

ofri

tual

,as

did

any

item

asso

ciat

ed

wit

hth

ede

ad.

Peop

leso

met

imes

reso

rted

tom

agic

alcu

res

for

mys

teri

ous

ailm

ents

and

whe

nra

tiona

lrem

edie

sfa

iled.

”For

cold

s,pe

ople

used

elde

rber

ryte

a,ho

tmilk

and

pepp

er,h

otbe

eror

Fren

chco

gnac

,and

arom

atic

slik

eet

her

and

riga

bal

sam

;’sa

idL

udvi

gN

.H

oist

ad(b

orn

i88

inH

arei

d,M

ore

ogR

omsd

al),

”but

whe

nit

cam

eto

the

kind

sof

pain

sth

atno

one

unde

rsto

od,

mor

em

ystic

al

met

hods

cam

ein

topl

ay:’

Pulle

dm

uscl

esan

dte

ndon

san

dot

her

stra

ins

and

sp

rain

s,

mad

eal

lto

oco

mm

onby

the

roug

h,ro

cky

Nor

weg

ian

land

scap

e,

seri

ou

sly

disr

upte

dth

eph

ysic

alla

bor

requ

ired

ofm

ost

peop

lein

prei

ndus

tria

ltim

esan

dde

man

ded

imm

edia

teat

tent

ion.

Hav

ing

noot

her

rem

edy.

Hoi

stad

’sne

ighb

ors”

kite

”(r

ead

orre

cite

din

cant

atio

ns)

forth

em.

33

As

abo

yin

Tro

ndel

ag,

And

reas

Yst

ad(b

orn

1879

Ifl

Inde

roy)

also

en

coun

tere

dth

ese

‘vre

ilord

”or

heal

ing

inca

ntat

ions

:“M

any

atim

ew

hen

1ha

d

spra

ined

aha

ndor

afo

ot,o

neof

my

aunt

sor

anot

her

wom

anin

the

neig

h

borh

ood

wou

ldre

adt’r

eilo

rdov

erth

ein

jure

djo

int.

She

didn

’tre

adou

tlo

ud,

just

mum

bled

som

ethi

ngso

soft

lyIc

ould

n’t

hear

aw

ord

ofit

.Sh

ere

adth

e

frm

ula

thre

etim

es,

each

time

spitt

ing

alit

tleon

the

wri

stor

ankl

ean

d

stro

king

her

hand

coun

ter

cloc

kwis

eov

erit

.T

hen

itfe

ltbe

tter.”

Spitt

lefr

e

quen

tlyac

com

pani

edm

agic

alfr

mul

as,

asdi

dsi

lenc

ean

dse

crec

y,al

lbe

lieve

dto

enha

nce

the

inca

ntat

ions

’p

ow

er.

32

Tho

ugh

secr

ecy

prev

ente

dth

eyo

ung

Yst

adfr

omhe

arin

gth

ew

ords

,he

late

rm

anag

edto

lear

non

eof

thes

efo

rmul

as:

jr’su

rci

over

cihe

i

Fâlli

nsn

âva

ogfo

ten

vrm’I,

Jesu

sst

eig

at’

ogIa

fttc

liL

Ifl

soni

den

tilfo

rnva

r

inan

met

Cud

,Fa

der,

Sonn

oTi

cilig

and.

(AsJ

esus

rode

acro

ss

asto

ny

plai

nt

his

hors

est

umbl

ed,i

tsle

gdi

dsp

rain

.

Jesu

sdi

smou

nted

tocu

reth

epa

in

And

hem

ade

the

inju

rygo

odag

ain.

Inth

ena

me

ofG

od,

Fath

er,S

onan

dH

oly

Spir

it.)

RE

ME

DIE

SA

ND

RIT

UA

LS

Like

the

inca

ntat

ion

used

byth

ew

itch”

Lis

bet

Nyp

an,t

his

form

ula

appe

als

toth

epo

wer

ofC

hris

tiani

tyto

heal

the

sufE

rcr

asC

hris

the

aled

his

own

hors

e.

Who

had

the

blac

kbo

ok?

l-le

alin

gin

cant

atio

nsse

emto

have

been

quite

com

mon

,bu

tth

etr

emen

dous

secr

ecy

that

until

rece

ntly

surr

ound

edth

ebl

ack

book

has

conc

eale

dth

eid

entit

ies

ofth

ose

who

com

pile

dth

em.

Aco

nsid

erab

leam

ount

,how

ever

,is

know

nab

out

one

blac

k-bo

okow

ner,

Ole

Tof

telie

n.B

orn

arou

ndi8

ioin

Dov

re,

(iud

bran

dsda

l,O

leT

ofte

lien

impr

esse

dhi

sne

ighb

ors

nor

leas

tbe

caus

eof

his

enor

mou

slib

rary

.Th

eab

ility

tore

adw

asno

tun

usua

lam

ong

mne

teen

thce

nrur

yal

muc

,w

ho“r

ead

for

the

min

iste

r”in

prep

ara

tion

for

Lut

hera

nco

nfir

mat

ion.

But

labo

riou

sly

spel

ling

one’

sw

ayth

roug

hth

eB

ible

,hy

mna

l,an

dca

tech

ism

was

alto

geth

erdi

Hre

ntfr

omre

adin

gth

etr

eatis

eson

natu

ral

and

cult

ural

hist

ory,

geog

raph

y,re

ligio

n,an

dar

this

tory

that

‘1if

elie

ii’s

libra

ryco

ntai

ned.

bew

amon

gth

eal

mue

had

the

oppo

r—tu

niry

tole

arn

tow

rite

,an

dth

eyce

rtai

nly

did

not

use

fore

ign

wor

ds,

aslo

ftel

ien

liked

todo

.B

aptiz

edO

leH

anss

onA

kero

rder

,T

ofte

lien

was

the

son

ofa

scho

ol—

:cac

her.

His

fath

er,

I fan

sI

lans

onA

kerj

orde

t(b

orn

ca.

17

75),

augm

ente

dus

mea

ger

inco

me

thro

ugh

deco

rativ

epa

intin

gan

dsi

gnle

tteri

ng.

Itw

asla

nsw

hoco

mpi

led

the

four

-by-

six-

inch

,fif

ty_n

ine_

page

blac

kbo

okin—

;cri

hed

“15

Aug

ust

1807

”th

atT

ofrc

lien

inhe

rite

d.lo

frel

ien

took

his

nam

ero

mth

etin

yco

tter’

spl

ace

that

bare

lysu

ppor

ted

his

grow

ing

fam

ily.

Ole

narr

ued

Eli

Sam

uels

darr

erL

kreh

agen

(who

sefti

rher

was

also

ate

ache

r)in

$37,

and

the

coup

leha

dse

vera

lch

ildre

n.T

hek

eou

ra

livin

g,01c

also

did

rnam

enta

lpa

intin

g,gr

acin

gso

me

ofth

em

ost

pros

pero

usfiu

rms

inD

ovre

.33

just

how

skill

fully

Ole

’sIi

ther

coul

dw

ield

aqu

illpe

nis

evid

ent

inth

e‘r

ecis

esc

ript

ofth

ebl

ack

book

’sfir

stfh

rty-

one

page

s,w

hich

alm

osta

ppea

rbe

set

ingo

thic

type

.A

noth

erha

nd,

prob

ably

that

ofT

ofte

lien

him

self

,as

adde

dse

vera

lfo

rmul

asin

mor

eor

dina

rysc

ript

,in

clud

ing

one

for

pro

L’ct

ing

afa

rmfr

omm

alev

olen

tbe

ings

that

appe

ars

toem

anat

efr

omth

e‘a

ster

sorc

erer

him

self

:“1

,C

ypri

anus

,se

rvan

tof

Jesu

sC

hris

t,co

mm

and

aral

lth

eev

ilth

atha

sin

fest

edth

isfi

rm,

itsbu

ildin

gsan

dits

grou

nds,

aall

here

byan

dfi

reve

rm

ore

beex

pelle

d.L

ike

the

cold

atsp

ring

time

and

utii

ia

runn

ing

stre

am,

assn

owbe

neat

hth

esu

nan

dal

lth

atis

boun

dby

4V

VV

VV

(4

(VV

TH

EB

LA

CK

BO

OK

-93

jord

fast

[im

mov

able

lst

ones

,thi

sev

ilsh

all

henc

efor

thdi

sapp

ear

from

sigh

t

exile

dto

the

plac

ew

henc

eit

cam

e.

And

this

shal

lbe

inth

ena

me

ofth

e

Fath

er,S

onan

dH

oly

Gho

st.A

men

:’34

Usi

ngsi

nwle

imag

essnow

mel

ting,

wat

erdi

ssol

ving

salt,

eart

hbou

ndst

ones

)to

expr

ess

extr

aord

inar

ypo

wer

,

this

inca

ntat

ion

reve

als

the

terr

ifyi

ngth

reat

sits

user

sfe

ared

from

all

man

ner

offo

rces

.The

fam

iliar

clos

ing

wor

ds,

Iria

t’net

fiide

r.so

nvi,

helli

gdu

dam

en(a

bbre

viat

edby

Tof

tcli

enas

1:N

:F:S

:H:A

:A)

conf

era

final

mea

sure

ofco

m

fort

and

cont

rol.

As

abl

ack-

hook

owne

ran

dby

virt

ueof

his

unus

ual

tale

nts,

enli

ghte

n

men

t,an

dpe

rson

ality

,T

ohel

ien

natu

rally

beca

me

the

subj

ect

ofne

ighb

or

hood

goss

ip.

Som

eem

phas

ized

the

sing

le-m

inde

dfo

cus

onhi

sw

ork.

An

old,

tall,

dark

,an

dte

rrib

lyth

inm

anw

hen

hede

cora

ted

the

hous

eat

øvre

Lin

dsø,

says

John

Mey

er,

Tof

telie

nse

emed

tofo

rget

ever

ythi

ngel

sew

hile

pain

ting.

Chi

ldre

nw

atch

edfr

oma

resp

ectf

tildi

stan

ce,

won

deri

ngif

he

wou

ldev

erbe

thro

ugh

mix

ing

his

pain

tsin

oil

and

tryi

ngou

rth

eva

riou

s

shad

es.

Tho

ugh

they

free

lypl

ayed

arou

ndth

eol

dca

rpen

rer

Tjo

stol

,as

he

wor

ked

and

even

dare

dto

touc

hhi

sto

ols,

the

youn

gste

rsqu

ickl

yle

arne

dto

stay

away

from

the

secr

etiv

em

agic

ian

ofa

pain

ter

who

evid

ently

cons

ider

ed

each

ofhi

spa

int

pots

sacr

ed.

35

Oth

ers

told

abou

tTof

telie

nsir

reve

renc

e,su

chas

the

time

hew

astr

ying

tofi

nish

upa

job

atth

eT

ofte

moe

nfi

rmon

the

eve

ofA

scen

sion

l)ay

and

real

ized

that

nom

atte

rho

wfa

sthe

wor

ked,

heco

uld

not

poss

ibly

com

plet

e

the

task

befo

real

lwor

kha

dto

stop

for

the

holid

ay.“

Fand

brcu

ncm

eg”

(May

the

devi

lbu

rnm

e),

Tof

telie

nex

plod

ed“1

coul

dha

vego

tten

done

ifth

at

rasc

alha

dn’t

been

insu

cha

rush

toge

tup

ther

e!)ó

His

roug

hre

puta

tion

not

wir

hsta

ndin

git

was

toO

leT

ofte

lien

that

the

neig

hbor

stu

rned

whe

nill

ness

stru

ck.A

fter

all,

heha

dth

ebl

ack

hook

.\V

hen

Ola

Siet

rom

’sco

wgo

tsi

ck,

Sir

rorn

set

out

for

the

‘Tof

telie

npl

ace.

The

heal

erpa

ced

the

floor

seve

ral

times

bef

rehe

turn

edto

Sar

rom

and

said

:

“Go

stra

ight

hom

e,an

dif

the

cow

hasn

’tre

cove

red,

com

eha

ckhe

reas

fast

asyo

uca

n:’

Whe

nSi

etro

mgo

tho

me,

hefo

und

the

cow

had

reco

vere

dat

the

very

mom

enth

ew

asw

ithT

oft

elie

n.

37

Iden

tical

acco

unts

ofot

her

folk

heal

ers

wer

eto

ldac

ross

Nor

way

,hu

t

inD

ovre

such

stor

ies

still

evok

eth

em

emor

yof

Ole

Tof

telie

n.In

zoo5

the

fam

ilyw

holiv

eson

the

Tof

telie

nfa

rm,

thou

ghno

rela

tion

toO

le,

knew

the

old

stor

ies

abou

thi

m,i

nclu

ding

the

fam

iliar

inci

dent

of‘l’

ofte

lien

usin

g

the

blac

kbo

okto

stop

thie

ves

inhi

stu

rnip

patc

h.“T

here

they

stoo

d:’

the

RE

ME

DIL

SA

ND

RIT

UA

LS

rHE

mA

CK

1500K

95

stor

yco

nclu

des,

“eac

hho

ldin

ga

big

turn

ipan

dun

able

tobu

dge.

You

’dbet

ter

put

the

colle

epo

ton

,’T

ofre

lien

calle

dto

his

wife

. ‘Th

etw

oou

tth

ere

in

the

turn

ippa

tch

will

prob

ably

bew

antin

g

Stop

ping

thte

ves

dead

inth

eir

trac

ksis

aco

mm

onm

otif

ofN

orw

egia

n

blac

k-bo

okle

gend

s.Its

cont

inue

das

soci

atio

nw

ithO

leT

ofte

lien

suest

sth

e

vivi

dim

pres

sion

Icm

ade

onhi

sne

ighb

ors.

Soit

mus

t hav

ebe

enw

ithm

ixed

feel

ings

that

they

lear

ned

inth

ela

te18

6os

ofl’o

ftelie

n’s

deci

sion

tora

kehi

s

wif

ean

dyo

unge

stda

ught

er, l

’vla

rit(b

orn

I44),

toA

mer

ica.

inpr

epar

atio

n,

Ole

sold

mos

tol

his

fabl

edlib

rary

, inc

ludi

nghi

shi

ther

’sbl

ack

book.

39

FO

RM

UL

AS

FR

OM

OL

FIO

FT

EL

IEN

’SB

LA

CK

BO

OK

For

spra

ins:

“Jes

usw

asou

tri

ding

with

Sain

tPe

ter

whe

nhi

sho

rse

slip

ped.

Jesu

s

dism

ount

edan

dsa

id, ‘

ihe

leg

issp

rain

ed.’

Spra

inin

spra

in,jo

int

injo

int,

and

bloo

din

bloo

d,“1day

N.

N.

[pat

ient

’sna

mej

will

be

cure

d,In

thre

ena

mes

,

Jodr

i ic

iickL

’ts

omcI

,ild:

Tkc

som

eso

ilfr

oma

grav

ean

dre

plac

eit

with

api

n.Pl

ace

the

soil

inbr

andy

and

have

the

child

drin

kit

.It

help

s.

Jopr

otec

tIn

‘csto

ckfr

omha

rm:

‘Jes

usm

dth

eV

irgi

nM

ary

wer

ew

alki

ngal

ong

the

shor

ean

dsa

wa

hue

stan

dof

vale

rian

, Jes

usdu

gup

som

ero

ots

togi

veto

St

Pete

r,

Ihe

trol

lin

the

mou

ntai

nca

lled

toth

em: ‘

The

root

will

not

help

: St.

Pete

rre

plie

dth

atth

ero

otco

uld

cure

man

yill

s,su

chas

listle

ssne

ss,

dyse

nte

rth

eto

oth

ofw

olf o

rbe

ar, a

ndth

eha

ndof

the

witc

h.”

Joi’e

tbut

ter

from

crea

m:

‘God

the

fath

ergi

ves

me

my

houn

t)c

Ipu

tm

ych

urn

toth

egr

ound

,I b

less

itw

ithG

od’s

wor

d.G

odgi

vem

ebu

tter

ofth

eea

rth’s

boun

tyG

odgi

vein

cth

ede

wof

the

eart

h,G

odth

ecr

eato

rin

my

hand

s.Iii

non

iitic

Patri

s.”

‘Ibi

nda

thic

f:

‘Fak

eyo

urow

nbl

ood

and

wri

teth

efo

llow

ing

ona

slip

ofpa

per,

put

itin

ahu

man

hone

and

plac

eit

whe

reyo

ufe

arth

eth

ief w

illco

me:

“And

whe

nA

pylo

nw

hois

the

thie

f’s

head

mas

ter

bind

shs

bloo

d

vess

els

and

tend

ons,

his

feet

and

thro

at,

let

him

beho

und

inte

eth

and

tong

ueun

tilhe

puts

dow

nth

ego

ods

heha

sst

olen

.In

thre

e

nam

es,

F.S.

H.G

.[F

athe

r,so

n,ho

lygh

ost]

.Am

en.”

“1bi

dyo

ust

opas

sure

lyas

one

isfo

rbid

den

heav

en’s

door

who

goes

toco

urt

know

ing

righ

tbut

swea

rsfa

lse.

Inth

ree

nam

esj.

Stan

dst

ill

bloo

d,nor

one

drop

mor

e.”

“Sta

ndst

illth

ebl

eedi

ngof

N,

N. j

ust

asth

ecu

rren

tst

ood

still

whe

n

Jesu

sw

ithhi

stw

elve

disc

iple

sw

alke

dth

roug

h.”-

Whe

nth

eT

ofte

liens

reac

hed

the

New

Lan

d,th

eyse

ttled

inH

ansk

a,

Min

neso

ta,

whe

re“O

ldM

anTu

ftali,

”as

peop

leca

lled

01

c.

once

agai

nbe

cam

eth

esu

bjec

tof

neig

hbor

hood

lore

.In

one

stor

y,to

ldby

Han

ska

nativ

e

Dou

gB

ecke

n,“O

ldM

anT

ufta

li”w

asst

ayin

gov

erni

ght

ata

stra

nger

’sho

me.

‘Whe

nhe

star

ted

upto

bed

hele

fthi

ssu

itcas

eun

atte

nded

dow

nsta

irs

in

the

entr

yway

, pro

mpt

ing

his

host

toas

kif

hedi

dn’t

wan

tto

take

the

bag

to

his

room

for

safe

keep

ing.

Tuf

tali

answ

ered

that

itw

ould

beal

lri

ghtj

ust

as

itw

as,”

Ear

lyth

ene

xtm

orni

nga

youn

gbo

yin

the

fam

ilyto

oka

notio

nto

look

inth

esu

itcas

e,th

inki

ngth

ere

mig

htbe

som

ethi

ngin

ther

efo

rhi

m,

buta

fter

heop

ened

it,

hefo

und

him

self

unab

leto

mov

eaw

ayfr

omth

esu

it

case

.And

that

’sho

wO

ldM

anT

ufta

lifo

und

him

whe

nhe

got

out

ofbe

d:

red-

hand

ed,w

ide-

eyed

,and

soon

with

aba

cksi

deth

atw

asre

d,to

o.”

4°

The

stor

ybe

ars

acl

ose

rese

mbl

ance

toth

etu

rnip

stor

yto

ldba

ckin

Dov

re,a

nd

Ole

Tofr

elie

n’s

habi

tsal

sore

mai

ned

rem

arka

bly

cons

iste

nt.

In

Han

ska,

heas

sem

bled

anim

pres

sive

lihra

ryan

dag

ain

beca

me

know

nfo

r

havi

ngth

ebl

ack

book

.A

lthou

ghho

whe

acqu

ired

anot

her

blac

kbo

okis

unkn

own,

one

inth

eco

llect

ion

ofth

eN

orw

egia

n-A

mer

ican

His

tori

cal

Ass

ocia

tion

inN

orth

fiel

d,M

inne

sota

,is

insc

ribe

dby

Ole

1oft

elie

n.U

In

Han

ska,

the

Tof

relie

nsbe

cam

efo

undi

ngm

embe

rsof

Nor

aFr

eeC

hurc

h,

the

Uni

tari

anco

ngre

gatio

nse

rved

byK

rist

offe

rJa

nso

nfr

om18

82un

tilhe

retu

rned

toN

orw

ayin

1893

.W

hen

Nin

aD

raxt

enco

mpl

eted

her

biog

raph

y

ofJa

nson

in19

76,

she

depo

site

dhe

rre

sear

chm

ater

ials

atth

eN

ora

chur

ch.

Rev

.Sa

rah

Oel

berg

late

rtr

ansf

erre

dth

ese

mat

eria

lsto

the

asso

ciat

ion’

s

Tost

opbl

eedi

ng:

Or:

TH

EB

EA

CK

BO

OK

%97

and

geog

raph

y,vo

lum

esof

fairy

tale

s,lit

erar

yw

orks

such

asSw

ift’s

Gul

liver

’sTr

avel

s,an

da

prim

eron

the

hner

poin

tsof

aqua

vit

and

othe

rli

qu

eurs

.4

3D

idT

ofte

lien

conc

eive

ofhi

sre

med

ies

asw

itch

craf

tPu

blic

opin

ion

prov

esun

relia

ble,

give

nits

tend

ency

tose

eal

lfo

lkhe

aler

sin

that

light

.O

nth

eot

her

hand

,T

ofte

lien

did

not

dist

ance

him

self

from

that

imag

e.N

ordi

dhi

sda

ught

er,

IVia

rir,w

hose

med

icat

ions

gene

ratio

nsof

tow

nspe

ople

relie

don

even

asth

eyfe

ared

her

asa

wit

ch.

Chi

ldre

nra

nin

fear

past

Mar

it’s

hous

e,an

dat

leas

ton

eoi

them

,C

lara

Bec

ken

(bor

n1895),

saw

Mar

it’s

blac

kbo

ok,t

houg

hsh

ew

ishe

dsh

eha

dno

t.A

tag

eth

irte

en,C

lara

was

sent

byhe

rm

othe

rto

fetc

hso

me

med

icin

efr

om“M

ati

Tuf

tali,

”as

I3ec

ken’

sgr

ands

on,

i)ou

s,he

ard

the

Nor

weg

ian

nam

e.in

1986

,he

reco

rded

the

stor

yhi

sgr

andm

othe

rto

ldhi

mab

out

Man

’sbl

ack

book

.

“MA

TI’

SB

LA

CK

nooK

,”ny

Do

u;

BE

CK

EN

arch

ives

,in

clud

ing

hft

elie

nbo

oks

that

once

cons

titut

edth

eco

reof

the

tow

nsle

ndin

gli

bra

r)4

21

hank

sto

the

ciba

rtsof

thes

etw

ow

omen

,w

ekn

oww

hich

book

sO

leT

fnel

len

owne

d.In

addi

tion

toth

ebl

ack

book

(titl

edG

ypri

anus

and

pub

lishe

din

Cop

enha

gen

in18

70),

ther

eis

ani8

6hi

stor

yof

witc

hcra

ftan

dm

agic

inN

orw

ayw

ritt

enfo

rth

ege

nera

lpu

blic

(Hex

eva’

sen

ogtro

ldsk

abi

\ori

c;tn

&’Jc

lttil

liin

for

mcn

iini

inJ)

.B

eyo

nd

thes

etw

oes

ote

ric

volu

mes

,1b

ltel

icii

colle

ct-io

nra

nges

wid

ely

toin

clud

ela

ngua

gebo

oks,

relig

ious

trac

ts,

serm

onco

llect

ions

,tr

avel

ogue

s,an

dhi

stor

ies,

alon

gw

ithm

anua

lson

scie

nce

Cla

raha

dw

alked

upth

efia

t—st

one

path

from

the

dirt

stre

et,

and

had

knoc

ked

light

lyat

Mat

iT

ufta

li’s

door

,sec

retly

hopi

ngsh

ew

ould

n’tb

eho

me.

But

the

door

had

pulle

dop

enon

the

thir

dra

p,an

dth

ere

stoo

da

smal

l,qu

ick

Nor

weg

ian

wom

anw

ithtw

inkl

ing

gre

yey

es

and

asm

ilelik

ea

trol

l’s.

’Hvo

rdan

har

duJe

tid

ag?”

(How

are

you

toda

y),

Man

iha

das

ked.

Cla

raco

uldn

’tre

mem

ber

spea

kin

g,th

ough

she

mus

tha

vean

swer

edbe

caus

eno

wsh

ew

asin

here

,an

dth

eol

dw

oman

was

upst

airs

“wor

king

.”Sh

ehe

ard

terr

ible

wor

dsdr

iftin

gdo

wn

the

stee

p,na

rrow

stai

rs.‘

The

yw

ere

bein

gre

adin

asl

ow,e

ven

tone,

not

quite

loud

enou

ghfo

rhe

rto

gras

pat

thei

rm

eani

ng.

Mat

iw

asre

adin

gfr

omth

atSv

art

Bok

en,C

lara

knew

,be

caus

esh

eha

dse

enhe

rta

ke

itdow

nfr

omits

plac

ein

the

cupb

oard

abov

eth

eki

tche

npu

mp.

Itw

asol

dan

dlo

ok

edw

ell-

used

,no

tta

tter

edor

fray

ed,b

utas

ifit

wou

ldop

enna

tura

lly

toth

epa

ges

wit

hfa

vori

tere

cipe

s,lik

ehe

row

nm

othe

rsco

okbo

okop

ened

to“B

utte

rC

ooki

es”

or”K

rum

kake

.”T

here

cipe

sin

Mat

i1’

ufta

li’s

blac

kbo

okw

eren

’tfo

rco

okie

s,th

ough

.It

was

abou

tth

esi

zeof

the

Old

‘hst

amei

itB

ible

sth

ep

eddl

ers

allt

ried

tose

ll,an

dth

ere

cipe

sw

ere

for

curi

ngba

bies

ofco

lic,

I his

blac

kbo

ok,

publ

ishe

din

Chi

cago

ini8

a,

isal

lege

dly

base

d01

1

an

ori

gin

al

from

the

ioos.

1tpro

mis

es

toco

nb’r

upon

ihe

buye

r .i“k

eyth

atw

illre

veal

the

book

sm

any

secre

ts,

(Pho

toby

Stok

ker)

RE

ED

IES

AN

DR

ITU

AL

S

ruti

amon

got

her

thin

gsab

out

whi

chG

odon

lykn

ew, i

feve

nH

ew

as

allo

wed

tokn

oW.

Som

elh

lks

said

the

med

icin

essh

em

ade

did

the

curi

ng. Y

ouw

ould

rub

them

onth

eai

ling

part

san

dth

esi

ckne

ssw

ould

get

bette

r,O

ther

peop

lecl

aim

edth

atth

epo

wer

mus

tlie

inth

ew

ords

she

spok

eov

er

her

conc

octio

ns.

The

ysa

idit

was

dang

erou

sto

liste

nto

them

, Eve

ry

one

who

knew

Mar

lat

all s

eem

edto

agre

ew

ithou

t say

ing

that

ther

e

wds

acu

rse

onth

eSv

arr

Bok

enan

yone

who

read

it,

besi

des

Mar

l

hers

elf

wou

ldgo

mad

and

doaw

ayw

ithhi

mse

lfC

lara

clos

edhe

r

eyes

and

trie

dha

rdno

tto

lisre

n.”C

lara

Cla

ra, h

ere

isth

em

edic

ine

for

Mar

vin.

Tell

your

mot

her

toru

bth

egr

een

one

onhi

sst

omac

hat

nigh

t,an

dth

ecl

ear

anth

eron

ein

the

mor

ning

.”C

lara

’sey

essn

appe

d

open

and

the

“old

witc

h”w

asha

ndin

ghe

rtw

osm

allb

ottle

s.Sh

eto

ok

them

from

Mat

ive

ryca

refu

lly, n

otw

antin

gto

brea

kth

eman

dha

veto

risk

hear

ing

the

wor

dsfi’

omth

ebl

ack

book

allo

ver

agai

n..

Isit

coin

cide

nce

that

Mar

it’s

grav

ein

Han

ska,

with

ast

one

date

dA

u

gust

5.I)

3t,

lies

iii

the

fart

hest

row

ofth

ece

met

ery

away

from

tow

n,th

e

posi

tion

trad

ition

ally

rese

rved

for

soci

alou

tcas

tsan

dm

iscr

eant

sW

hat

has

beco

me

ofM

arit’

sbl

ack

book

,w

hich

wou

ldre

pute

dly

driv

ean

yone

who

read

itto

‘um

adan

ddo

.Iway

with

him

self

”ac

cord

ing

toC

lara

’sda

ught

er,

Lor

rajn

eA

fter

Mar

jt’s

deat

h,re

port

edC

lara

’sda

ught

er, M

arit’

sbe

long

ings

wer

eso

ldin

anau

ctio

nin

Oct

ober

n)3

4.

Past

orG

eorg

eV

hale

n,a

nativ

e

ofH

auge

sund

,pu

rcha

sed

som

eof

her

Nor

weg

ian

book

s,in

clud

ing,

itw

as

said

,th

ebl

ack

hook

.lh

ose

who

belie

ved

that

”som

ethi

ngtr

agic

mig

hthap

pen

tow

hoev

ergo

tM

arit’

sbl

ack

hook

”in

terp

rete

dth

epa

stor

’ssu

bseq

uent

drow

ning

inlig

htof

the

curs

e.44

Bla

ckbo

oks

inA

mer

ica

toda

y

No

one

know

sw

hat

has

beco

me

of

Mar

it’s

blac

kbo

ok. T

heT

ofte

lien

ypri

anus

now

inth

eN

orw

egia

n-A

mer

icaj

His

tori

cal

Ass

ocia

tion

arch

ives

is

neith

erM

arit’

sbo

okno

rth

eon

eso

finel

yle

ttere

dby

Ole

Tofte

lien’

sfa

ther

,In

stea

d,it

isa

pam

phle

tof

thre

e-do

zen

page

spu

blis

hed

asa

curi

osity

ifl

1870

byth

e[)

amsh

philo

logi

stL.

Pio

and

base

don

a1607

man

uscr

ipt

fuun

din

the

Roy

all)

anis

hL

ibra

ry.

46

Sure

lyth

eha

nd-l

ette

red

blac

kbo

okm

eant

som

ethi

ngpe

rson

alto

Ole

Tof

telie

n,so

why

had

hele

ftit

behi

ndin

Nor

way

whe

nhe

emig

rate

d

Perh

aps

hesh

ared

the

once

com

mon

belie

f tha

tow

ning

abl

ack

book

atth

e

time

ofde

ath

auto

mat

ical

lyex

clud

edon

efr

omsa

lvat

ion,

For,

asth

epe

ople

ofE

idsk

ogbe

lieve

d,“t

hew

orst

thin

gis

that

the

one

who

has

gotte

nho

ld

ofth

isbo

okfr

omth

eEv

ilO

nem

ust

fore

ver

belo

ngto

him

.”‘J

avoi

dth

is

fate

,m

any

Nor

weg

ian

emig

rant

sap

pare

ntly

disp

osed

ofth

eir

blac

kbo

oks

befo

reem

bark

ing

onth

epe

rilo

usjo

urne

yac

ross

the

oce

an.

47

Eri

kK

venn

erud

did.

Muc

hin

dem

and

thro

ugho

utEg

geda

las a

kjeg

erne

ster

(mas

ter

ofce

rem

onie

sat

wed

ding

san

dfu

nera

ls),

hew

asno

less

reno

wne

dfo

r

havi

ngth

ebl

ack

book

.Yet

”bef

ure

Eri

kK

venn

erud

left

Nor

way

,”sa

idT

orm

od

Skat

vedt

,“he

burn

edhi

sbl

ack

book

toge

ther

with

aJ-

’adt

’rvor

hlad

”(p

age

on

whi

chth

eLo

rd’s

Pray

erW

as

wri

tten)

.N

oor

dina

ryfir

eco

uld

cons

ume

the

blac

kbo

ok,

acco

rdin

gto

wel

l-es

tabl

ishe

dlo

re.

‘Ter

rifie

dow

ners

repo

rted

ly

saw

thei

rbl

ack

book

sre

appe

araf

ter

they

thou

ght

they

had

dest

roye

dth

em.

“It’s

nous

eth

inki

ngof

thro

win

git

inth

efir

e,fu

rit

jum

psba

ckou

tof

the

flam

es.

Nor

does

ithe

lpto

thro

wit

inno

rth—

runn

ing

wat

er.

Itco

mes

righ

t

back

;’th

eysa

idin

Eid

skog

.K

now

ing

the

pow

erth

atfu

lkbe

lief

attr

ibut

edto

item

sas

soci

ated

with

sacr

edob

ject

s,K

venn

crud

appa

rent

lyha

dre

ason

tobe

lieve

that

addi

ngth

efa

derv

orhi

adto

the

fire

wou

ldm

ake

the

flam

est

rong

enough.

48 As

forT

ofte

lien,

who

sold

his

blac

kbo

okin

Dov

re,h

em

usth

ave

acqu

ired

ane

won

eaf

ter

hear

rive

din

Han

ska,

fur

the

Cpr

ianu

sin

the

Nor

weg

ian-

Am

eric

anH

isto

rica

lA

ssoc

iatio

nar

chiv

esw

asno

tpub

lishe

dun

til1870.T

oft

e

lien’

sin

scri

ptio

n—w

ritt

enin

afin

e,ev

enha

ndon

both

the

firs

tan

dfin

al

page

sof

the

book

,”D

emie

Bog

tilhø

rer

Ole

Han

sL’n

lojtc

licn

(Thi

sbo

okbe

long

sto

Ole

Han

sen

Tof

telie

n)—

incl

udes

the

date

1874.

As

the

stor

ies

ofT

ofte

lien

and

Kve

nner

udsu

gges

t,fe

wbl

ack

book

sfr

om

Nor

way

cam

eto

Am

eric

a.Pe

rhap

sit

was

tom

eet

the

dem

and

ofth

ose

who

had

left

thei

rbl

ack

book

sin

Nor

way

that

the

wel

l-kn

own

Scan

dina

vian

Am

eric

anbo

okde

aler

,Joh

nA

nder

son,

publ

ishe

da

few

ofth

em,

thou

gh

none

that

disp

laye

dhi

sna

me

orim

prin

t.B

orn

inV

oss

in18

36,

And

erso

n

emig

rate

dw

ithhi

spa

rent

sin

1845

,and

ini8

66

hest

arte

dth

eN

orw

egia

n

lang

uage

new

spap

erSk

andi

nave

nin

Chi

cago

,so

onth

em

ost

wid

ely

circ

u

late

dpu

blic

atio

nof

itski

nd.

And

erso

nev

entu

ally

beca

me

the

larg

est

pur

veyo

rof

Scan

dina

vian

publ

icat

ions

inA

mer

ica.

He

impo

rted

book

sdi

rect

ly

from

Nor

way

and

Den

niar

k,re

prin

ted

title

sin

his

own

esta

blis

hmen

t,an

d

0R

EM

ED

IBS

AN

DR

ITU

AI.

ST

HE

BL

AC

KH

OO

K%

10

1

also

publ

ishe

dor

igna

lw

orks

byN

orw

egia

nA

mer

ican

auth

ors.

Bir

ger

Osl

and,

who

.isa

youn

gm

anw

orke

dfo

rA

nder

son,

men

tione

din

his

1945

mem

oir

ih.it

Si’a

rtcbo

kcu,

deal

ing

with

witc

hcra

ft”

rank

edam

ong

the

firm

’s

best

selle

rsin

j$9

9,4

9

John

And

erso

npr

obab

lypu

blis

hed

the

Old

tider

isSo

rtebo

g(A

ncie

ntbl

ack

book

)be

arin

gth

eim

prin

t“C

hica

go18

92,”

the

only

know

nco

pyof

whi

ch

now

resi

des

atlu

ther

Col

lege

,D

ecor

ab,

Iow

a.T

his

Am

eric

aned

ition

du

plic

ates

anun

date

dbl

ack

book

publ

ishe

din

Cop

enha

gen,

alle

gedl

y“w

ritte

n

inth

eye

ari-

too

and

fuun

dw

hile

exca

vatin

gth

eru

ins

ofan

anci

ent

cast

le:’

Publ

ishe

rsof

blac

kbo

oks

ofte

nm

ade

clai

ms

ofve

nera

ble

orig

into

spur

sale

sby

Incr

easi

ngth

epo

tent

ial

buye

rs’

faith

inth

epro

duct

.5°

Effe

ctiv

eus

eof

the

blac

kbo

oktr

adit

iona

lly

requ

ired

a“k

ey;’

tobe

ob

tain

edby

perf

orm

ing

ari

tual

ized

cere

mon

y.A

blac

kho

okfo

rSi

gdal

in

stru

cted

the

read

erto

’rem

ove

sliv

ers

ofw

ood

from

the

chur

chdo

oran

dpl

ace

them

ina

near

byst

ream

whi

lere

citin

gan

oath

ofal

legi

ance

toth

epo

wer

s

ofda

rkne

ss.”

Mor

eco

mm

erci

al,

Old

tidcn

sSo

rtcbo

gha

sa

vers

eon

itsco

ver

iout

ing

Itske

yas

just

ifyi

ngth

epr

ice

ofpu

rcha

se:

To

the

buye

ra

sacr

edke

yis

sold

toop

enup

secr

ets

conc

eale

dof

old.

Con

tain

ing

arts

,pur

ean

dbo

ld,

that

thro

ugh

this

hook

alla

reto

ld.

[he

“key

”in

ques

tion-

—a

fold

edsh

eet

ofpa

per

“con

ceal

ed”

insi

deth

eba

ck

cove

r—re

veal

sth

atth

ebo

oks

form

ulas

mus

tbe

read

inre

vers

e,an

dit

is

sign

ed,

Cyp

rian

us.

Lyp

rian

US

The

iden

tity

ofth

em

yste

riou

sfi

gure

Cyp

rian

usva

ried

wild

ly.

Peop

lein

I—lo

lsten

,[)

enm

ark,

imag

ined

Cyp

rian

usto

hea

fello

wD

ane

soev

ildur

ing

his

lifiti

me

that

whe

nhe

died

the

devi

lth

rew

him

out

ofH

ell,

Thi

sac

t

soen

rage

dC

ypri

anus

that

hede

dica

ted

him

self

tow

ritin

gth

eni

neB

ooks

ofB

lack

Art

sth

atun

derl

ieal

lsu

bseq

uent

Scan

dina

vian

blac

kb

oo

ks,

52

The

Cyp

rian

usof

Ole

Tofte

lien’

s18

70bl

ack

hook

,by

cont

rast

,is

a”te

nder

and

dece

nt”

stud

ent

who

,w

hen

com

pelle

dby

the

devi

lto

atte

ndth

eB

lack

Scho

olan

dus

ehi

skn

owle

dge

todo

evil,

mad

eam

ends

byex

plai

ning

inhi

s

Inst

ark

cont

rast

,the

Cyp

rian

usof

Qld

tiden

sSo

rteho

gis

ara

vish

ingl

ybe

au

tiful

,ir

resi

stib

lyse

duct

ive,

prod

igio

usly

know

ledg

eabl

cpi

ous

Mex

ican

nun.

The

nun’

sgo

ryst

ory,

date

d1351,

deta

ilshe

rm

istr

eatm

ent

bya

deba

uche

d

cler

icw

hose

adva

nces

she

stea

dfas

tlyre

fuse

d—to

her

peril

Bru

tally

cast

into

ada

rkdu

ngeo

nfr

omw

hich

she

fear

edsh

ew

ould

neve

res

cape

,C

ypri

anus

shre

dded

her

clot

hing

tofo

rmpa

ges

and

wro

teup

onth

emin

her

own

bloo

d

the

secr

ets

know

non

lyto

her,

“the

won

der-

wom

anw

hose

wis

dom

and

re

now

nar

eho

nore

dby

the

lear

ned

mon

ksof

aHE

aste

rnla

nds.

”3

The

sese

cret

sar

eth

em

agic

alhe

alin

gfo

rmul

asco

ntai

ned

in()

Utid

cus

Sorte

bog

whi

chfu

rthe

rdi

stin

guis

hth

emse

lves

,as

the

“ke

y”fo

reto

ld,b

yw

ords

appe

arin

gin

reve

rse

orde

ran

dto

bere

adfr

omth

ebo

ttom

up,r

ight

tole

ft:

succ

eed.

will

wor

kyo

urst

rong

isbe

liefi

fthi

ngs

alli

nR

emem

ber

bid,

Ias

dobl

indl

yan

dsi

lenc

ein

me

keep

you

whe

nne

edev

ery

in

you

help

will

I

The

ailm

ents

thes

efo

rmul

asad

dres

sra

nge

from

rela

tivel

ym

inor

(rin

gwor

m

scab

ies,

war

ts,r

ashe

s,co

rns,

dog

bite

s,co

lds,

sore

thro

ats,

head

ache

,ear

ache

,

toot

hach

e,st

omac

hach

e,he

rnia

,cr

amps

)to

life

thre

aten

ing

and

fata

l(f

ever

,

tape

wor

m,

gang

rene

epile

psy,

chol

era,

and

canc

er).

The

list

accu

rate

ly

fleet

sth

eaf

flic

tions

com

mon

lysu

thre

dby

nine

teen

th-c

entu

ryN

orw

egia

ns

onbo

thsi

des

ofth

eA

tlant

ic.

IVIa

nyof

the

rem

edie

sO

1dtid

’ns

Sortc

bog

cont

ains

rely

on“s

ympa

thet

ic

mag

ic,”

api

llar

ofin

tern

atio

nal

folk

med

icin

eho

ldin

gth

atob

ject

son

cein

cont

act

cont

inue

tohe

rela

ted

even

afte

rth

eyar

ese

para

ted.

‘Wha

tha

ppen

s

toon

eof

the

obje

cts

ther

efor

ein

flue

nces

the

othe

r,as

inth

eSo

rtebo

g’s“

Cur

e

for

ches

tinf

lam

mat

ion”

(rea

dba

ckw

ard)

.

cons

umed

.is

egg

the

whe

nw

ell

get

will

pers

onsi

ckth

ean

dcu

rren

t

the

with

wat

erru

nnin

gin

toth

row

nis

pot

‘Ihe

anth

ill,a

nin

egg

the

Bur

ypo

t.th

ein

phle

gmm

ore

nois

ther

eun

tilag

ain

itco

okan

dit

peel

boile

d,ha

rdis

itW

hen

pers

on.s

ick

the

byup

coug

hed

phle

gm

the

ineg

gan

Boi

l

Whe

nth

eeg

g,bo

iled

inth

epa

tient

’sph

legm

,ha

sbe

enco

nsum

ed,

the

pa

tient

reco

vers

.H

owev

erun

appe

tizin

g,th

efo

rmul

ase

nsib

lyal

low

sna

ture

and

time

tota

keca

reof

’the

ailm

ent,

whi

leas

sign

ing

patie

ntan

dca

regi

ver

part

icip

ator

yro

les

inth

ecure

.54

blac

kbo

okho

wto

undo

all

the

evil

form

ulas

itco

ntai

ned.

RbM

LD

1E

SA

NI)

I&II

UA

I.S

TIl

ElS

iAC

K1

30

0K.

10

3

Hqu

ally

hind

amen

t.il

tofo

lkm

edic

ine,

“tra

nsfe

renc

ecu

res”

tran

spla

ntth

e

illne

ssto

anob

ject

inth

ene

arby

land

scap

e(li

keL

isbe

thN

ypan

’sre

med

y

fir

rheu

mat

ism

),A

nex

ampl

efro

mO

ldtid

ens

Sorti

’liog

isth

e”C

ure

for

sto

m

ach

intL

mm

atio

n,dr

opsy

and

such

”:

wel

l,ge

tspa

tient

the

hut

dies

,ani

mal

‘fle

—ea

t,to

mea

tth

edo

ga

give

then

away

;co

oked

isur

ine

the

until

time

each

urin

e,pe

rson

’s

sick

the

intim

esth

ree

pork

of’p

iece

aB

oil

Uri

neas

wel

las

fece

s,ph

legm

.an

dot

her

bodi

lyex

cret

ions

and

secr

etio

ns

have

figu

red

info

lkm

edic

ine

sinc

ean

cien

ttim

es,

flw

irus

ere

late

sto

apri

n

cipl

eex

pres

sed

inN

orw

egia

nas

ondt

skiil

m’cd

on1t

jord

rivc

s(i

tta

kes

evil

to

driv

eou

tev

il).

Ihe

mor

ere

puls

ive

the

med

icin

e,th

em

ore

effic

ient

lyit

will

repe

lth

eev

ilca

usin

gth

edi

seas

e.‘N

opa

in,

noga

in,”

we

wou

ldsa

yto

day,

still

mor

elik

ely

toas

crib

eef

ficac

yto

bitt

erpi

llsth

answ

eet.

55

Tra

nsfe

renc

eliv

edon

,to

o,“I

neve

rth

ough

tof

my

mot

her

[Hjo

rdis

hlfr

eda

Buc

kO

lsen

,a

regi

ster

ednu

rse,

born

1901

inT

rond

heir

n]as

bein

g

supe

rstit

ious

,w

rote

Phill

ipB

uck

Ols

en,

the

retir

edde

anof

anA

mer

ican

univ

ersi

ty.

But

inan

atte

mpt

tocu

rehi

sch

ildho

odw

arts

,“sh

eon

ceus

eda

rem

edy

from

som

ethi

ngca

lled

the

Old

Boo

k..

..W

hen

all

else

faile

d,sh

e

appl

ied

the

old

cure

tom

e.It

cons

iste

dof

usin

ga

piec

eof

salt

pork

whi

ch

she

rubb

edov

erm

yw

arts

on.i

nigh

tof

afu

llm

oon,

and

whi

chsh

ebur

ied

mth

ega

rden

besi

deLa

keSu

peri

orin

[)ul

uth,

Min

neso

ta,w

here

Iw

as

born

.I

reca

llno

rimu.

ilac

com

pany

ing

the

rem

edy,

only

the

prov

isio

nth

at

Im

ust

not

wat

chw

here

Mot

her

buri

edth

esa

ltpo

rk:’

Thi

str

ansf

eren

ce

ritu

al,

trad

ition

ally

enha

nced

byth

ehi

llm

oon

and

secr

ecy,

prov

edeW

ectiv

e.

“‘Th

ew

arts

with

ered

and

fll

off,”

wro

teO

lsen

in19

96,

“nev

erto

reap

pear

:’(B

ecau

seth

evi

ral

caus

eof

war

tslo

ngre

mai

ned

unkn

own,

thei

rse

emin

gly

inex

plic

able

appe

aran

cean

ddi

sapp

eara

nce

mad

eth

emth

efr

eque

ntfo

cus

offi

lkre

med

ies

allo

ver

the

worl

d.)

5

Cha

ngiig

pcrc

epti

oils

ofth

ebl

ack

hook

Ove

rth

eve

am’s,

the

terr

oran

ddi

stas

teon

ce,ir

ouse

dby

the

blac

kbo

okha

s

abat

ed.

‘Ihe

Nor

weg

ian

folk

lori

stIl

ilvar

dSk

irbe

kk(b

orn

1903)

expe

ri

ence

dth

isch

ange

firs

than

d,no

ting

that

whe

nhe

bega

nco

llect

ing

folk

lore

inSo

lor

duri

ngth

e1

92

0s,

peop

lere

fuse

dto

men

tion

the

blac

kho

ok.B

yth

e

196o

s,ho

wev

er,

two

blac

kbo

oks

arri

ved,

unso

licite

d,in

his

mai

l,tw

osep

a

rate

dono

rsha

ving

appa

rent

lyco

me

tore

gard

thei

rgr

andp

aren

ts’

form

ula

colle

ctio

nsas

nom

ore

than

inte

rest

ing

curi

ositi

esof

hist

oric

alva

lue.

’

Nor

weg

ian

Am

eric

ans

had

thei

row

nqu

alm

sab

out

the

blac

kbo

ok,b

ut

for

the

Ihom

pson

fam

ilyof

Moo

rhea

d,M

inne

sota

,th

eat

titu

dese

ems

to

have

gone

from

acce

ptan

ceto

reje

ctio

n.T

horv

aid

‘iho

mps

on(h

orn

1895

in

Val

dres

)en

joye

dte

lling

colo

rful

stor

ies

abou

tth

ebl

ack

book

,bu

tw

hen

it

cam

etim

eto

inhe

rit

the

one

owne

dby

his

fath

er,h

efla

tlyre

fuse

d.H

isso

n,

Har

ryT

hom

pson

(bor

n19

28),

belie

ved

his

gran

dfat

her

had

used

his

blac

k

book

“hon

orab

lyfo

rm

edic

alpu

rpos

es,”

but

Har

rydi

dno

tw

ant

itei

ther

,

seei

ngit

as“a

nev

ilpo

wer

and

ofth

ede

vil.

”5’3

Gro

win

gup

inM

oorh

ead

duri

ngth

em

93

0s,

Har

ryhe

ard

plen

tyof

sto

ries

abou

tth

ebl

ack

book

owne

dby

his

gran

dfit

her.

Ole

Tbo

mas

on(b

orn

1867

inH

edal

en,V

aldr

es).

Ole

emig

rate

dto

Am

eric

aw

ithhi

sw

ife,

Kje

rsn,

and

thei

rtw

o-ye

ar-o

ldso

n,T

horv

ald,

who

beca

me

Har

ry’s

fath

er.

Nor

was

Gra

ndpa

Ole

the

only

mem

ber

ofH

arry

‘iho

mps

on’s

fam

ily

who

poss

esse

da

blac

kbo

ok.“

Thi

spo

wer

was

also

held

onm

ygr

andm

othe

r

Kje

rsti’

ssi

de,b

yhe

rfa

ther

’sm

othe

rK

rist

iE

lling

sdat

ter’

wro

teH

arry

,an

d

byhi

sow

ngr

eat_

grea

tgra

ndm

othe

rK

ari

Lar

sdat

rer

Lyh

ekk

(i8z5—

92)

“Ala

rge

wom

anw

itha

big

lum

pun

der

one

arm

,on

whi

chsh

ecarrie

dhe

r

Svar

teB

oken

,”K

ari

man

aged

her

hrm

with

unus

ual

skill

,pro

duci

ngm

ore

milk

and

butt

erth

anhe

rne

ighb

ors.

Such

supe

rior

resu

ltsfu

eled

fant

asy

and

envy

.“St

orie

spa

ssed

onto

us’

said

Har

ry,“

say

she

wou

ldpo

urcr

ediT

’

into

the

chur

nan

dpu

tth

eco

ver

onan

dre

adhe

rm

agic

wor

ds,

and

the

crea

mw

ould

turn

tobu

tter.”

As

Kar

i’sim

pove

rish

edne

ighb

ors

saw

it,

only

witc

hcra

ftco

uld

acco

unt

for

the

abun

danc

eof

Kar

i’sbu

tter

,‘Ih

eal

way

squ

irky

busi

ness

ofch

urni

ng

beca

me

even

tric

kier

whe

nsm

all

farm

san

dfr

eque

ntcr

opfa

ilure

sfr

ced

peas

ants

topr

actic

e“s

tarv

atio

nfe

edin

g,”

givi

ngco

ws

min

imum

fodd

erto

surv

ive

the

win

ter.

The

milk

give

nby

the

unde

rnou

rish

edco

ws

whe

nth

ey

halti

ngly

emer

ged

from

the

barn

inth

esp

ring

cont

aine

dve

rylit

tlefa

t,an

d

whe

nth

ear

duou

sjob

ofch

urni

ngfa

iled

topr

oduc

ebu

tter

,pea

sant

sbl

amed

witc

hes

for

havi

ng“s

piri

ted”

thei

rne

ighb

ors’

butt

erIn

toth

eir

own

churn

s.

Har

ry’s

fath

erha

da

difI

iren

tex

plan

atio

n.‘W

hen

the

witc

hes

wer

e“m

ad

ata

neig

hbor

they

sent

thei

rtr

ollk

att

todr

ink

the

milk

befo

reth

eco

ww

as

milk

ed:’

Witc

hes

mad

ea

troi

lkar

tfr

omdi

scar

ded

rags

.fin

gern

amls

and

hair,

addi

nga

few

drop

sof

thei

row

nbl

ood

togi

veit

life.

‘The

nth

eyse

ntit

rolli

ng

4R

EM

ED

IES

AN

L)

ItIT

LJA

IS

from

farm

tofa

rmto

gath

erth

ene

ighb

ors’

milk

,a

scen

ario

that

expl

aine

dw

hyth

ew

itch

pros

pere

dw

hile

neig

hbor

sst

ayed

poor

.“I

was

abou

tfiv

eor

six

year

sol

dw

hen

my

dad

wou

ldte

llm

eal

lth

ese

scar

yst

orie

s,w

roti

Har

rylh

omp’

onIc

anst

illse

em

ym

othe

rget

ting

angr

yw

ithhi

man

dha

ving

tota

kem

eup

stai

rsto

bed

beca

use

Iw

asaf

raid

togo

alon

e:’t,

whe

nth

etim

eca

me

for

Ole

Tho

mps

onto

pass

the

blac

kbo

okdo

wn

tohi

sso

n,“T

horv

ald

refu

sed

tota

keit.

”W

hen

“Gra

ndpa

Ole

died

in19

52

Aun

tO

liv.

and

Aun

tC

lara

burn

edth

ebo

okw

hen

they

clea

ned

his

hrt

kho

use.

onFi

fth

Ave

nue

and

Nlm

xLen

thSt

Nor

thin

Moo

rhea

d(n

owth

esi

teof

aL

huic

h)°

Fort

unat

ely,

repo

rts

ofO

leili

omps

oii’

spr

owes

sin

usin

gth

ebl

ack

book

live

on,

‘Gra

ndpa

coul

dhe

cove

red

with

bees

;’w

rite

sl—

Iarry

,”an

dhe

wou

ldno

tbe

stun

g,”

and

heco

uld

also

stop

the

flow

ofbl

ood,

afe

atfo

rmer

lyco

nsid

ered

mag

ical

:“R

usse

llH

ovde

stad

said

that

whe

nhe

cut

his

arm

,G

rand

pasa

idso

met

hing

and

the

blee

ding

stop

ped.

My

dad

said

whe

nhe

was

stic

king

turk

eys,

and

acci

dent

ally

stru

ckhi

sch

est,

Gra

ndpa

mad

eth

ebl

eedi

ngst

opw

itho

utto

uchi

nghi

m.’

Wit

hout

ques

tion,

the

blac

kbo

okw

ithits

mag

ical

form

ulas

occu

pied

am

ore

sign

ific

antp

lace

inth

em

inds

ofN

orw

egia

nan

dN

orw

egia

nA

mer

ican

sth

anha

sbe

enpu

blic

lyac

know

ledg

edD

espi

tea

terr

ify

ing

rep

uta

tio

n,

itpro

vide

sun

para

llele

din

sigh

tsin

toN

orw

ay’s

trad

ition

alre

med

ies

and

ritu

als,

whi

leits

asso

ciat

edlo

rehe

lps

illum

inat

ea

way

oflif

edi

stan

tfro

mou

row

n.

“You

did

not

goto

ado

ctor

unle

ssyo

ure

ally

had

ave

ryse

riou

s

prob

lem

,so

like

man

yot

her

farm

mot

hers

,m

ym

omin

vest

edin

aco

uple

ofve

ryni

ce,l

eath

erbo

und

‘Doc

tor

Boo

ks’

tota

keca

re

ofhe

rfa

mily

:’

ILI

Bud

Ion

I,ni

i9

LQ)H

EN

iii

NE

SS

ST

RO

CK

,nin

ete

enth

-centu

ryN

orw

egia

ns

on

both

side

sof

the

Atla

nrii

relie

don

doct

orbo

oks

I’’1

kcr)

.V

’cre

ad

the

med

ical

inan

u.iI

san

dus

edev

eryt

hing

sugg

este

dth

ere

we

ould

get

hold

of”

wro

teC

aja

Mun

chfr

omth

eW

iota

,‘vV

iscon

’sin

,par

sona

geon

Aug

ust

12,

1857

.C

aja

had

conf

esse

dea

rlie

rth

atye

arhow

“fri

ghte

ning

”it

was

to

be“s

oab

solu

tely

devo

idof

aph

ysic

ian’

sai

d:’

She

adde

d,“M

ingo

rsC

ount

ry-

‘rm

acy

stan

dsus

ingo

odst

ead,

”sh

owin

gth

eco

nsol

atio

na

good

doct

or

book

coul

dbr

ing.

’Im

mig

rant

sgr

adua

llyre

plac

edth

ew

ell—

wor

nvo

lum

esbr

ough

tfr

omN

or

way

with

Eng

lish

orN

orw

egia

ned

ition

spu

blis

hed

inA

mer

ka.

Som

eof

thes

ebo

oks

arri

ved

aspr

emiu

ms

for

subs

crip

tions

toN

orw

egia

nA

lner

iLan

new

spap

ers

such

asth

eC

hica

go-b

ased

Nor

den,

who

seed

itors

dist

ribu

ted

LLL’

gebo

’Ir

Iwer

nian

d(D

octo

rb

oo

kfo

rev

ery

on

e)

in1

87

9.

‘Ihe

1a

Cro

sse,

\Vis

co

nsin

,new

spap

er

I’cvd

rt’Io

mJe

to

ibn

igra

nwn

sim

ilar

lyis

sncd

1Iu

te’n

(‘lh

cho

use

doct

or)

aspa

rtof

itsi8

8i

IiusvL

’nnt’

n(I

lom

eco

mp.

lnio

n),

and

the

Dec

oral

,Po

sten

prod

uced

For

flok

tore

nko

inm

er(U

nul

the

doct

orar

rives

)as

its”P

rem

eieb

ogfo

r1S

90—

91.”

Am

eric

anvo

lum

eslik

eJo

hnC

.G

unn’

sN

ewI)

onic

tzc

Phys

icia

n(1

862)

and

“Peo

ple’

sl1

omt’

Med

ical

Boo

k”(i

9iç

)ev

eniw

illy

repl

aced

ethn

icdo

ctor

.‘io

5

“EDo

ctor¶

l3ook

sM

irro

ring

the

mar

chof

med

icin

e

NU

LL

’•‘

a

RE

ME

DIE

SA

ND

RIT

UA

LS

21P

asto

lIl

Rts

stor

yts

from

Job

IS

tori

kcr

Sa1n

ogga

adLr

(NF

l#4

7)

(Osl

o:N

ork

Folk

cmin

nela

g,1

94

1),

I

22.

Info

rmat

ion

abou

tPa

stor

Rug

eco

mes

from

J.T.

Ode

gard

,Er

mdr

tnge

r,29

—31

.

23,

Dag

mar

l3lix

,O

gdr

auge

nsk

retk

,T

radi

sjon

fraLo

fote

n(N

FL

#93)

(Osl

o:

Nor

skFo

lkem

lnne

lag,

1965

),23,

24K

irst

tM

igIIS

S&n

DIr

mitt

hjir

tau

fest

[Prc

srcf

olk

Gild

iska

l18

97—

1906

Nils

Stoc

kfle

thM

agel

ssem

];Pr

este

gârd

slmv

Li.

Min

nerf

rano

rske

pres

tegd

rder

(Osl

o:

Gyl

dend

al,1

96

7),

24.

25.

Of

ilan

sH

aaga

,H

olan

dw

rite

s:”

Inth

eea

rly

year

s,C

oon

Val

ley

had

no

med

ical

help

.T

hene

ares

tdo

ctor

lived

15

0m

iles

away

.Pe

ople

reso

rted

tofa

mily

rem

edie

s,,

,an

dho

mem

ade

doct

ors:

Han

sH

aaga

from

Haa

gada

len

was

one

of

thes

e..

..Pe

ople

mai

ntai

ned

that

heha

dth

eB

lack

Boo

kan

dco

uld

unde

rsta

ndit

.

Alth

ough

man

yw

ere

ofth

eO

pini

onth

atth

ism

ystic

alkn

owle

dge

was

very

risky

busi

ness

,ot

hers

gave

him

even

grea

ter

resp

ect:’

Hja

mar

Rue

dR

olan

d,C

oon

Pra

i

rie:

An

His

toric

alR

epor

tof

the

N’o

rweg

ian

Evan

gelic

alL

uthe

rC

ongr

egat

ion

atC

oon

Prai

rieW

ritte

non

the

Occ

asio

nof

its7

5th

Ann

iver

sary

in1927,O

ivin

dH

ovde

,tra

ns.

(1)e

cora

h,Io

wa,

1977),

49—

50.

“It

issa

idof

Pede

rEn

ger,”

wri

tes

0.

S.Jo

hnso

n,“t

hat

hekn

ewm

ore

than

the

Lor

dsP

raye

r....

Peop

leth

ough

the

mus

tbe

inpo

sses

sion

ofth

eB

lack

Boo

k,w

hich

coul

dcu

reth

isor

that

ill,

but

sinc

ePe

der

Eng

eron

lydi

dw

ell

tow

ards

his

fello

w

bein

gs,

heco

uld

not

have

had

the

devi

lin

his

serv

ice”

(0.

S.Jo

hnso

n,N

ybyg

gerh

is’

tori

efra

Sprin

gG

rove

(Min

neap

olis

:se

lf-p

ublis

hed,

1920).

227.

1he

one

Nor

weg

ian

Am

eric

anso

urce

that

does

men

tion

the

blac

kbo

okin

conn

ec

lion

with

the

cler

gyis

Peer

Stro

mm

e’s

1893

nove

l,H

alvo

r,A

bout

one

char

acte

r(J

ens

Knu

dsen

)it

issa

idth

at“h

efir

mly

belie

ved

that

past

ors

had

the

‘Bla

ckBo

ok’

inth

eir

poss

essi

on,a

ndco

uld

dow

hate

ver

they

chos

e,an

dth

atth

ere

was

noth

ing

unde

rth

e

sun

they

did

not

know

”(P

eer

Stro

mm

e,H

alvo

r:A

Stor

yof

Pion

eer

You

th,

Inga

B.

Nor

stog

and

Davm

d‘I’

.Nel

son,

tran

s.[D

ecor

ah,I

owa.

Lut

her

Col

lege

,1960],

37).

On

the

prev

ious

page

,ho

wev

er,J

ens

Knu

dsen

isde

scri

bed

as“d

read

fully

ill-i

nfor

med

.”A

lthou

gh“T

hor

Hel

geso

ndi

din

clud

ean

acco

unt

ofth

ebl

ack-

book

min

iste

rin

the

lege

nds

here

cord

edfr

omhi

sne

ighb

ors

inV

upac

a,W

ise,

,the

acco

untd

escr

ibes

abl

ack—

book

min

iste

rin

Nor

way

,Mal

colm

Ros

holt:

From

the

indi

anL

and:

Firs

tHan

d

Acc

ount

ofC

entr

alW

isco

nsin

sPi

onee

rLi

fe(b

ased

onR

osho

lt’s

tran

slat

ions

ofFr

am

di

aner

nes

land

e,co

mpi

led

byT

hor

Hel

geso

n)(l

ola,

Wis

e.:

Kra

use

Publ

icat

ions

,198

5).

26.“

lEe

lette

rco

ntin

ues:

Any

one

can

unde

rsta

ndho

wm

uch

easi

erit

isfo

ratr

ou

bled

soul

toco

nfrs

sto

anop

enan

dm

ildm

an.

Ica

nte

stify

from

pers

onal

expe

rienc

e

that

itis

very

diff

icul

tfo

ra

pers

ontr

oubl

edby

sin

toop

enhi

she

art

toa

past

or[in

Nor

way

j.H

eis

rega

rded

asa

haun

ting

spiri

t,if

not

wor

se.

Peop

lesc

are

child

ren

by

sayi

ngth

atth

epa

stor

will

com

ean

dta

keth

emaw

ay:’

The

lette

r,or

igin

ally

publ

ishe

d

inA

gder

.Fe

b.21

,18

79,

isre

prin

ted

inFr

eder

ick

Hal

e,‘T

heir

Ow

nSa

ga:

Lette

rsfr

om

the

Nor

weg

ian

Glo

bal

Mig

ratio

n(M

inne

apol

is:

Uni

vecs

ityof

Min

neso

taPr

ess,

1986

),

128—

29.

Caj

aM

unch

,on

the

othe

rha

nd,e

xpre

sses

her

pref

eren

cefu

rth

epr

ivile

ges

ofhe

r

clas

s,”’

Ihes

esi

llype

asan

tsfo

rth

em

ost

part

cann

otco

mpr

ehen

dat

all

that

we

are

ast

epab

ove

them

and

have

mor

ere

quir

emen

ts.N

o,th

eyre

gard

them

selv

esm

aybe

fully

ashi

ghan

dal

way

ssa

ydu

[the

form

ofad

dres

sus

edam

ong

equa

ls]

and

man

y

such

thin

gs,

whi

chso

met

imes

real

lyar

ehi

ghly

ridi

culo

us.

For

exam

ple

man

yw

ill

sim

ply

call

me

Caj

d’(M

unch

,St

rang

eA

mer

ican

Way

,30).

Caj

aan

dhe

rhu

sban

d

soon

retu

rned

toN

orw

ayto

stay

.

27.A

.Sop

hie

Bøe

,”’I

heSt

ory

ofFa

ther

’sLi

fe:’

unpu

blis

hed

man

uscr

ipt

inL

uthe

r

Sem

inar

yar

chiv

es,

Sr.

Paul

,in

.Bn

e’s

incl

inat

ion

tow

ard

med

icin

e,sh

eno

tes,

had

alre

ady

surf

aced

duri

nghi

sst

uden

tda

ysat

Aug

usta

naSe

min

ary

in18

66,w

hen

he

volu

ntee

red

toqu

aran

tine

him

self

for

am

onth

asth

eca

regi

ver

for

five

fello

wst

u

dent

sw

ithsm

allp

ox.

28.M

itche

ll’s

wor

dsar

equ

oted

inG

unte

rB.

Ris

se,”

From

Hor

sean

dB

uggy

to

Aut

omob

ilean

dT

elep

hone

:M

edic

alPr

actic

ein

Wis

cons

in,

1848

—19

30’

Wis

cons

in

Med

icin

e:H

isto

rical

Pers

pect

ives

Ron

ald

L.N

umbe

rsan

dJu

dith

Wal

zer

Nea

virt,

eds.

(Mad

ison

:Uni

vers

ityof

Wis

cons

inPr

ess,

1981

),2

7.

29.T

heW

isco

nsin

Stat

eB

oard

oJ’H

ealth

Seve

nth

Ann

nual

Rep

orti

squ

oted

inD

ale

Trel

even

,“O

neH

undr

edY

ears

ofH

ealth

and

Hea

ling

inR

ural

Wis

cons

in:’

Wis

cons

in

Med

icin

e,N

umbe

rsan

dLe

avitt

,eds

.,13

8.

30.

Lau

renc

eM

.La

rson

,“t

heLo

gBo

okof

aY

oung

Imm

igra

nt(N

orth

lield

,Min

n.:

Nor

wea

n-A

mer

icaf

lH

isto

rica

lA

ssoc

iatio

n,1939),

72

.‘T

heim

port

ance

ofpe

rson

al

ityin

heal

ing

isal

soat

test

edby

Lero

yD

avis

inre

min

isce

nces

ofth

e18

70s

diph

ther

ia

epid

emic

:“Th

eph

ysic

ians

’big

job

was

toke

epup

the

cour

age

ofth

epa

rent

san

dch

eer

uphi

spa

tient

san

dpe

rhap

sin

cide

ntal

ly,b

utm

ost

impo

rtan

tlyof

all,

toke

epup

his

own

cour

age”

(Ler

oyD

avis

,“R

emin

isce

nces

;’7

9ty

ped

man

uscr

ipt,

Min

neso

taH

is

toric

alS

oci

etSt

.Pau

l).

Cha

pter

4.Th

eBl

ack

Boo

k

Epig

raph

:“Sv

arte

boka

’Sk

illin

gM

agaz

in18

59,

218.

Ap

reli

min

ary

vers

ion

of

this

chap

ter

appe

ars

inTh

eN

ordi

cSt

oryt

elle

r:A

Fest

scbr

iftto

Nie

lsIn

gwer

sen

edite

dby

Tor

nD

uBoi

san

dSu

san

I3ra

ntly

,Uni

vers

ityof

Wis

cons

inPr

ess

(for

thco

min

g).

1.C

arl

M.

Roa

n,““

The

imm

igra

ntW

agon

:A

Tru

stw

orth

yN

arra

tive

ofP

io

neer

Even

ts;’

177,

type

dm

anus

crip

t,1946,

Min

neso

taH

isto

rica

lSo

ciet

y.

2.R

asm

usN

yeru

p,A

Imin

delig

Mor

skab

slas

ning

iD

anm

ark

ogN

orge

igje

nnem

Aar

hund

rede

r(C

open

hage

n:A

ndre

asSe

idel

ins

Forla

g,18

16),

19

5.

3.St

orak

er,S

agn

ogga

ader

,24;

Edv

ard

Lan

gset

,Seg

ner-

gdite

rfO

lket

ruJi

Nor

d’

mør

(NF

L#6

1)(O

slo:

Nor

skFo

lkem

inne

lag,

19

48

),ito

;an

dK

nut

Her

mun

dsta

d,

RE

MC

Din

sA

ND

RIT

UA

lSN

I)[R

S%

259

Kt’

r,tc

LtIc

r.(tn

i,ii

‘ild

rc5

Kul

tur

VII

(NH

.6)

(Osl

o:LJ

nive

rsire

rsfo

rlage

t,

•l.In

1090,

And

Ros

sSo

lher

g,cu

rato

rof

the

Hei

berg

ske

Sam

linge

rin

Kau

pn

ct

Not

way

rrin

(d

ittr

vaw

sw

ithth

irt&

Lfl

ddei

lyte

side

nts

inB

alLs

trand

Vk

Sogo

dal

Kin

pin

gcr

ljtd

ind

md

Foitu

nab

out

tin. h

ome

rem

edie

sth

atha

dbe

enus

edin

thei

rfli

rnili

es, “

1can’t

reca

llth

atth

ere

wer

ean

yw

hoha

dse

enth

isB

lack

Boo

kat

any

rate

,”co

ntin

ued

the

quot

edin

form

ant,

“hut

they

sure

talk

edab

out

it.i

lot’’

.O

ttar

Fvs’

nscn

.”Sv

arte

hoke

ne11,i

l{us

tad,

”fr

bokI)

rH

vcru

nt19

94:

90

—1

34

.A

ccor

ding

to,i

trad

ition

quot

edby

joha

nnes

Stor

aker

,th

ebl

ack

book

sin

circ

ula

tion

are

copi

esof

one

orig

inal

man

uscr

ipt:

Mos

tpe

ople

have

hear

dof

the

Bla

ckB

ook,

but

here

inth

iscom

munit

yn

ot

man

ype

ople

own

one.

And

ifth

eydi

d,it

was

usua

llyju

sta

copy

. ‘Ih

eB

lack

Boo

kits

elf i

spr

inte

din

red

lette

rsan

dw

ritte

nby

am

anof

God

byth

ena

me

of

Cyp

rian

usin

the

city

ofW

irte

nber

g.It

may

not

heob

tain

edfr

oman

yone

but

the

devi

lhi

mse

lf”

(Sto

rake

r,Sa

gnoc

gaad

er, 2

0).

6.l-I

ere

and

seve

ral

para

grap

hshe

low

lette

rto

the

auth

orfr

omM

ary

Rus

tad,

Live

rum

,M

ayi,

2003.

Like

thos

efi

und

atR

usta

d.“b

lack

book

s”ca

nra

nge

from

colic

rent

book

lets

care

fully

wri

tten

inor

nate

scri

ptto

rand

omite

ms

hast

ilysc

ribbl

edot

tth

eba

cks

ofdi

scar

ded

docu

men

tsor

the

lefto

ver p

ages

ofou

tdat

edle

dger

s.‘T

heR

usta

dbl

ack

book

sw

ere

prob

ably

wri

tten

som

etim

eat

the

end

ofth

ei7

00

san

dba

sed

onex

cerp

tsof

earl

ier

text

s.A

Rus

tad

ance

stor

, pos

sibl

yTo

llev

Hel

gess

onK

ilde

çbor

nt7

7z),

mig

htha

vew

ritte

nth

ese

furm

ulas

, whi

chpr

imar

ilyco

nsis

tof

whi

tem

agic

(cal

ling

ongo

odpo

wer

sfo

rhe

lpin

sick

ness

and

othe

rtr

oubl

e),

thou

ghth

ere

,ire

also

hint

sof

blac

km

agic

(pra

yers

that

appe

alto

dark

erpo

wer

s).

Per

Sand

ede

ciph

ered

the

goth

icw

ritin

gan

dPe

rH

olck

tran

slat

edth

eol

d-st

yle

lang

uage

tom

oder

nN

orw

egia

n,w

hich

Mar

yR

usra

dth

entr

ansl

ated

into

Engl

ish.

Ihe

book

sha

dap

pare

ntly

been

aw

ell-

kept

secr

etfu

rm

any

year

sbe

caus

eth

efin

dal

soca

me

asa

surp

rise

toN

ilsR

usta

d’s

fath

er,

Mas

sm

edia

inN

orw

ayra

nse

vera

lar

ticle

sab

out

the

Rus

tad

find,

incl

udin

gA

llers

onM

ayii

,1999,

and

AJ’

tenp

oste

non

May

i6,

Mar

y’s

tran

slat

ion

ofth

eR

usta

dbl

ack

book

sw

aspu

blis

hed

asM

ary

S.R

usta

d,II

,cB

lack

Book

sof

Eii’e

runi

(l.a

kevi

lle,

Min

n,:

Gal

dePr

ess,

1999

).7.

Ott

arEv

ense

n,‘1

lieB

lack

Boo

ksfr

omR

usra

din

Nor

way

,”in

Rus

rad,

El

ic’ru

nt, x

xxiv

. Atr

aditi

onal

acco

unt e

xpre

ssin

gth

esa

me

f’ear

offi

ndin

ga

blac

kbo

okis

inLa

rsN

I.Fj

ells

tad,

Hau

folk

ogtro

Thka

p.Fo

lkcn

tinni

’fr

aEi

dsko

gH

(NFL

#74)

(Osl

o:N

orsk

I’ol

kens

inne

lag,

1954),

20,

8.H

ans

Byv

ind

Nas

s,M

edbd

l og

brau

n,Tr

olld

omsp

rose

sser

iNorg

e(O

slo:

Uni

vers

itets

forl

ager

,1984),

i6,.

N’s

ssa

ysth

atof

the

860

men

and

wom

enac

cuse

das

witc

hes

who

sena

mes

wer

ekn

own,

cow

ere

exec

uted

for

trol

ldom

inN

orw

ay.

From

thes

ehg

ures

. N.e

sses

timat

esth

at, i

n.il

l,ab

out

i,75o

indi

vidu

als

wer

eac

cuse

dan

dab

out

20

perc

ent

ofdi

emw

ere

exec

uted

.

9.D

etai

lsof

Nyp

an’s

tria

lun

less

othe

rwis

est

ated

deriv

efr

omN

xss,

,‘led

l’al

ogbr

ann,

4i.

Cas

ting

out

dise

ase

bysi

mila

rm

eans

occu

rsin

the

Bib

lein

Mat

thew

8:2

2(“

Tha

tev

enin

gth

eybr

ough

tto

him

man

yw

how

ere

poss

esse

dw

ithde

mon

san

dhe

cast

out

the

spir

itsw

itha

wor

d,an

dhe

aled

all

who

wer

esi

ck”)

.lh

eB

ible

also

cont

ains

anex

ampl

eof

dise

ase

bein

gtr

ansf

erre

din

toa

herd

ofsw

ine.

10.

Den

kiog

eko

nes

hog

(i886),

repr

inte

dw

itha

com

men

tary

byB

irgi

tteR

orby

e(C

open

hage

n:Ju

lSt

rand

berg

sFo

rlag,

i975),

iii,

11.1

lexein

cst’m

t og

Trol

dska

bt

N’or

gc.

Med

dth

ttlla

’siu

n,g

for

Ale

nign

tand

(Chr

is—tia

nia:

Ben

rzen

s,18

65),

i4an

d2i.

12.H

ere

and

belo

w, N

:vss

, Med

bilo

hran

n,N

.53

.I h

eB

ible

and

othe

rC

hri

stia

nte

xts

wer

ero

utin

ely

used

todr

ive

out

evil

spir

itsdu

ring

Nor

way

’sC

atho

licpc

’no

d,w

hen

prie

sts

also

read

annu

albe

nedi

ctio

nsto

bles

sfo

rmfi

elds

, hou

ses,

ship

s,an

dro

ads.

13.

Lie

uten

ant

Col

onel

Hol

Ein

his

desc

ript

ion

ofB

erg

pari

shin

Smäl

cnen

e,ob

serv

edth

atth

eal

mue

seld

omco

nsul

ted

doct

ors

beca

use

“the

irfu

refo

ther

skn

ewbe

stho

wea

chty

peof

illne

ssco

uld

best

behe

aled

and

had

h.in

ded

dow

nth

ebe

stcu

res”

(quo

ted

inN

.A

.Q

uisl

ing,

Ot’c

rtroi

ske

kure

o’fo

lkL’

ntL’

l1sti

ti

.\‘or

’ckri

sti

ania

: Asc

heho

ug,i

918J

,6

2).

14.

Ant

onC

hris

tian

Ban

g,“G

jeng

ange

refr

aH

eden

skab

etog

Kat

hohc

tsm

enbl

andt

vort

Folk

efte

rR

efor

mat

ione

n,”

‘iheo

logi

skii

dssk

rjt

for

den

ecau

gelis

kein

ther

ske

Kir

keiN

orge

My

nckk

e10

(188

5):

187.

The

y”no

longer

rega

rded

the

Cat

holic

rem

nant

sith

esa

cred

wor

dsj

cont

aine

das

expr

essi

ons

ofC

hris

tian

piet

y,”

heco

ntin

ues.

Ban

gat

trib

utes

the

alm

ue’s

use

ofth

ese

form

ulas

,.is

does

the

auth

or,

tope

ople

s“e

onst

ant

feel

ing

ofhe

lple

ssne

ss,”

“ete

rnal

f’ear

ofm

.sgic

,”,in

d‘e

ver-

pres

ent

fear

ofde

viltr

y”(z

i8).

But

whi

leth

ese

sam

eda

nger

sha

dlu

rked

nole

ssth

reat

enin

gly

befo

reth

eR

efor

mat

ion,

peop

le’s

perc

eptio

nof

dang

erap

pare

ntly

incr

ease

ddr

amat

ical

lyin

itsw

ake.

Mis

sing

the

old

prot

ecti

ons

ofpi

lgri

nage

,pr

ayer

,an

dpe

nanc

e,w

here

byth

eyco

uld

appe

aldi

rect

lyto

the

deity

,th

eydi

das

cust

omde

cree

din

othe

rar

eas

oflif

e:th

eylo

oked

hack

toth

em

eans

used

byth

eir

fore

fath

ers

and

cons

eque

ntly

cont

inue

dto

rely

onrh

epr

otec

tive

pow

erof

ritu

alhe

alin

gth

atha

dbe

enpa

rtof

Cat

holic

doct

rine

.15

.B

ang,

“Gje

ngan

gere

,”i8

7an

dan

. “In

can

bea

cons

ol,it

iott

th.it

.ilth

ough

the

entir

epo

pula

tion

belie

ved

inth

ere

ality

lof

this

mag

ici.

sure

lyU

nIv

are

lativ

ely

smal

lnu

mbe

rac

tual

lypr

actic

edth

ese

arts

inth

eir

wor

stfo

rm—

alth

ough

the

Ca

thol

iciz

ed,

epic

-leg

enda

ryfo

rmul

asw

ere

cert

ainl

ykn

own

and

used

bya

larg

erm

ajo

rity

”(2

18).

16.A

rne

Bug

geA

mun

dsen

,”K

ilde

ogki

rke.

En

from

hets

hist

oris

kun

ders

okel

seav

lege

kild

enve

dTrø

mbe

rgki

rke,

”Pu

g‘l’

eolo

gii(i

osi)

:20—

40.

17.

Lan

dsta

dqu

oted

inJe

nsM

.A

Im,

ed.,

Bygd

ogby

iNo

r’,y’

—‘i’

st‘l

,ntI

ogA

iidre

s(O

slo:

Gyl

dend

al, 1

98

2),

409.

Abo

utde

votio

nal

chur

ches

, see

Ann

ieE

niks

en,

I

RE

Nt E

DIE

SA

ND

RI

TE

AL

S

NO

tES.

261

Lov

ekir

ker

IN

orge

ette

rre

fiir

mas

jone

n,”

M.

A.

thes

is,

1)ep

t.of

Folk

lore

,U

nive

r

sity

ofO

slo,

i86

.A

bout

the

Vat

nâs

chur

ch,

And

reas

Mor

chre

port

s,fo

rex

ampl

e:

Itw

asC

Oii

lmon

belie

fam

ong

peop

leth

atif

they

had

anill

ness

and

then

prom

ised

togi

vea

pres

ent

toth

ech

urch

,th

eyw

ould

get

wel

l,in

this

way

the

chur

chre

ceiv

ed

man

ygi

fts

inth

eol

dda

ys”

(Mor

ch,

Era

iain

leda

gar,

84).

18.

Yst

ad’s

acco

unt

ofth

eSr

.O

lav

spri

ngis

inir

unde

lag

im

anns

min

ne(O

slo:

Det

Nor

slce

Sam

lage

r,19

69),

ia8.

19.O

lav

Har

alds

son

(Kin

gO

lav

II)

had

cont

inue

din

ioi

the

wor

kof

conv

ert

ing

Nor

way

toC

hris

tiani

t)c

begu

nby

()la

vT

rygg

vass

on(K

ing

OLw

I,99

5—IO

OO

),

and

heal

sous

edfo

rce

toac

hiev

eth

isgo

al.

\Vor

king

with

Bis

hop

Gri

mkj

dll,

Ola

v

IIpr

esid

edov

erth

eas

sem

bly

atIv

lost

erin

1024

that

adop

ted

Chr

isti

anit

yas

No

r

way

’sof

fici

alre

ligio

n.Ju

stft

urye

ars

Lite

r,ho

wev

er,

enra

ged

peas

ants

and

Vik

ing

chie

ftai

nsdr

ove

OLa

vII

our

ofth

eco

untr

y.H

isat

rctn

ptto

retu

rnto

pow

erw

as

perm

anen

tlybl

ocke

dtw

oye

ars

late

ron

July

29,

1030

,at

the

Bat

tleof

Srik

lest

ad

Ola

vho

,11

eilaç

—()l

at’no

rskf

olkc

tradi

s;on

tOsl

o,19

55J.

For

popu

l.iri

zed

acco

unts

ofSr

.O

lav’

sli

fan

dle

gend

,se

eK

athl

een

Srok

ker:

Inth

eFo

otst

eps

ofO

l.u

Nor

way

sSu

per

Sain

t,‘1

heN

orse

man

, Nov

.198

8;\V

ishi

ng

‘vVe

llsan

dSa

cred

Sprin

gs: T

reas

ure

Trov

esof

Nor

weg

ian

Cul

mre

,”V

ikin

glv

i aga

zine

,

Apr.

1991;

.ind”

The

Mira

cles

ofSt

. Ola

v:Se

cret

sof

am

edie

val a

lrar

’V

ikin

glv

laga

zine

,

July

and

Aug

.19

92

.

20.

And

reas

Nlo

reh,

Era

ç’a;

nle

daga

r.Eo

lkcm

znne

frd

Si,g

dal

ogEg

geda

l(N

FL

#2

7)

çOsl

o:N

orsk

Folk

emin

nela

g,19

32),

83—

4.

21.

Mal

orA

.I.

Moc

kler

—Fe

rrym

an,

Inth

eN

orth

u;iii

icLa

nd:

Trav

el,

spor

tan

d

telk

iore

intl,

c11

arda

nier

fjord

and

JjeLl

.1.o

ndon

:S

amps

onLo

w,

Mar

sron

&C

om

pany

,189

6),

quot

atio

nshe

rean

dbe

low

at15

4.

22.

Her

ean

dbe

low

,O

rnulf

Hod

ne,

Mys

tiske

sted

eriN

orge

(Osl

o:C

appe

len,

20

00

),

193—

98.

Itis

uncl

ear

wha

tif

any

actio

nth

eO

slo

bish

opto

okw

ithre

gard

toth

epi

lgri

mag

es,

but

for

two

hund

red

year

sm

ore,

peop

leco

ntin

ued

tode

scen

d

upon

Rol

dal

from

all

dire

ctio

ns.

Nea

rby

plac

e-na

mes

such

asK

ross

lian

dK

ros—

slut

enid

entif

yre

stin

gpl

aces

alon

gth

eir

rou

te.

23.

Lor

enta

[)ie

tric

hso

n,

1892

,in

I)e

uors

kest

ai’k

irker

,St

udie

rov

erde

res

syste

m,

oprin

dels

eog

hist

oris

kerrd

viki

ing.

quot

edin

Pede

rA

nker

,St

avki

rken

e.D

eres

egen

art

ohi

stor

ic(O

slo:

(ap

pele

n,i9

37

),t8

5,on

whi

chth

ead

diti

onal

info

rmat

ion

on

51av

echu

tche

sre

lies.

24.

And

reas

Fayc

.N

srsk

eE

oikc

.Sa

5u(N

Fl.

#63)

(Osl

o:N

orsk

eFo

lkem

inne

lag,

E3

4S

((hr

isti,

uui,i

,i8.

).25

.Ola

v’s

shru

icco

nsis

ted

ofth

ree

dith

renr

casi

ngs;

the

inne

rmos

t of

woo

dw

as

hous

edin

asl

ight

lyla

rger

one

ofsi

lver

that

was

enca

sed

byje

wel-

encru

sted

gold

. It

isth

esi

lver

casi

ngth

atpr

obab

lyre

sem

bled

the

styl

eof

the

Vat

nis

reliq

uary

(whi

ch

has

been

at

( ope

nli.i

geii’

sN

atio

nal

Mus

eum

sinc

e17

48),

whi

leth

eSr

.O

lav

shri

ne

was

lost

atse

aon

itsw

ayto

Cop

enha

gen

tohe

mel

ted

dow

nfo

rth

ero

yal

coff

ers.

Rol

fE

riks

on,N

vra-

Eri

kson

:A

Sigd

alFa

mily

(Mad

ison

,Wis

e:se

lfpu

blis

hed

by

Mic

hael

Frei

del,

1996

),conta

ins

aphoto

of

the

reli

quar

y.

26.

Past

orB

ernh

oft

isqu

oted

inO

rnul

lH

odne

,M

vstis

ke,tc

der,

i9t—

92

.

27.T

his

cust

om,f

orbi

dden

byth

eLa

wof

Gul

atin

g,is

furt

her

disc

usse

din

Kat

h

leen

Stok

ket;

Kee

ping

Chr

istm

as.

Yul

etid

eTr

aditi

ons

inN

orw

ayan

dth

eN

ew

Land

çSr.

Paul

:Min

neso

taH

isto

rica

lSoc

iety

,2000),

7—8,

ioô,

308

n53

and

309

u9.

28.

Sigu

rdN

erga

ard,

Hui

der

ogtro

llska

p.Fo

lker

ninn

efra

aO

ster

dakn

IV(N

FL

#ii

)(O

slo:

Nor

skFo

lkem

inne

lag,

1927),

48

.

29.

Eve

nsen

,”Sv

arre

hoke

ne,”

1313

2.

30.H

ere

and

belo

w,I

-&ci

darS

vare

,Fri

gam

altid

—--

13’u

ogtr

adu;

on.

4s;

il3

3gde

-

hok

11(M

osjo

en:

Vef

snB

ygde

bokn

emd

1973

),319—

20.

Ast

ory

prin

ted

inth

e1

90

1

Dec

orah

Post

enm

akes

the

sam

epo

int

abou

tth

ebl

ack

book

losi

ngits

mys

tical

imag

e.

31.

Hol

stad

isqu

oted

inM

ore

ogR

omsd

ali

manti

sm

inne

(Osl

o:D

erN

orsk

e

Sam

lage

t,1969),

109.

32.Y

stad

’sac

coun

the

rean

dbe

low

isfr

omIr

onde

lag

inia

nit

snnri

nc,

123-

-26;

the

form

ula

isat

i26.

33.

Info

rmat

ion

onO

leT

ofte

lien

here

and

belo

wre

lies

oil

Per

Kol

lsra

d,“L

i

Svar

rbok

frii

Dov

re’

Arh

okfor

Cud

bran

dsda

len

19

59

,8—

6i.

Joha

nM

eyer

,Fo

rtids

kuns

tIN

orge

sby

gder

:D

ovre

(Osl

o:N

asjo

nalf

orla

get

1978

),pl

ate

VI,

show

sT

hfte

lien’

sro

sem

aled

room

from

the

Lin

dsø

farm

aspa

inte

din

1850

(and

draw

nby

Mey

erin

19

11

).

Tof

te,o

neof

the

olde

stfa

rms

inD

ovrc

and

byfi

rth

ela

rges

t.is

loca

ted,

like

the

best

farm

sin

the

area

,m

idw

ayup

the

east

side

ofth

eva

lley

.md

ism

entio

ned

in

the

med

ieva

lSa

gaof

1-la

rald

l--lã

rfag

re,

who

“had

ach

apel

built

ther

ew

here

none

had

stoo

dbe

fore

”(G

unna

rK

aas

and

Arn

finn

Eng

en,

Byg

defo

kjo

tD

ovre

(2).

Gaa

r

dat

,hus,

jolk

[Dov

re:

Dovre

Kom

mune,

2003—

04])

.

34.

Vel

leE

spel

and

(Dep

artm

ent

ofFo

lklo

re,

IJiii

vers

iry

ofO

slo)

prov

ided

a

phot

ocop

yof

Tof

telie

n’s

blac

kbo

okin

Oei

.2000.

35.

Mey

er,

Forti

dsku

nst,

11—

12.

In18

37,

Ola

Han

sson

fro

mA

ker

1ord

et

and

hi

wife

,El

iSa

mue

lsda

rrer

,to

okov

erT

ofre

hen,

aco

tter’

spl

ace

owne

dby

the

11te

roya

les

tate

.T

hei8

6ce

nsus

show

sO

laT

ofre

lien

asa

cotte

rw

ithla

nd,

56.9

yeats

old;

Eli

Sam

uels

dart

er,

his

wife

,57

.9ye

ars

old;

and

thei

rda

ught

er,

Mar

itO

lsda

tter

22

year

sol

d.O

laT

ofte

lien

and

Eli

left

for

Am

eric

ain

1869

.M

arit,

born

Nov

.i6

,

1844,

had

gone

toFr

ondb

eim

in18

66,bu

tre

turn

edan

dem

igra

ted

with

her

pare

nts

(Kaa

san

dE

ngen

,Byg

deho

kfo

rD

oi’r

e2,

368—

69).

36.‘

Ibis

and

othe

ror

altr

adit

ions

abou

tO

lei’

ofte

lien

are

quot

edin

Vel

leE

spe

land

,Sv

artb

okfr

dG

udhr

ands

dale

n(N

FL

#uo)

(Osl

o:U

nive

rsite

rsfo

rlag

et,

1974

),

63—

67.

I I I

37.T

hest

ory

ofO

laS

rtru

m’s

cow

isqu

oted

inK

aas

and

Ln

geu

,l3

ygde

hok,

269.

!&E

MJj

[>Ji

SA

N!)

Rii

VA

I.S

38.

[he

turn

ipsto

ryis

quot

edin

Esp

elan

d,,S

i’artb

ok,

67,

and

Ihe

ard

itag

ain

whi

levi

sitin

gI)

ovri’

inA

ug

ust

20

05

.

39.

Thf

relie

nso

ldhi

sbl

ack

book

toPe

der

E.T

alle

ris,

the

fath

erof

Gun

nar

Rud

i,w

hoev

entu

ally

inhe

rite

dit

.R

udi

desc

ribe

dit

asa

“boo

kof

“whi

tem

agic

;’us

edfr

he.il

ing

md

othe

rbc

nehc

ial

purp

oses

,th

ough

hesp

ecul

ated

that

‘Thf

te—

hen

prob

ably

used

blac

km

agic

too.

Rud

i’sgr

ands

on,

(iun

nar

Rud

ie,

who

lived

and

wor

ked

.isa

cura

tor

inO

slo,

had

byth

e1

97

05

inhe

rite

d‘b

afte

lien’

sbl

ack

book

and

depo

site

dph

otoc

opy

ofit

inth

eA

rchi

ves

ofth

eU

nive

rsity

ofO

slo

Folk

lore

Dep

artm

ent,

whe

reii

isca

talo

gued

as

NFS

,Sv

arte

hok f

rom

Do

ure

(Esp

elan

d,S

vart

hok,

oo

).

40.

Stin

uila

ted

byhi

sgr

andm

othe

r’s

stor

ies,

Dou

gB

eeke

nw

rote

abou

tO

ldM

anlu

ftej

i’s

suitc

ase

and

Mat

i’sbl

ack

book

(bel

ow)

kr

acla

ssat

Man

karo

Stat

eU

nive

rsity

in19

86.

(Iha

veab

brev

iate

dth

ese

acco

unts

.)‘I

hesu

itcas

est

ory

rese

mbl

cson

eto

ldto

mc

atT

olte

lien

in2

00

5ab

out

atr

unk

hidd

enon

the

farm

that

,if

mov

ed,

wou

ldbr

ing

mis

fort

un

e,

Rev

.Sa

rah

Oel

berg

,pa

stor

atN

ora

Chu

rch,

I99

i—20o,

sen

tm

cB

eckt

’ns

stor

yon

Aug

.2

0,

2O

O.

41.

I,ct

icr

toth

eau

thor

Iron

sFo

rres

tB

row

n,M

ay7,

2003.

Inth

isle

tter

Bro

wn

sugg

este

dco

ntac

ting

Sara

hO

elbe

rg,

who

had

men

tione

dhe

arin

gpa

rish

ione

rste

llof

alo

cal

folk

heal

erw

hoso

me

had

susp

ecte

dof

witc

hcra

ft.

Tha

nks

toB

row

nan

d()

elbe

rg,

the

stor

ies

ofO

le1

lelie

n.si

idO

ldM

anl’u

fteli

final

lyca

me

toge

ther

.42

. “Ih

evi

llage

had

nolib

rary

,bu

tN

ora

Chu

rch

had

one

and

mad

eits

book

s,iv

aila

l,lc

toth

epu

blic

,”w

rite

sN

ina

I)ra

xren

inK

rnnf

i’r

Jans

onin

Ani

eric

a(B

osto

n:1w

ayne

,i9

76),

3i.

43,

Afu

lllis

tof

Tof

telie

n’s

book

sis

avai

labl

eat

the

Nor

weg

ian-

Am

eric

anH

isto

rica

lA

ssoc

iatio

n,44

.B

efor

eth

eho

spita

lop

ened

,st

ates

the

book

wri

tten

tom

ark

Han

ska’

sce

nte

nnia

l,th

eru

lefo

rtr

eati

ngse

riou

sill

ness

and

deliv

erin

gba

bies

was

that

“bra

vean

dsk

illed

wom

enw

ould

coni

cto

the

resc

ueth

roug

hst

orm

and

nigh

t.”A

mon

gth

ose

nam

edis

”M

arit

[hft

clte

n(h

ome

med

icin

ean

dhe

alin

g).”

Han

ska:

AC

entu

ryof

Tra

ditio

n,iç

sox

zoo

(Han

ska:

Cen

tenn

ial

Com

mit

tee,

aooi

),203.

‘45.

Acc

ordi

ngto

Lor

rain

eB

ecke

n(l

ette

rse

ntJu

ly17

,2004

),Pa

stor

Wha

len

drow

ned

whe

nlie

acci

dent

lyfe

llin

toin

anou

tdoo

rci

ster

n(c

onsm

only

used

toco

lle

ctra

inw

ater

for

hous

ehol

dus

e),

1(.

F.Pi

o,cd

.,(.v

J’ri

anin

(Cop

enha

gen:

lmm

anua

lR

ee,

1870),

fore

wor

d,n.

p.lh

cN

orw

egia

n-A

mer

ican

His

tori

cal

Ass

ocia

tion

“Sva

rteb

ok”

file(P

374)

cont

ains

thre

ead

ditio

nal

blac

kbo

oks:

i).S

vartc

boka

,pu

blis

hed

inFr

edri

ksta

d,N

orw

ay,

ini8

san

dco

nsis

ting

ofeig

hte

en

furm

ulas

fuun

din

the

18305

unde

rth

eal

tar

clot

hof

Nor

thN

orw

ay’s

Ves

rera

alen

chur

ch(a

lso

publ

ishe

din

Skill

ing

Mag

azin

,18

59);

a)fl

etso

rte

kahm

eti

.Sto

ck’h

olrn

(the

blac

kca

bine

tin

Sto

ckho

lm),

prob

ably

pu

blis

hed

byJo

hnA

nder

son

inC

hica

go:

and

3)D

en,S

orti’

Bog

(use

blac

kbo

ok),

trans

—

•1’ 1

NO

TE

S5.

263

late

dfr

omFr

ench

and

subt

itle

d“H

owto

achi

eve

your

goal

,”an

dap

pare

ntly

inte

nded

tohe

lpim

mig

rant

sad

just

tom

iddl

e-cl

ass

life

byad

dres

sing

mat

ters

ofh

ygi

ene.

clot

hing

,and

soci

alde

port

men

t.‘T

hela

ston

esh

ows

how

the

term

“bla

ckbo

ok”

even

tual

lyca

me

toco

nnot

epo

wer

ful

info

rmat

ion

ofal

lki

nds.

47.

‘Use

trad

itio

nfr

omE

idsk

ogqu

oted

here

and

inth

en

ex

tpa

ragr

aph

isfr

om

Fjel

lsta

d,H

angf

olk

ogtro

llska

p,2

0,

48‘l

orns

odSk

itscd

tSi

gdal

m,,l’

g,1i

l‘

B,d

t Ii

wri

t(I,i

dii

Ilis

tori

r Ii,

1965

),88o.

49.

Bir

gir

Osl

and,

ALo

ngPu

llfr

om.S

tava

nger

:T

heR

emin

isce

nces

oja

Nor

weg

ian

imm

igra

nt(N

orth

fiel

d:N

orw

egia

n—A

mer

ican

His

tori

cal

Ass

ocia

tion,

19

45

),1

6.

[he

othe

rbe

stse

llers

heid

entif

ied

as“t

heB

ible

,N

orw

egia

nhy

mnb

ooks

,I’r

oeiis

Har

1’e

[Har

pof

faith

],G

jest

Baa

rdse

n[S

tory

of

am

aste

rth

ief]

,an

dFa

rmin

gm

edH

oved

ogH

tend

er[F

arm

ing

with

head

and

hand

s]”—

title

sth

atre

flec

tth

em

ixtu

reof

piou

sC

hri

sti

an

ity

,m

agic

and

ever

yday

prag

mat

ism

that

char

acte

rize

dth

eni

nete

enth

cent

ury

Nor

weg

ian

alm

ue,

As

the

term

“bla

ckho

ok”

even

tual

lyca

me

toco

nnot

e“e

ssen

tial

know

ledg

e:’

blac

kbo

oks

for

lear

ning

mag

ictr

icks

,ca

rdga

mes

,an

dot

her

soci

alsk

ills

wer

ead

vert

ised

inth

eN

orw

egia

nA

mer

ican

pres

s.A

igot

artic

lein

the

L)ec

orah

Post

ende

bunk

edth

em

ystic

ism

ofth

ebl

ack

book

and

show

edtis

atin

divi

dual

sre

pute

dto

“kno

wm

ore

than

the

1,or

d’s

Pray

er”

actu

ally

depe

nded

on

keen

pow

ers

ofob

serv

atio

nan

dps

ycho

logi

cal

insi

ght

rath

erth

ansu

pern

atur

alw

izar

di-y

50.

So

meo

ne

has

wri

tten

byha

ndon

the

firs

tpa

geof

one

ofth

eR

usta

dbl

ack

book

s,fo

rex

ampl

e,”A

copy

ofth

eac

rual

Bla

ckA

rts

Boo

kw

ritt

enat

the

Uni

vers

ityof

Wit

tenh

erg

usth

eye

art5

29

and

ther

eaft

erfo

und

atth

eca

stle

itsC

open

hage

nin

the

year

1591

ina

whi

tens

arbl

eca

sket

,wri

tten

onpa

rchm

ent.”

Tho

ugh

Old

tideu

sSo

rteho

gna

mes

nopu

blis

iser

,O

slan

d’s

co

mm

en

tsstr

ongly

sugg

estJ

ohn

And

erso

n.A

nder

son

once

told

the

insm

igra

nthi

stor

ian

FIja

lnia

rH

ol

and

that

he“d

idn’

tw

ant

the

Nor

weg

ian

Am

eric

ancl

ergy

inhi

sha

ir”

,Hja

lnsa

rR

olan

d,M

yFi

rst

Eigh

tyY

ears

[New

Yor

k:T

way

ne,

i957

J,1

69

),re

ason

enou

gls

todi

savo

wan

yin

volv

emen

tw

ithth

ebl

ack

hook

,V

elle

Esp

elan

did

entif

ied

the

prec

ise

prec

eden

tof

the

Chi

cago

blac

kbo

ok,w

hich

Prof

esso

rJoh

nC

hris

tian

son

orig

inal

lyca

lled

tom

yat

tent

ion.

51.

The

key

had

tobe

mem

oriz

ed,

says

Tho

rmod

Skat

vedt

;“i

tw

aslik

eta

king

anoa

th”

(Sig

dal o

gEg

gL’d

alV

,87

0),

52.F

rom

the

fore

wor

dto

the

blac

kbo

okpu

blis

hed

inris

et8

9os

byH

elge

Shul

tz,

quot

edin

Ash

jorn

Sieb

n,”S

vart

ebok

a,”

Rom

sdal

Soge

lac,’

Aar

skri

ftig

ôô

:33

—34

.

53.

For

am

ore

deta

iled

anal

ysis

,se

eK

athl

een

Stok

ker,

“Nar

rativ

esof

Mag

ican

dH

ealin

g:O

ldtid

ens

Sorte

bog

inN

orw

ayan

dth

eN

ewLa

msd

’,Sc

andi

niw

ian

Stu

dies

73(F

all

2001):

399—

41

6.

54.“

Sym

path

etic

mag

ic”

was

one

ofth

em

any

conc

epts

ofm

edie

val

mag

icth

at

RE

ME

DIE

SA

NI)

RI

IUA

I.S

NO

tES-

265

Hei

nric

hC

orn

eli

us

(i45’6

-153

5),

bette

rkn

own

asA

grip

pavo

nN

ette

shei

m, s

yste

m

atiz

edan

dex

plai

ned

inhi

shi

ghly

infl

uent

ial

trea

tise

onth

eoc

cult,

Dc

Occ

ulta

Phj

toso

phxa

.A

grip

pa’s

l,ook

beca

me

ast

anda

rdre

fere

nce

for

astr

olog

ists

,al

chem

ists

,

and

lri.

iglc

i.in

sof

his

day.

caus

ing

aun

ifie

dse

tofc

once

pts

and

proc

edur

esto

infu

se

all

man

ner

ofI:

urop

call

book

sof

mag

icfo

rcentu

ries

tocom

e(V

elle

Esp

elan

d,“A

man

edj

evel

enC

onju

ring

the

devi

lj,un

publ

ishe

dm

anus

crip

tus

edw

ithpe

rmis

sion

, let

ter

toth

eau

thor

fro

mE

spel

and.

Sept

.12

,1

99

6).

Agr

ippa

syst

emat

ized

the

thre

ecl

assi

cal

cate

gori

esof

med

icat

ions

asan

imal

,

vege

tabl

e,an

dm

iner

al.

Ibus

arra

nged

,th

em

atcr

iom

edic

oof

()id

tidcn

sSo

rtebo

g

are:

i)ch

emic

alçc

amph

or.

lead

suha

ceta

te,

naph

rha,

salt

pete

r,al

coho

l);

2)

plan

t

(cal

mus

root

,pl

anta

in, j

unip

eroi

l,ga

rlic,

anis

e,pi

nekn

ots)

;an

d3)

anim

al(u

rine

,

collo

dium

,an

dta

llow

).A

llar

est

anda

rdfo

lkre

med

ies

that

wer

eon

ceus

edin

con

vent

iona

lm

edic

ine,

,isw

ell.

‘35.

‘Ihe

rapi

esba

sed

onex

crem

ent

wer

epr

eser

ved

not

leas

tin

the

wri

tings

of’

(ial

en(c

a.130-200

an).

AG

reek

phys

icia

nin

the

cour

tof

the

Rom

anem

pero

r

Mar

cus

Aur

eliu

s,G

alen

desc

ribe

dth

epr

inci

ples

ofcl

assi

cal

med

icin

eso

effe

ctiv

ely

that

they

rem

aine

din

use

wel

lin

toth

e1700s.

He

devo

ted

cons

ider

able

spac

eto

thera

pie

sba

sed

onex

crem

ent

(VV

eise

r-A

all.

St’a

ugcr

skap

, 12

4).

‘36.

Let

ters

toth

eau

thor

from

Phili

pB.

Ols

en,

Hon

olul

u,H

awai

i,M

ar.

10,

1996

, and

June

6,ao

bo,

57.

Háv

ard

Skir

bekk

,’Sv

arrb

oka,

’Ein

klei

ner

Sibr

ianu

s,”’

Arb

okfr

rG

ldm

dale

n

1973

:8

.T

hecl

ande

snne

aura

surr

ound

ing

the

blac

kbo

okha

dno

ten

tirel

ydi

sap—

pe.n

ed,

asV

clle

hspe

land

(bor

n1945)

lear

ned

ini9

66

whi

lecl

erki

ngat

age

nera

l

stor

ein

his

hom

etow

nof

’Sr-

Fro

nin

(iud

bran

dsda

l,O

neda

yan

olde

rm

anca

me

into

the

stor

eto

geti

nsec

ticid

efu

rth

ew

asps

’ nes

tsin

his

farm

ourb

uild

ings

.”T

hing

s

wer

edi

ffer

ent

inth

eol

dda

ysw

hen

old

Mar

iann

eA

neke

rlyk

kjun

was

still

arou

nd,”

the

man

said

.“Sh

eha

dtil

ebl

ack

book

and

knew

how

toen

chan

tth

ew

asps

soth

ey

wou

ldn’

tst

ing.

No

one

need

edto

buy

inse

ctic

ide

then

.”E

spel

and

wan

ted

tohe

ar

wha

tel

seth

ism

ankn

ewab

out

the

blac

kbo

ok, “

hut

whe

nth

em

anno

ticed

my

in—

tere

st,

heju

stw

ante

dto

pay

for

the

inse

ctic

ide

and

leav

e.T

hebl

ack

book

isno

t

som

ethi

ngto

char

abou

tid

lyov

erth

eco

unte

ro

fa

coun

try

stor

e.”

Late

r,as

Lsp

elai

idw

asga

ther

ing

mat

eria

lfu

rhi

sSv

arth

ok(p

ublis

hed

m97

4),

seve

ral

indi

vidu

als

told

him

that

they

didn

’t“b

elie

vein

such

thin

gs,

but

ther

ear

e

thos

ew

hodo

,so

it’s

best

forg

otte

n”(E

spel

and,

,Sva

rtbok

, 9),

5$.T

he‘f

orva

ldan

dO

le‘l

hom

pson

stor

yw

ritte

nby

Har

ryT

hom

pson

isfr

om

Gla

dys

Tho

mps

onB

oril,

Tho

mas

And

erss

enPe

rles

tein

bakk

enFa

mily

His

tory

”

(‘lo

wer

,M

inn.

:se

If-p

ublis

hed.

1999),..

59.

1he

belie

fsab

out

witc

hcra

ftno

ted

here

and

inth

epa

ragr

aph

belo

wco

me

from

Bcn

teA

lvcr

,H

ekr’

tro

ogtro

lidom

.fi

tst

udie

ino

rsk

heks

er’e

sen

(Osl

o:Un

iver

—

site

tsfu

rlag

et,i;

x),1

922

09

.

60.

‘Ihe

wor

dsof

Hild

aK

ongs

berg

(bor

ni8

99

inR

olsv

oy)

docu

men

tfu

rthe

r

the

ambi

vale

ntat

titud

eto

war

dbl

ack-

book

form

ulas

:”Fa

ther

was

ofte

nbo

ther

ed

byw

ater

onth

ekn

ee,a

ndw

ent

toa

wom

anw

hohe

aled

it,

The

rew

ere

two

wom

en

atH

auge

who

coul

ddo

that

.Fa

ther

once

got

hold

ofa

vers

eth

eyus

ed.

itco

ntai

ned

som

ere

ligio

usw

ords

,but

still

we

thou

ght

itw

asan

abon

sina

tion”

(f)s

tt’ol

dog

Vest-

void

im

antis

mim

ic,

16

2).

Chc

pter

5.D

octo

rB

ooks

Epig

raph:

Alb

ert

1.ea

i’rtb

n;ie

.Se

pt.

12,

1996

,p.

io.

1,M

unch

,Stra

nge

Am

eric

anW

ay, 6

5an

d75

.

2,E

-mai

lto

the

auth

orfr

omM

urie

l’ssi

ster,

Jean

ert

eM

ortin

son,

Alb

ert

Lea,

Min

n.,

Oct

.20,

2003;

T.,J.

Riti

er,“

Peop

le’s

Ilo

me

Med

ical

Boo

k,”

inPe

ople

sH

ome

Lib

rary

:A

Libr

ary

ol‘Ih

ree

Prac

tical

Book

s(C

leve

land

.Ohi

o:R

.C.

B.tr

num

,1915).

3.M

ary

Rue

d,w

hogr

ewup

inno

rth

Min

neap

olis

duri

ngth

e19505,

wro

teth

at

“the

book

[7iv

entie

thC

entu

ryC

ook

Book

and

Prac

tical

Hou

seke

epin

g(C

hic

ag

o:J

.B.

Smile

y,t9

o5)j

belo

nged

tom

ygr

andm

othe

r,St

ella

Sage

John

son,

and

then

tom

y

mom

,R

osel

laJo

hnso

nR

ued.

\Ve

don’

thav

ea

fim

ilyB

ible

asso

me

fam

ilies

do,h

ut

this

book

has

m6bl

ank

page

sfo

rm

emor

anda

soG

rand

ma’

sha

sre

cipe

s.on

ebe

ing

‘mod

ified

milk

for

babi

es’

and

ano

te:

‘Bra

ndy

and

Indi

anlu

rnip

Roo

tan

dro

ck

cand

ygo

odfo

rco

ughs

:al

ong

with

the

fam

ilybi

rth

and

deat

hin

form

atio

n”(L

et

ter

toth

eau

thor

from

Mar

yR

ued

Mar

tin,

Min

neap

olis

,Ju

ne

24

,2006).

Tho

ugh

not

tech

nica

llya

doct

orho

ok,

this

one,

with

itsse

ctio

nof

Med

ical

Hin

ts.”

show

s

the

stan

dard

incl

usio

nof

such

info

rmat

ion

inco

okin

g.in

dho

usek

eepi

ngm

anua

ls,

asw

ell

asho

wsu

cha

book

,pa

ssed

from

one

gene

ratio

nto

the

next

,co

uld

atta

in

surp

risi

ngsi

gnif

ican

ce.

4.T

erm

edby

med

ical

hist

oria

nE

rwin

Ack

erkn

cchr

(‘Ih

i’rap

eutic

s,34

)‘o

neof

’

the

mos

tinf

luen

tialw

orks

inal

lmed

ical

hist

ory:

’D

iosc

orid

esdi

vide

dhi

sw

ork

into

five

hook

s:i)

spic

es,

oils

,oi

ntm

ents

,tr

ees;

2)

anim

alpa

rts

and

prod

ucts

---—

honc

y.

fat

(goo

segr

ease

),ce

real

s,bl

ood,

excr

emen

t,ur

ine,

vege

tabl

es(m

usta

rd,

pepp

er);

3)ro

ots,

juic

es,

herb

s,ar

idse

ed

s;4

)re

mai

ning

herb

san

dro

ots

;)

win

esan

dm

et

als,

min

eral

wat

er,

vine

gar

(Rob

ert

‘I’.

Gun

ther

,‘1

l,iG

reek

IIer

bal

a!D

iosc

orid

cs

[New

Yor

k:H

afue

r,19

59

1).

5.“T

hem

od

ern

scie

nce

ofph

arm

acol

ogy

can

betr

aced

back

toth

eef

forts

of

Dio

scor

ides

tosy

stem

atiz

ekn

owle

dge

ofth

em

ater

ials

of

med

icin

e,”

wri

tes

Fran

kJ.

And

erso

nin

his

Illu

stra

ted

His

tory

ofth

eH

erba

ls(N

ew

Yor

k:C

olum

bia,

1977),

7.

6.H

enri

kH

arpe

stre

ng.

Cat

tleda

nske

urte

bogc

r.st

cnba

ger

ogko

ebog

cr.M

ariu

s

Kri

sten

sen,

ed.(

Cop

enha

gen,

i9o8

).‘[

heU

nive

rsity

of\V

isco

nsin

,M

adis

on,

owns

aco

pyof

Har

pest

reng

’s1i

ber

Her

haru

ni.

Exc

erpt

sar

eal

soav

aila

ble

at“P

lant

sin

the

cloi

ster

gard

enat

Esr

um”

(Den

mar

k),

ww

w,e

srum

.dk/

klos

ter/

klos

terh

aven

s_