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HISTORY ACCORDING TO GH!The Age of the Universe 12-18 billion years

The Age of the Earth 4,750,000,000 yearsThe Age of Man 2,000,000 years

The Age of America A little over 200 years

Length of Average Life 75 years

“I find the great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving. . . We must sale sometimes with the wind and sometimes against it, but we must sail and not drift, nor lie at anchor.”

Oliver Wendell Holmes

“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing; the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.”

Thomas Jefferson

TIME CHART

THE ‘BIG BANG’ THEORY: Cloud after crash of meteor into Earth prevented sun from getting to surface of Earth and thus started a process killing all life (plants, dinosaurs, etc).

(This term is used, also, when referring to the development of the existing universe; some believe that all that is evolved out of a major explosion.)

1. DENDROCHRONOLOGY: Rings formed within tree trunks annually resulting from the differing amounts of sunlight and moisture received.

2. CARBON 14: A carbon isotope that is absorbed by all living things, but is released at a set mathematical rate after death.

3. DAUGHTER PRODUCTS OF URANIUM: Similar to Carbon 14 in principal.

4. ESR Electron Spin Resonance is the measuring of the energy of electrons trapped by dental enamel. The resulting data allows the item to be dated.

NORTH AMERICA BEFORE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTI. North America was more than twice the size of Europe.II. North America contained a greater variety of landscapes, climates, vegetation,

wildlife and human culture than Europe.Explorers were continually amazed at the variety of land formations and peoples.High estimate of 30 million people lived in North America around 1500 A.D.III. Three Great Migrations

HISTORY NOTES/05/27/231

A. Thousands of years ago, a few wandering bands of Asian hunters wandered across a land bridge which crossed the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska.1. Nomads in search of big game.2. Ancestors to people we call Indians.3. Bridge no longer exists. It disappeared 12,000 years ago.4. Evolved from hunters to hunter-gathers.

a. Semi-permanent settlements;b. Small game, fish plants;c. Evolved into farmers;

i. Trade surplus foodii. Specialize in tasks

B. EuropeansC. Americans and Asians

1. Mexico and South America.2. Pacific Islanders, Vietnam, China, Cambodia, etc.

DISCOVERYI. Ownership ---- importance of Catholic Church

A. In 1493 the “Line of Demarcation” was drawn by the Pope, west of Cape Verde Islands dividing the “heathen world” into an eastern segment reserved for the Portuguese conquest and a western section reserved for Spain.

B. In 1494 the “Line of Demarcation” was moved westward, allowing Portugal to claim Brazil, while the rest of the Western Hemisphere was reserved for Spain.

II. Early explorersA. Prince Henry the Navigator was a member of the Portuguese Royal Family.

1. He built a school for sea captains, explorers and navigators.2. He encouraged the exploration of and trade with the western coast of

Africa.B. Marco Polo traveled by land from Venice and Italy, to Asia.C. Cabot tried to find a way to Asia, but landed in North America.D. Magellan died while helping to prove that the world was round.

1. He tried to find a way to Asia around the land Columbus found.E. Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the American

coast.1. A conquistadores

a. Those who were independent Spanish adventurers who spread Catholicism and attempted to gain wealth and power for Spain

b. They were given estates called ENCOMIEDAS where they used Indian slavesF. Cortez conquered Mexico and the Aztec Indians for Spain. He was SpanishG. Pizarro conquered Peru and the Incas.H. Cabeza de Vacca

a. Spanishb. Explored the Gulf Coast and told of the “Seven Golden Cities of Cibola

which he called the new El Dorado.1) this inspired de Soto who discovered the Mississippi River


2) This inspired de Coronado who discovered the Grand CanyonI. Interior America.

1. Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River. a. He was Frenchb. He claimed the area around the St Lawrence River for France

2. Ponce de Leon explored Florida. He was Spanish.J. Frobisher1. Sent by an English nobleman to find the Northwest Passage

2. Explored Northeastern coast of CanadaK. Sir Francis Drake1. Claimed the Pacific Coast, just North of Present Day San Francisco for Queen Elizabeth of England. L. Sir W. Raleigh

1. He named Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth I2. He sent a group to settle Roanoke Island, which was found deserted in 1590

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

I. Hohokam (probably originally from Mexico)A. Farmers (developed irrigation system).B. 400 – 300 B.C. (They date back to).C. Southwestern corner of present day Arizona.D. Distinctive pottery with animal designs.E. Peaceful people: existed for around 1,500 years, then suddenly disappeared

(drought probably caused this).II. Anasazi

A. Famous for multi-family, high-rise cliff dwellings.B. Thrived between 600 A.D. and 1200 A.D.; like the Hohokam, they abandoned

their villages and disappeared.C. Farmers and traders.D. Emerged where Arizona, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico come together;

many mesas (high plateaus).III. Adena

A. Mound builders.B. Some 50 feet high.C. Effigy mounds (shape of animal or person).

IV. HopewellA. Also, mound builders.B. Talented artists: metalworkers and sculptors.C. Vanished around 1,600 year ago.

V. MississippiansA. Mississippi River Valley.B. Began around 800 A.D. and ended around 1500 A.D.C. Powerful rulers with large armies.

VI. Mayan


A. Originated around present day Guatemala and Mexican Yucatan Peninsula; peaked between 250 A.D. and 900 A.D.

B. Farmers1. Rotated crops.2. Drained swamps to plant crops.3. Traded surplus.

C. Society1. Many gods.2. Priests.

a. Upper class; highly educated;b. Developed a number system;c. Developed 365-day calendar;d. Astronomers;e. Developed a picture-writing system;

3. Descendants still alive, but culture declined around 700 A.D., possibly due to peasant revolt.

VII. AztecA. Southwestern United StatesB. WarriorsC. Society

1. Classes based on wealth and power.a. Emperor was highest;b. Slaves were lowest;

D. Many achievements built on Mayan knowledge.E. Religion

1. They believed the sun needed human blood to shine.2. 20,000 human sacrifices yearly.

VIII. IncaA. Around 1400 A.D.B. Mostly along western coast of South America.C. The Emperor was called Sapa Inca.D. Worshipped many gods.

1. Sun god was main god.2. Practiced some human sacrifice.3. Priests not as powerful as in Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

THE NEW WORLDI. People of science do not agree on how humans arrived in America, where they came

from or when they established themselves.A. Irishmen discovered and settled Iceland around 850 A.D.B. Norseman discovered the New World around 1000 A.D.C. People came from Africa, Europe and Asia.

1. The Indians welcomed the newcomers. At first they fought them, but were finally subjugated by them.a. Indians were so named, because the early explorers thought they had

found India.


b. Indians introduced the Europeans to corn, tobacco, potatoes and chocolate.

c. The Indians were beaten, because they laced any unity (We the People – Sons of She-Dog).

d. The southeastern Indians had a caste system, from “Sun” to “Stinkards” with no intermarriage.

e. They did not understand the sale of land. They looked at it as more like rent. The average Indian needed twenty times more.

2. The Europeans introduced the horse to the Indians and the New World.3. Taking a scalp was considered a form of counting coup.

D. The New World was discovered by people who were looking for something else, and they spent many years trying to find a way around it or through it.

E. Columbus first landed in the Bahamas on October 12 of 1492F. On August 5, 1498, Columbus landed on the American continent for the first

time.1. It was in present-day Venezuela.2. Before this time, he had landed only on islands.3. He was disappointed, because it was not Japan.4. He called it “UN otro mundo” (another world).

G. America was named for Amerigo Vespucci, 1. He sold supplies for Columbus’s voyages.2. He made two voyages to America3. He was one of the first to realize it was not Asia, but a New World.4. An unknown writer said that he voyages that he called this newly

discovered land “Mundus Novus” (New World).II. One of the reasons that colonialism is so unpopular today is the exploitation that

took place during this period.A. Settlers took advantage of the land and the people.B. The majority of the people were interested in self-profit and not in this New

World.C. Slaves were brought into work.D. Wives were purchased for 150 lbs. of tobacco.

III. The Spanish introduced horses and cattle to the New World and to the Indians.A. The English defeat of the Spanish Armada gave other countries the courage

to make settlements in America. Until then, Spain had been the strongest nation.

IV. Early Englishmen, unlike the Europeans, demonstrated both an intense desire and an amazing ability for self-government, as can be seen through the Virginia Assembly, the establishment of the House of Burgesses and the Mayflower Compact.A. England offered more freedom to people in the New World.B. Spain and France each still tried to rule with a strong hand, which is one of the

reasons they lost power in the New World.C. William Penn firmly established the principle of religious liberty in the New

World through the establishment of Pennsylvania, which was the first large


community since the Roman Empire to allow different nations and religious sects to live under the same government on terms of equality.

D. England’s relationship with the Colonies before 1774 was mainly in the area of weakly enforced trading considerations, such as the Acts of Trade and Navigation.1. Exclusive Navigation: All commerce between England and her Colonies

had to be conducted in ships built, manned and owned in England or in the Colonies.

2. Enterpot Principle: Colonial trade with foreign countries was to be conducted through the mother country.

E. In 1765, the Stamp Act started the trouble that led to the American Revolution.

F. Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that believed that the worlds wealth was sharply limited1. Each nations gain was another nations loss2. The goal was to export more than you imported3. The richer you were --- the stronger you were, and this was important as

war was an instrument in mercantilism4. Always intense competition

V. America was found on wars.A. Queen Anne’s War, 1713 (Spain, France, England)B. Cold War, 1747-1755 (England, France)C. Seven Years War, 1755-1763 (England and France)

1. Also called the French and Indian War2. First real World War

D. Revolutionary War (France, Spain and Holland helped the Colonies.)1. Farmers did not run, as the peasants had done.2. Loyalists or Tories v. Patriots (Civil War).

VI. The wars England engaged in created a money problem.A. American colonials were hit with the Stamp Act and the Revenue Act.B. Americans had become a bit independent during the wars, because they did

most of their own fighting.VII. American colonials suffered from taxation without representation.This was exceptionally difficult for the English who had been assured for years --- since the Magna Carta in 1215 --- that there would be no taxation without representation.

A. Stamp ActB. Revenue ActC. Quartering or Mutiny ActD. Townshend Duty (tea tax)E. Coercive or Intolerable Acts

THE FIRST COLONIALS

America was a New World, and each of the European countries raced to populate it, benefit from it and manipulate it. England eventually became the leading country. It is


important to remember that no one nation actually “won”; the American “melting pot” was created. There is no nation like ours --- brown, black, white, red, yellow --- French, German, English, African, Asian, etc.I. Motives for Early Colonialization.

A. England became a very rich trade nation with a wealthy merchant class.1. Many poor Englishmen.2. Overcrowded conditions (farm areas fenced off for sheep).3. Need of many overseas outlets to sell goods and trade.

B. Malcontents, peasants and beggars were sent to the colonies.1. To alleviate the overpopulated poor problem in England.2. To create a market.

C. Religions1. Pilgrims

a. One of the first religious groups to come to America.b. Unhappy with the Church of England, they first went to Holland and,

after difficulties there, to England.c. Deeply religious.d. William Bradford became their first governor in the New World.e. Arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts.f. Overshadowed by Puritans, who landed ten years later in the same

place.2. Puritans

a. Left England for same reason as the Pilgrims.b. Wanted to found a colony by themselves, showing the world it was

possible to work hard, lead a rigid Christian life and prosper.c. Church leaders tried to regulate every aspect of life and were often

intolerant of outsiders, as England had been (forget fast; prejudice).i. Tried to keep member togetherii. Tried to avoid the temptations of the world

d. The religion proved to be self-defeating and contradictory, because on the one hand it said to work long and hard and on the other hand it said to remain free of worldliness. Because of the unlimited opportunities in America, it was impossible not to gain material rewards if one worked hard.

e. John Winthrop was the first governor of the Puritans in the New World.

f. Covenant RelationshipsGod God

Man Fellow-Man Leaders

Man3. Most of the early founding “Fathers” of our country were Deists, Agnostics, and

Atheists4. Catholics-------Spain and Italy----Religious Orders


5. Thomas Jefferson wrote his own version of the Bible but it had no Virgin Birth or Resurrection

6. Ben Franklin and George Washington were Freemasons as was Theodor Roosevelt much later

D. People1. John Smith (Captain)

a. Adventurerb. Traveled throughout Europe by his mid-20’s.c. Story of his rescue by Pocahontas from Indians in Virginia.d. Fought on side of Austria in a violent war with Turkey.

i. Taken prisoner by Turks and made a slave.ii. Escaped.

e. In December, 1606, he left England as a member of the Royal Virginia Companyi. Established Jamestown.i. Drew maps of the New England coast.iii. Wrote letters back to England speaking of the great opportunities in

the New World2. Richard Hakluyt

a. Great English promoter.b. Persuasive and encouraging letters.c. Saw future for poor in America.

E. The Scots and Irish were the typical frontiersmen in early America (early 1700’s).1. Hated Indians (heathen)2. Squatters (fought owners and Indians)3. Old Testament religion.

F. A long series of European wars caused a large German migration to America during the colonial period.1. No real Germany --- more a collection of small states and principalities,

each with its own ruler.a. Rulers taxed subjects heavily.b. Rulers were constantly fighting.

2. Crop failures and famine in mid-1700’s.3. Settled in New York, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina and heavily in

Pennsylvania.G. Asians: No so many; Chinese worked cheap.H. By 1910 over 17 million had emigrated from Europe.

1. Ireland, because of the Potato Famine.2. Italy, because of heavy taxation for the military.3. Industrial centers of Europe.

a. All came to America as a land of promise. N.B. All of these people came to America of their own freewill, looking for their future. With one group, this was not so.

I. Slaves and Indentured Servants.


1. Africans were hunted and brought to the New World in a state of shock. During the colonial period, slavery existed in both North and South (George Washington; Jesuits).

2. The indentured servant was bound to serve a colonial master for a specified number of years as a slave and then was set free. More than half of the people who came to the colonies south of New England were indentured servants, of whom many of us are descendants. The reasons for such service were several:a. People who otherwise could not pay their passage.b. Convicts who became settlers as an alternative to imprisonment or

death.c. Prisoners of war.d. Adventurers.

II. The founding fathers of America came from all over the world.A. Many hardships in coming to the New World (late 1800’s).

1. Dangerous Voyage.a. Shipwrecksb. Diseasec. Greedy sea captain over-packed vessels.d. Passengers and their possessions were examined before being allowed

in.B. Hardships in Settling in the New World.

1. 80% of the Scandinavians became the pioneer farmers in the Great Plains and in the Pacific Northwest (rural).a. Incredible loneliness.b. Blizzards.c. Indians.

2. The majority of the immigrants made their homes in rural areas.3. City Life (1900’s).

a. Many lived in rotting New York tenements (shocking to them after small villages).

b. Ways of city life forced difficult adjustment.c. Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans and New York.d. Many lived in cities because of job opportunities in factories.

i. Men, women and children.ii. Hard work, little pay and poor conditions.

4. Immigrants realized that the major way to improve themselves and their children (primarily) was through education(

III. ShipsA. Columbus was sponsored by Queen Elizabeth and Queen Isabella of

Spain. He and his crew sailed for three months on three ships. The ships were called “Nina”, “Pinta” and “Santa Maria”.

B. The English Pilgrims stepped off a ship called “The Mayflower” in 1620.IV. Colonies in North America

A. Some were started by friends of the King.B. Some were started by religious groups.


C. Some were started by business companies.D. There were thirteen.

V. Early American WomenA. Virginia Dare

She was the first child of English parentage born in the New World.B. Abigail Adams

She scolded here husband, who was one of the authors of the Constitution, for not asking women to agree to the new laws.

C. Deborah SampsonShe pretended to be a young man so that she could join the Revolutionary Army. She fought bravely until she became very ill. A doctor discovered her secret and she left the army.

D. Elizabeth FreemanShe was a slave who argued before a judge that the new laws created through the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution set her free. The judge agreed and freed her.

E. Phyllis WheatleyShe was born in Africa. She was sold as a slave, but was freed by her master, John Wheatley. He gave her his name. She became a writer.

REVOLUTIONARY WARI. Early Major BattlesA. Massachusetts1. Lexington --- the start --- nobody knows who shot first the British were victorious


2. Concord --- the same day, but a little later with the same British troops ---- the British lost and sniping started to take place-----Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, their flag to Freedom’s breeze unfurled, here once the embattled farmers stood, and fired the shot heard round the world.” 3. Bunker Hill --- place British retreated to and were surrounded

B. Midnight ride of Paul Revere1. Signal Lantern from belfry of Old North Churcha. One if by landb. Two if by seaC. Enlistments of the American troops were due to expire on Jan 1, 1777, so George Washington thought all would be lost. This led him to take his army across the Delaware River during a winter storm in 1776 attacking a Hessian force at Trenton defeating them and taking 900 prisoners. 1. Because of this defeat the British sent 8,000 men to defeat Washington --- under the leadership of Lord Cornwallis.a. Cornwallis left 3,000 men at Princeton and marched on Trenton with the rest, but Washington slipped behind Cornwallis to defeat those in Trenton2. American victories rekindled the spirit in the colonials and helped Foreign aid.D. The war lasted eight yearsE. Thomas Paine wrote the famous line, “These are the times that try men’s souls.”

GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLEI. The early American leaders wanted to create a government which derived its rights

and power to govern through the consent of the governed.A. The Declaration of Independence (1775) states the reasons for the American

colonies’ separation from England and the ideals for the framework of a government. (Read, especially, the second paragraph).1. Thomas Jefferson headed the committee that wrote it.2. The Continental Congress, the first American colonial governing body,

backed it.3. Benjamin Franklin helped edit the Declaration of Independence.

a) He was sent to France to get the French support of the Americans against the British.b) He ended up negotiating a peace treaty with the English behind the backs of the Frenchc) He had an illegitimate son in England who was on the side of the English, and that son had an illegitimate son who was on the side of the colonials.

4. First official government.5. Lawyers and judges interpret it to this day.6. John Locke was an Englishman writer/philosopher who greatly influenced the

writing of the Declaration.a. He died 70 years before the War of Independence (1690).b. He believed that man was born into a “state of nature” completely free and

independent, but gave up this natural state for the sake of order.B. The States

1. Early people had to figure out how to organize.


2. Question of power.3. Logical approach.4. Each state created a constitution.5. Between 1776 and 1777, ten of thirteen former British colonies created new

state constitutions (differences).C. Articles of Confederation.

1. The first attempt to unite a national government (get states together).2. Approved by each of the 13 states by 1781 (submitted in 1777).3. Became the first Constitution of the United States.4. Realization of need to improve and strengthen

a. Weakness because of inability of Congress to raise revenue.b. No powers for nation’s leaders to regulate commerce make treaties or raise

troops.c. Shay’s Rebellion took place in 1786 when Daniel Shay organized farmers

of western Massachusetts to revolt against state taxes because of little money. Brought the problem to light. Is rebellion a good solution? Does the end justify the means?

II. Instead of strengthening the Articles of Confederation in the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, a new form of government was created through the United States Constitution.

A. The 55 delegates were young and intelligent.1. 29 were college educated, and more than half were lawyers.2. Ages ranged from 82 (Benjamin Franklin) to 26 (Jonathan Dayton).3. George Washington (a farmer), Benjamin Franklin, George Mason and

George Madison were the most famous.4. Wealthy people (so some say) who had an interest in organized

government.5. Federalists (one of two schools of thought at the Convention).

Delegates wanted the Articles of Confederation replaced with a strong constitution and a strong national government.

6. Anti-Federalists (the second group).Delegates wanted to limit power to national government and have strong state governments.

7. Both groups wanted three branches of government to check each other:a. Legislative: Senate; Congressb. Executive: Presidentc. Judicial: Courts

B. The Virginia Plan, submitted as the first major speech by Edmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia, became the framework around which the Constitution was built.1. Calling for a republican form of government, with the people electing their

representatives and leaders.2. Called for new national government to replace the Articles of

Confederation.3. Called for three branches of government.


C. Besides granting powers to the national government, the Constitution denied powers to the local states.

D. The creation of the legislature through the Great Compromise (explain way of life).1. Lower House (Congress): filled according to population (elected).2. Upper House (Senate): equal representation from each state (appointed by

Congress until 1913; there was a feeling that the people did not know enough to vote; how about you?)

E. Executive1. Fear of a “king”.2. Realization of need for one leader.3. Evolution into most powerful position on earth.

F. Judicial1. Most easily agree-upon2. Because chief interpreter of Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall in

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 declared an Act of Congress unconstitutional; subject to debate; too lenient.

G. Slavery was debated briefly.1. It would break up the nation.2. The North benefited from Southern produce and eventual taxation.3. Major Issues that could not be resolved

a. How would the owners be financially compensated? If the slaves were worth between $100 and $200 each their total value was around $14 million while the yearly federal budget in 1790 was $7 million.b. There was fear of a bi-racial society so the slaves had to go someplace else. Where would that be? Western lands ---Africa ---- Caribbean c. Impact of growing numbers on political power

H. The Convention ended September 17, 1787, with the delegates going for approval. Nine of 13 colonies had to say yes. Franklin said, “I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting sun”. Meaning?

III. There was a great fight among the delegates to ratify this new constitution, which shifted power from individual states to central government.A. Many people realized that there was no list of rights, such as freedom of press

and religion, which had existed in the state constitutions.1. This was the reason Patrick Henry was against it.2. There was a realization of the need for a written bill of rights.

B. The Constitution was ratified by all 13 states on May 29, 1790.C. The Bill of Rights (first ten amendments) was added to the Constitution at the

First Congress on December 8, 1791.D. Supreme Court interpretation.

E. James Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution NATIVE AMERICANSI. PopulationA. In the year 1490 there were an estimated 75 million people in the Western Hemisphere


B. In the year 1640 --- about 150 years later ---- there were around 6 million of the descendants of the original 75 million left C. By 1900 there were 250,000 Native Americans on record1. Many that had Native American blood as a portion of their background were either ashamed or fearful of admitting it. D. The most recent Census reports 4.1 million claiming Native American Heritage1. New source of pride2. Financial benefits for some

POLITICS EVOLVING IN AMERICAI. The two-party political system evolved in America.

A. Many of the writers of the Constitution were against political party formation (divisive: President Washington was against it).

B. Americans seem to be organization joiners by their very nature C. Early Political Parties

1. Federalists (ruled for the first decade)a. First real political party in America.b. Founded by Alexander Hamilton, who was Secretary of the Treasury in the

first cabinet under President Washington

1) He was shot and killed by the then Vice President of the United States ---- Aaron Burr in the most famous duel in American History on July 11, 1804

2) Hamilton was extremely important in the formation of the American government.

c. Believed in a strong, powerful central governmentd. Distrustful of individual states.

2. Opposition Partya. Founded by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.b. Distrustful of strong central government.c. Jefferson was frustrated by Hamilton, who influenced Washington.d. It came to be known as the Democrat-Republican Party.e. It gained control in 1800.

D. A number of problems while the Federalists were in control led to their downfall (Watergate, CIA, and Kennedy: usually the case).1. Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

a. Revolt by backwoods farmers against 25% tax on distilled liquors by Federalists.

b. First challenge to Federalist Party.2. Alienation and Sedition Act

a. Directed against foreigners.b. Designed to squelch criticism of government.c. Regarded as a threat of liberty.

3. Jay’s Treatya. British troops remained in the Northwest until 1793 because of pre-

Revolutionary War debts owed to England.


b. American ships were seized and crews imprisoned.c. To remedy problems, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to England.

i. Became known as “Jay’s Treaty”.ii. America had to pay back debts.iii. People were upset.

E. The Jeffersonian Republican Party had to wait for Washington to decide not to take a third term (1796).1. They said that the Federalists were friendly with the British.2. Brought up all problems.3. Start of politics (issues)4. Did not win in 1796; Federalists John Adams became President

F. Thomas Jefferson was elected in 1800. 1. The two-party system did not really come into being strongly until then.2. Democratic Republicans kept control for many years.3. Jefferson placed strong supporters in all key positions (nepotism, to stay in

power).4. Caucus System

a. Secret meeting to elect the presidential candidate.b. Doing same as Federalists

c. Many upseti. Birth of the Convention.ii. The people speak.

G. Patronage1. When a party takes over jobs go to supporters (not so true today, need of real

experts [Kissinger, civil service exam]).2. Jackson was guilty of it so much that it came to be know as the “Spoils

System” (to the victor belongs the spoils).H. Search for Candidates with Gimmicks (tactics)

1. Davey Crocketta. Whigb. Elected to Congress twice

2. William Henry Harrisona. Whigb. Indian-fighter famous for Tippecanoe.c. Slogan: “Tippecanoe and Tyler (running mate) Too”; party fabricated a log

cabin background to make him more appealing to the people.

I. It is believed that the RESIDENCE BILL, which was passed in 1790 and transferred the national capital from Philadelphia to the Potomac, allowed the passage of the ASSUMPTION BILL a few days later. The ASSUMPTION BILL strengthened the FEDERAL form of government by allowing a centralized federal government to assume all STATE DEBTSI. Third-party politics


A. At times, hot issues were avoided by both parties and became the platform for a third party.

B. Liberty Party1. First real third party.2. 1840.3. Slavery Issue (abolitionists demanded an end to slavery).4. Evolved into the Free Soil Party and eventually (1854) the Republican Party.

C. Never won a national election.D. Good, because they bring forth issues.E. In 1968, George Wallace almost had the election thrown into the House of

Representatives.F. Many say that there is no difference in political parties today, because the country

is more united and information is more available.

THE GROWN OF AMERICAI Louisiana Purchase

A. All the land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada was once called Louisiana.1. LaSalle claimed it for France in 1682.2. Spain acquired the territory, but gave it back to France in 1800.3. France was ruled by Napoleon.

a. He wanted to extend French power in America.b. President Jefferson did not want French power on the American

continent.i. The French could control American trade on the Mississippi through

the Port of New Orleans.ii. Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to help Robert Livingston

and, to their surprise, they purchased the area for $10 million.II When Mexico won its freedom from Spain in 1821, Texas was part of that new nation.

A. Mexico encouraged people to settle in Texas by giving large land grants. Stephen Austin and several Americans moved to Texas.1. Differences (language, religion, customs, and slavery).2. Did not like Mexican government and declared independence in 1836.

a. President Santa Ana of Mexico led an army into Texas, killing all the defenders of the Alamo and of Goliad.

b. General Sam Houston led the Texans to defeat Santa Ana at San Jacinto and Texas was declared an independent country.

B. In 1846, James Polk was President. He believed in Manifest Destiny, the expectation that America should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

C. Problems with Mexican Boundary.1. Mexico said Nueces (noo Ay sehs) River.2. American said Rio Grande and declared war to achieve it.

a. California was a part of Mexico, but the Americans living there revolted.b. In February 1848, Mexico lost. Rio Grande became the boundary.

Mexican secession for $15 million (southwest corner of the country).D. In 1853, America purchased more land from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase.


II. The Oregon Country had joint occupation by Britain and America.A. James Polk wanted it for America. MANIFEST DESTINYB. In June of 1846, the present border for Canada and America was established.

SLAVERY AND SEGREGATIONI. Slavery

A. The first blacks to come form Africa arrived in Jamestown, VA.1. 1619.2. Indentured servants.

B. As needs for labor increased, slavery (1661) proved practical and economical. (Story: 1890 ship “Liberator”; 160 slaves; 22 crewmen; only one not blind; other ship lost; landed Guadeloupe.)1. Majority went to South.2. By 1860, 4,000,000 bales of cotton were exported from the South each year.

a. Slave population of south: 4,000,000.b. 2/3 of the value of the export trade of the USA (cotton gin 1793; need for

slaves).C. The institution of slavery and the conditions of slaves generated serious

disagreement and controversy.1. Concept of freedom (Constitution).2. Ended in war; first time unable to talk it out.

D. Frederick Douglas1. Greatest black leader of Civil War period.2. Born in slavery.3. Escaped to the North.4. Advisor on race relations to Lincoln5. Helped recruit blacks for Union Army

E. The North did not have the need for slaves that the South had.1. Realized the evils (vision not clouded by profit).2. Spoke out against it.3. Abolitionists: anti-slavery

F. William Lloyd Garrison1. Journalist2. Famous leader of early movement against slavery.3. Northerner.

G. Abolitionists1. Killed, beaten and kicked out of South.2. Some violence suffered in North, but gained support.

H. Arguments1. Southern justification.

a. Great civilizations of past supported slavery (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome).

b. Blacks happier in South than in Africac. Slavery important to economy of South.

2. Southern condemnation of the North.a. Children working in factories.


b. Factory conditions.I. Problems

1. How to look upon slaves in determining number of representatives in the House.a. 3/5 of slave population counted (1 slave = 3/5 of person).b. North dislike.

J. Compromises1. Missouri Compromise (1820)

a. To maintain the balance of eleven free states and eleven slave states, Missouri was admitted as slave and Maine as free.

b. Slavery was permitted below 36 30”.2. Tariff Nullification

a. Heavy taxes on imported goods (tariff).i. Imports usually cheaper than products of North.ii. South needed manufactured goods (want to take money: wrong).iii. Heavy tariffs to encourage the South to buy from the North.iv. South feared other nations might impose tariffs on their cotton exports.

b. Calhoun said that a state could declare a federal law against the Constitution and thus null and void.i. In 1832, South Carolina passed nullification when tariff was raised;

there was serious talk of secession; congress reduced the tariff over a nine-year period.

ii. Not agreed upon.3. Compromise of 1850 (passed after bitter debate).

a. Texas, California and New Mexico were annexed between 1845 and 1848. Would they be free or slave?i. Congressmen physically fought.ii. Great strain between North and South.

b. Henry Clay of Kentucky, “Great Compromiser” (Kissinger).c. Daniel Webster, Henry Clay and John Calhoun spoke on this issue.d. North tried to please South by saying runaways must be returned.e. California admitted as a free state.f. Texas-New Mexico boundary.g. New Mexico Territory to decide slavery issue for itself (popular

sovereignty).h. Fugitive Slave Law

i. Fine of $1,000 and six months for preventing arrests.ii. Commissioners paid fee for each slave caught.iii. Enraged and united many Northerners.

K. Because population in North was growing at a more rapid rate, they gained control in the House of Representatives.

L. Border War (1850 --- during Reconstruction).Between Missouri (“Mother of Outlaws”) and Kansas; tried to steal from each other; then Indians fought because buffalo had been dilled and their livelihood was gone. Gone to Texas by Forrest Carter.II. Tension Increases.


A. The Fugitive Slave Law.1. This law inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an

anti-slavery novel.2. The novel caused all to take notice and many to be upset.

B. King Cotton caused the South to be more adamant.C. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

1. Introduced in Congress by Sen. Stephen A. Douglass, III.2. Popular Sovereignty (people to decide).

The idea was to allow Kansas and Nebraska people to decide the issue for themselves. Many fights in “Bleeding Kansas”. Both sides move in to establish residency.

D. The Dred Scott Decision (1857).1. Scott, a slave, was taken from the slave state of Missouri by his master to the

free state of Illinois.a. He was on free land for four years.b. He sued for his freedom because of the length of his stay in free territory.c. Way to establish slavery in free state.d. Scott lost, because he had no right to sue; he was not a citizen, but was

owned. The Constitution insured the right of an owner to private property.2. The North was upset.3. It seriously weakened the notion of Popular Sovereignty.4. There was an attempt to change the Constitution to allow slavery.

E. John Brown’s Raid (1859).1. Raid on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Virginia.2. Led by John Brown (Black).

a. Abolitionistb. In 1856, he led a raid at Pottawattamie Creek in Kansas. Five men were

killed.3. To get arms4. 18 men5. Raid failed; defeated by Col. Robert E. Lee, U.S.M.C.6. Two of his sons were filled.7. Many similar black slave uprisings.8. Tried and hand (martyr).

III. The election of 1860 brought about the breakdown of the American political system.

A. The political contenders for the presidency were violently opposed to each other.1. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the Republican candidate (Whig Party no

more, replaced by Republican).a. Opposed to slavery.b. Famous for Lincoln/Douglas debates.c. Industry, commerce and public improvement platform (very Northern).d. He really used the telegraph as a powerful communication tool to

coordinate the military leaders of the North2. Stephen Douglas, a Democratic candidate (party split because of Dred

Scott decision) at convention a Southern walkout.a. Popular Sovereignty


b. Obey Supreme Court3. John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky (from split Democratic party:

Southern Democrat)B. Southern leaders stated that they would secede from the Union of Lincoln won.C. Lincoln won by only 40% (mostly from the North) because of the four parties.D. Secession of Seven Southern States in 1861.

1. States tried to take over federal forts and arsenals in their territories, but they fought (Ft. Sumter in South Carolina).

2. Embalming started so soldiers and coffins ( some air tight with a window to allow viewing of face) could be shipped home, and this really starts what eventually became the lucrative funeral business

3. The beginning of the idea of “Dog Tags” begins in the form of written identity notes

4. Four tragic blood-filled years, leaving the North victorious and the South in ruins.a. Dates the Civil War Began and Ended.

i. December 20, 1860 – South Carolina secedes.ii. May 26, 1865 – Gen. Kirby Smith surrenders at New Orleans.

b. Four Major Reasons for the War.i. Economics of expansion in the Western Territories.ii. South wanted new slaves to maintain political control in Congress.iii. South feared that North would force them to abandon slavery and

to pay high taxes on imported goods.iv. Societies were very different.

c. 3.5 million men fought in 2,200 battles.d. 625,000 dead (half from disease) and 1,100,000 wounded.e. Black Troops

i. 183,000 fought 39 major, 410 minor battles.ii. 27 Congressional Medals of Honor.iii. 68,000 casualties

f. ComparisonsNorth South

Population 20 million 6 million freeNo. of Slaves 3.5 millionPresident Abraham Lincoln Jefferson DavisUniform Color Blue GrayGenerals U.S Grant Robert E. Lee

g. Northern Advantagesi. Larger population.ii. Manufacturing base.iii. Money.

h. Southern Advantagesi. Fighting on home soil.ii. Military leadership.

i. First Major Battlei. Manassas (Bull Run) – South won.


ii. Date: July 21, 1861.j. Overall Southern Goal

i. To create a separate country.ii. To seek alliance with England and France.

k. Northern Grand Strategy: “Anaconda Plan”i. Blockade ports to prevent supplies.ii. Capture Mississippi River to control supply and export of cotton.iii. Defeat the South by dividing into sections of east and west.

l. The Battle of Antietami. The battle ended in a draw.ii. Lee invaded, hoping a victory in the North would bring recognition

from England and France.iii. Lee’s defeat likely would have ended the war.iv. McClellan was too cautious. He delayed the start of the battle and

failed to commit 45,000 reserves (more than all of Lee’s army).m. The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 – 3, 1863)

i. 51,000 casualties.ii. The battle was not intended; it just happened.

n. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, and the formal ceremony was held on April 12, 1865.

o. Grant’s Surrender Termsi. Very generous and compassionate.ii. Allowed men to keep horses.iii. Allowed parole for all.

p. Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He died the next day.

E. Andrew Johnson (Tennessee) became President after Lincoln was killed (1865).1. Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, and died on April 15, but he had

dreamed of it prior to that time.2. Johnson, a Southern Democrat, had remained faithful to the Union.

a. He was hated by radical Republicans.b. He did not have the support Lincoln had.c. Never attended one day of school, and taught himself how to readd. Most vetoes of any President in American history and the most overturned

vetoes of any President in American History 3. Impeachment proceedings were initiated against him in 1868.

a. Violation of Tenure of Office Act, which forbade the President to dismiss any member of his Cabinet without the consent of Congress.i. He vetoed it, and Congress overrode it, as usual; his cabinet was

against it.ii. He believed it gave the Legislative branch of government had too

much power.iii. He demanded the resignation of Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of

War, who was a radical Republican and an outspoken critic. The actual violation was that he told all closed-door discussions.

b. Johnson won in the Senate by only one vote.


c. His Secretary of State was William H. Seward (13 charges; spoke in loud voice).i. Seward reasserted the Monroe Doctrine to keep Napoleon III from

taking over Mexico.ii. Purchase of Alaska from Russia.

IV. From Slavery to SegregationA. The Emancipation Proclamation abolished slavery.

1. September 22, 1862.2. By Lincoln.

B. The South surrendered in 18651. Bitter2. Reconstruction

a. Lincoln was moderate; kept all with cool heads.b. He was assassinated in 1865.

3. Radicals who wished to punish the south took over.a. Southern leaders were denied the right to vote or hold office, so

legislatures became dominated by Blacks.b. Bitter feelings by Whites led to Black Codes (anti-black laws, KKK, etc.).c. The North passed the 14th Amendment (no discrimination).

C. Amendments 13, 14 and 15 were passed to prevent the practice of discrimination.

D. Radical Reconstruction ended in 1877.1. The election of 1876 had to be decided in the House of Representatives – a

deal – troops were removed from the South.2. Segregation grows.

E. Segregation in Both the North and the South.1. No attempt at education.2. No financial grants (then was time to do it, not now, harder, first zeal).3. Supreme Court Ruled in Favor of Segregation.

a. 1883 ruled Civil Rights Act of 1875 illegal (up to each state).b. 1892, Plessy v. Ferguson, Plessy (1/8 Negro and 7/8 Caucasian) tried to

sit in white car in Louisiana train. Decision: Separate but equal facilities okay, law of land.

F) Other examples for racial tension and hatred1. Chinese (reference book Driven Out by Jean Pfaelzed)

a. In November of 1885 an armed mob forced 200 Chinese out of their homes and businesses and onto trains to leave. This happened in a number of towns on the West Coast –especially California.

b. In 1886 a mob of 1,500 Seattle white men forced 400 Chinese onto a boat in Elliot Bay.

c. In 1871 after a dispute concerning a run away Chinese prostitute 17 Chinese were hung in Los Angeles

d. In the 1890’s Congress passed the Geary Act requiring all Chinese to wear identity cards which resulted in one of the largest acts of Civil Disobedience in American History as people refused to comply.


V. The average annual cost of the Civil War for the North was $532 million but the annual revenue to the North from taxes and tariffs was only $55 million.

A.The Secretary of the Treasury --Salmon Chase ---had to create special taxes and Sold bonds thru a national network of local banks to generate additional funds

THE MACHINE AGEExplain how America grew. Were all resources in one country? Man partner with nature then/ man partner with machine now people partner with technology.)I. The Coming of the Machine.

A. The fact that the North was so industrialized was a major factor in its victory over the South.

B. Some for Machine Age, some against.1. Will man become dependent upon machine?2. Machines will free man.3. Pollution

C. Automobile revolutionized society.1. Travel and transportation (life speeded up).2. Economy.3. Socializing (traveling, motel, mature earlier).4. Assembly-line method developed by Henry Ford.

D. Research born (to make money or to help man)E. Growth of Big Business

1. Development of large-scale transportation, production, and communication led to distribution.

2. Trusts owned many businesses and cut competition out. The “Gilded Age.”3. John D. Rockefeller, industrial giant, Standard Oil. Controlled market

througha. Control of pipelines.b. Special deal for shipping by Railroad (rebate)c. Price-cutting to ruin competition.

F. Gospel of WealthConcept: Work hard and you get rich. True? Success and riches were glorified, even by religious.II. While the industrial giants became rich, the working class became poor.

A. Factories1. People crowded into cities to work.2. Long hours, low pay.3. Women and children working.4. Owners get rich. Tell Chicago story. Slavery credit at store.

B. Farms1. Could not afford machinery.2. Sold farms, then rented land that once was theirs (tenant farmers).

THE BEGINNING OF ORGANZIED LABORI. Background

A. Because of drastic differences in lifestyle between rich and poor, a tense situation developed.


B. The depression of the 1870’s brought it all to a boil.C. Labor unions called strikes, but lack of money caused the unions to fall apart.D. Frustration led to riots.

II. The Gulf WidensA. Deep Economic Distress.

1. Too much investment and too little return on invested money.2. Failure of major bank.

B. Working class received full impact of panic.1. Lack of work.2. Reduced wages.3. Starvation.4. Lockouts and strikes.

C. Major RiotsIII. Farmers Organize - “The Patrons of Husbandry” was an early farm

organization.A. Farmers were abused by railroad rates.B. Obtained federal regulation of shipping rates.C. Realization of need to organize.

IV. The Homestead Strike.A. This strike took place in Pennsylvania in 1892 and turned into a lockout for steel

and ironworkers.B. Progress of Strike and Lockout.

1. The steel and ironworkers had the strongest union in the U.S. (25,000 members).

2. The Carnegie Steel Co. and the Union had a three-year contract.3. At the end of three years, the Company wanted the Union to take a salary cut.

a. The Union voted “NO”.b. Before the strike, there was a lockout.

4. Wara. Carnegie went to Europe, and Fisk took over.b. Pinkertons (300).c. The Union men armed themselves.d. The Pinkertons tried to land at Homestead on July 5th. The Union men

ran them out of town.e. Frick called in the government militia.f. The Union was defeated (lack of funds, onset of winter).g. Frick was shot by Berkman.

GROWTH AND CONFLICTI. “Foreign Policy” is a plan of action one country develops toward another country

over a period of time.A. America became more interested in foreign affairs after The Civil War.

1. Americans became very successful developing goods and produce.a. There were surpluses that needed new markets.b. Trade increases interest in world affairs.

2. Purchase of Alaska in 1867.


3. Interest in the Pacific and Caribbean in the late 1890’s.a. American businessmen in Hawaii wanted a very close relationship

with America for protection and a guaranteed sugar market.i. They led a revolution in 1893, forcing Queen Lilivokalani (lee-lee-oo-

oh-kah-lah-nee) to give up her throne.a) President Grover Cleveland did not allow Hawaii to become part

of the USA at that time, because he did not believe the Hawaiian people wanted it.

b) Hawaii became an American territory in 1898 and a state in 1959.b. Cuba is 90 miles south of Florida, and it had been ruled by Spain since

the time of Columbus.i. They tried to revolt a number of times, but they were defeated.ii. In 1895, the Cubans began a successful guerilla war against Spain.

a) America sympathized with the Cubans and was highly critical of Spain.

Business interests Belief in democracy

b) The American government sent the battleship Main to protect American citizens.

It was blown up in Havana Harbor in January 1898 killing 268 men.

Americans believed that Spain was responsible, although there was no proof, and declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898.

II. Spanish-American War.A. America had the more powerful navy but Spain had the larger army.

1. Commodore George Dewey defeated a Spanish squadron of ships in Manila Bay in the Philippines, which belonged to Spain.

2. American soldiers defeated the Spanish land forces in August 1898.B. One of the more famous battles was for San Juan Hill.

A group of volunteer American soldiers called the roughriders, under the leadership of Colonel Leonard Wood and future president Colonel Theodore Roosevelt took the hill.

C. The war ended because of severe Spanish losses on August 12, 1898.1. Ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines was transferred to

the United States.2. America paid $20 million to Spain for the Philippines.3. Puerto Rico became and remains a commonwealth under American

protection.a. Free trade.b. No federal income tax.

4. Spain gave independence to Cuba.a. America started to build up Cuba.b. A special treaty allowed America to maintain bases there.c. Cubans resented American interference.

5. By the early 1900’s America had accepted responsibility for Samoa (which now has its own legislature), Guam and the Virgin Islands.


III. The Panama Canal.A. Expanding American interest made it necessary to find a quicker way to get ships

from the Atlantic to the Pacific or vice versa.1. With American aid, Panama revolted from Columbia and then allowed

America to build the canal.a. America paid $10,000,000.b. America paid $250,000 yearly.c. It was completed in August 1914.d. Ownership will revert to Panama in 1999.e. The canal is 10 miles wide and 40 miles long.

IV. The Gilded Age 1870’s – 1890’sA. Weak Executive leadershipB. Legislative domination by Congress and Republican Party

1. President Garfield was assassinated by a mentally disturbed patronage seeker in 1881a. The Pendleton Act was then passed opening competitive examinations for

Civil Service jobs ----- rather than favoritismC. The power of “Big Business” grew during this time

1. America became the worlds largest manufacturing economya. Alexander Graham Bell introduced the telephoneb. Andrew Carnegie developed the modern steel industryc. Thomas Edison developed electrical energyd. John D. Rockefeller controlled 95% of the American oil refineries

D. There was an uneven distribution of American Wealth1. 10% of the people had 90% of the nations wealth

E. Labor unrest1. Economic Panic of 18732. Railroad Strike of 18773. Unions

a. National Labor Unionb. Knights of Labor

4. Bloody Haymarket Riot in Chicago in 1886E. Urbanization was a major force of change

4. Internal movements of people to city life and immigration5. Urban areas grew from 40 million people in 1870 to 80 million in 1890

a. New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia each grew over 1 million peopleb. Slums and tenements grew near skyscrapers, town homes, and department

storesF. Government policy and planning did not keep up with the growth of people,

wealth, and business power2. Alternative voices began to speak out

a. Jane Adamsb. Washington Gladdenc. Booker T. Washington

1) African American who became a President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama


2) Promoted self-respect and economic equalityG. Feminist Activism began

1. voting rights2. Temperance movement3. Planned Parenthood4. Anti-Prostitution movement5. Equal rights for all

H. A new form of Imperialism started to develop as America wanted to expand its markets to other countries due to American success and overproduction1. Latin America

a. Pan American Union ----1910b. Organization of American States ----1948

2. Panama Canala. first got the French out

3. The Pacifica. trading rights with Samoab. Naval Base at Pango Pango

4. Opened direct trade with Japan5. Opened trade with Korea

THE REFORM MOVEMENTI. The Progressive Era

A. Urban and Industrial Problems.1. Tenement living (children; environment; prison; non-productive).2. Fire traps.3. Motherhood.4. No consumer protection.

a. Stockyards.b. Truth in purchase.

5. City corruption.6. Labor disputes.

a. Organized Labor fought for better pay and working conditions.b. Cole miners can be compared to slave labor. Labor leaders were not

recognized, and so there were strikes.7. Trusts.

a. Powerful men began to control the national economy.b. PUJO Committee (investigated the trusts; congressmen).

B. Progressive Reform (1900-1917)1. An attack on trusts by Government under Theodore Roosevelt and

Woodrow Wilson.2. Regulatory Commissions.

a. Government realized that Big Business must be regulated.b. LaFollette (governor and senator from Wisconsin); bug name in

government regulation of Big Business; appointed.3. Labor makes an important gain.

a. Theodore Roosevelt behind Labor and for the average man


i. He wanted to make the Republican Party more progressiveii. He was a naturalist who wanted to set aside large sections of the American wilderness preserving them for all Americans and preventing Big business interests from taking them over and destroying them for profit

b. Coal Strike (1902).i. John Mitchell v. ownersii. Coal shortageiii. Threat of troops ----socialismiv. Refusal to arbitratev. Fear of state socialismvi. Owners backed downvii. The first time Labor backed by Government

4. Pure Food Reform.a. Dr. Harvey Wiley and the Poison Squad.b. Pure food laws led to today’s campaign against cigarettes, etc.----Food and

Drug Administration5. Cleaning up the city.

a. Filthb. Corruption (to make work right)c. Progressive mayors (Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones of Toledo (why

suddenly reform; working class growing and not enough rich).6. The Settlement House.

a. Resident colony of social workers set up in poor section of city to help with problems of the people (factory workers and immigrants, for example).

b. Hull House (most famous – Chicago – Jane Adams).7. Juvenile Court.

a. Kids with hardened criminals (my experience).b. No attempt to rehabilitate.c. Judge Ben Lindsay of Denver (respect – leader of reforms for children –

fear – today?)8. Women’s Suffrage.

a. The right to vote.b. Acknowledgment of equality as persons

9. Legislationa. National Labor Relations Act ---- right of negotiationb. Fair Standards Act ----- Minimum Wage and Maximum Hoursc. Social Security ------ retirement income, and disability income

CHANGING WORLDI. Alliances (early 1900’s) eventually led to world wide conflict A. They brought security and commitment


1. Security, in that, others would help a country if it was attacked 2. Commitment to go to war against someone who attacked an Ally of yours B. Triple Alliance – Germany; Austria-Hungary; Italy C. Anglo-Japanese Alliance D. Franco-Russian Alliance E. Entente Cordiale ----Britain and France F. Anglo-Russian AllianceII. Factors leading to world wide conflict A. Alliances B. Imperial Rivalries C. Protectionist trade practices E. Escalating Arms Race F. Transportation Advancements 1. Train 2. Air travel

3. Motor transportation G. Decline of Ottoman Empire

CONFLICT OVER THE LAST 100 YEARSI. World War I ----the U.S. involvement started on April 6, 1917 and lasted for one

year seven months and five daysII. World War II ----the U.S. involvement started on Dec 8, 1941 and lasted for three

years, eight months, and six daysIII. Cold War 1940’s – 1990’s ------America and Russia----Communism and

DemocracyIV. Korea ------ the U.S. involvement started on June 27, 1950 and lasted for three

years and one monthV. Vietnam -----the U. S. involvement started on Feb 14, 1962 and lasted for ten

years, eleven months and thirteen daysVI. Persian Gulf ----Desert Storm ----the U.S., involvement started on Jan 7, 1991 and

lasted for one month and ten daysVII. Kosovo ----the U.S. involvement started on March 24, 1999 and lasted for two

months and twenty seven daysVIII. Afghanistan ------the U.S. involvement started on Oct 7, 2001 and lasted for two

monthsIX. Iraq -----

AMERICA’S EMERGING FOREIGN POLICYThe United States Develops a Foreign PolicyI. Different Presidents have different approachesA. Teddy Roosevelt --- gunboat diplomacyB. William Howard Taft -----dollar diplomacyC. Woodrow Wilson ----- moral diplomacy

AMERICAN TRADEI. America was interested in other countries for product sale and purchase.


A. America had had an “open door” policy in the early 1900’s.B. This found us dealing with China on friendly and profitable terms.

1. China had not gone through an industrial revolution as many other countries had done, and so, although it had many millions of people, it was not able to defend itself against stronger European countries.a. England took over Hong Kong.b. France took Indochina.c. Japan took parts of China.d. The Chinese became upset with foreign controls and organized secret

societies to demonstrate their patriotic feeling, e.g., The Great Sword Society, Plum Blossom Fists, and Fists of Public Harmony.

e. Anger toward foreigners erupted in the Boxer Rebellion, which China lost WORLD WAR I

I. This was the first of two major wars in the twentieth centuryII. Theodore Roosevelt was President in the early 1900’sA. He invited Booker T. Washington, an influential African-American to the White House, and in so doing alienated the South. B. He and President Taft, who followed him, worked hard to develop a forceful foreign policy that benefited America.

1. Theodore Roosevelt wanted America to become a strong world power, and he knew that if we were to do that we needed a strong militarya) He followed the African proverb, “Speak softly, and carry a “big stick”.

1) He put great effort and large funding into enlarging and modernizing the army and the navy

2) He helped and encouraged Panama to break away from Columbia in 1903 so he could get agreement on the Panama Canal ----an example of Gunboat diplomacy

3) The Monroe Doctrine stated that America had the right to prevent foreign powers from coming into the Western Hemisphere, but Theodore Roosevelt had a corollary to it which stated only America had the right to go into Latin American Countries when law and order were threateneda) Used to take over the Dominican Republic’s finances in 1905 to

pay back European debtsb) Used to send troops to Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua to deal with

issuesb) Theodore Roosevelt did not mind it when war broke out between Russia

and Japan in 1904, because they were becoming too powerful in Asia and proposed a threat on American interests in China.1. Japan won after America negotiated a peace between Russia and

Japan.a. Japan was given control of Korea, and in return they agreed not to

invade the Philippines.b. Theodore Roosevelt decided to demonstrate American might by

sending the “Great White Fleet” of 16 battleships around the


world ----stopping in Tokyo – Commodore Perry ---- Japan decided it wanted one

III. President Taft, who took over as President after T. Roosevelt, practiced “Dollar Diplomacy” rather than Roosevelt’s “Gunboat Diplomacy

A. He encouraged Latin America to borrow money from America instead of Europe.1. In 1911 America, because of a loan, took control of Nicaragua’s National

BankIV. Woodrow Wilson, as President declared war on the “Central Powers” on April 6,

1917 ----- bringing America into World War IA. The war began in August of 1914 when Germany invaded Belgium to prepare an

attack on France.B. In the “Zimmerman Telegram” Germany asked Mexico to join forces with them

against America, and in return would get New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.C. The incident that started the war was the murder of Archduke Francis

Ferdinand, who was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian, in the streets of Sarajevo.1. The “Central Powers” fought the “Allies”

a. America and 28 other countries were the “Allies”b. The Central Powers were Austria-Hungry; Bulgaria; Germany; and the

Ottoman Empirec. 36 countries were involved in the ward. There were 116,516 U.S. military deaths and 204,002 U.S. wounded out

of 4.7 million who served the American military forcesD. The German sinking of neutral American ships infuriated the Americans.

1. The sinking of the ship called the Lusitania with 128 Americans was but oneE. Costly and difficult

1. Draft ---- two million Americans joined (Selective Service)2. Trench Warfare3. 300 billion dollars spent4. 37 million killed

F. Ended with the “Treaty of Versailles” in 19191. Germans were very upset2. Treaty provided seeds for next war3. November 11th 1918 at 11:00 A.M. the armistice was signed –11th hour;

11th day; 11th month4. Treaty signed on June 28, 1919

G. According to an article in USA Today on November 11, 2004, “The sanest day of the World War I was probably Dec. 25, 1914. Fighters on both sides agreed to a cease-fire, met in no-man’s land and shook hands. Carols were sung in the trenches. The craziest day was Nov. 11, 1918. The armistice had been agreed upon early in the morning. But despite pleas from the beaten Germans to stop fighting, Allied leaders would make it official only at the neat, round time of 11-11 on the 11th hour of the morning. Until then everyone was urged to keep on fighting. More men were killed on the final day – after the armistice had been signed --- than on D-Day in World War II.” H. Woodrow Wilson established the “League of Nations”

1. America ended up not joining


2. It was also called the ‘Fourteen Point Program”

IMPACTS OF WORLD WAR I --- ESPECIALLY IN THE MIDDLE EASTI. Balfour DeclarationA. November 2, 1917B. British Foreign Secretary Arthur BalfourC. This established a national home for Jewish people in Palestine1. Nobody consulted with the Arab who were the majority population living there at the time2. One reason this was done was to generate financial support from the world wide Jewish population for the Allies (England, France, America, and Russia) in World War I

a. Fear the Jewish people would not support them because they were treated so poorly by the Russians

D. This was the beginning of the Country we now call IsraelE. Zionist Movement

1. Jewish people realized a need for their country2. more nationalistic than social or religious3. started because Jews were not being treated well throughout the world ---

especially in Russia4. made some wonder if Jews were more loyal to the country they lived in or this

new country of Israel5. Theodor Herzl

a. Early founderb. Agnostic Jewc. Late 1890’s

II. Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800’sA. They were allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary and when they lost and this led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire which led to the creation of the following countries under the control of Britain or France1. Syria2. Lebanon3. Transjordan4. Iraq (Kurds; Christian Assyrians; Sunnis; Shiites)5. Palestine (Jewish settlement left more free from control)6. Saudi Arabia was officially created in 19327. Algeria ---French control started around 18308. Tunisia---French control started around 1881B. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire left England with more control and influence in the Middle East with France as a distant second1. Egypt was run by England under MANDATE, which was similar to Being a colony until 1922 ---they revolted in 1919 a. Controlled by England for 74 yearsb. seen as entry way to India, Asia, Africa for Englandc. Control ended with World War II2. Syria was run by France


3. President Woodrow Wilson believed in self-determination for people and did not like the idea of countries taking over other countriesIII. Names of InterestA. T.E. Lawrence or Arabia1. English who united Arabs against Ottomans2. Disliked France “Francophobe”B. Lloyd George ---English Prime ministerC. BalfourD. President Woodrow WilsonE. Kaiser Wilhelm II1. Leader of Germany in 18882. Extremely nationalistic even though he was half EnglishF. Ferdinand de Lesseps1. French engineer who designed Suez Canala. Built by 20,000 unpaid Egyptian laborers each yearb. Almost bankrupt Egyptc. Ended up in British controlG. Georges Clemenceau ---- leader of FranceIV. Opposing forcesA. Ottoman CentralizationB. European PenetrationV. Revolution during World War IA. Russia1. Bolsheviks seize powera. They revealed secret agreements England and France had to take over the Ottoman Empire and divide the land

1) Really upset ArabsB. GermanyC. Ottoman Empire falls apart but Turkey emerges as a strong country under the leadership of Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)

1. Turkey was the only country to truly negotiate a separate peace

ECONOMIC CHANGEI. President Warren G. HardingA. Elected in 1920B. Teapot Dome Scandal of 1922


1. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall took Bribes and Kickbacks for selling oil drilling leases. 2. Harding died in the middle of the scandal 3. Racial Crisisa. Tulsa, Oklahoma 19211) Charges by a White woman that were never proved ended in many black deathsb. Rosewood Florida in 19231) White woman said a black man made inappropriate advances, but she later changed her story but when the man was released a group of Whites were there to lynch him but a group of Blacks showed up to protect hima) There were 10,000 White rioters who wiped out the Black community of Rosewood killing 300b) Riot or ethnic cleansing?c) Book and movie on it called THE BURNINGII. President Calvin Coolidge took Harding’s place and was president between 1923 and 1929.

A. He said “The Business of America is Business." and “The man who builds a factory, builds a temple. And the man who works there worships there.”

B. Roaring TwentiesIII. President Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

A. The fact that his opponent, Gov. Al Smith of New York, was a Catholic helped Hoover to get elected.

B. His administration marked a time of economic devastation for America.1. Stock Market Crash

a. There was no governmental oversight of the marketb. The Security Exchange Commission did not exist

2. “Pools” --- which were groups of crooked manipulators---bought cheap shares of stock and artificially drove up the prices among themselves. Outside “suckers” were lured in to but at inflated prices, and then the pool pulled out.

3. Black Thursday took place on October 24, 1929 when 13 million shares of stock were sold

4. Black Tuesday took place on October 29, 1929 when 16 million shares were sold

5. During the stock market crash $30 billion, which was close to the American cost for World War I evaporated, 5000 banks closed, and there was no Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to help the customers out.

6. Too few people had enough money to purchase anything, so even though production had intensified ---- demand fell.

7. This condition spread throughout the world, and as countries passed protectionist legislation things got worse.

C. World-wide Depression1. President Herbert Hoover did not believe the government should develop

programs to help the American people, because that would be socialism.2. The Bonus Army

a. World War I veterans were promised a monetary bonus in 1924, which was to be paid in 1925, but it was not paid1) 25,000 former “Doughboys” descended on Washington, D.C. in 1932


a) Hoover had the army attack themb) Douglas MacArthur, George Patton, and Dwight Eisenhower

coordinated the attack, and over 100 died – two were babies

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELTI. The Great Depression

A. Began with stock market crash of 1929.B. Herbert Hoover was President.

1. He believed in voluntary cooperation of private organizations and local governments in administrating relief and recovery. This did not work.

2. He was a capitalist who did not believe in forced government intervention3. He feared “pork barrel” spending

C. Between 1934 and 1937 a series of “Neutrality Acts” were passed by the legislative branch in an attempt to keep America out of European problems and conflicts.

II. The New DealA. Franklin Delano Roosevelt led the American people out of the Great Depression.

The Stock Market crash in October of 19291. He was the longest-serving President (1933-1945; four terms).2. He put people back to work.3. He enacted great amounts of legislation.

a. Agricultural Adjustment Acts Paid farmers to grow certain things and not to grow other things

b. Fair Standards Act Minimum wages and maximum hours

c. National Labor Relations Acti. Also called the Wagner Actii. Guaranteed the right of negotiation between Labor and Management

d. Federal Emergency Relief Act Put people to work

e. Civilian Conservation Corps. Put people to work

f. Social Security Monthly income for the elderly There are now 78 million baby boomers The oldest in 2007 is 60 The youngest in 2007 is 42 1 reaches age 60 every 7.5 seconds which adds up to 4 million each

year By the year 2020 each retiree will be supported by the payroll

social security taxes of only two workers In 2007 five people are working and paying social security tax for

every one person receiving social security In 2030 there will be only three people working for every one person

on Social Security


In 2008 first “boomers collect social security when they turn age 62 and there are $2.4 trillion in payments

In 2011 the first “boomers turn age 65 and there will be $3.2 trillion in annual payments

In 2017 the system starts paying out more money than it collects and the government has to draw on its trust, which many say does not really exist. The yearly payout is $4.7 trillion

In 2040 the trust fund runs out and there is not enough money to pay social security

The fact is that boomers have more wealth than their parents had but it must make up for shrinking pensions, longer lives, and higher medical costs

1. In 1981 81% of workers had traditional pensions2. Today 39% of workers have pensions3. In 1980 medical costs as a percent of social security payments

was 7%4. In 2030 medical costs as a percent of social security income are

estimated to be 20%g. Works Progress Administrationh. Public Works Administration

4. The government became very stronga. Regulationsb. Jobs

5. Eleanor Roosevelta. First activist First Ladyb. Appointed United Nations delegate by Truman

6. The United Nationsa. The League of Nations under Woodrow Wilson had not worked

WORLD WAR III. Background

A. Germany disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and began rebuilding her Army and Navy.

B. Russia had undergone a revolution in 1917. The Bolsheviks took control, forcibly imprisoned and killed Tsar Nicholas, his wife and children, and established communism.

C. Benito Mussolini, a member of the Fascist Party in Italy, took control of Italy, promising to prevent a communist takeover, which was much feared by the Italians.1. He built up the armed forces.2. He attacked Ethiopia and took control. Many saw this as the downfall of the

League of Nations, because of its unwillingness or inability to do anything.D. Germany had suffered from loss of international power and financial stability

following World War I.


1. Adolph Hitler, who formed the Nazi Party, was able to take control in Germany. He rearmed Germany, re-established a stable economy, put people back to work, and gave the German people a rebirth of “self-esteem”.a. Under the Nazi regime, six million Jews from all over Europe were killed,

in what came to be known as, the Holocaust.1) The Ahnenerbe was a think tank that was created by the Germans

under the direction of Heinrich Himmler to find evidence of ancient superior Aryan civilizations to justify their role in dominating and ruling the world. Most of their “findings” were fabricated.

b. Hitler imprisoned and killed great numbers of Gypsies, Homosexuals, and people with both mental and Physical defects as he attempted to purify Germany.

c. Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia.2. Japan wanted more land, and needed more natural resources.

a. Japan took control of Formosa, a number of Pacific Islands, Korea, and Manchuria.

b. Japan attacked China in 1939.c. Japan attacked America at Pearl Harbor.

E. World War II began in September of 1939.1. Germany signed a neutrality agreement with Russia and then invaded Poland

with a “blitzkrieg”. England and France came to Poland’s assistance, declaring war on Germany on December 3, 1939.

2. Germany attacked and occupied Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France.a. 338,000 British and French troops escaped to Englandb. England prepared for German invasion

3. Hitler launched a full scale attack on Russian in 1941, breaking the neutrality agreement.

4. Italy and Japan joined forces with Germany to form the “Axis Powers”. 5. America gave aid to China and broke off relations with Japan.6. Japan attacked American ships in Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu in

Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and America entered World War II.a. Americans of Japanese ancestry were placed in internment camps away

from the seacoasts.b. Nothing happened to Americans of German descent

7. The defeat of Germany and Italy was America’s first goal in World War II.a. Germany attacked and occupied Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the

Netherlands, and France. 338,000 British and French troops escaped to England, and England prepared for German invasion

b. Hitler attacked Russia in 1941c. On June 6, 1944, the Americans, Canadians, and British launched a

successful invasion on the beaches of Normandy to free France in an operation called “D-Day”.

d. Mussolini was executed ----murdered by a mob---by his own countrymen, and Hitler committed suicide.


e. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945. 8. The defeat of Japan started with three major American Sea Victories

a. The Battle of The Coral Sea in May of 1942b. The Battle of Midway Island in June of 1942c. The Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines in 1942

9. Japan also suffered major land defeats ina. Guadalcanalb. Iwo Jimac. Okinawa

10. Leadersa. Churchillb. Stalinc. Franklin Roosevelt and Truman

1) They were not that close2) Franklin had a Jewish Secretary of the Treasury who wanted to really

punish the Germans and turn them into an agrarian society to remove any potential future war making. He developed the Morgenthau Plan, but it was never acted upon.

d. Hirohito11. Allied Powers ----America, Britain, France, Soviet Union, China and 40 other

countriesa. Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt became strong friendsb. Churchill, FDR and Stalin were the major leaders, but there was a distrust

towards Stalin because of perceived Communist expansionist tendencies12. Atomic Bomb

A. Manhattan ProjectB. Truman Decided

1. Hiroshima by plane Enola Gay killing 100,000 and injuring 40,0002. Nagasaki three days later3. Japan then surrendered and signed surrender on the battleship Missouri

in Tokyo Bay

COLD WAR TENSIONI. Post-World-War II Political Scene

A. Superpower Tension1. Capitalism v. Communism2. Russia takes over war torn countries as satellites

a. Polandb. Lithuaniac. Hungaryd. Others

3. Came to head in German: East and West Germany


a. Berlin1) air lift2) French, English, Americans against Russians

B. American Policies of Containment of Communism1. Truman Doctrine

Help countries stop the spread of communism2. Marshall Plan

a. Secretary of State George Marshallb. Help countries recover from World War II

3. Harry S. Trumana. NATO formedb. Korean War (1950)c. Cold War starts

C. People’s Republic of China Established 1949D. Israel Established as a Jewish State

1. Established May 14, 19482. Arab-Israeli War started

E. Korea1. Korea was controlled by Japan prior to the end of World War II.2. After the war, it was divided (north/south) by Russia and America.3. June 25, 1950

a. Soviet-supported North Korea invaded South Korea.b. November 1950: United Nations troops, which were 90% American,

pushed invaders back to within 90 miles of China.c. 300,000 Chinese troops helped launch a counter-offensive, pushing the

American back into South Korea.d. President Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur for

insubordination on April 11, 1951.4. Truce

a. When Dwight D. Eisenhower became president, he delivered a secret message to Mao Tse Tung, telling him that if a truce was not signed, America would use the atomic bomb.

b. The truce was signed in Panmunjom on July 27, 1953.F. McCarthyism

1. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin2. Attacks on Communism3. Investigations to uncover communists, communist sympathizers and

subversives.G. Dwight David Eisenhower (Nikita Khrushchev)

1. Threatened use of nuclear weapons to stop communist expansion. This ended the conflict in Korea.

2. Helped to get the French, British and Israelis out of Egypt when President Gamal Abdul Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal, which had been built (financed) by French and British investors.

3. Left America as dominant power in Mideast.4. The Space Race


a. Sputnikb. Yuri Gagarin (first man in space)c. ICBMd. U2 Incident

i. Francis Gary Powersii. Lost peace momentum

e. Time of America Prosperity5. Domino Theory

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCEI. Rosa Parks (bus – 1955)II. Martin Luther King. Jr.

A. Began his mission because of Rosa Park’s bus boycott.


B. Assassinated by George Earl Ray in April 1968.

KENNEDY ERAI. John Fitzgerald KennedyII. Youngest Person, at that point, to Ever Elected President )III. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy

A. CultureB. LanguagesC. Camelot

IV. TV Debates with Richard M. NixonV. Events

A. Established Peace CorpsB. Space RaceC. Astronauts

1. Alan B. Sheppard, Jr. – First American to travel into space (but after Russian Uri Gagarin)

2. John Glenn, Jr. (February, 1962) – First American to orbit EarthD. Russians Build Berlin WallE. Cuba

1. Fidel Castro takes over2. Bay of Pigs3. Cuban Missile Crisis (October 14 – 22, 1962)

F. Civil Rights1. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (brother)2. Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, California, during presidential

campaign in June 1968.G. Assassination

John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.

LYNDON BAINES JOHNNSONI. Viet Nam and War on PovertyII. Great Unrest and RiotsIII. Democratic National Convention1968 - ChicagoIV. The Great Society

A. HispanicsB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD. Women’s Rights

V. Escalation of War in Viet NamA. American Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionB. Vietnamese Tet OffensiveC. Americans dividedD. Robert F. Kennedy opposes build-up

VI. AssassinationsA. Martin Luther King


B. Robert F. KennedyVII. 1972: John did not seek reelectionVIII. Pentagon papers showed the Kennedy and Johnson misled American about Viet

Nam

RICHARD MILHOUSE NIXONI. Energy CrisisII. “The Eagle Has Landed”III. Met with Russian leader, Leonid BrezhnevIV. Détente - Henry KissingerV. SALTVI. Ended Viet Nam WarVII. Opened ChinaVIII. Moon Landing

A. July 1969B. Apollo II

1. Neil Armstrong2. Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin3. Michael Collins

IX. Vice President Spiro Agnew resignedX. Watergate Break-in and Cover-upXI. Resignation

GERALD FORDI. Became President upon Nixon’s resignationII. Betty Ford - Influenced thinking because of honesty about breast cancer and

substance abuse.


III. Lost election to Carter-----only President who was never elected

JAMES EARL CARTER (JIMMY)I. Egypt and IsraelII. SALT II III. Lost IranIV. Hostage Crisis - Negotiated for release of hostages, but Iran delayed until Reagan

inauguration – friendlier administration.

RONALD REAGANI. Star WarsII. Fall of Berlin WallIII. Collapse of Soviet Union and Russian Communism

A. Fear over criminal element in RussiaB. Lack of ability to keep track of Nuclear weapons

GEORGE BUSHI. Gulf War

WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON (BILL)I. Balanced BudgetII. Medicare and Medical Costs

GEORGE W. BUSH

I. Close ElectionII. Sept 11III. AfghanistanIV IraqV. Relationship with World LeadersA. United NationsB. Germany and FranceVI. Stress right to attack first if a threat is thereVII. North KoreaVIII. IssuesA. Social SecurityB. Trade ImbalanceC. Value of DollarD. ImmigrationE. Federal DeficitF. Medicare G. WarH. North KoreaI. Mideast ----- Afghanistan and Iraq J. Relationship with World LeadersVIII. Republicans loose power


BARAK OBAMA I. Health CareII. Government BailoutsIII. Subsidy Stimulants

A. Environment

CENTURY OF DEATHFrom National Geographic January 2006 pg 30 -------- Genocide

I. GermanyA. During World War II the Nazis killed over 11 millionII In Russia between 1920 and 1955 twenty million were murdered mostly under StalinIII Japan killed ten million between 1935 and 1945IV Under Mao 30 million were killed in the Great Leap Forward between 1940 and 1980VI In the Darfur region of the Sudan 2,850,000 have been killed since 1985VII In Afghanistan 1,850,000 were killed between 1980 and 1990VIII In Bosnia in the mid 1990’s 225,000 were killed

POWER IN AMERICA TODAYI GovernmentA. Three BranchesB. AgenciesII. Lobby GroupsII. UnionsIII. MediaIV. Special Interest GroupsV. ImmigrationA. Impact on social services1. Education2. Medical3. Those in need of financial help4. In the Prison systemB. Impact on political power1. Spanish vote in boarder statesC. Fear of terrorismD. Need for workforce that Americans refuse to doE. Potential tax revenue sourceF. Historically America has been openG. A Question ------ Does the savings people realize by paying lower wages and not paying taxes and medical get offset by the costs stated above? Probably not.H. Impact on the balance of power in the hands of the voters


MIDDLE EASTI. OilII. American relationship with IsraelIII. Strong relationship with Shah of Iran in the 1960’s and 1970’sA. The Shah was overrun by the same nationalist and religious forces that are motivating some of the Iraqi people at the present timeIV. America forged a tighter relationship with Saudi Arabia after the Gulf WarA. Osama bin Laden and al-QaedaV. Afghanistan and the TalibanVI. IranVII Iraq

PRESIDENTIAL HIGHLIGHTSDuring the Presidential race of 2004 military service became an issue. Historically it is interesting to note that a third of our Presidents did not serve in the military. Many of these presidents who lacked a military background served as war-time presidents. Some of those were:

James Madison in the War of 1812Woodrow Wilson in World War IFranklin D. Roosevelt in World War II

Even Abraham Lincoln, who was President during the Civil War, had only a few months of military experience.On the other hand military experience was not always indicative of great ability as a presidential leader. This can be seen in Ulysses S. Grant, and some would even say Jimmy Carter.

I. George Washington (1789-1797)A. “The Father of His Country”B. General of the Revolutionary ArmyC. Chairman of the Constitutional Convention

II. James Polk ( (1845-1849)A. Favored ExpansionB. Mexican War

III. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)A. Civil WarB. End to SlaveryC. Assassinated

IV. Theodore RooseveltA. Foreign Policy --- walk softly and carry a big stickB. Built up American MilitaryV. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

A. World War I – Ended with Treaty of VersaillesB. Fourteen-Point ProgramC. League of Nations

1. America pulled out because of Article 10 (World Police Force).2. It failed.


D. The American people started to develop an attitude of isolationism after World War I. (Ford and Lindberg)

E. InternationalistVI. Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

A. Stock Market Crash (1929)B. HoovervilleC. Isolationist

VII. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945)A. New DealB. World War IIC. Court PackingD. Famous for FIRST 100 DAYSE. Longest serving President in American HistoryF. Died during 4th termG. Atlantic Charter

1. Made between Roosevelt and Churchill.2. Territory changes only if people living in territories approved.

VIII. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)A. Atomic BombB. Taft-Hartley Act - Tempered the power of unions; passed because of too many

strikes.C. Cold War startsD. United Nations (April 1945)E. Korean War

1. North Koreaa. Communistb. Supported by Chinac. Invaded South Korea June 25, 1990

2. South Koreaa. Supported by United States

3. General Douglas MacArthurF. Rio PactG. NATO (1949-)

IX. Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961)A. Stalin dies and Nikita Khrushchev takes his placeB. Arms raceC. Brown v. Board of Education , Topeka KAD. Rosa Parks refused to give up bus seat (1955)E. Alaska and Hawaii become statesF. Viet Nam war starting

X. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963)A. Viet NamB. Civil Rights Advancement C. Bay of Pigs FailureD. Cuban Missile CrisisE. Assassinated (1963)


F. Brother Robert “Bobby” F. Kennedy – Attorney GeneralXI. Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969)

A. Escalates Viet Nam WarB. Huge War ProtestsC. War on Poverty and Viet Nam without enough taxes lead to inflationD. Not on the best of terms with the Kennedy’sE. Bobby Kennedy assassinated (1968)F. LBJ does not seek reelection

XII. Richard Nixon (1969-1974)A. Opened door to ChinaB. Ended Viet Nam WarC. WatergateD. Only President to resign

XIII. Gerald Ford (1974-1977)A. Only President not elected

XIV. James Earl “Jimmy” Carter (1977-1981)A. Mid-East Peace Agreement between Egypt and IsraelB. Washington outsiderC. Loses IranD. Negotiates Iran hostage release

XV. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)A. Government deregulationB. Appointed first woman to Supreme Court (Sandra Day O’Connor)C. “Trickle-Down” theory

XVI. George Bush (1989-1993)A. Desert Storm

XVII. William Randolph “Bill” Clinton (1993-2001)A. Health Care Reform

XVIII. George W. Bush, Jr. (2001-)A. Election controversy with Gore in first electionB. War on Terror1. World Trade Center2. Afghanistan

3. IraPRESENT REALITIES

I. According to a 2002 study by the World Bank there are 5 billion people, or about 80% of the world’s population who hold just 20% of the world’s wealth.A. Some believe this is at the root of many of the problems and conflicts in the WORLD.


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