Still The “Other?” PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD CHINESE AND ASIAN AMERICANS.

Still The “Other?”

PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD CHINESE AND ASIAN AMERICANS

© 2009 Committee of 100

The report has been prepared by the Committee of 100 and Harris Interactive.

For electronic copies of this report, please visit www.Committee100.org.

The Committee of 100 is a national, non-partisan, 501(c)(3) organization. The information summarized here is based on the survey data and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Committee of 100, its members, staff, or funding organizations.

The Committee of 100 is deeply grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation, Wells Fargo Foundation, Verizon Foundation, and Minneapolis Foundation for their generous financial support.

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As the son of immigrants who had come from China to the

United States seeking freedom and opportunity, I grew up in

the American Midwest in the 1970s. I wanted to be just like

my classmates and neighbors, and I worked hard to

assimilate. My brothers and I always wanted to eat

hamburgers, pizza, even meatloaf, and not the five course

traditional dinners our mother would make, with a steamed

whole fish. By and large, we grew up under wonderful

circumstances that were materially better than our cousins

overseas. Yet we never forgot, because we were not allowed

to, that somehow we were different. You would not have

expected to meet people like us on Sunnydale Lane; you

would instead have believed we belonged on the other side of

the world.

This report captures that complexity: the general perception of

Asian Americans turns out to be anything but simple. It’s

impossible to reduce to a soundbite – an accurate soundbite

anyway. Instead, our experiences reflect the ambiguities of

the changing face of our nation. For within our lifetimes, we

will become the first society in human history anywhere on the

globe to cease to have any clearly identifiable majority group.

In that context, the story of Asian Americans is as varied as

the story of the United States itself. Both stories are about

ongoing progress toward great ideals.

Frank H. Wu, C-100 Vice Chair for Research Author of Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White

Discrimination and diversity are hard subjects for us to discuss. Racial and ethnic issues are controversial, and it’s easy for

emotions and stereotypes to overwhelm reason and data.

Civil rights are an even more difficult subject as to Asian

Americans. People seem to assume that individuals and

communities coming across the Pacific Ocean, rather than

the Atlantic Ocean or the Rio Grande, are well-off or only

temporarily here.

Of course many Asian immigrants and their American-born

descendants have achieved great success. Some of them

indeed travel back and forth within the global economy and

are at home in Shanghai as New York City. There is a

tremendous diversity, too, within this population that is

grouped together under an artificial label. They range from

students to entrepreneurs, recently-landed refugees to fifth

generation Californians, adoptees to mixed-race persons

enthusiastic about claiming multiple heritages.

This survey shows that we are accepted on the whole,

but doubts about our loyalty persist in the background.

We are regarded positively, yet compliments also can

turn into criticism as working hard is deemed to be unfair

competition.

The facts in this report serve as a reminder and an inspiration.

We have work to do – and we have friends who will join us. I

have confidence in the American Dream that drew my

parents, as it did the ancestors of so many

of us who are proud to call ourselves citizens of the

United States.

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Much has changed for Chinese and Asian Americans

from the mid-20th century, when I was growing up in New

Jersey, the daughter of immigrants from China. In those days,

awareness of Americans who happened to be of Asian

descent was zero; we were completely unseen in America,

not viewed as relevant to anything in American life.

Decades later, I learned through my own research that the

footprints of other Asian Americans had been everywhere

around me: Chinese workers had toiled in steaming North

Jersey laundries in the 1870s; Japanese Americans were

farm laborers in South Jersey during World War II, offered as

an alternative to their wrongful incarceration; the original

"Siamese Twins," Chang and Eng Bunker, had crisscrossed

the New York-Philadelphia corridor in the early 1800s – all in

my own stomping grounds. Evidence of these Asian

Americans and others had been rendered "MIH" – "Missing in

History." What a difference it could have made for all

Americans to know something of these diverse peoples who

make up the American narrative.

That was a half century ago, when Asian Americans

comprised less than one percent of the U.S. population.

Today more than 15 million Americans of Asian descent

contribute their talents and dynamism to every part of America

through their tremendous growth in numbers, variety and

complexity.

Yet one thing has not changed: awareness and knowledge of

Asian Americans still lags woefully behind reality. This new

study from the Committee of 100 finds that the general U.S.

population is so lacking in fundamental knowledge about

Asian Americans that most cannot distinguish between the

widely different Asian American ethnic groups; that many

people vastly overestimate the numbers of Asians in America;

and one-third of the general population rarely or never

interacts with Chinese Americans at work, in the community,

or socially.

However, as this survey shows, the lack of basic knowledge

does not prevent people from offering firm opinions about

Asian Americans – whether they are loyal or dangerous,

whether they are contributing members to society, whether

they are capable of leadership. And where do such attitudes

come from, if not from factual sources? While some attitudes

have improved, too many still rely on simplistic stereotypes

that bear little resemblance to the full humanity for which all

people deserve to be viewed.

As Asian Americans achieve greater presence and

prominence, it is high time to base our civic understanding

and policies on an informed knowledge of all who are part of

this American democracy.

Helen Zia, C-100 Vice Chair for MediaAuthor of Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People

Table of Contents BY SUBJECT

Background & Objectives …………………………………………………………….. Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….. Notes on Reading Report …...…………………………………………………………Key Findings ……………………...……………………………………………………..Detailed Findings ………………………………………………………………………..I. Overall Impressions of Chinese and Asian Americans ………………………….II. Myths of Model Minority and Perpetual Foreigner ……………………………….III. Perspectives on Asian American Political Power ………………………………..IV. Views on Diversity and Equal Opportunities .…………………………………….V. Views on Immigration Issues ………………………………………………………VI. Possible Factors Affecting Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans ..VII. Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans ……………………..VIII. Chinese American Experiences …………………………………………………..Respondent Profile ..……………………………………………………………………Appendix: Explanation of Factor Analysis …………………………………………Survey Acknowledgement ………………………...………………………………….About Us ……………………………………………...………………………………….

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8 10 11 12 22 23 41 47 54 61 66 76 91 98104110111

Table of Contents BY SURVEY QUESTIONS

1. Favorability Toward Races ……………………………………….................. 2. Chinese Americans’ Assessment of General Population’s Opinion ……… 3. Feelings Toward Mixed Racial Marriages………………………………….… 4. Positive Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S. …………………….… 5. Negative Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S. .……………………..6. Asian Americans’ Fit into U.S. Culture …………………………………….… 7. Perceived Racial Discrimination ……………………………………………... 8. Perceived Religious Discrimination ………………………………………….. 9. Asian American Population Estimates …………………………………….… 10. Asian American Population Estimates Based on Birthplace ……………....11. Asian American Success ……………………………………………………...12. Chinese American Support of U.S.…………………………………………...13. Racial Profiling ………………………………………......………….…………. 14. The Political Power of Different Groups ……...………………………………15. Presidential Voting Behavior …………………...……………………………..16. Likelihood of Voting for an Asian American Mayor ……...………………….17. College Admissions …………………………………………………………….18. Asian Americans and College Admissions …...…………………………...…19. Different Views on Career Opportunities …...………………………………..

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24-26 2728-30 31 32 3334-3637-39 40 40 42 4344-46 48-5051-52 53 55 5657-60

Table of Contents BY SURVEY QUESTIONS (CONT’D)

20. Impact of Minority Population Increase in U.S. .…………..………...….... 21. Attitudes Toward Different Immigrant Groups ………...………….…….… 22. Asian Immigrant Competition with Other Americans …………………….. 23. Immigration Criteria ………………………………………………………..…24. Frequency of Interaction with Chinese and Asian Americans ……………25. General Level of Intolerance …………………………...…………………… 26. Attitudes Toward China ……...……………………………………………....27. Opinions of Beijing Olympics …………...…………………………...……...28. Impressions of Chinese People …………………………………..………...29. Visits to Greater China and Asia …………………………………..…..……30. Visits to Greater China and Impacts …………………………….....……....31. U.S. Economic Outlook ………………………………………………..…..…32. Concerns Over Job Security ……...…………………………………..…..…33. Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans …...…..…....… 34. Optimism of Chinese Americans ……………………………………..……..35. Unfair Treatment of Chinese Americans ………………………….….…….36. Unfair Treatment of Chinese Americans By Areas ………...……..…..….. 37. Portrayal of Chinese Americans and Chinese People in Media ……....... 38. U.S. Education about China and Chinese Society ………...……..….…… 39. Chinese vs. American Self-Identification …………………...………..…….

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62 63 64 65 68 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 7577-90 93 94 94 95 96 97

Background and Objectives

The Committee of 100 (C-100) is a national non-partisan, non-profit membership organization comprised of prominent Chinese Americans in a broad range of professions. With their knowledge and experience, the Committee has dedicatedits efforts to a dual mission: (1) encouraging constructive relations between the peoples of the United States and GreaterChina, and (2) encouraging the full participation of Chinese Americans in all aspects of American life.

Since 1994, C-100’s survey project has released substantive public opinion reports which track the shift in attitudes among Americans toward Greater China, Chinese Americans, and Asian Americans. In 2001, C-100 in collaborationwith Yankelovich Partners, Marttila Communications Group, and the Anti-Defamation League, conducted a seminal survey, American Attitudes Toward Chinese Americans & Asian Americans. The study served as a benchmark for measuring subsequent changes in public opinion, and it was instrumental in highlighting stereotypes, whichC-100 and other Asian Pacific American groups have since been trying to address and correct.

The 2009 survey is a follow-up to the 2001 survey. The objective of the new survey is three fold: (1) to assess current attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans, (2) to gauge shifts in attitudes from 2001, and (3) to explore the factorsthat help formulate perceptions and the reasoning behind attitude changes.

The survey covers a wide array of issues, including race relations, social equality, immigration, and factors influencing public attitudes. The survey uses split samples to compare attitudes toward Chinese Americans, Asian Americans, andother racial or religious groups. In addition to the general population sample, an over-sample of Chinese Americans wasconducted. This reveals valuable and even unexpected information about the similarity and divergence in views betweenthe general population and Chinese Americans. The demographic difference in perceptions is another significant result. The reprisal of the “Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans” also helps uncover the underlying keyelements that impact perceptions.

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Background and Objectives (Cont’d)

While there are many surveys conducted on racial relations and diversity issues, most surveys exclude Asian Americans.

With the dramatic rise of China, the increasing interdependence of the global economy, the election of the first African American president, and the rapid growth of the Asian population in American society, it is now more important than

everto examine public perceptions of Chinese and Asian Americans. Thus, the survey findings provide a set of comparabledata which can be used to generate discussions, formulate recommendations, increase awareness, and encourage contributions of Asian Americans to American society. Our hope is that the survey will set a new tone, as any discussionof civil rights and diversity issues should incorporate people of all backgrounds, including Asian Americans.

The study is chaired by C-100 Vice Chair for Research Frank H. Wu, coordinated by C-100 Research Director Yong Lu, and is conducted in collaboration with the public opinion research firm Harris Interactive. The public outreach effort is

ledby C-100 Vice Chair for Media Helen Zia. The study received invaluable input from the C-100 Research Committee andSurvey Advisory Committee members (see the acknowledgement list on page 110).

Our thanks also go to the Rockefeller Foundation, Wells Fargo Foundation, Verizon Foundation, and Minneapolis Foundation for their financial support to make this report possible.

The survey results were unveiled in April 2009 in Washington, DC. For more information about the Committee of 100and access to other survey related materials, please visit www.Committee100.org.

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Methodology The survey was conducted by Harris Interactive® in the United States between January 5 th and 30th, 2009. A total of 1,427 interviews were completed among the general adult population, including an over-sample of self-identified Chinese Americans. The survey was conducted by telephone and administered using a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system. The questionnaire was developed in close collaboration with the Committee of 100. Approximately 75% of the questionnaires were the same for the two samples.

The general population survey lasted approximately 23 minutes and consisted of 1,221 adults 18 years of age or older residing in the United States. A proportionate number of Asian respondents were included in this sample. Results were weighted as needed for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, region, and household income to represent the national population of adults. The sampling error for the sample of 1,221 is ±2.8 percentage points.

The Chinese American over-sample survey lasted approximately 23 minutes and consisted of 206 self-identified Chinese Americans 18 years of age or older. The Chinese American interviews were conducted in English. Future research is expected to also include Chinese language interviews. Results were weighted as needed for age, sex, education, marital status, and place of birth to represent the national population of Chinese Americans. The Chinese American results were not weighted back to be included into the general population sample in their proper proportion; the general population and Chinese American samples were analyzed separately. The sampling error for the sample of 206 is ±6.8 percentage points.

Calls to the general population were made to a stratified random probability sample generated by Random-Digit-Dial (RDD) method. Calls to the Chinese American over-sample were made using RDD Asian Exchange Density sample in which the probability of ethnic densities of census tracts for Asians are correlated to exchanges. This sample proved to be inefficient for the survey purposes, so a listed sample based on Chinese surnames was used for the remainder of the survey. A total of 47% of the Chinese American interviews came from the RDD Asian Exchange Density sample, 52% from the listed sample, and 1% from the RDD general population sample. Households that only used cell phones were not included in the sample. In theory, one would expect differences between people in cell phone-only households and those in traditional landline phone households. However, other research has not yet demonstrated significant differences between the groups. Nonetheless, future telephone research will likely need to take this into account.

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Notes on Reading Report

Terminology For the purposes of this report, abbreviations are used for some of the racial groups. Listed below is the shorthand.

-- Hispanic American = Hispanic or Latino American -- African American = Black or African American

Survey Design Some questions examining race were asked of all respondents about all races. Other questions used a split sample so

equal proportions of the respondents were each asked about a different race. This is designated at the bottom of the slide in the base language.

Several questions asked of the general population excluded Asians when not applicable. The base language at the bottom of the slide denotes whether or not Asians were excluded.

Percentage Due to rounding and multiple answers, percentages may not total 100%.

2001 Data A few questions from the 2001 C-100 survey were used again in 2009. For those questions, the 2001 data are listed in the

small grey box next to the 2009 data as a benchmark for comparison.

Question Order The questions presented in this report were re-ordered in an effort to better organize the information. For the actual

order used for survey interviews, please view the topline results on the web at www.Committee100.org .

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Key Findings

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Key Findings

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The Committee of 100’s survey—conducted among both the U.S. general population and Chinese Americans from January 5-30, 2009—reveals the current status of Chinese and Asian Americans in the U.S. On one hand, the general population largely holds favorable views of both Chinese and Asian Americans and is positive about the increase in the size of the Asian American population. The majority of Chinese Americans are also optimistic about their opportunities in the U.S. On the other hand, a portion of the general population still holds stereotypes and misperceptions about Chinese and Asian Americans. There is also a significant disparity in perceptions between the general population and Chinese Americans on race relations and on equal rights in government, education, and the workplace. In addition, the perceptions reported by the general population are affected by a lack of knowledge about Chinese and Asian Americans.

Lack of Knowledge about Chinese and Asian Americans

Asian Americans vs. Chinese Americans: By using the split sample, the survey shows the majority of the general population cannot make meaningful distinctions between Chinese Americans and Asian Americans in general. This “lumping effect” is the same result as in the 2001 survey. Asian Americans are still seen as one generic ethnic group. [1]

Overestimating the Number of Asian Americans: A substantial majority of the general population believe there are far more Asians in the U.S. than in reality: Seventy-four percent say Asians constitute more than 8 percent of the U.S. population, with 40% saying Asians are 16% or more of all Americans; only 1% of respondents say they are not sure. (Asian Americans are about 5% of the U.S. population.)

Underestimating the Number of Native-Born Asian Americans: A majority of the general population (51%) incorrectly believe less than 25% Asians in the U.S. were born in the country. The actual percentage of native-born Asian Americans is about 30%.

[1] For a few survey questions, 609 non-Asian respondents among the general population were asked their opinions about “Chinese Americans” and 598 non-Asian respondents among the general population were asked about “Asian Americans.” The results are nearly identical. The similar approach was used for the 2001 C-100 survey.

Key Findings (Cont’d)

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Low Interaction with Chinese and Asian Americans: More than a third of the general population say that rarely or never interact with Chinese Americans at work, in the community, or socially, with at least 28% of the general population saying that they rarely or never interact with Asian Americans.

Attitude Changes from 2001In comparison to the 2001 C-100 survey on the same topic, the general population now holds a more favorable opinion of Chinese and Asian Americans.[2]

Asian American as President: In 2001, 23% of the general population said they would feel uncomfortable voting for an Asian American as President of the United States. In 2009, that number has reduced to 9%. When electing a mayor, a majority of the general population (74%) believe the people they know would vote for an Asian American male if he was more qualified than the white male candidate.[3]

Asian American as Spouse: In 2001, 24% of the general population disapproved of a family member marrying an Asian American; but in 2009, that number has reduced to 11%.

Asian Population Increase: Seventy percent of the general population believe the increase in Asian immigrants over the past ten years has been good for America, up from 49% in 2001.

Asian American Contribution: In 2001, 56% of the general population believed that Chinese Americans have contributed much to the American culture; the number has now risen to 73% in 2009.

[2] The 2001 survey was conducted in March 2001 after the Bush administration indicated a shift in U.S. relations with China from “strategic partner” to “strategic competitor.” The 2009 survey was conducted in January 2009 shortly after Barack Obama was elected the first African American president of the U.S. The different political surroundings might partly contribute to the improved attitudes.[3] In the scenario provided by the survey question, only Asian American male and White American male were compared.


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Asian American Loyalty: However, there are increasing suspicions about the loyalty of Asian Americans. Among the general population, 45% believe Asian Americans are more loyal to their countries of ancestry than to the U.S., up from 37% in the 2001 survey.

Stereotypes Persist

While the survey shows improvement in the image of Chinese and Asian Americans in the country, it finds some stereotypes have not changed since 2001.

Perceived Asian American Achievements:

- Fifty-seven percent of the general population feel Asian Americans often or always achieve a higher degree of overall success than other Americans. A majority of Chinese Americans (56%) also share this view.

- At the mention of Chinese or Asian Americans, the general population thinks of them as being educated, having strong family values, hardworking, intellectually bright, and committing less crime than other ethnic groups. These images have not changed since 2001.

Loyalty of Asian Americans:

- Among the general population, 45% believe Asian Americans are more loyal to their countries of ancestry than to the U.S., up from 37% in the 2001 survey.

- Approximately three in four Chinese Americans say Chinese Americans would support the U.S. in military or economic conflicts, but only approximately 56% of the general population believe Chinese Americans would support the U.S. in such conflicts.


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- Among the general population, 44% believe Asian Americans should think in more American ways, and 20% believe Asian Americans do not care what happens to anyone but their own kind.

- Forty-two percent of the general population believe it is likely that the FBI would arrest an Asian American for spying for a foreign country without sufficient evidence. Forty-seven of the general population believe this may happen to an Arab American. Chinese Americans believe Asian Americans (54%) are as likely as Arab Americans (54%) to be arrested for spying without proper due process.

Diverging Perceptions between Chinese Americans and the General Population?

The survey reveals significant gaps in opinions between Chinese Americans and the general population on a range of issues.

Favorability: Chinese Americans perceive the general population to be less favorable toward their race than the general population’s actual reported favorability. The general population has a mean favorability score of 80 toward Chinese Americans (on a scale of 0-100), while the Chinese Americans’ estimate is only 64. Twenty-two percent of 18-34 year old Chinese Americans feel the general population’s favorability toward their race is less than 50.

Racial Discrimination: Of the general population, 63% feel Asian Americans face a lot or some discrimination, while slightly more Chinese Americans (69%) feel that Asian Americans encounter a lot or some prejudice.

Fit into U.S. Culture: A large majority of the general population (87%) perceive Asian Americans as fitting well into mainstream U.S. culture. This contrasts with 79% of the Chinese Americans who hold the same opinion.


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Political Influence: While 36% of the general population think that Asian Americans have about the right amount of power and influence in Washington, only 15% of Chinese Americans believe this to be true. 47% of the general population think that Asian Americans have too little power in Washington, while 82% of Chinese Americans hold this view.

Equality in Higher Education: Sixty-five percent of the general population believe Asian American students are adequately represented on college campuses. In contrast, only 45% of Chinese Americans agree and 36% say they are underrepresented.

Equality in the Workplace: Forty-six percent of the general population believe Asian Americans are promoted at the same pace as White Americans; only 29% of Chinese Americans agree. Similarly, 50% of the general population believe Asian Americans are adequately represented on corporate boards, while only 23% of Chinese Americans feel the same way.

Views on Immigration and Diversity

Attitudes of the general population and Chinese Americans on Asian immigration, success, and diversity are very similar and generally positive, though Chinese Americans show significantly more tolerance on some issues.

Number of Asian Immigrants: There is a general consensus among the general population (61%) and Chinese Americans (57%) that the number of Asian immigrants entering the U.S. each year is about right.

Success of Asian Immigrants: Seventy-two percent of the general population disagree that Asian immigrants are taking away too many jobs from other Americans. A similar proportion (73%) says it does not bother them if they see some Asian immigrants succeeding more than native-born Americans.


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Immigration Criteria: Both the general population and Chinese Americans believe various factors should be considered in determining which immigrants are allowed into the U.S., including family reunification, specialized skills, and willingness to work in unattractive occupations. Chinese Americans feel more strongly along the same lines.

Diversity: There is a strong agreement among the general population and Chinese Americans that one of the most important goals for a college in forming an entering class is a racially diverse student body.

Gay Marriage: Sixty-three percent of Chinese Americans compared to 51% of the general population disagree with the statement “Gay couples should not be allowed to be legally married.”

Chinese American Outlook

A few questions were exclusively asked of the Chinese American over-sample.

Future Outlook: A large majority (85%) of Chinese Americans are optimistic about the opportunities for themselves in the U.S.

Unfair Treatment: Almost three in five (58%) Chinese Americans report they have been discriminated against because of their Chinese descent. Most of them experience verbal harassment (39%) or disrespect/poor service (27%).

Media Portrayal: Chinese Americans believe the portrayal of themselves (60%) in the U.S. media is much more positive than the coverage of the people of China (35%).

Education about China: There is an overall agreement (66%) that U.S. schools today are not sufficiently educating students on China and Chinese society and culture.


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Chinese American Identity: Chinese Americans tend to think of themselves as either equally Chinese and American (48%) or more American than Chinese (39%). Only 12% consider themselves more Chinese than American.

Predictors of Negative Attitudes

Demographic Characteristics: The index analysis conducted of the survey shows that age, education, and income correlate to attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans. Among the general population, individuals who are older, less educated, and with lower household incomes display, on average, higher levels of prejudice toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

Interaction: The survey indicates that those who interact less frequently with Chinese and Asian Americans are more likely to be more prejudiced.

General Level of Intolerance: The survey shows that intolerance breeds further intolerance. Therefore, if a person is intolerant toward gays, equal rights, freedom of speech, and Asian immigrants’ success, then he or she is much more likely to be more prejudiced toward Chinese and Asian Americans. In addition, prejudice toward Asian Americans is a subset of overall prejudice toward minorities. Those who feel negatively about Asian Americans are also more likely to have the same sentiments about Hispanic and African Americans.

China: Both the 2001 and 2009 surveys reveal that negative attitudes toward China are a contributing factor to anti-Asian sentiment. Those with a high degree of prejudice towards Chinese Americans are also those who: (1) are more likely to perceive China as a high future threat to the U.S., (2) had a less favorable impression of China after Beijing hosted the Olympics, (3) hold a less favorable opinion about Chinese people, and (4) have never traveled to China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan.


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Economic Distress: The survey was conducted during a particularly difficult period in U.S. economic history. Over a third of the general population say they are worried that someone in their households might lose their jobs because of the economic situation. This is up from 14% in 2001. Nevertheless, the analysis did not find economic distress as a direct factor affecting attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Asian Americans have made notable progress in gaining acceptance as Americans, but in some important arenas, the general population still views Americans of Asian ancestry as the “Other.” The survey helps identify the areas in which there is a disparity of perceptions between Chinese Americans and the general population. All communities should work together to encourage further understanding of and contributions by Asian Americans in American society.

The survey reveals that the general population has a significant lack of knowledge about the Chinese American and Asian American population. As Americans of Chinese and Asian descent continue to grow in numbers and impact on society, policymakers and the general population need to increase their awareness of this population in order to make sound decisions that affect all Americans. This may be accomplished through greater and improved access to information in the educational system as well as through other forms of media available to the general population and policymakers.

The survey shows a lack of education and cultural exposure is a key underlying factor for prejudicial views. However, 66% Chinese Americans believe U.S. schools are not sufficiently teaching Chinese culture; in addition, only 14% of the general population have ever visited Asia. Therefore, ensuring universal access to education and creating more educational programs on Asian Americans, Asia, and Asian culture will be helpful in improving perceptions.


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The survey finds more interactions with diverse communities improve public attitudes. However, more than a quarter of the general population report they never or rarely interact with Asian Americans. The most effective way for Asian Americans to combat the perception of being “less patriotic” and “clannish” and “sticking together” is to increase their profile in American society by increasing their civic engagement, including actively participating in political and community activities, increasing philanthropy, and enhancing visibility in government.

The survey reveals that negative attitudes toward Asian Americans correlate with negative attitudes toward other racial groups, such as African Americans and Hispanic Americans. Therefore, it is important for Asian Americans to engage in bridge building efforts with other minority communities. The pursuit of equity should include people of all racial backgrounds.

By encouraging more informed awareness of Asian Americans, as well as more education and research about the distinct backgrounds, experiences and contributions these important American populations bring to the U.S., all Americans stand to benefit from better public policies and community relationships, and can build a stronger nation together based on the shared ideals of a diverse democracy.

Detailed Findings

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I. Overall Impressions of Chinese and Asian Americans

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Favorability Toward RacesBoth the general population and Chinese Americans have a generally high favorability toward all races, but Chinese Americans are slightly less favorable toward other races when compared to the general population.

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1. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you feel toward…?BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Favorability Toward RacesAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

The general population is equally favorable toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

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1. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you feel toward…?BASE: General Population (n=1221)

Mean Score

83

80

78

80

80

Significantly more likely to report “100” Favorability toward Chinese Americans• Females (42% vs. 31% males)• Catholics and “other” religions (both 42% vs. 26% Protestant)• Medium (36%) and high (41%) interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (vs. 24% low)• Favorable impression of Chinese people (39% vs. 19% unfavorable)• China is not much/no threat (48% vs. 31% extreme/somewhat threat)• Not bothered by Asian American success (40% vs. 28% bothered)• Disagree that Asian Americans are taking away jobs (40% vs. 27% agree)• Higher tolerance levels (39% medium, 43% high vs. 28% low)

Favorability Toward RacesAMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

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1. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you feel toward…?BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Chinese Americans feel slightly less favorable toward African and Hispanic Americans than they do toward White or Asian Americans. African Americans feel similarly toward both Chinese and White Americans. However, Hispanic Americans are less favorable toward Chinese Americans than they are toward White Americans.

Chinese Americans’ Mean Score

77

72

72

78

N/A

African Americans’ Mean Score

83

89

82

82

83

Hispanic Americans’ Mean Score

88

83

85

84

85

Chinese Americans

Chinese Americans’ Assessment of General Population’s Opinion

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2. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you believe other Americans feel toward Chinese Americans? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Chinese Americans, especially younger Chinese Americans, perceive the general population to be less favorable toward their race than the general population’s actual reported favorability.

General population’s reported favorability = 80vs.

Chinese Americans’ perceived view of general population’s favorability = 64

22% of 18-34 year old Chinese Americans feel the general population’s favorability toward their race is less than 50

Feelings Toward Mixed Racial MarriagesThe general population is more likely to approve of a family member marrying a White American thanan Asian, Hispanic, or African American. Similarly, Chinese Americans are more likely to say theyapprove of a family member marrying an Asian American than a White, Hispanic, or African American.

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3. How would you feel if someone in your family married a/an…?BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Feelings Toward Mixed Racial MarriagesAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

The general population is more approving of mixed racial marriages now than they were in 2001.Twenty-four percent disapproved of a marriage with an Asian American in 2001 and now only 11% ofthe general population disapprove. Also, the general population today is more likely to approve of a family member marrying an Asian American than an African American.

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3. How would you feel if someone in your family married a/an…?BASE: General Population (n=1221)

2001 N/A11%12%

10%

2001 N/A58%67%

66%

2001 N/A34%21%

24%

Significantly more likely to approve of Asian American Marriage• Age 65 or older (41% vs. 31% 35-49 year olds)• Democrat (39% vs. 28% Independent)• Favorable impression of Chinese people (34% vs. 29% unfavorable)• More favorable impression of China after Olympics (40% vs. 24% less favorable)• Increased Asian American population good for U.S. (38% vs. 25% bad for U.S.)

Feelings Toward Mixed Racial MarriagesAMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

Similar to the general population, over half of Chinese Americans say they would not care if a family member married someone of any of the four races.

30

3. How would you feel if someone in your family married a/an…?BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Positive Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S.AMONG GENERAL POPULATION

31

4. When thinking about Chinese/Asian people in the United States and their cultures, what are some of the positive things that come to your mind?BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese:” n=609; Shown “Asian:” n=598)

Shown “Chinese” Shown “Asian”

Top-of-mind positive mentions for both Chinese and Asian people in the U.S. include character traits,values, culture, and skills. There are more positive mentions than negative.

*Mentions with more than 2% responding

Overall Response Nets “Chinese” “Asian”Character Traits: 55% 54% Values: 23% 15%Culture: 19% 21%Skills/Abilities: 10% 12%

Overall Response Nets “Chinese” “Asian”Character Traits: 3% 11% Culture: 5% 6%Skills/Abilities: 2% 3%

Negative Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S.AMONG GENERAL POPULATION

The most common top-of-mind negative mentions include gangs and other crimes, not learning English, and sticking together.

32

5. When thinking about Chinese/Asian people in the United States and their cultures, what are some of the negative things that come to your mind?BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese:” n=609; Shown “Asian:” n=598)

Shown “Chinese” Shown “Asian”

*Mentions with more than 2% responding

Asian Americans’ Fit into U.S. Culture

The general population believes Asian Americans fit into mainstream U.S. culture more thanChinese Americans believe they do.

33

6. In general, would you say that Asian Americans fit into mainstream U.S. culture…?BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to say Somewhat/Very Well (General Population)• Some college or more (91% vs. 81% high school or less)• Favorability of Asian Americans that is >75 (91% vs. 81% 75 or less) • Believe Chinese Americans would support U.S. in conflicts (92% vs. 80% China)• Not bothered by Asian American success (90% vs. 76% bothered)• Disagree that Asian Americans are taking away jobs (90% vs. 78% agree)• Increase in Asian American population good for U.S. (93% vs. 72% bad for U.S.)

Perceived Racial DiscriminationBoth the general population and Chinese Americans feel Hispanic and African Americans face themost discrimination. The general population is slightly less likely than Chinese Americans to believe Asian Americans face discrimination

34

7. How much racial discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Perceived Racial DiscriminationAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

Perceived amounts of racial discrimination have not changed significantly since 2001 for any race examined.

35

7. How much racial discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today? BASE: General Population (n=1221)

2001N/A74%72%

62%

2001 N/A26%27%

38%

Significantly more likely to say Asian Americans Face A Lot/Some • Females (70% vs. 57% males)• Favorable impression of Chinese people (66% vs. 51% unfavorable)• High tolerance (74% vs. 61% medium and 60% low)

Perceived Racial DiscriminationAMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

A large majority of Chinese Americans believe African and Hispanic Americans face at least some racial discrimination. They are less likely than the general population to think that White Americansface discrimination.

36

7. How much racial discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to say Asian Americans Face A Lot/Some

• Chinese Americans whose grandparent’s or older generation were the first of their families to live permanently in U.S. (78% vs. 54% own generation)

Perceived Religious DiscriminationBoth the general population and Chinese Americans believe Muslim and Jewish Americans face the most religious discrimination. However, both groups do not perceive the religious groups, with the exception of Muslims, to be facing the same level of discrimination that racial minorities face.

37

8. How much religious discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Perceived Religious DiscriminationAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

Over half of the general population perceive Muslim Americans to be currently facing a lot of discrimination due to their religion. A third feel Catholics face no discrimination.

38

8. How much religious discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today? BASE: General Population (n=1221)

Significantly more likely to say Muslim Americans Face A Lot/Some• Females (84% vs. 77% males)• Some college or more (85% vs. 75% high school or less)• Democrat (86% vs. 79% Republican)

Significantly more likely to say Evangelical Protestants Face A Lot/Some• 35-49 year olds (43%), 65+ (47%) vs. 50-64 (38%)• Republican (48% vs. 36% Democrats)• Protestant (50%) vs. Catholic (39%) and “other” religions (33%)

Perceived Religious DiscriminationAMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

Chinese Americans generally perceive religious groups to face slightly less discrimination whencompared to how the general population perceives them.

39

8. How much religious discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to say Muslim Americans Face A lot/Some• $75,000+ household income (87% vs. 67% <$75,000 household

income)• Chinese Americans whose grandparents’ or older generation

were the first of their families to live permanently in U.S. (88% vs. 63% own generation)

Asian American Population EstimatesAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

The majority (74%) overestimated the proportion of the population that is made up of AsianAmericans. At the same time, most (51%) underestimated how many Asians were born in the U.S.

40

Estimated percentage of U.S. population that is of Asian descent

Estimated percentage of Asians in U.S. that were native-born

9. Approximately what percentage of the United States population would you estimate is made up by people of Asian descent?BASE: General Population (n=1221)

10. Approximately what percentage of Asian people in the United States do you think were born in the United States?BASE: General Population (n=1221)

Significantly more likely to say 20% + • Females (34% vs. 19% males)• 18-34 year olds (34% vs. 23% 50+)• High school or less (36% vs. 20% some college or more)• Democrat (32% vs. 24% Republican)• <$35,000 household income (37% vs. 20% $50,000+)• Bothered by Asian American success (33% vs. 25% not bothered)• Agree Asian Americans are taking away jobs (39% vs. 22% disagree)• Increase in Asian American population bad for America (43% vs. 26% good)

Significantly more likely to say <15%• 65+ year olds (47% vs. 37% 18-49)• South (40%) and Midwest (41%) vs. West (29%)• Some college or less (41% vs. 28% college or more)• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (48% vs. 36% favorable)• Believe Chinese Americans would support China in conflicts (49% vs.

30% U.S.)• Bothered by Asian American success (46% vs. 34% not bothered)

13%

27%

2%

23%37%

14%11%

8% 3%

24%Actual percentage:

about 5%

Actual percentage: about 30%

II. Myths of Model Minority and Perpetual Foreigner

41

Significantly more likely to say Always/Often• Pessimistic about 12-month economic outlook (61% vs. 51% optimistic)• Suburban (63%) vs. rural (51%) and urban (51%)

Asian American Success

Over half of both the general population and Chinese Americans believe Asian Americans achieve ahigher degree of overall success often or always in comparison to other Americans.

42

11. How often do you believe Asian Americans achieve a higher degree of overall success than other Americans? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Chinese American Support of U.S.

Approximately three-quarters of Chinese Americans say Chinese Americans would support the U.S. in military or economic conflicts between the U.S. and China, but only about 56% of the general population believe Chinese Americans would support the U.S. in such conflicts.

43

12. Generally speaking, when it comes to economic/military issues between the U.S. and China, in your view, are Chinese Americans more likely to support the U.S. or China? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Economic IssuesSignificantly more likely to say Support China in Economic Issues

(General Population)• 65 years old + (46% vs. 57% 18-64)• South (39%) and Midwest (40%) vs. West (28%)• Rural (43% vs. 32% urban)• African American (56% vs. 33% White)• High school or less (45% vs. 29% some college or more )• Concerned about job loss (43% vs. 31% not concerned)• Low interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (48% vs. 36%

medium and 31% high)• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (60% vs. 32%

favorable)• Have not visited China/Asia (38% vs. 19% have visited)• Uncomfortable voting for an Asian American presidential

candidate (71% vs. 32% no difference)• Bothered by Asian American success (56% vs. 29% not

bothered)• Agree Asian Americans are taking jobs (60% vs. 27% disagree)• Increase in Asian American population is bad for U.S. (53% vs.

20% good for U.S.)

Military Issues

Racial Profiling

Chinese Americans are more likely than the general population to believe the FBI would arrest an Asian American without sufficient evidence. They are less likely to believe the FBI would arrest a White American without evidence.

44

13. Suppose there was a/an…American who was arrested by the FBI for spying for a foreign country. This person claimed that the FBI arrested him without having sufficient evidence. How likely do you think it is that the FBI might have arrested him without having sufficient evidence? BASE: General Population (Shown “Arab:” n=306; Shown “Asian:” n=304; Shown “African:” n=304; Shown “White:” n=307) Chinese Americans (Shown “Arab:” n=51; Shown “Asian:” n=51; Shown “African:” n=53; Shown “White:” n=51)

Racial ProfilingAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

45

Approximately half of the general population think the FBI might prematurely arrest an ArabAmerican suspect. This is significantly greater than any other race. Just over two in five thinkthis could happen to an Asian American.

Significantly more likely to say Somewhat/Very Likely to Prematurely Arrest an Asian American

• High school or less (52% vs. 30% college or more)• Democrat (55% vs. 29% Republican)

13. Suppose there was a/an…American who was arrested by the FBI for spying for a foreign country. This person claimed that the FBI arrested him without having sufficient evidence. How likely do you think it is that the FBI might have arrested him without having sufficient evidence? BASE: General Population (Shown “Arab:” n=306; Shown “Asian:” n=304; Shown “African:” n=304; Shown “White:” n=307)

Racial Profiling AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

46

Chinese Americans believe Asian Americans are as likely as Arab Americans to be arrested by the FBI without the proper evidence.

13. Suppose there was a/an…American who was arrested by the FBI for spying for a foreign country. This person claimed that the FBI arrested him without having sufficient evidence. How likely do you think it is that the FBI might have arrested him without having sufficient evidence? BASE: Chinese Americans (Shown “Arab:” n=51; Shown “Asian:” n=51; Shown “African:” n=53; Shown “White:” n=51)

III. Perspectives on Asian American Political Power

47

The Political Power of Different Groups AMONG GENERAL POPULATION

Approximately half of the general population feel that Asian and Hispanic Americans do not have enough influence in Washington. Over two in five believe White Americans have too much influence.

48

14. And now a question about the power of different groups in influencing government policy and policy makers in Washington. Do you think White/Asian/Hispanic/African Americans have too much, too little, or about the right amount of power and influence in Washington? BASE: General Population (n=1221)

Significantly more likely to say Asian Americans Have “Too Little” Influence in Washington• 18-64 year olds (52% vs. 26% 65+) Favorable impression of Chinese people (51% vs. 33% unfavorable)• African American (71%) and Hispanic (58%) vs. White (40%) Increase in Asian American population is good for U.S. (58% vs. 40% bad)

• Democrat (58% vs. 37% Republican) High (67%) and medium (48%) tolerance vs. low (34%)

• Urban (51% vs. 40% rural) Disagree that Asian Americans are taking jobs (55% vs. 26% agree)

• Catholics (50%) and “other” religions (52%) vs. Protestant (38%) Not bothered by Asian American success (52% vs. 35% bothered) • High interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (53%) vs. Perceived discrimination faced by Asian Americans is A Lot/Some (50% vs. 42% medium (43%) and low (38%) Little/None)

The Political Power of Different Groups AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

A large majority of Chinese Americans feel Asian Americans have too little influence in government and over two-thirds believe White Americans have too much.

49

14. And now a question about the power of different groups in influencing government policy and policy makers in Washington. Do you think White/Asian/Hispanic/African Americans have too much, too little, or about the right amount of power and influence in Washington? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Chinese American Perspectives on Political Power

Chinese Americans are more likely than the general population to believe that Asian Americans andHispanic Americans are lacking influence in Washington.

50

Too Little Influence

14. And now a question about the power of different groups in influencing government policy and policy makers in Washington. Do you think White/Asian/Hispanic/African Americans have too much, too little, or about the right amount of power and influence in Washington? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Presidential Voting BehaviorAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

Although large majorities report that race would make no difference in their vote for a presidentialcandidate, almost one in ten admit they would be uncomfortable voting for an Asian American or Hispanic American. But 9% is an improvement over the 2001 survey in which 23% said they wouldfeel uncomfortable voting for an Asian American candidate.

51

15. If given a choice in the next presidential election, how would you feel about voting for a candidate who is a/an Asian/African/Hispanic/White American/Woman – would you prefer that, would it make you uncomfortable, or would it not make any difference? BASE: General Population (n=1221)

2001N/A6%N/A1%

13%

2001N/A15%N/A23%14% 2001

N/A76%N/A71%70%

Significantly more likely to say Uncomfortable Voting for Asian American

• Age 65+ (18% vs. 8% 18-64) • Midwest (16%) vs. Northeast (6%), South (8%), and West (8%)• Suburban (12% vs. 5% urban)• High school or less (13% vs. 5% college or more)• Low interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (14% vs. 7% high)• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (30% vs. 6% favorable)• Less favorable impression after Olympics (13% vs. 8% more favorable)• Have not visited China/Asia (10% vs. 3% have visited)• Increased Asian American population bad for U.S. (23% vs. 4% good)

Presidential Voting BehaviorAMONG CHINESE AMERICANS

Most Chinese Americans say the race and gender of a respondent would make no difference in theirvote for a presidential candidate. However, Chinese Americans, in contrast to the general population, are slightly more favorable to an Asian American candidate and slightly less favorable to a woman candidate.

52

15. If given a choice in the next presidential election, how would you feel about voting for a candidate who is a/an Asian/African/Hispanic/White American/Woman – would you prefer that, would it make you uncomfortable, or would it not make any difference? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Likelihood of Voting for an Asian American Mayor

53

16. Suppose that in an election for mayor of a city, one candidate is a White American male and the other is an Asian American male who is a little more qualified than the white candidate [and speaks with an accent]. How likely is that people you know would vote for the Asian American? BASE: General Population (Shown “accent:” n=609; Did not shown “accent:” n=612); Chinese Americans (Shown “accent:” n=104; Did not shown “accent:” n=102)

Asian American Mayor Asian American Mayor Speaking with an Accent

Three-quarters of the general population believe that the people they know would vote for an Asian American mayor in the scenario provided by the survey question. However, when an accent isintroduced, significantly fewer say the people they know would vote for him. When Chinese Americanswere asked, the accent appears to have little influence in how their acquaintances would vote.

IV. Views on Diversity and Equal Opportunities

54

College Admissions

Of the three goals asked, both the general population and Chinese Americans agree that the most important goal for a college in forming an entering class is a racially diverse student body. The second most important goal is good relations with alumni and donors, and the third is successful athletic teams.

55

17. Now I’m going to read you some sets of goals a college might consider when deciding how to form an entering class. As I read each set please tell me which of the two goals you think is more important for a college to achieve.BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to say Good Relations• Males (32% vs. 25% females)• Midwest (36% vs. 24% West)• Republican (35% vs. 22% Democrat)• Suburban (31% vs. 23% urban)

Significantly more likely to say Athletic Teams• Midwest (21% vs. 12% Northeast)• Republican (26% vs. 13% Democrat)• High school or less (22% vs. 14% some college or more)• <$35,000 Household income (25% vs. 14% $35,000+)• Rural (28% vs. 18% urban)

vs.vs. vs.

Asian Americans and College Admissions

Two-thirds of the general population believe Asian Americans are adequately represented on collegecampuses; the number is significantly higher when compared to the number of Chinese Americans (45%) who feel they are adequately represented. Twice as many Chinese Americans when comparedto the general population believe Asian Americans are underrepresented.

56

18. From what you may have seen, read, or heard, do you believe that Asian American students are overrepresented, underrepresented, or adequately represented on college campuses? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to believe Overrepresented (General Population)• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (20% vs. 6% favorable)• Less favorable impression after Olympics (14% vs. 5% more favorable)• China is extreme/somewhat of a threat (9% vs. 5% not much/no threat)• Favorability toward Asian Americans <100 ( 10% vs. 4% 100)• Increase in Asian American population bad for U.S. (19% vs. 5% good)

Different Views on Career Opportunities

There is a significant disparity in perceptions of the workplace. The general population is more likely than Chinese Americans to believe Asian Americans are promoted at the same pace as White Americans and are adequately represented on corporate boards.

57

19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements: Compared with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans… BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410); Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63)

Compared with White Americans, Asian Americans…

Strongly/Somewhat Agree


Of the three racial groups, the general population is most likely to believe Asian Americans get equalpay for equal work and least likely to think Hispanic Americans do. Chinese Americans are less likelythan the general population to believe Asian Americans are paid at the same level as White Americans.

58

19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Compared with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans get equal pays for similar jobs. BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410; Shown “African:” n=410; Shown “Hispanic:" n=410) Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63; Shown “African:” n=63; Shown “Hispanic:” n=80)

Get equal pay for similar jobsGENERAL POPULATION CHINESE AMERICANS


59

19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Compared with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans are promoted as rapidly to higher ranks of management. BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410; Shown “African:” n=410; Shown “Hispanic:" n=410) Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63; Shown “African:” n=63; Shown “Hispanic:” n=80)

Promoted as rapidly to higher ranks of management

The general population is less likely to believe Asian Americans are promoted as rapidly as WhiteAmericans than to believe Asian Americans receive equal pay for similar work. Only 29% of Chinese Americans believes Asian Americans are promoted at the same pace as White Americans.

GENERAL POPULATION CHINESE AMERICANS

Different Views on Career OpportunitiesThe general population is divided on whether or not they believe Asian Americans are adequately represented on corporate boards. But there is a strong agreement among Chinese Americans that Asian Americans are not represented adequately on corporate boards.

60

19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Compared with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans are adequately represented on corporate boards.BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410; Shown “African:” n=410; Shown “Hispanic:" n=410) Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63; Shown “African:” n=63; Shown “Hispanic:” n=80)

Adequately represented on corporate boardsGENERAL POPULATION CHINESE AMERICANS

V. Views on Immigration Issues

61

Impact of Minority Population Increases in U.S.

Seven in ten of the general population believe the increase in Asian immigrants over the past 10years has been good for the country, up from 49% in 2001. One in five still believes it is bad. Publicattitudes toward the Hispanic American population increase remain divided.

62

13%

27%

14%

24%v

Asian American Population Increase

Hispanic American Population Increase

20. The Asian/Hispanic American population in the U.S. has increased significantly in the past ten years — do you believe this is good for America or bad for America? BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=613; Shown “Hispanic:” n=608); Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=98; Shown “Hispanic:” n=108)

2001

49% 2001

31%

2001

28%

2001

45%

Significantly more likely to say Asian American Increase is Good (General Population)• 18-34 year olds (78% vs. 60% 65+) Chinese Americans support U.S. in conflicts (80% vs. 55% China)• Northeast (85%) vs. South (61%) and Midwest (67%) Not bothered by Asian American success (78% vs. 47% bothered)• Optimistic economic outlook (78% vs. 65% pessimistic) Disagree that Asian Americans are taking jobs (83% vs. 38% agree)• High (73%) and medium (72%) interaction vs. low (57%) High (80%) and medium (73%) tolerance vs. low (60%)• Favorable impression of Chinese people (75% vs. 41% unfavorable) China is not much/no threat (83% vs. 65% extreme/somewhat threat)

70%

3% 7%

44% 45%

2%10%

3% 3% 5%

41%

31%

7%

21%20%

89%

Good forAmerica

Bad forAmerica

NoImpact

NotSure/Ref

Good forAmerica

Bad forAmerica

NoImpact

NotSure/Ref

General Population Chinese Americans

Attitudes Toward Different Immigrant Groups

A majority of the general population believe that the number of Asian immigrants entering the U.S. each year is about right and there are “too many” Hispanic immigrants entering the country.

63

Asian Immigrants Entering U.S.

Hispanic ImmigrantsEntering U.S.

21. In your opinion, are there too many, too few, or about the right number of Asian/Hispanic immigrants entering the United States each year? BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=613; Shown “Hispanic:” n=608); Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=98; Shown “Hispanic:” n=108)

Significantly more likely to say Too Many Asian American Entering (General Population)• Midwest (33%) vs. Northeast (14%) and West (16%) Low interaction (31%) with Chinese/Asian Americans vs. medium (19%) • Rural (32%) vs. urban (19%) and suburban (20%) Bothered by Asian American success (44% vs. 14% not bothered)• High school or less (28% vs. 15% college or more) Agree Asian Americans are taking jobs (53% vs. 10% disagree)• China will be an extreme/somewhat of a threat (28% vs. 9% not much/no threat) Have not visited Asia/China (24% vs. 9% have visited)• Low favorability toward Asian Americans of 75 or less (36%) vs. 76-99 (10%) Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (48% vs. 18% favorable) and 100 (16%)

22%

6%

61%

12%

58%

3%

31%

7%11% 11%

57%

21%

55%

1%

33%

12%

Toomany

Too few Aboutthe rightnumber

NotSure/Ref

Toomany

Too few Aboutthe rightnumber

NotSure/Ref

General Population Chinese Americans

Asian Immigrant Competition with Other AmericansAMONG GENERAL POPULATION

Three in four of the general population disagree that Asian immigrants are taking away too many jobsfrom others Americans. A similar proportion does not have an uneasiness about Asian immigrants achieving a higher level of success than Americans born in the U.S.

64

2%

37%

14%

24%v

22. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements: (1) Asian immigrants are taking away too many jobs from other Americans; (2) It bothers me to see Asian immigrants succeeding more than Americans who were born here.BASE: General Population (n=1221)

Significantly more likely to say Taking Jobs• 65 years old + (33% vs. 24% 18-64)• Low favorability toward Asian Americans (36%) vs. 76-99 (16%) and 100 (21%)• Midwest (35%) vs. Northeast (21%) and West (18%)• Rural (33% vs. 21% urban)• Some college or less (29% vs. 15% college or more)• <$35,000 household income (34% vs. 21% $50,000+)• Bothered by Asian American success (63% vs. 13% not bothered)• Low (33%) and medium (27%) tolerance vs. high (12%)• Low interaction (48%) vs. high (21%) and medium (22%)• Unfavorable impression of Chinese (54% vs. 21% favorable)• Concerned for job loss (36% vs. 20% not concerned)• Have not visited China/Asia (28% vs. 11% have visited)• Think too many Asian immigrants (66% vs. right number 17%)• Think increase in Asian American population is bad for U.S. (68% vs. 15% good)

Immigration Criteria

In general, Chinese Americans feel more strongly than the general population that various factors, including family reunification, special skills, and willingness to work in unattractive occupations, shouldbe considered in determining which immigrants are allowed into the U.S.

65

2%

37%

14%

24%v

23. I am going to read you some factors that might be considered in determining which immigrants to allow into the United States. As I read each factor please tell me if you think it should be considered in decision-making. BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

VI. Possible Factors Affecting Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans

66

Introduction

This section investigates several issues that were suspected to influence public perceptions of Chinese and Asian Americans, including interaction with Chinese andAsian Americans, general level of intolerance, attitudes toward China, culture exposure,and economic outlook. The next section (section VII) examines how these factors arecorrelated with levels of prejudice toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

67

Frequency of Interaction with Chinese and Asian AmericansThe most frequent interactions happen at work or school. More than a quarter of the general populationsay they never or rarely interact with Chinese or Asian Americans. Younger people interact with bothChinese and Asian Americans more than older people. Those in the South and Midwest are more likelyto say they never interact with Chinese Americans. Other findings from the survey and factor analysis of the Attitude Index (shown in section VII on page 87) indicate that more prejudiced respondents tend tointeract less frequently with Chinese and Asian Americans.

68

24. About how often would you say you interact with Chinese/Asian Americans ?BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609; Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)

SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS” SHOWN “ASIAN AMEICANS”

General Level of Intolerance

69

25. Now I’m going to read you a list of statements. Please tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with eachone.BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

A segmentation based only on the three statements places

Americans into three levels of tolerance:

Strongly/Somewhat Agree

The plurality of the general population disagree that gay marriage should not be legal, the U.S. has gone too far in pushing equal rights, and books containing dangerous ideas should be banned from public libraries. Chinese Americans are more open to gay marriage than the general population. Other findings from the survey and factor analysis of the Attitude Index (page 87) show that more prejudiced respondents are also less tolerant towards gay couples, equal rights, and freedom of speech.

Strongly/Somewhat Disagree

200168%

Attitudes Toward ChinaFrom a list of six nations which may present a future threat to the U.S., both the general populationand Chinese Americans rank: Iran and North Korea as the most threatening countries, China andRussia are nearly tied in third, followed by India and Japan. The general population’s attitudes towardChina as a threat have remained unchanged since 2001. C-100’s 2001 and 2009 surveys both revealthat those with a high degree of prejudice toward Chinese Americans are also those who are more likely to perceive China as a high future threat to the U.S. (page 87)

70

26. I am going to read you a list of countries. For each country, please tell me if you think it will be an extremethreat, somewhat of a threat, not much of a threat, or no threat to the U.S. in ten years.BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

200157%

200139%

Opinions of Beijing OlympicsOverall, China hosting the 2008 Summer Olympics had a positive impact on the general population’simpression of China. It had an even greater positive impact on Chinese Americans’ impression of the country. The Index analysis (page 87) shows that those with a high degree of prejudice toward Chinese Americans are more likely to have a less favorable impression of China after Beijing hosted the Olympics.

71

27. How did China hosting the 2008 Summer Olympics change your impression of China, if at all? Did it giveyou a...of China?BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

Impressions of Chinese People

72

28. What is your impression of the people of China? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

200113%

200152%

200117%

20015%

Both the general population and Chinese Americans have favorable impressions of the people of China, but the general population’s impressions are higher. C-100’s 2001 and 2009 surveys bothindicate that more prejudiced respondents are also more likely to hold less favorable opinions aboutChinese people (page 87).

Visits to Greater China and AsiaFor half of those who visited China, this resulted in a more favorable impression of Chinese Americans. For those who visited Asia, this did not change their impression of Asian Americans. Other findings in the survey and factor analysis of the Attitude Index (page 87) also confirm that visitsto China contribute to more positive feelings about Chinese Americans.

73

29. Have you ever visited Mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan/Asia for either business or pleasure?BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Greater China:” n=609; Shown “Asia:” n=598)

30. After visiting Mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan/Asia, was your impression of Chinese/Asian Americans more favorable, less favorable, or was there no change?BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Greater China:” n=62; Shown “Asia:” n=97)

Ever Visited China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan for Business or Pleasure

Ever Visited Asia for Business or Pleasure

Visit Change Your Impression?

U.S. Economic Outlook

74

31. Please look ahead to the next 12 months — do you believe the U.S. economy will improve, will staystable, or will worsen? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

The general population and Chinese Americans are both divided on how they expect the economy to perform in the next 12 months. Just over two in five expect it to worsen and approximately one-thirdbelieves it will improve. Index analysis of the survey does not show that economic distress triggersanti-Asian sentiment.

Concerns Over Job SecurityWhile a majority of the general population are not at all or only a little worried about themselves or a member of their household losing their job, over a third are worried quite a bit or a great deal. This is up from only 14% in 2001. Chinese Americans feel similarly. The Index analysis does not find that job insecurity is a significant driver of anti-Asian sentiment.

75

32. How worried are you that you or someone in your household might lose their job because of the economic situation — do you worry about this a great deal, quite a bit, only a little, or not at all? BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)

20017%

20017%

200124%

VII. Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans

76

Index Statements

Attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans are very similar, though the general population is more likely to perceive Chinese Americans as placing a higher value on education than Asian Americans. Almost all respondents agree that Asian and Chinese Americans are committed to their family, hard working, intelligent, and make significant contributions to America.

77

2%24%v

33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609; Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)

*Note: The 2001 survey answer choice wording was “probably true” and “probably false” meaning the 2009 data is not a direct comparison to the 2001 data. It is only displayed here for reference.

200156%57%

200135%30%

Index Statements (Cont’d)

Approximately two in five agree that Chinese and Asian Americans should think in more American ways. Similar numbers suggest that the groups are more loyal to China or their respective country. The data supports the perpetual foreigner stereotype. There is also some agreement that Chinese andAsian Americans like to be at the head of things and believe themselves to be smarter than everyoneelse.

78

2%24%v

33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609; Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)

*Note: The 2001 survey answer choice wording was “probably true” and “probably false” meaning the 2009 data is not a direct comparison to the 2001 data. It is only displayed here for reference.

200132%34%2001

32%37%

200128%32%2001

34%29% 2001

23%20%

200121%21%

Index of Chinese and Asian American Attitudes

79

Based on their answers to the index statements, the general population is segmented to create an index of attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans. There are four levels in the index that range from low prejudice, or the most positive attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans, to high prejudice, or the most negative attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

21%29%

24%26%

Please see Appendix (page 104) for a detailed explanation of factor analysis and index development.

Index Statements by IndexAMONG THOSE SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS”

Among the general population, less prejudiced respondents are more likely to agree with the positive statements about Chinese Americans and disagree with the negative statements. At the same time, more prejudiced respondents are more likely to agree with the negative statements.

80

2%

37%24%v

33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609)

Note page 80 to 90: Green font indicates that index level is statistically significantly higher than at least one other index level.

Index Statements by IndexAMONG THOSE SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS” (CONT’D)

81

2%

37%24%v


Index Statements by IndexAMONG THOSE SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS” (CONT’D)

82

2%

37%24%v


Index Statements by IndexAMONG THOSE SHOWN “ASIAN AMERICANS”

Similarly, the less prejudiced respondents among the general population are more likely to agree withthe positive statements about Asian Americans. At the same time, the more prejudiced respondentsare more likely to agree with the negative statements.

83

2%

37%24%v

33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)

Index Statements by IndexAMONG THOSE SHOWN “ASIAN AMERICANS” (CONT’D)

84

2%

37%24%v


Index Statements by IndexAMONG THOSE SHOWN “ASIAN AMERICANS” (CONT’D)

85

2%

37%24%v


Index by Demographics

86

Among the general population, individuals who are older, less educated, and with lower income levels display, on average, higher levels of prejudice.

Index Index

High Med. High

Med. Low

Low High Med. High

Med. Low Low

Gender Household Income

Male 46% 54% 51% 48% <$35,000 34% 29% 19% 21%

Female 54% 46% 49% 52% $35,000-$50,000 14% 11% 15% 11%

Age $50,000-$75,000 18% 15% 22% 16%

18-34 21% 26% 27% 34% $75,000+ 24% 35% 35% 46%

35-49 32% 27% 30% 31% Education

50-64 24% 29% 29% 25% High school or less 58% 50% 34% 32%

65+ 23% 19% 14% 10% Some college/Associate’s 22% 26% 34% 34%

Region College or more 19% 24% 32% 33%

Northeast 16% 14% 21% 22%

South 36% 34% 35% 38%

Midwest 27% 21% 21% 20%

West 21% 31% 23% 19%

BASE: Non-Asian General Population (n=1207)

Index by Factors

87

Among the general population, those who perceive China will be a threat in the next ten years, those with an unfavorable impression of Chinese people, those who have a lower interaction with Chinese and Asian Americans, those who had a less favorable impression of China after Beijing hosted the Olympics, those who have not visited China or Asia, and those who are less tolerant of the three statements are more likely to have a higher degree of prejudice toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

Index IndexHigh Med.

High Med.Low

Low High Med. High

Med. Low

Low

12 Month Economic Outlook 2008 Beijing Olympics

Improve 35% 40% 38% 33% More favorable 45% 53% 48% 47%

Stay stable 18% 13% 18% 16% Less favorable 32% 21% 23% 19%

Worsen 43% 44% 42% 47% Visited China/Asia

China as Perceived Threat Yes 6% 9% 10% 19%

Extreme/Somewhat 78% 63% 69% 58% No 94% 91% 90% 81%

Not much/No threat 20% 32% 29% 42% Tolerance: Agree

Impression of Chinese People Ban books with dangerous ideas 57% 48% 28% 25%

Favorable 65% 83% 90% 94% Gay marriage should not be allowed 60% 51% 45% 29%

Unfavorable 30% 13% 9% 2% Gone too far with equal rights 56% 45% 35% 27%

Interaction

High 36% 42% 52% 60%

Medium 39% 42% 37% 33%

Low 25% 16% 12% 7%


Index by Attitudes/Behaviors

88

Those with more positive attitudes toward Asian Americans in general and with more positive feelings about their loyalty and fit with mainstream U.S. culture are less prejudiced.

Index IndexHigh Med.

HighMed.Low

Low High Med. High

Med. Low

Low

Favorability Toward Asian Americans

Asian American Influence on Government

<50 14% 5% 1% 1% Too much 13% 6% 3% 1% 50-74 29% 29% 20% 16% Too little 39% 39% 50% 56% 75-89 14% 18% 19% 16% About right 38% 39% 38% 31%

90-99 10% 14% 19% 14% Side in Economic Conflicts

100 27% 30% 37% 51% U.S. 26% 50% 68% 72%

Asian American Fit with U.S. Culture China 65% 39% 25% 18%

Very/somewhat well 75% 83% 97% 93% Side in Military

Conflicts

Somewhat not well/Not at all 21% 15% 3% 21% U.S. 28% 51% 70% 77%

China 63% 39% 22% 13%


Index by Attitudes/Behaviors (Cont’d)

89

Among the general population, those with negative attitudes toward Asian American immigration and those who feel threatened by their success are more likely to be more prejudiced.

Index Index

High Med. High

Med. Low

Low High Med. High

Med. Low

Low

Representation on College Campus Number of Immigrants Entering U.S.

Overrepresented 16% 8% 3% 3% Too many 53% 24% 11% 5%

Underrepresented 18% 21% 16% 16% Too few 6% 2% 6% 7%

Adequately represented 59% 59% 71% 72% About the right number 34% 59% 71% 72%

Asian American Population Increase Asian Immigrants Taking Jobs

Good for America 45% 63% 81% 85% Agree 57% 30% 14% 5%

Bad for America 46% 27% 9% 5% Disagree 39% 65% 84% 93%

No impact 2% 3% 4% 5% Bothered by Asian Immigrant Success

Agree 56% 27% 15% 5%

Disagree 42% 69% 84% 94%


Index by Attitudes/Behaviors (Cont’d)

90

Those in the general population who would feel uncomfortable voting for an Asian American presidential candidate, disapprove of a marriage with an Asian American, and are less likely to believe in racial diversity are more likely to be prejudiced.

Index Index

High Med. High

Med. Low

Low High Med. High

Med. Low

Low

Vote for Asian American Candidate Collegiate Goals

Prefer that 4% 2% 2% 3% Good relations w/ alumni & donors 31% 30% 29% 25%

Uncomfortable 24% 9% 3% 1% A racially diverse student body 57% 63% 66% 70%

No difference 69% 87% 93% 95% Good relations w/ alumni & donors 58% 70% 70% 73%

Approve of Asian American Marriage Successful athletic teams 33% 19% 22% 18%

Approve strongly 20% 17% 22% 27% A racially diverse student body 64% 78% 76% 82%

Approve somewhat 19% 14% 10% 4% Successful athletic teams 28% 14% 18% 12%

Would not care 37% 55% 61% 64%

Disapprove somewhat 15% 9% 5% 3%

Disapprove strongly 9% 4% 1% 1%


VIII. Chinese American Experiences

91

Introduction

This section includes questions asked only of the Chinese American over-sample.

92

Optimism of Chinese Americans A large majority (85%) of Chinese Americans are optimistic about opportunities for Chinese Americansin the U.S.

93

34. Would you say you are very optimistic, somewhat optimistic, somewhat pessimistic, or very pessimistic about opportunities for Chinese Americans in the U.S.? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to say Optimistic• Born in U.S. (94% vs. 79% born in China)• Chinese Americans whose parents’ (90%) and grandparents’

(92%) generation or older were the first of their families to live permanently in U.S. vs. own generation (70%)

Unfair Treatment of Chinese AmericansAlmost three in five Chinese Americans report they have been discriminated against because of theirChinese descent, with two in five having experienced some type of verbal harassment.

94

35. Have you ever been discriminated against or treated unfairly because you are of Chinese descent? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

36. In what ways were you discriminated against or treated unfairly because you are of Chinese descent? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Ever Been Treated Unfairly

Significantly more likely to have experienced discrimination• No family members in China (73% vs. 48% have family members)• Chinese Americans born in U.S. (59% verbal harassment vs. 28% born in

China)• Chinese Americans born in China (39% disrespect/poor service vs. 15% born

in U.S.)

In what ways were you treated unfairly?

Portrayal of Chinese Americans and Chinese People in Media

Chinese Americans believe they are portrayed much more positively in the U.S. media as compared tothe people of China.

95

37. How do you believe Chinese Americans/Chinese people in China are portrayed in the U.S. media? BASE: Chinese Americans (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=63;” Shown “Chinese people in China:” n=143)

U.S. Education about China and Chinese SocietyThere is an overall agreement (two-thirds) that U.S. schools are not sufficiently teaching studentsabout China, Chinese society, and its culture.

96

38. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Schools in the U.S. today sufficiently educate students on China and Chinese society and culture.BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to agree• Born in China (37% vs. 16% born in U.S.)• Chinese Americans whose own generation are the first of their

families to live permanently in U.S. (50%) vs. parents’ generation (23%) and grandparents’ generation or older (23%)

Chinese vs. American Self-IdentificationChinese Americans tend to think of themselves as either equally Chinese and American or more American than Chinese. Only 12% consider themselves more Chinese than American.

97

39. Which of the following statements most closely describes how you think of yourself? BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)

Significantly more likely to say Chinese• Born in China (55% vs. 34% U.S.)

Significantly more likely to say American• Born in U.S. (60% vs. 29% China)• Chinese Americans whose parents’ generation were

the first of their families to live permanently in the U.S. (52% vs. 22% own generation)

Respondent Profile

98

Introduction

The following tables list the demographic characteristics of the two samples – the generalpopulation and Chinese Americans. General population results were weighted as neededfor age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, region, and household income to represent thenational population of adults. Chinese Americans results were weighted as needed forage, sex, education, marital status, and place of birth to represent the national populationof Chinese Americans.

99

Respondent Profile

100

General Population (n=1221)

Chinese Americans

(n=206)


Chinese Americans

(n=206)

Region Gender

Northeast 19% 24% Male 49% 49%

South 36% 11% Female 51% 51%

Midwest 22% 10% Race/Ethnicity

West 23% 55% White 68% -

Age Spanish/Hispanic/Latino 12% -

18-34 28% 37% Black/African American 10% -

35-49 31% 33% Asian 3% 100%

50-64 26% 23% Native American 2% -

65+ 16% 7% Pacific Islander * -

Mean 46.4 41.9 Other 3% -

Respondent Profile (Cont’d)

101


Chinese Americans

(n=206)


Chinese Americans

(n=206)

Education 2008 Household Income

High school or less 43% 20% <$35,000 25% 15%

Some college/Associate’s degree 29% 22% $35,000-less than $50,000 12% 8%

Bachelors/Some graduate 19% 25% $50,000-less than $75,000 18% 14%

Post-graduate degree 9% 34% $75,000-less than $100,000 12% 12%

Marital Status $100,000+ 24% 35%

Married 52% 64% Not Sure/Refused 9% 16%

Single, never married 24% 28% Political Identification

Divorced/Separated 12% 6% Republican 27% 22%

Living with partner 4% 2% Democrat 37% 34%

Widowed 8% * Independent 26% 27%

Respondent Profile (Cont’d)

102


Chinese Americans

(n=206)


Chinese Americans

(n=206)

Religious Affiliation Number of Adults in Household

Protestant 33% 18% 1 18% 11%

Catholic 22% 8% 2 56% 56%

Muslim 1% - 3 15% 16%

Jewish 1% - 4 8% 12%

Buddhist 1% 15% 5 1% 3%

Something else 32% 27% Mean 2.3 2.4

No religious preference 9% 30%

103

Respondent Profile – Chinese Americans Only

Chinese Americans

(n=206)

Chinese Americans

(n=206)Chinese

Americans (n=206)

Place of Birth Any Family Still in China Chinese Language Abilities

U.S. 35% Yes 60% Only read -

Greater China (NET) 54% No 39% Only speak 27%

Mainland 30% First to Live Permanently in U.S. Read and speak 58%

Hong Kong 9% Me/my generation 30% Neither 15%

Taiwan 13% Parents’ generation 37%

Singapore 1% Grandparents’ generation 24%

Elsewhere 12% Older generation 8%

Appendix: Explanation of Factor Analysis

104

Steps Toward Index

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

• Purpose: Used to see how variables cluster together and explore if they are measuring some common dimensions.

• Results: Allowed for a first approximation of the underlying structure of the data.• Conducted separate analysis based on question wording, addressed potential differences of those

expressing opinions about Chinese and Asian Americans.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

• Purpose: Used to test the factor structure (also known as measurement model).• Results: Suggested that there were few significant differences across the two versions of the

questionnaires.• A few items did not load well with their underlying factors. After removal of those items, the factor

structure for both versions of the questionnaire was quite similar.

Analyze Factors• While the previous analysis suggested a larger number of factors, the lack of discrimination among two

of them led to the merger of them into a single dimension.-- After removal of the offending items, and merger of the two highly correlated

factors, a four-factor dimension was deemed acceptable and with a reasonable fit.

105

STEP

1ST

EP 2

STEP

3

Appendix

Steps Toward Index (Cont’d)

Test One-Factor Solution• In addition to the four-factor solution, a one-factor solution was tested, under the assumption that all the items belonged to the same construct, much like in 2001. This model yielded a poorly fitting model, with many items having a non-significant relationship with the underlying factor.

Final Factor Solution• The final solution consists of four factors, with factor 1 and factor 2 showing a higher degree of reliability among the items.

Decision on Final Index• After assessing the four-factor solution, the simple factor scores were estimated. This consisted of the average of the items that were loaded into each factor and placed respondents into one of four segments. These segments were then correlated with standard demographics, such as age, level of education, and income.

106

STEP

4ST

EP 5

STEP

6

Appendix

Attitudinal Dimensions Toward Chinese and Asian Americans

107

After removing items that did not load well with their underlying factors, the factor structure for both versions of the questionnaire was quite similar. “Asian”

Load Factor“Chinese” Load Factor

• Have contributed much to the cultural life of America • Should think in more American ways• Always like to be at the head of things • Are more loyal to China/their country of ancestry than to the U.S.• Oftentimes think they are smarter than everyone else is • Are hard to get close to and make friends with • Don't care what happens to anyone but their own kind

.42

.57

.41

.68

.65

.65

.76

.41

.57

.49

.66

.68

.61

.69

• Have too much influence in the U.S. high technology sector• Have too much power in the business world

.79

.73.70.81

• Place a high value on education • A strong commitment to family values characterizes many

.71

.68.54.57

• Tend to be hardworking and diligent• Have contributed much to the U.S. high technology sector • Most are intellectually bright• A lot can be described as working all of the time

.67

.54

.62

.42

.50

.60

.67

.42

• Most are not very vocal• Commit less crime than other ethnic groups• Put a high priority on social lives

Dimension 1

Dimension 2

Dimension 3

Dimension 4

Did Not Load

Appendix

Dimensions Behind Chinese and Asian American Prejudice

108

For the initial analysis, we will focus on Dimension 1.Reliability

.73

.65

.73

Why Dimension 1?• The statements tie into other questions throughout the survey• More variation in responses to items than for Factors 3 and 4• More reliable• More variability in items

• Have contributed much to the cultural life of America (inverse) • Should think in more American ways• Always like to be at the head of things • Are more loyal to China/their country of ancestry than to the U.S.• Oftentimes think they are smarter than everyone else is • Are hard to get close to and make friends with • Don't care what happens to anyone but their own kind

• Have too much influence in the U.S. high technology sector• Have too much power in the business world

• Place a high value on education • A strong commitment to family values characterizes many

• Tend to be hardworking and diligent• Have contributed much to the U.S. high technology sector • Most are intellectually bright• A lot can be described as working all of the time

.79

Appendix

Dimension 1

Dimension 2

Dimension 3

Dimension 4

Index of Chinese and Asian American Attitudes

109

The general population is segmented based on their factor scores in Dimension 1 to create an index of attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans.

Appendix

21%29%

24%26%

21%

26%

Survey Acknowledgement

110

C-100 Research Committee(Comprised of C-100 members)

Frank H. Wu (Chair), Author of Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White

Michael Fung, Wal-Mart Stores

Robert W. Gee, Gee Strategies Group

Cheng Li, Brookings Institution

Michael C. Lin, Organization of Chinese Americans(retired)

Weiming Lu, Urban Planning and Development Advisor, Minneapolis Foundation

Xiaobo Lu, Columbia University

Betty Lee Sung, CUNY

Chi Wang, U.S.-China Policy Foundation

Benjamin H. Wu, U.S.-Asia Institute

Jeremy Wu, U.S. Census Bureau

Linda Tsao Yang, Asian Corporate Governance Association

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Helen Zia, Author of Asian American Dream: TheEmergence of an American People

Jane Leung Larson, Editor of Committee Bridges

C-100 Survey Advisory Committee(Comprised of independent experts)

Terry M. Ao, Asian American Justice Center

Mitchell J. Chang, UCLA

Yen Le Espiritu, UCSD

Jane Junn, Rutgers University

Jerry Kang, UCLA

Madhulika Khandelwal, CUNY

Claire Jean Kim, UC Irvine

Munson Kwok, Chinese American Citizens Alliance

Taeku Lee, UC Berkeley

Pei-te Lien, UCSB

S. Floyd Mori, Japanese American Citizens League

Don T. Nakanishi, UCLA

Karen K. Narasaki, Asian American Justice Center

Paul Ong, UCLA

Larry H. Shinagawa, University of Maryland

Janelle Wong, USC

George Wu, Organization of Chinese Americans

*Note: Institutional affiliations shown for identification purposes only

About Us

Committee of 100 The Committee of 100 (C-100) is a national non-partisan, non-profit membership organization comprised of prominent Chinese Americans in a broad range of professions. With their knowledge and experience, the Committee has dedicated its efforts to a dual mission: (1) encouraging constructive relations between the peoples of the United States and Greater China, and (2) encouraging the full participation of Chinese Americans in all aspects of American life. C-100 was co-founded in 1989 by I.M. Pei, Yo-Yo Ma, and other distinguished Chinese Americans. They recognized the need for an organization that brings a strong Chinese American perspective to critical issues pertaining to Chinese Americans and Sino-U.S. relations. “Seeking common ground while respecting differences” is the precept guiding all Committee actions. C-100 currently has about 150 members. www.Committee100.org

Frank H. Wu, a member of the Committee of 100 and Vice Chair for Research, is the author of Yellow: Race inAmerica Beyond Black and White. He is a long time member of the faculty at Howard University, former Dean of WayneState University Law School, and has taught at George Washington University, Maryland, Columbia, and Michigan.

Yong Lu is the Research Director for the Committee of 100. She has conducted extensive U.S.-China political research for theCarnegie Endowment for International Peace and Center for Strategic and International Studies, and has reporting experience withboth U.S. and Chinese media, including CNN, Xinhua, and Shanghai Television.

Harris InteractiveHarris Interactive is a global leader in custom market research. With a long and rich history in multimodal research, powered by itsscience and technology, Harris Interactive assists clients in achieving business results. Harris Interactive serves clients globally through its North American, European and Asian offices and a network of independent market research firms.www.Harrisinteractive.com

The Harris Interactive team consisted of David Krane, Vice President of the Public Affairs and Policy Research team, Jon Siegel,Senior Vice President and Methodologist on the Advanced Analytics team, and Kaylan Orkis, Research Associate on the Public Affairs and Policy Research team.

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Still The “Other?” PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD CHINESE AND ASIAN AMERICANS.

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