Steven S Gikas & Associates - · PDF fileSteven S Gikas & AssociatesSteven S Gikas &...

CONSULTING ENGINEERSCONSULTING ENGINEERSSteven S Gikas & AssociatesSteven S Gikas & Associates

8 Balandra Place Kareela NSW 2232Australia

Phone: (02) 9589 1135 Fax: (02) 9589 [email protected]

byby

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

© Copyright 2005 Steven S Gikas & Associates. All Rights Reserved

This software is copy-protected.

Australian copyright laws and international treaties protect the software and manual. Thesoftware contained on the disks remains the property of Steven S Gikas & Associates atall times, however the distribution disks and this manual become the property of thepurchaser. Steven S Gikas & Associates license the software for use only by thepurchaser of the package.

DISCLAIMER

No representations or warranties with respect to the contents hereof are made, and anyimplied warranties or fitness for any particular purpose is specifically disclaimed.

Although care has been taken in developing and testing the program described herein, itis possible that errors and inadequacies may emerge as it used in new applications. It isthe responsibility of the user to ensure that the input data is appropriate, and to check andexercise his own judgement in applying the results.

Steven Gikas & Associates8 Balandra PlaceKareela NSW 2232AustraliaTel: (02) 9589 1135Fax: (02) 9589 [email protected]

May 2005

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Profiler Version 3.3 Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….. 3 1.1 Methodology 4

1.2 Program Versatility 5

2. PROGRAM BASICS ………………………………….. 6 2.1 Dialogue Page 1 6 2.1.1 Spacing 7 2.1.2 End Point Types 7 2.1.3 Controlling Ordinates 7 2.1.4 Command Buttons, Page 1 8 2.1.4.1 Data Generating 8 2.1.4.2 Continuity 8 2.1.4.3 Activity 8

2.2 Dialogue Page 2 9 2.2.1 Profile Type 9 2.2.2 Span Type 10 2.2.3 Tendon Properties 11

2.2.3.1 Duct Diameter 11 2.2.3.2 Duct/Strand Eccentricity 11 2.2.3.3 Duct Radius of Curvature 12

2.2.4 Tendon/Anchor Draw Options 12 2.2.4.1 Tendon Draw 12 2.2.4.2 Anchor Draw 12

2.2.4 Concrete Geometry 12 2.2.6 Text Options 13 2.2.6.1 What to display 13 2.2.6.2 Where to display it 13 2.2.6.3 Orientation 14 2.2.7 Command Buttons on Page 2 14

2.3 Dialogue (Engineer’s Page) 15 2.3.1 Tendon Data 16 2.3.1.1 Strand Size 16 2.3.1.2 Load/Stand 16 2.3.2 Radius of Curvature 17 2.3.3 Radius of Curvature Method 17 2.3.3.1 As a Function of Span 17 2.3.3.2 As a Function of Force 18 2.3.3.3 As Specified by User 18 2.3.4 Results on Page 3 19 2.3.4.1 Results Displayed 19 2.3.4.2 Results that can be Modified 20

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Table of Contents .. continued

2. PROGRAM BASICS …….....continued

2.3.5 Probe Utility 21 2.3.5.1 Procedure 21 2.3.5.2 Example 21

2.3 Dialogue Page 3 .......continued 2.3.6 Uplift Utility 22 2.3.6.1 Procedure 22 2.3.7 Graph Representation of Profile 23 2.3.8 Command Buttons on Page 3 23

3. RUNNING THE PROGRAM …………………………… 24

3.1 To Run the Program 24 3.1.1 First Profile Run 25 3.1.2 Continuing along Tendon 26 3.1.3 Continuing from New Point 26

4. EXAMPLES ................................................................... 27

4.1 Panned Anchor Only 27 4.2 Tendon with Anchors Only 27 4.3 Tendon , Anchors, and Profile Ordinates 27 4.4 Tendon with Profiles Only 27 4.5 Profile Ordinates Only 27 4.6 High and Lows Only 27 4.7 Uplift Design 28

5. OTHER USES ………………………………………….…. 31 6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT……………………………...… 31

CAD PROFILING PROGRAM V3.3 1. INTRODUCTION APrfl 3.3 is a Windows based program that works within AutoCAD (and Microstation) to profile tendons. It accurately places a normal or upside down (for raft slabs) parabolic profile between two user-specified points.

The Profiling Program Input Window

The User Defined Button that activates the Profiling Program

Figure 1.0 Actual AutoCAD Screen Showing the Profiling Input Window, The Profiling Button and generated tendon profiles

The Program as can be seen in Figure 1.0, can draw the: Tendons All the Anchors types, Live, Dead and Panned Coupled ends Chair heights

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1.2 Methodology The program considers cable eccentricities and minimum radius of curvature when calculating and drawing the tendon, anchors, tag marks and text.

Figure 1.1 Tendon Profile showing Steel/Duct relationship

The user selects/defines the location of the two points representing the span to profile (Figure 1.1) and specifies: • The 1st Point Ordinate (H1), being the chair or anchor height. • The Low Point Ordinate ( Low) , being the chair height • The 2nd Point Ordinate (H2), being the chair or anchor height. Sets the defaults for this Project, such as • Minimum allowable radious of curvature for the tendon system being used. • The profiling method to be used.

Options are: - Reverse Parabolas as a function of the span - Reverse Parabolas as a function of the Tendon Force - Reverse Parabolas as a function of the Radious of Curvature specified

.... and program places the ordinates (chair heights) on the drawing (Figure 1.0), using parabolas as shown on Figure 1.1. The duct soffit ordinates entered by user are converted to tendon cgs (centre of gravity of tendon steel) values. The profiling parabolas are calculated using the cgs values then converted back to duct soffit values.

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1.2 Program Versatility

Figure 1.2 - The Actual Screen, showing Dialogue Window, AutoCAD Button, Tendons generated

The program can be run from within AutoCAD by using a predefined Tool Button that activates the program (Fig. 1.2) The program offers full flexibility in what is drawn. User can select to draw

Tendons with or without anchors, Anchors Only Text only, Highs and Lows only Profiles to underside of duct Profiles to Tendon cgs.

Program can profile in

Suspended floor mode (normal) Figure 1.3 – Normal and Reverse Profiling Raft slab mode (Reverse)

The resulting profiles are identical to the ones generated by design programs such as, VSLAB , RAPT and FLOOR (now RAM Concept). The Program is driven through three tab pages (one behind the other), minimizing the footprint (Figure 1.2)

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2. PROGRAM BASICS The program offers many options to cater for all possible combinations. The input is entered through three dialogue pages. The first page is the opening page and is the one mostly used. The other two are default pages and once set to the project defaults, need not be accessed again. 2.1 Dialogue Page 1. (Figure 2.0) This is the opening page and if all defaults are set, profiling can be repeatedly performed without going to the other pages. Once a profiling operation is performed, all data and options of Page 1 are retained for the next run.

Figure 2.0: Page 1 – Normal

Page1 also generates a Results window (Figure 2.1) where the following key information is displayed: - Length of Span

- Low Point location, if specified, else Default is shown - Type of span, whether full or half (cantilever) - Method of Profiling Specified - Minimum Tendon Radius of Curvature

Figure 2.1: Results, Page 1

The Input and Options available on Dialogue Page1 are detailed in the following sections

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2.1.1 Spacing Data. (Figure 2.2)

No Off, specifies the number of spaces to be used between ends. A zero value allows program to determine an even number of spaces less or equal to the maximum specified. Default = 0

Maximum specifies the value to be used when program calculates number of spaces. Default = 1250mm

Figure 2.2: Spacing Data

2.1.2 End Point Types. (Figure 2.3) These options control the end conditions of the Profile.

For Live, Coupled and Panned anchors the ordinate entered is taken to be the distance from the concrete soffit to the centre of gravity of steel (cgs), and at zero slope, (parallel to concrete soffit).

For Dead anchors the ordinate entered is taken to be the distance from the concrete soffit to the centre of gravity of steel (cgs), and at a slope, (inclined to concrete soffit).

For Internal, the ordinate entered is taken as the distance from the concrete to underside of tendon duct, and at zero slope, (parallel to concrete soffit)

Figure 2.3: End Point Types

2.1.3 Controlling Ordinate Values.(Figure2.4) These entries specify the control ordinates for the required profile. The values entered should be the distance from the concrete soffit to centre of gravity of steel if point is an anchor, else to soffit of duct.

Figure 2.4: The Controlling Ordinates

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2.1.4 Command Buttons on Dialogue Page 1 There are three types of command buttons on the main page

Data Generating: These are time saving, by automatically working out input data which the user can override.

Continuity Buttons: These allow the program to continue profiling by minimizing input data.

Action Buttons: These perform the specified activity. 2.1.4.1 Data Generating Command Buttons (Time Saving Tasks)

- Makes 1st Point identical to 2nd Point, including anchor details.

- Automatically calculates the three ordinates based on the

• End Types specified on Page 1 (Figure 2.3) and the • Concrete Depth and Covers specified on Page2 (Figure 2.18) - Makes 2nd Point identical to 1st Point, including anchor details.

2.1.4.2 Continuity Command Butons

- Continue the next profile from current 2nd point. And • A guideline at the same angle as the lasts span is displayed.

This allows continuity at same angle, if required. • The old 2nd Point becomes the current 1st Point ( including all

associated properties and data) • User needs to only select the new 2nd Point.

- Continue profiling from new point. Two new points need to be

selected by user. 2.1.4.3 Activity Command Buttons

- Profiles the Tendon between the two defined points. It will worn user if ther is a violation with the Duct Radious of curvature, or if there is a geometrical error

- Deletes the last generated Profile.

If it is a New or First run, after deletion, he user is requested for two New Points. If it is a part of a continuous profile, user is requested for a New 2nd Point only

- Terminates program, but not the drawing.

- Displays Online Help for all entities on Page 1

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2.2 Dialogue Page 2 (Fig 2.5) Page 2 is the Default Page. Values and options are set here and if saved, they become the default set, and they will be used for all subsequent runs. If the changes are not saved, they will be used for the current run only, and discarded after that, converting back to the default set

Figure 2.5: Profile Type Options

The Input and Options available on Dialogue Page2 are detailed in the following sections 2.2.1 Profile Type. (Figure 2.6) This option controls the shape of the profile. There are two options.

Figure 2.6: Profile Type Options

Normal, for profiling suspended structures.(Figure 2.7) Reverse for profiling Raft slabs (upside down Profiles.(Figure 2.8)

Figure 2.7 – Normal Profile Figure 2.8 – Reverse Profile

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2.2.2 Span Type. This option controls the type of span to be profiled, allowing for cantilever profiles. There are three options available (Figure 2.9)

Figure 2.9 – Span Type Options

Full (default). Full parabola with or without reverse parabolas at ends (Figs 2.10& 2.11).

Figure 2.10 – Normal and Full Figure 2.11 – Reverse and Full

Half Half parabola, High to low, with or without reverse end (Figs 2.12 & 2.13)

Figure 2.12 – Normal High-Low Figure 2.13 – Reverse High-Low

Half - Half parabola, Low to High, with or without reverse end (Figs 2.14 & 2.15)

Figure 2.14 – Normal Low-High Figure 2.14 – Reverse Low-High

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2.2.3 Tendon Properties. The tendon system is defined here, together with the tendon drawing options (Figure 2.16) 2.2.3.1 Duct diameter

Duct Diameter refers to the outside duct diameter of the tendon. Tendons can be round or flat (Figure 2.17).

Figure 2.16 – Tendon Properties and Options

2.2.3.2 Strand cg Strand cg, refers to the eccentricity between duct and centre of gravity of steel (cgs). This is defined as:

Strand cg Eccentricity (e) = (D/2) – (cgs)

Figure 2.17 – Tendon Properties Round and Flat Ducts

e

D

D

e

The diameter and eccentricity are properties of individual systems. Some examples are (in mm) Round Duct Systems: Strand diameter = 12.7mm Strand diameter = 15.2mm Strand N0 D e Strand No D e 7 57 8 7 72 11 12 77 11 12 87 14 19 92 14 19 107 15 31 112 15 31 127 25

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Flat Duct All 20 3 All 20 2 For specific system refer to Supplier’s Catalogue

2.2.3.3 Minimum Duct Radius of Curvature This refers to the minimum curvature of the Duct. This can be a function of the:

- Geometry to avoid duct crinkling (slab flat duct systems). - Tendon force. This is a necessary to avoid local concrete failure due to the tendon-

induced forces. Some examples are (in mm): Strand diameter = 12.7mm Strand diameter = 15.2mm Strand N0 Min Duct R Strand No Min Duct R 7 3400 7 3970 12 4460 12 5190 19 5610 19 6540 31 7160 31 8350

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Flat Duct All 2500 All 2500 For specific systems refer to Supplier’s Catalogue 2.2.4 Tendon Draw Options 2.2.4.1 Draw Tendon? (Figure 2.16) This option controls whether the actual tendon line is drawn

No (default) - program does not draw the tendon line. Yes - the program draws the Tendon line.

2.2.4.2 Anchor Print (Figure 2.16) This option controls which of the Anchors are drawn. None (default) - No anchor is drawn Both - Both end anchors are drawn if present 1st - First Point Anchor only is drawn if present 2nd - Second Point Anchor only is drawn if present 2.2.5 Geometry (Figure 2.18) The concrete depth and covers are optional. They can be specified here and used to automatically calculate the controlling Ordinate values on page 1(Figure 2.19). This is performed when the Depth Button is pressed (Figure 2.20)

Figure 2.18 – Geometry Data

Figure 2.19: The Controlling Ordinates on Page1

Figure 2.20 – The Ordinate Determining Button, Page1

O/A Depth refers to the overall concrete depth of the concrete housing the tendon.

Cover Top, refers to the top concrete cover to tendon duct. Cover Bot. Refers to the bottom concrete cover to tendon duct soffit.

The Depth and covers are used to determine the anchor and soffit controlling ordinates (Figure 2.19).

2.2.6 Text Options (Figure 2.21) These options control the location and what text is drawn.

Figure 2.21 – Text Options

2.2.6.1 What Point to Print. This Option refers to the end points ordinate, and controls which, if any are to be drawn on the drawing.

Both, allows both end ordinates to be drawn with all the intermediate calculated ordinates (chair heights).

None, switches both end ordinates off, and only the intermediate ordinates are drawn. 2nd Only, allows only the 2nd end ordinate to be drawn together with intermediate

calculated ordinates. 1st Only, allows only the first end ordinate to be drawn together with intermediate

calculated ordinates. Highs and Lows Only, allows only the three controlling ordinates to be drawn and

nothing else. This is useful when preparing preliminary drawings 2.2.6.2 Text Location. This Option refers to the location of the text, generated, in relation to the tendon and the chair tag. (Figure 2.22). There are four options.

Figure 2.22 – Text Placement Options

LH Top – This locates the text left of the tendon and top of the chair tag. RH Top (Default) –This locates the text right of the tendon and top of the chair tag. LH Cntr. – This locates the text left of the tendon and left centre of the chair tag. RH Cntr. – This locates the text to the right of the tendon and right centre of the chair tag.

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2.2.6.3 Text Orientation Text orientation is a function of the direction of ‘travel’ from First Pont to Second Point. This is shown in Figure 2.23

Round Off Text? - Refers to whether the generated text is displayed in 5mm increments, or displayed as the actual calculated number to the nearest millimeter (unit). The examples in Figures 2.22 and 2.23 have the ‘Round Off Text’ option switched on (yes). The options are

Figure 2.23 – Text Orientation

Yes (default) – The generated text (chair height) is rounded to 5mm increments. Example: 127.4 will be displayed as 125 127.5 will be displayed as 125 127.6 will be displayed as 130 No – The generated test is displayed as calculated to the nearest unit (mm). 2.2.7 Command Buttons of Dialogue Page 2

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Figure 2.24 – Factory Default Settings for Page2

Pressing this button re-sets the factory defaults for all options and data on Page 2. Figure 2.24 shows the Defaults settings

Pressing this button saves all the changed option settings and data on Page2 as the new defaults, to be used for all subsequent runs. If the changes are not saved, they will only be used for the current

run, and discarded after that, converting back to the default set

Displays Online Help for all the entities on Page 2

2.3 Dialogue Page 3 – The Page for Engineers (Figure 2.25) This page is the default page for the Radius of Curvature Method, and all else are utilities for Engineers It allows user to:

Calculate uplift Specify uplift required and program returns the low point (high point for Raft slabs)

ordinate resulting in the required uplift Specify method for calculating minimum radius of curvature. - As a function of the Span - As a function of the Tendon Force. - As defined by user.

Specify location of Low Point (High Point for Raft Slabs). This is useful for transfer beam and slabs, where Engineer has defined the location.

Probe utility that returns the ordinate (chair height) at the specified span location. This is useful when investigating the tendon profiles through steps and set-downs.

View all geometrical results, such as point of inflection, low point location, tendon slope etc

View a graph of the profile (Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.25 – Dialogue Page3 (Normal Profiling) Figure 2.26 –Page3 with Graph

The Input, Options and Utilities available on Dialogue Page3 are detailed in the following sections

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2.3.1 Tendon Data. (Figure 2.27) The information entered here is used to calculate uplifts and the Radius of Curvature as a function of Tendon Force.

Figure 2.27 – Tendon Date

2.3.1.1 Strand Size Ø 12.7mm -This options enters the Effective Tendon Force (working) of 110 kN in the

Load/Strand text box. This load should be used when calculating uplifts when working with12.7mm strand.

Ø 15.2mm -This options enters the Effective Tendon Force (working) of 150 kN in the

Load/Strand text box. This load should be used when calculating uplifts when profiling with 15.2mm strand.

2.3.1.2 Strand Force Load/Str (kN) -This refers to the Tendon Load per strand in kilonewtons

For Uplift calculations, the Effective Tendon Force (working) of this span should be entered. This is the tendon force at this span allowing for all long term force losses. For Radius of Curvature as a function of Force calculations, the Tendon Breaking load should be entered. This is the maximum transfer load that can occur at this span, allowing only for immediate force losses. Example: P.Effective/strand for 12.7mm ≈ 110 kN for 15.2mm=150kN

P.Braking/strand for 12.7mm ≈ 184 kN for 15.2mm=250kN

These loads, are multiplied by the number of strands making up the tendon, and the total resultant force used in the relevant calculations.

The option selection and data entered once accepted and used for this run is stored by program and used for all subsequent runs, until changed by user.

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2.3.2 Radius of Curvature (Figure 2.28) This option sets the method for determining the Minimum Radius of Curvatures, to be used by program when profiling the tight reverse parabolas as seen in Figure 2.28. These are shown in Figure 228 and referred to as

Rad-1 for the left reverse parabola Radi-4 for the right reverse parabola

Figure 2.28 – A typical Normal Profile, showing Reverse Parabolas

2.3.3 Method of determining Minimum Radius of Curvature Three Methods are available and all three are used in the industry.

Figure 2.29 – Radius Option

2.3.3.1 R→F(Span) This method places a reverse parabola as a function of the span. The point of inflection between the Reverse Parabola-1 and parabola-2 is placed at (1/10) of the distance to the low point. Similarly for Reverse Parabola-4 and Parabola-3. The program then determines the resulting Rad-1 and Radi-4. If any of Rad-1, Rad-2, Rad-3, or Radi-4 is less than the minimum specified by user (Dialogue Page2), the program displays a warning and the associated values.(Figure 2.30)

Figure 2.30 – Min R Warning

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2.3.3.2 R→F(Force) This method determines the radius of curvature as a function of the Tendon Transfer Force. This should be the minimum radius used as it ensures there is no local concrete failure due to the tendon-induced forces.

The program gets the user specified Transfer Tendon Load and determines the Radius of Curvature. Using this it locates the point of inflection and profiles the reverse parabolas accordingly. 2.3.3.3 R→User This method uses the user specified Radius of Curvature, locates the inflection points and profiles the reverse parabolas accordingly.

If it is geometrically impossible to pace the reverse parabola(s) with the specified curvatures the program issues a warning and can’t continue unless new values are specified or new points are selected (Figure 2.31).

Figure 2.31 – Geometry Warning

When the Radius method is selected, the RE DO action button must be pressed to generate the associated geometrical data.

Figure 2.32 – Radius Action Button The Option selection and Redo activity can be repeated at infinitum for investigation purposes, but the required method is only adopted and used when the Accept All action button is pressed. (Figure 2.33)

Figure 2.33 – Accept All Action Button

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2.3.4 Results, and R’s , Low Input on Page 3 This table displays key information and allows user to modify some of them (Figure 2.34). In the Table

- All units are in millimeters and measured to the Tendon cgs - X refers to the distance from 1st Point - Y refers to the Ordinate or chair height - R refers to the Duct Radius of Curvature at that point

Note: Rduct = RTendon (cgs) - eccentricity 2.3.4.1 Results displayed (Figure 2.34)

X, Y and Rad-1 of First Point If there is no Reverse Parabola-1 then Rad-1 shows as N/A X and Y of First Inflection Point (if any) If there is no Reverse Parabola –1 then

X=0 and Y=Y of 1st Point X, Y, Rad-2 and Rad-3 Low (High for raft Slabs) Point

Rad-2=Rad 3 when the low point location is automatically determined by program, and as such Parabola-2 and 3 are one parabola

X and Y of Second Inflection Point (if any).

If there is no Reverse Parabola –2 then X=0 and Y=Y of 2nd Point

X, Y and Radi-4 Second Point

If there is no Reverse Parabola-2 then Radi-4 shows as N/A

Figure 2.34 – Results/Input Page 3

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2.3.4.2 Results that may be modified. The Radius of curvature for the reverse parabolas and the location of the low point can be specified by user. This is necessary when profiling for transfer designs where the location of the low point needs to be located directly under a load. The modifiable Results

Radius of Curvature (Rad-1). This defines the Reverse Parabola-1 (Figure 2.28) Radius of Curvature (Radi-4). This defines the Reverse Parabola-2 (Figure 2.28)

Note: Rad-1 and 2 should only be modified if the Radius Method Option is set to R→User. Refer (Fig 2.29).

Low (High for raft slabs) Point Location. The Program automatically generates (Default Method) a single simple parabola between the two inflection points. The low (high for raft slabs) point location, is then located where the slope of the parabola is zero. (Figures 2.35 and 2.36). The user can override the calculated value and specify the required location of the low (high for raft slabs) point. To accept the modifications and perform the operation the Re-Analyse action button must be pressed. The program will now place two parabolas, Parabola-2 and Parabola-3, in place of the single parabola, between the inflection points. As a result, Rad-2 and Rad-3 are different (Figure 2.37 and 2.38).

Figure 2.35 – Unmodified Results – Single Parabola Rad-1 = Rad-4 = 2500 Rad-2 = Rad-4=19,925

Figure 2.37 – Modified Results – Two Parabolas Rad-1 = 4000 Rad-4 = 3000 Rad-2 = 30512.4 Rad-4=10007.7

Figure 2.38 – Tow Main Parabolas Figure 2.36 – Single Main Parabola

Entering Zero for the Low Point Location, and pressing the action button Re-Analyse will result in the default method, that is, a single main parabola. For example it will change results from Figures 2.37 and 2.38 to Figures 2.35 and 2.36.

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2.3.5 Probe Utility. (Figure 2.39) This allows user to display the ordinate and it’s properties at any specified length along the tendon span. Very useful, when profiling through steps and setdowns.

Figure 2.39 – Probe Utility

2.3.5.1 Procedure. To probe for the details at any distance from 1st Point, the user needs to:

Enter the X Value (distance from First Point) to the location of interest

Presses the X >> Y action button. Program returns the following properties of this point: • Y - The ordinate (chair height) to cgs of steel. • Slope - The slope of the tendon (First derivative of parabola, dy/dx). • Curv. - The rate of change of the slope (second derivative of parabola, dy/dx2) • Rcgs. - The Radius of Curvature of tendon to cgs of steel.

Radius Of Curvature = 1/Curvature 2.3.5.1 Probe Example The Probe Example shown in Figure 2.39 looks at a point 4030.6 mm. This is the Low Point location of Figures 2.35 and 2.36. The returned values, as expected are: • Y = 38 mm to cgs (Low point ordinate Figure 2.35)

Chair Height = 38 – D/2 – ecc = 38 – 10 – 3 = 25 as entered by user as the Low Point, Figure 2.19

• Slope = 0o (Minimum point of parabola) • Curvature = 5.02E-05 mm-1 • Rcgs = 19962mm (Single Parabola Radius of Curvature Figure 2.35)

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2.3.6 Uplift Utility (Figure 2.40) This allows User to observe the current calculated uplift resulting from the Tendon Data and Profile. The user can request a larger or smaller uplift value, and if geometrically possible the program returns a NEW Low (High for Raft Slabs) Point ordinate, that should be used in order to achieve the required uplift. The New Low (High for Raft Slabs) ordinate and location are displayed in the Results Table on Page 3 (Figure 2.35)

Figure 2.40-Uplift Utility The Uplift is calculated is a function of: • Number of Stands (Figure 2.27) • Force/Stand. The Force should be the effective tendon force at this point (Figure 2.27) • Tendon Drape (Function of Highs and Low Points, Figure 2.19) The programs determines the uplift as Uplift = Peffective x Tendon Curvature

Where: Peffective = Number of Strands x Effective Strand Force Tendon curvature = Second derivative of parabola = dy/dx2 (Parabola)

A more familiar form for uplift is:

Uplift = 8 x Peffective x Drape Span2

Both equations give identical results.

2.3.6.1 Procedure User enters required uplift by overriding displayed value (Figure 2.40) and then presses the Action Button New Low . Note: The requested value must be greater or smaller by 1.0 kN/m then current value To accept the New Low and return to Page 1 for profiling, user must press the Action Button Accept All , on Page 3.

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2.3.7 Graph Representation of Proposed Tendon Profile. A cross sectional graph of the full span tendon profile is displayed when the Action Button Show Graph of Profile is pressed. Figure 2.41 The graph is automatically closed when changing pages or the Close Chart Action Button is pressed.

Figure 2.41 – Graph of a Normal Profile (left) and Reverse Profile (right)

2.3.8 Command Buttons on Dialogue Page 3

Displays detailed Online Help an all entities of Page 3

Accepts all inputs, options and results on Page3, and returns to Page1. Unless the Accept All button is pressed all changes and altered options will be distracted when leaving Page 3

Show Graph of Profile Displays a graph of the tendon profile. The graph is automatically

closed when leaving Page3 The other buttons contained on Page3 are described with the associated activity.

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3.0 RUNNING THE PROGRAM Once the Package is installed, the program can be activated from: • Within AutoCAD, once a drawing is opened. This is done by creating a Macro-Button

that activates the Profiling program. • Running the executable file from the Run..Programs... etc The Program stays active while user performs other drawing tasks until the [Exit Action Button is pressed on Page 1 3.1 TO RUN THE PROGRAM

Prior to activating the profiling program the user must: • Open the drawing to be worked on • Set up personal preferences such as

- Layer for tendons and text - Line and text properties - Etc.

The Program is controlled through three Dialogue Tab Pages. Only one page is visible at a time. • Page 1 - The Main Page (Opening Page) Figure 3.1 • Page 2 - Default Page, Figure 3.2 • Page 3 - Engineering Page (Radius/Uplift) Figure 3.3

Figure 3.1 - Page1 Figure 3.2 – Page2 Figure 3.3 – Page3

Page 3 and 4, are Default Pages. Once configured for the required project settings, they need not be visited. To move between pages, mouse-click the tab at the top of the required page.

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3.1.1 First Profile Run For the first run the procedure should be as follows:

Activate Program. Select two points representing the 1st and 2nd points of the tendon span.

- A tentative line is stretched between the two points - Dialogue Page1 Opens Up.

On page 1 • Set End Options as:

- Internal (Soffit) - Live Anchor - Dead Anchor - Panned Live - Coupled Dead

• Select Dialogue Page2 Dialogue Page2 Opens Up. Set and define the Defaults

Set Profile Type as: - Normal, for suspended structures - Reverse (upside down) for on ground structures.

Set Span Type as: - Full Parabolic - Half→1st to Low - Half→Low to 2nd

Set Tendon Properties - Duct Diameter - Duct to Strand cgs eccentricity. - Minimum Duct Radius of Curvature - Draw Tendon Option - Anchor Print Option

Define Geometry - Over-all Depth - Top and Bottom Tendon Covers

Set Text Options - What Text to Print - Where to Print Text - Round to 5 mm or 1mm

• Save Page 2 as the New Defaults by pressing the Save Action Button • Select Dialogue Page3

Dialogue Page3 opens up. Set and define Defaults • Define Tendon Data

- Tendon Size - Strand Force - Strand/Tendon

• Set Radius Method Return to Dialogue Page1 and • Press Depth→H1-L-H2 Action Button • Modify/Enter the three Ordinate • Profile Tendon by Pressing the Profile Action Button • Continue profiling using the From 2nd or the New Point Action Buttons • Terminate program by pressing the Exi t Action Button

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3.1.2 Continue Profiling along Same Tendon To continue profiling along the same tendon the steps should be as follows:

Continue from Current 2nd Point by pressing the From 2nd Action Button. The Dialogue Pages are cleared allowing selection of 2nd point

- Select 2nd Point - Dialogue Page1 re-appears.

On Page 1 • Choose 2nd Point End Options


• Press Depth→H1-L-H2 Action Button • Modify/Enter the Low (High for raft slabs), and 2nd Point Ordinates. The 1st Point is

not accessible as it inherits the previous 2nd point’s properties. • Profile Tendon by Pressing the Profile Action Button • Repeat profiling using the From 2nd or the New Point Action Buttons until

completion. • To terminate program press the Exi t Action Button

3.1.3 Continue Profiling with New Points (New Tendon) To continue profiling from a new 1st point the steps should be as follows:

Continue from new points by pressing the New Point Action Button. The Dialogue Pages are cleared allowing selection of new points. • Select New 1st and 2nd points

- Dialogue Page1 re-appears On Page 1 • Choose 1st and 2nd Point End Options


• Press Depth→H1-L-H2 Action Button • Modify/Enter the three Ordinate • Profile Tendon by Pressing the Profile Action Button • Repeat profiling using the From 2nd or the New Point Action Buttons until

completion. • To terminate program press the Exi t Action Button

4. SOME EXAMPLES. 4.1 Example 1 Specifying: - spacing = 1

- Print Anchors = First - Print End Text = None - 1ST Point Type = Pan Live A Panned Anchor is drawn only.

4.2 Example 2 Specifying: - spacing = 1 - Draw Tendon = Yes

- Print Anchors = Both - Print End Text = None - 1st Point Type =Coupled Dead - 2nd Point Type = Pan Live Tendon is drawn with both anchors.


- Print Anchors = Both - 1st Point Type = Pan Live - 2nd Point Type = Internal - H1, Low, H2 = 255,35,225 Tendon, anchor and profiles are drawn


- 1st Point Type = Internal - 2nd Point = Internal - H1, Low, H2 = 255,35,255 Tendon is drawn with profiles.

4.5 Example 5 Specifying: - spacing = 0 - Draw Tendon = No

- 1st Point Type =Internal - 2nd Point Type =Internal - H1, Low, H2 = 255,35, 255 Profiles (chair heights) are drawn

only 4.6 Example 6 Specifying: - spacing = 0 - Draw Tendon = Yes - 1st Point Type = Internal - 2nd Point Type = Internal - H1, Low, H2 = 255, 35 255 Tendon with highs and Lows is drawn As can be seen from the single span examples above, all profiling possibilities are covered. Combining spans to produce full tendons, is simplified by using the continuity buttons on Page1. This allows profiling along the tendon remembering the last point, user need only enter second point. Figure 4.1 shows a four-span tendon.

Figure 4.1 – A Four-Span Tendon

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4.7 Uplift Example The example below demonstrates how an Engineer can use the profiling program as a design tool when analyzing and designing Post-Tensioned structures. It saves time by eliminating analysis and design iterations by using the Profiling program to profile all the tendons of the structure to a specified uplift. This can be done by:

Determining applied loads Determining uplift required, balancing a percentage of the applied load. Use the profiling program to profile the Highs and Lows of the tendons with the

specified uplift (balance load) Import profiled drawing into a Finite Element Program such as Floor (now renamed

RAM Concept). Complete Design

The Example Data:

Slab Thickness = 200 mm Span Type = Internal Span Length = 7.0 m Additional Dead Load = 0.2 kPa Live Load = 2.0 kPa Tendons System = Flat Duct, 12.7mm Tendon = 3 strand Tendon at 1.3 m spacing Required Uplift = 0.75 x Dead Load = 0.75 x (0.2 x 24 + 0.2) x 1.3 = 4.8 kN/m

Procedure: Activate Profiling Program Click at the 1st and 2nd Points Select 1st and 2nd End Types

- 1st Point = Internal (soffit) - 2nd Point = Internal (soffit)

Go to the Default Page 2 and set/ensure the default values are: Set Profile Type

- Profile Type = Normal Enter the Tendon Properties

- Diameter = 20 - Eccentricity = 3 - Min. R = 2500

Enter Geometry Properties - O/A Depth = 200 - Top Cover = 25 - Bot. Cover = 25

Set what to print as Highs & Low Only Return to Page 1

Press Depth→H1-L-H2 Button to automatically determine the ordinates for maximum

uplift.

Pages 1 and 2 should now look as Figures 4.2 and 4.3

Figure 4.2 – Page1, Maximum Drape Figure 4.3 – Page2, Defaults

The Ordinate values should read

H1 = 155 Low = 25 H2 = 155 Go to Page3 Enter Tendon Data

- Tendon Size = 12.7mm - Strands = 3 - Load/Str = 110

Press any of the Action Buttons, RE DO or Re-Analyse or New Low to update calculation.

Figure 4.4 – Maximum Uplift

Page 3 should now look as Figure 4.4, and showing the Actual uplift as 6.68 kN/m

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Enter required uplift as the user calculate 4.80 kN/m Press Action Button New Low

Figure 4.5 – Required Uplift

Page 3 is regenerated and should now look as Figure 4.5, and showing the - Actual uplift as 4.80 kN/m - New Low Point Ordinate as 72mm to cgs (60mm to duct soffit). This is displayed in the

results window

Press Accept All button to return to return to Page 1 with new Low.

Figure 4.6 – New Low to give requested Uplift

Page 1 should now show a Low Point of 60mm and should look as Figure 4.6. Press Profile button to complete the profiling operation. Continue profiling all tendons.

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5.0 OTHER USES

Program can be used to just place the Anchors Stressing pans or Tendons.

Engineer can use program to quickly check profiled drawings, old or current. Superimposing the new profiles with a different colour over the existing ones does this.

Engineer can use program at design stage to profile tendons to a required uplift. It

saves design time by eliminating analysis and design iterations. This is done by: Determining applied loads Determining uplift required, balancing a percentage of the applied load. Use the profiling program to profile tendons with the specified uplift (balance load) Import profiled drawing into a Finite Element Program such as Floor (now renamed

RAM Concept). Complete Design

Refer to the Uplift example, on page 28. 6.0 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT.

The program is being currently developed to:

Accommodate set-downs, soffit steps and tapers when determining chair heights.

Calculate tendon extensions, with option to: Tabulate results on the drawing. Write results to a file. The file will be compatible with the X10tions program, from

which you can generate calculations and associated reports. X10tions is a windows stand-alone program that calculates tendon extensions.

Calculate quantities, for :

Anchors Tendon Lengths Duct Lengths Grout Chairs.

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Profiler Version 4.1 Version 4.1 is the latest version of the world wide used Tendon Profiling Program. Version 4.1 has the following additional features over version 3.33 The added features improve the functionality of the program and substantially, shorten the time taken by the draftsperson to profile a drawing. There are thirty seven (37) improvement/additional features. Some are significant and some are minor, but all improve and simplify profiling. They are numbered bellow for Tab-pages 1, 2 and 3

1

44 3

8 4

59

11

8

Fig 1 Tab-Page 1 – Showing Additional Features

3

4

5 9 10 10

12 1613 1714 18

19

15

66

11

7

2

- 2 -

20

29

30

3131

3333

21

22 23 24 24 25 26 26 27

28

9

34

10 11

32

`

Fig 2 Tab-Page 2 - Showing Additional Features

- 3 -

35

36

37

Fig 3 Tab-Page 3 - Showing Additional Features

- 4 -

Fig 4 –Spacing No Off: 1

Fig 5 –Text Print None

Fig 6 –Tendon On

Fig 7 –Anchors Both

Fig 8 –Drawing Tendons Only

The New Features: 1. The Secret Meanings of 1 spacing (No Off = 1)

By entering the value of one (1) in the No Off input window, two valuable tasks can be performed 1.1 Plot Tendons with, (or without) Anchors, without any anchor and

chair height values, plotted For this to activity, the following controls/options must be used

A value of one (1) must be entered for the number of spaces (Spacing Data). Figure 4

Set the Print (Text Properties), to None. Figure 5

Set the Draw Tendon Option to on (checked). Figure 6

Set the Anchor Print to Both (if anchors are to be drawn) Figure 7

Save all settings as default, unless only one tendon is required

Having set the above as shown, the program will plot tendons only between the selected points (Figure 8). To reset back to normal profiling enter 0, or any other number for the Number of spacing. Entering zero (0), allows program to determine the number of spaces, based on the maximum spacing value specified

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Fig 15 –Drawing Tendons with: Highs and (actual) Lows With values to strand cgs

Fig 4 –Spacing No Off: 9

Fig 10 –Text Print Both Ends

Fig 11 –Round: Off Show: On

Fig 13 –Tendon On

Fig 14 –Anchors Both

Fig 12 –Duct Ø: 0 CGS-e: 0

1.2 Plot Tendons with, (or without) anchors, with only the highs and actual lows values plotted. This is deferent to the default setting for plotting highs and lows only. The deference being the location of the lows. The deference is as follows:

For highs and lows – the location of the low is the Low Chair Height and its location is based on the number of chair spacing.

For highs an actual lows, - the location of the Low is, as the name implies, the actual location, independent of the chair spaces. This is particularly useful for engineers, when the tendon drawing with highs and actual lows is imported into analysis (Ram Concept) packages for tracing.

For this activity, the following controls/options must be used

A value of one (1) must be entered for the number of spaces (Spacing Data). Figure 9

Set the (Text Properties), to Both Ends. Figure 10 Set the Round Text to off to false (unchecked), if actual values

are required. Figure 11 Set the Show Actual Low to on (checked). Figure 11 Set the Draw Tendon Option to on, (checked). Figure 13 Set both the Duct Diameter and Strand cgs eccentricity values to

zero, if heights are to the cgs of steel, as required by analysis program (Ram Concept). Figure 12

Set Anchor Print to Both (if anchors are to be drawn) Figure 14 Save all settings as default, unless only one tendon plot is

required Having set the above as shown, the program will plot tendons with high and actual) lows as shown in Figure 15 To reset to normal profiling, enter zero(0), or any other number for the Number of spacing as described above(item 1.1)

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2. Direction Indicator – After user has snapped (selected) the end point (2nd Point), a tentative line is drawn between the two end punts and Arrow is also drawn indicating the direction (1st to 2nd). An Arrow is also shown on the Input dialogue page with the same orientation (from 1st to 2nd)

1st Point2nd Point

Direction Indicator

Fig 4 Tab -Page 1 - Showing Direction Arrow

- 7 -

Internal-Duct

Live Edge Anchor

Dead-Onion Anchor

Pan Anchor

Coupler Dead

Coupler Live

Coupler -

Swaged Anchor

3. End Type Icons

Depending on the type of end selected, icons representing the end type are displayed on both ends, on the input dialogue page. This allows user to always see what he is profiling. Figure 17, shows all the end types used

Fig 16 Tab -Page 1 - Showing End Type Icons Live End for 1st Point Dead End for 2nd Point

Fig 17 –All the End Types

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Fig 19 – Inclined Live Anchor

Inclination Indicator Icons

Inclination Indicator Icons

Inclination Check Boxes

4. End Inclination Icons Icons under the End Points reflect their inclination. The defaults for all End Types are: Internal Duct - Level Edge Live Ends - Level Dead Onion Anchor - Inclined Pan Anchor- Horizontal Couplers, Live & Passive - Horizontal

Coupler Dead - Horizontal Swaged Dead - Inclined This keeps user visually informed and eliminates errors and undo/redo actions

5. End Inclination Options On previous versions all but the Dead End Anchors were assumed to be horizontal. Now the user has full control and clicks the box (Figure 1 –arrows 4) if the end in question is horizontal or inclined (Figure 19) The Icon next to the check box indicates the inclination selected. The other icons (item 4), Figure 18 are also updated

Fig 18 Tab -Page 4 – Inclination Check Boxes And associated icons

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6. Ordinate (height) Definition

This tells user what heights the three controlling points represent The entered value should represent the height to:

The Centre Line of the anchor, for all type Live and Dead anchors The Centre Line of all Couplers The Duct Soffit for Internal ends

The three input types are displayed under the three input boxes (Figure 20). The example shown (Figure 20) Informs user that 1St High Point is measured to Anchor Centre Line (Live Anchor) Low Point is measured to Duct Soffit (Internal low point) 2nd High Point is measured to Duct Soffit (Internal high point)) This eliminates user confusion.

7. Reverse Hs Command Button - When pressed, reverses all properties and data of Point 1 and Pont 2

8. End Type Selection

The option buttons (previous versions) have been replaced with Drop Down Selection Lists (Figure 22). This speeds up selection and only displays the selected item. This combined with the graphic representation of the tendon and the ends, makes for error free profiling

Fig 20 – Ordinate Height Types

Fig 21 – The before and after Display resulting after Pressing the Reverse Command Button

Command Button

Fig 22 – End Type Selection

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Fig 23 – Recess Former

Fig 24 – Recess Former Check Boxes

Fig 25 – Recess Former Input

9. Offsets – Recess Former When edge stressing in congested areas, it is important to know whether the anchor unit fits. The largest part is the recess former, or trumpet (Figure 23). The option to draw the Recess Former can be switched on by checking the Former Offset option (for 1st or 2nd end) In Tap Page 1 (Figure 1-arrow 9 and Figure 24). The option can be left on permanently if required If the option is checked (on), whenever an Edge Live Anchor is used the Edge Former is drawn This option only applies to Live Edge Anchors, for all other end types the option is ignored. The dimensions used to plot the Recess Former are read from the user specified values on tab-page 2, (Figure 3 –arrow 9, and Figure 25). These values can be set and saved as defaults. (Figure 25) Figure 26 shows an Edge Live Anchor without Recess, Figure 27 shows an Edge Anchor with Recess drawn If user has chosen Profiler to draw the tendon, then the tendon line will automatically be shortened by the recess depth, for a neat finish (Figure 26)

Fig 25 – Edge Live End Fig 26 – Edge Live Anchor with Recess Former shown

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Fig 30 – Pocket Live Fig 31 – Pan drawn offset from

Fig 28 – Pan Offset Check Boxes

Fig 29 – Pan Offset Input

End 1 Snap Point Pan Drawn at the specified offset from snap point 850mm for this example

10. Pan (Pocket) Offset. When an Internal Stressing Pocket is to be used and it needs to be offset from a wall or from an edge (Figure 27), in previous versions the draftsperson needed to set up the offset before activating the profiler (time consuming). In this version this is done automatically.

The option to draw the Pan (Pocket) at an offset can be switched on by checking the Pan Offset option (for 1st or 2nd end) In Tap Page 1 (Figure 1-arrow 10 and Figure 28). The option can be left on permanently if required

If the option is checked (on), whenever an Pan (Pocket) Anchor is used the Pan is drawn at the user defined offset This option only applies to Panned Anchors for all other end types the option is ignored. The dimension used to offset the Pocket is read from the user specified value on tab-page 2, (Figure 3 –arrow 10, and Figure 29).. This value can be set and saved as a default. (Figure 29). Figure 29 shows the current offset default value as 850mm.

If user has chosen Profiler to draw the tendon, then the tendon line will automatically be shortened by the Pocket offset, for a neat finish (Figure 30 &31) Figure 30 shows the tentative profile line, and Figure 31 shows the resulting profile, with pan drawn at the specified offset.

Offset

Fig 27 – Internal Stressing Pocket With Offset from Wall

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11. Offsets – Haunch:

When profiling a slab between bands, the snaps for the start and end points of the profile are on the slab-band transition zone. (Figure 34) On previous versions, the profile would be completed and then the draftsperson would move the first and last chair away from the step line (time consuming). On this version, by turning on the Haunch Offset Options on Tab-page 1 (Figure 1-arrows 11 and Figure 32), for first and or last points, as required, the first and or last chair tag is automatically offset by program (Figure 35), by the default offset value, specified on the Default Tab-Page 2 This value can be set and saved as a default (Figure 33). Figure 22 shows

the current default value as 100mm.

Figure 34 shows the first and last snap points, when profiling is activated Figure 35 shows the resulting profiles with first and last chair marks offset. Important to note, the profile at the haunches (first and last) is automatically positioned by program away from the band. This can be seen in figure 24 with the left (first point) ordinate. The Haunch Offset and text positioning ensures there is never any confusion where the chair should be placed on site

Band Band Slab

Snap Points

Fig 34 – Selecting end points – with AutoCAD snaps on

Fig35 – Resulting Profile – with PROFILER haunch offsets on

Band Band Slab

Haunch Offsets

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End 1 End 2

Fig 37 – 1st Point waiting

12. Pick Text:

Pressing this Command Button activates text input from the drawing (screen). Procedure:

• Activate Profiler and snap on the end points, as per normal. The screen should look similar to Figure 24

• When ready to enter the three values (High, Low, High), press the Command Button. The program is now ready to receive the

three values sequentially. The program now expects three values to be selected from the drawing (screen) in the order of: First Point, Low Point, and Second Point.

• To indicate the required value, the input window colour changes to cyan. (Figure 37)

The screen should now look similar to Figure 38

Fig 36 – Selecting end points – with AutoCAD snaps on

Fig 38 – Selecting Input – First Point waiting for screen value

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Fig 39 –Low Point waiting

Fig 41 –Last Point waiting

• Select required value from anywhere on the drawing, by mouse clicking on that value. The selected value will be received by the coloured window. In the example shown the 205 value was selected

• When the value is received the next value is expected, and again the expecting input window changes colour to cyan. Figure 39. Note the value of the first point is now registered (entered).The screen should now look similar to Figure 40

• Repeat for the next and final screen input. Note the value of the Low point is now registered (entered), and the last input window has changed colour to cyan (Figure 41). The screen should now look similar to Figure 42



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Fig 44 – Low Point waiting

• Now that the three values have been entered, proceed to profile as normal. Figure 43 shows the completed profiled, with the screen entered values.

Another Mode of Screen Input (Individually)

Instead of pressing the Command Button to screen select the three values; user can select them individually and at any order. This is done by

- double clicking on any of the input windows, the low point for example as shown in Figure 44 - Select the required value anywhere from drawing to input on the selected window - Repeat as required, or enter the rest directly

Fig 43 – Completed Profile

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Fig 45 – A Band with a complex soffit A Draftsperson’s nightmare

Fig 46 – Show Steel Option

13. &14 Add Soffit and Hide Soffit (7). This is a major feature.

The user can now specify very quickly any shape soffit as the example, on Figure 45 shows. As can be seen the soffit can be any combination of up, down steps and tapers.

Figure 45 shows a band with a complex soffit. In previous versions the user would profile from a datum, and then use a lot of calculating time to finalise the profile (very time consuming, especially for tapers). With this version, the draftsperson does not touch the calculator, the program will profile, taking into account the defined soffit. Activating the Command Button (Figure1-Arrow 13) allows user to specify and draw a Cross Section to a specified vertical scale on the drawing (Figure 45), The Cross Section is drawn under the profile line. The cross section can be switched on or off by pressing the Command Button. (Figure 1-arrow 14). Once the profiling is completed the actual duct and tendon inside the duct will be shown as part of the cross section. The tendon inside the duct will only be displayed if the Check Box Show Steel is checked. Figure 2- arrow 14 and Figure 46

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Fig 47 – Soffit Input Table

Figure 47 shows the band of Figure 45, with the defined soffit. The soffit is defined by mouse clicking on the drawing at all the soffit changes. The soffit definition is completed when final selection is the span end point and then clicking the right mouse button to indicate the tusk is completed Tentative labels SF1, SF2……..SFn are drawn on the drawing to indicate each of the soffit segments. The example in Figure 45, shows six soffit segments (SF1 to SF6) The depth and type (Taper or Level) are entered for each soffit segments, in the table, Figure 47. The L or T alternate by clicking on them with the mouse. The soffit can then be previewed using the default vertical scale (Preview-2 for two x unit scale) or by mouse clicking the other scale options (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Figure 48 shows the preview cross section on the drawing, located directly under the tendon line. Once user is happy with the defined soffit, presses the Accept button and then continues profiling normally. The highs and lows will reflect the defined soffit and end type, but should be checked .The resulting profile will take into account the soffit changes as can be seen in Figure 49.

Fig 48 – Preview of Band with a complex soffit

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Figure 49 shows the finished profile. It also highlights the importance of this feature. As can be seen by looking at the Cross Section, the profile violates cover between the 105 chair and 95 chair. The actual height to the duct at this location, as we will see later, is 9.9 mm (Item 14, Figure 56). This problem is quickly visualized and referred to the Engineer. The draftsperson can also quickly inform the Engineer, what the low point should be. Without this feature this problem can easily be missed.

By having the Cross Section switched on (Show Soffit) the user can zoom in and see the actual tendon duct, as can be seen on Figure 50. This is a very useful tool as it will be explained bellow.

With the Cross Section visible the user can zoom in and see the actual tendon steel inside the duct, as shown on Figures 50and 517. This is accurately drawn taking into account the duct to steel eccentricities, reverse curvatures and transition zones.

Figure 50, shows the low point detail (positive parabola). Note the steel inside the duct is towards the top. Figure 59, shows the high point detail (negative parabola). Note, at the high point, the steel inside the duct is towards the bottom. It is important to note the transition of the steel through the inflection point (point where the curvatures change). This is accurately calculated by the program.

Fig 50 – Low Point Detail

Fig 51 – High Point Detail

Fig 49 –Band with a complex soffit and resulting Profile

Steel at bottom of duct

Steel at top of duct

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Tendon in mid air - An important advantage in being able to draw the soffit showing the tendon is for error checking. The user can quickly see if the tendon is wholly within the concrete, and that the Engineer hasn’t made a mistake (I know Engineers seldom make mistakes). Figure 52, shows one of those rare occasions where the Engineer has made a typographical error (OK a mistake). The draftsperson can quickly detect the error and tell the Engineer what it should be. Now, ain’t that something? Figure 53 shows the corrected profile. This profile gives 25mm cover at peek of the tapers The Cross Section remains visible until:

Hide Soffit commend button is pressed. Cross Section is hidden only, can be made visible again by pressing Show Soffit command button

A New Profile is activated by pressing the New Span , or From 2nd Command Buttons. The Cross Section is permanently deleted

Program is terminated. Cross Section is permanently deleted

Fig 52 – Band with a complex soffit and resulting Profile Tendon outside concrete

Fig 53 – The corrected profile

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15. Pre View

The saying, ‘A Picture is worth a thousand words’, is true for this addition.

Pressing the Pre View (Figure 1- Arrow15) button brings up a detailed Cross Section with all the information possible for the current profile. (Thanks must go to John Bortoli, SSL Melbourne, for requesting this feature) Referring to the previous profile example, Figure 52, pressing the Pre View button, before or after the Profile is executed, brings up the Detailed Cross Section Window, Figure 54. How cool is this?? As can be seen from Figure 54, the Preview Cross Section Window displays all the defined variables, and results It also displays dynamically the tendon height, slope, curvature, by simply moving the mouse across the window. Figure 55 shows the mouse pointer at 7088.031 mm from End 1. The window displays all the required information at this point. This makes checking for any violation easy and foolproof.

Fig 54 – Preview Window of a proposed profile, in Band with complex soffit

Fig 55 – Part Preview Window

Mouse Pointer at 7088.031mm from First Point

At 7088.031 the tendon - Chair Height is 64.5mm - Slope is 12.110° - Curvature is 13.2269m - Height to steel cg is 77.5mm

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Going back to the example shown in Figure 49, by looking at the Preview Window the user can quickly see that the cover at the taper peek is only 9.9mm Figure 56 Other type of profiling, where the immediate problem is not clear, is steps, as shown in the example of Figure 57 In summary, the Preview Window is the next best thing since sliced bread, for complex soffit profiling, as it allows user to quickly see any possible problems. If the Preview Window is opened prior to the profile being completed, the profile can be finished from within the window by pressing the Profile Command Button. Figure 58

Fig 56 – Example of Cover Violation

Mouse Pointer at 2659.223 mm from First Point Chair Height at this point is 9.900mm - PROBLEM

Fig 57 – Example of Cover Violation due to steps

Fig 58 – Preview Window Profile Button

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16. Segment (Part) Profiling. This facility allows user to specify what part (segment) of the profile to be shown. This is particularly useful when profiling through a haunch as seen on Figure 59. The tendon does not go flat across the haunch. Under normal (full) profiling a chair will be placed in the band. This is undesirable on site; the first chair should be at the slab.

The resulting (full) profile places the first (and second last chair) in the band. In figure 59, these are the 410 chairs. This is theoretically OK but onsite they would prefer the first chair to be placed on the slab just after the haunch.

Unless the Engineer works this out, it is very difficult for the Draftsperson to limit the profiles between the haunches, with the correct chair heights The difficulty arises as he would have to extrapolate the haunch points, and this is a very complex exercise for the best of us. The desired profile is shown in Figure 60.

First chairs after and before High Points are placed in Band soffit

Fig 60 – Profiling through Haunches – Segment (Part) Profiling – Desired Chair Locations

Fig 59 – Profiling through Haunches – Normal Profiling – Undesired Chair Locations

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This new version of Profiler does this automatically. The user specifies the segment required and the program does the rest. Figure 61 shows the previous example (Figure 59), done with the segment (Part Profile) Segment profiling is activated by clicking on the Button (Figure 1 – Arrow 16). This is done after the user has defined the full span. The user is then asked to mouse click on the two points that define the segment. Once this is done, the user proceeds normally and completes the profile. Figure 61, shows the completed Segment Profile operation. As can be seen the first and second last chair points are placed at the end of the haunches. For the example shown on Figure 61, the following steps were followed.

• The span end points were selected, as per normal profiling • The Soffit was defined • The Haunch offsets were switched on, so that, the first and second

last chair, is offset from the end of the haunches. • The Profile Segment was defined

Fig 61 – Segment Profiling

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17. Pick Low (High for upside-down profiling)

This facility allows profiling with the location of the low point specified by user. This is normally the case when the Engineer has specified a Low Point and its location, away from the default (normal low point of a parabola). Figure 62 shows an example of a band, where the Low Point is specified as 2125 mm from the right column centre line. To profile this asymmetric profile with the new version is very simple. User presses the Pick Low Button (Figure 1 –Arrow 17), than mouse clicks on the drawing, at the low point location, than completes the profile. The program will place the low point at the specified location. Figure 63, shows the resulting profile. How simple was that??

Fig 62 – Asymmetric Profile – Low Point Location Specified

Fig 63 – Asymmetric Profile Completed (With ShowSoffit activated)

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18. UNDO. This is a much improved version. The functions of UNDO are:

• When starting a New Span, and user makes a mistake while selecting the first and last points, UNDO, now, takes you back to ‘select the first point’ On previous version when; user made an error in selecting the end points, the program had to be exited and restarted.

• After completing a profile, pressing the UNDO deletes the whole profile operation for that span, and takes you back to the New Span status. To continue user has to select two new points.

19. undo. This ‘small’ undo has the following properties. This is a time saving feature, for error prone draftees When profiling the span has been completed, i.e. the Profile button has been pressed, and the profile has been completed, Pressing the undo Button

Deletes the just drawn profiles for this span, and Takes user back to the ‘Ready to Profile Status’ This is the status before the Profile button was pressed All information (except Profile Segment) is retained, and as such user does not have to re-enter data. This allows user to quickly correct a mistake and re-profile, without going back to start

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Fig 66 – Text Placement Options

20. Span Type

The input of Span Type, has been improved with the use of a Drop Down List (Figure 2–arrow 20 and Figure 64). This makes selection faster.

21. To 28. Text and Chair Properties Input

The input of the Text and Chair properties has been greatly improved with additional controls. (Figure 2- arrows 21 to 28 and Figure 65) The Improved Changes

Drop Down Selection List for the End Print Drop Down Selection List for Text location (Where) Additional location points have been added.

There are now six options for text placement in relation to the Tendon/Chair line. These are shown in Figure 66.

For Anchors, the text is automatically placed at the required location by the program. This saves time, as they no longer have to be relocated by user. Their placement is as follows.

Edge Live Ends – At Tendon Centre Line, above/left or below/right of anchor. Figure 67 shows Live Anchors with and without recess former. Pan Anchors - At Tendon Centre Line, centrally inside pan (Figure 68)

Dead Ends (Onion or Swaged) - At Tendon Centre Line, above/left or below/right of anchor. (Figure 69) Couplers - along side anchor (Figure 70)

Fig 64 – Span Type Input

Fig 65 – Text/Chair Controls

Fig 67 – Live End Default Text Location

Fig 68 – Pan End Default Text Location

Fig 69– Dead End Default Text Location

Fig70 – Coupler Ends Default Text

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First Point

First Point

End Point

…. 21 to 28. Continued

Directional Text Option – This option controls the directional dependency of the text. (Figure 2 – arrow 23)

When checked (true), the text (profile) angle is tied to the direction of ‘travel’, 1st point to end point.

When unchecked (false), the text angle is independent of the direction of

travel and is always displayed the same.

Figure 71 shows two identical (Right to Left) profiles: - The top, with Directional Text Off - The bottom, with Directional Text On

Figure 72 shows two identical (Top to Bottom) profiles: - The left, with Directional Text Off - The right, with Directional Text On

This feature frees user of worrying which direction is the profile span. With the Directional Text Off, the text will always be drawn the same, independent of direction.

End PointDirection of TravelFig 71 – Directional Text Options

Top Off Bottom On

Fig 72 – Directional Text Options Right On Left Off

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…. 21 to 28. Continued Text Colour Control (Figure 2- Arrows 24) The User can now select the text colour to be used He can:

Select from the standard colours, including the ByLayer, and ByBlock presets. (Figure 73)

Select Index Colour, True Colour or Colour Books, by clicking on the Select Colour item. Figure(74)

The selected colour is displayed next to Text Colour

Text Height Control (Figure 2- Arrow 25) The user can now select, from a Drop Down List, the text height to be used. Figure 75

Fig 73 – Text – Colour Options

Fig 74 – Text, Index/True/Books Colour Selections

Fig75 – Text – Height Options

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…. 21 to 28.0 Continued Chair Colour Control (Figure 2- Arrows 26) The User can now select the chair (tag line) colour to

be used. He can: Select from the standard colours, including the

ByLayer, and ByBlock presets. (Figure 76) Select Index Colour, True Colour or Colour Books,

by clicking on the Select Colour item. Figure(77)

The selected colour is displayed next to Chair Colour Chair Length Control (Figure 2- Arrow 27)

The user can now select, from a Drop Down List, the Chair (tag line) length to be used (Figure 78)

Fig 76 – Text Colour Options

Fig 77 – Chair (tag line), Index/True/Books Colour Selection

Fig78 – Chair (tag line) – Length Options

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…. 21 to 28. Continued Show Actual Low Control (Figure 2- Arrow 28) This control has additional properties from previous versions

When Show Actual Low Option is checked (true), the following tasks are performed:

The actual Low value is shown at its exact location.

A different symbol is used (circle with cross) to mark its location.

Both, the value and mark, although visible will not plot. They are both placed in the DefPoints Layer

Figure 79 shows the actual low of 35mm, located between the 40mm chairs.

Fig 79 – Actual Low Point

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Fig 80 – Anchor Display Control

Fig 82 – Drawing Options for Swaged Anchors

Fig 81 – Drawing Options for Dead Ends

Fig 83 – Pocket and Edge Live Anchors Fig 84 – Couplers, Bottom represents a Passive Coupler

29. Fancy Anchors This control (Figure 2 –Arrow 29 and Figure 80) allows user to select between simple and more realistic (Fancy) anchors to be drawn by program The more realistic (Fancy) anchors only apply to

- Onion Dead Ends - Swaged Dead Ends

All other Anchors have no other option, and are always drawn the same Figure 81 shows the two options for the Onion Dead End Anchor

- Top Anchor is the normal type - Bottom anchor is the more realistc one

Figure 82 shows the two options for the Swaged Anchor

- Top Anchor is the normal type - Bottom anchor is the more realistic one

All other anchors are drawn as shown in Figures 83 and 84

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Fig 85 – Show Steel Control (Steel inside Duct)

30. Show Steel This control (Figure 2–Arrow 30 and Figure 85), turns

on or foo the display of the tendon steel inside the duct. The Options are

Checked (ticked). The duct together with the steel inside the duct will be shown when the cross section is displayed ( )

Unchecked. The duct only will be will be shown when the cross

section is displayed ( ) Figure 86 Shows the Cross Section with Show Steel On Figure 87 shows the Cress section with Show Steel Off

Fig 86 – Duct and Steel Displayed

Fig 87 – Duct Only Displayed

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31. Tendon Colour

Tendon Colour Control (Figure 2- Arrows 31)

The User can now select the Tendon colour to be used. He can:



The selected colour is displayed next to Tendon Colour

32. Anchor Print

This control (Figure 2- Arrow 32, and Figure 90) allows user to select if and where anchors are drawn. The options, as seen in figure 63, are:

None - No Anchors are drawn Both - Both anchors are drawn, if applicable 1st Only - First end anchor only is drawn, if applicable 2nd Only - Second end anchor only is drawn, if applicable

Fig 88 – Tendon Colour Options

Fig 89 – Tendon, Index/True/Books Colour Selections

Fig 90 – Anchor Draw Options

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33. Anchor Colour

Anchor Colour Control (Figure 2- Arrows 33) The User can now select the Anchor colour to be used. He can:



The selected colour is displayed next to Anchor Colour

Fig 91 – Anchor Colour Options

Fig 92 – Anchor, Index/True/Books Colour Selections

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Fig 94 – Probe Input

34. Zoom

The zoom value (Tab-page2 – Arrow 34) has the following properties

• When the value is set to zero (0) (Figure 93), Zoom is disabled.

• When the value is nonzero. Zoom is enabled and the following applies o When the two end points are selected for profiling, the span is

zoomed to the centre of the screen with 1000mm either side of the points.

o When profiling and selecting to continue From 2nd point, the screens pans to the direction of the span by the value set in the Zoom input window (Figure 93).

Although any value of Zoom can be specified, the program uses nothing less then 2000mm

35. Locate on drawing (Probe)

This function (Figure 3- Arrow 35), allows user to probe the profile along the span and get the tendon data at any point. The Probe is activated by pressing the Locate on Drawing button on Tab-page3, (Figure 94) The user is then asked to mouse click at the point of interest on the drawing (screen). This point can be anywhere along the span. The value can be manually entered via the keyboard on the X Value Input window. (This was the only option on previous versions) The program then reports back, for the selected location the:

o The distance of the selected location from the span origin o Height of Tendon to c.g.s. (for Engineers) o Height to underside of duct (chair height) – Very useful for

complex profiling o Slope, curvature and radius of curvature (for Engineers)

Please note, the same can be done, but a lot easier via the Pre View ( ) display window. Refer (Figure 1- arrow 15)

Fig 93 – Zoom Input

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Fig 95 – View Graph Command Button

36. View Graph Pressing the Pre View button, Figure 95, brings up the same detailed Cross Section, as described for Figure1-Arrow 15).

The Preview Cross Section Window displays:

All the input data All the defaults used All the properties of the resulting profile

And… By moving the mouse along the cross section (left or right), the

results at the mouse location are dynamically displayed.

Refer to item 15 and Figures 54 to 57.

Figure 96 is identical to Figure 45

Fig 96 – Example of Cover Violation due to steps

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37. Direction Indicator The Direction Indicator used on Tab Page 1 (Figure 1-Arrow 1) is also used in Tab Page 3 (Figure 3 – Arrow 37).

This is a visual aid to keep user informed, at all times, on the direction of travel between the two end points. Figure 97

1st Point2nd Point

Direction Indicator

Fig 97 Tab -Page 3 - Showing Direction Arrow

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Summary The added features have evolved; as a result of feed back from users, and have proven to shorten profiling substantially.

The input windows, (Figures 1, 2 and 3), now display al input data graphically with the use of icons, thus eliminating the possibility of errors. The Pre View feature, displays all Input and (possible) output graphically, allowing user to see any errors and make adjustments. With the use of the small undo, errors can easily be corrected, without having to restart. The ability now to add any type of soffit, and allow the program to profile, is a major time saver, and again eliminates errors. Users can Pre View the profile, check for errors, make changers, than plot. Imagine having to profile a tapered span with a calculator. Figure 98 shows a beam tapering from 300 to 650. The user cans Pre View the resulting profile prior to finalizing, and if all OK can profile from within Pre View window. The resulting profile (with Show Soffit On) is shown in Figure xx

Fig 98 – Pre View of a tapered band profile

Fig 99 – Final tapered band profile

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The ability to set the program to automatically offset the Pocket and Haunch Chair, by the default settings, is also a time saver. The ability to locate, a low point position on the screen (drawing) by mouse clicking, eliminates the need for two (cantilever profiles) as required by previous versions. Part profiling is a major feature. This allow user to specify, from where to where the chairs spacing should be placed within a span. This is vital for slab profiling where the tendon crosses a band, and there is no tendon haunch. This is almost always the case for end spans where the edge is a wide band Figure 100 shows this. Both profiles represent the same requested profile input.

The top profile is the resulting (normal) profile without part profiling used. The resulting profile, places the first chair from the edge, in the band.

The bottom profile, is the result of part profiling, and the first chair from the

edge is placed on the slab side, as preferred (Note above example has Haunch Offsets turned on)

The task performing additions together with the visual graphics make profiling a lot simpler, error free and less time consuming.

Fig 100 – Part Profiling

Profile Span

Normal Profiling – Slab Chair in Band

Part Profiling – Slab Chair in Slab

Part Profile

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