Steuerung und Betriebsführung von Windenergieanlagen

Automation and Control of Wind Turbines Dr. Vaheh Khachatouri, Bachmann electronic GmbH

Steuerung und Betriebsführung von

Windenergieanlagen

Dr. Vaheh Khachatouri

Director Market Development

[email protected]


Contents

Trends in the Utilization of Wind Energy

Basic Principles of the Energy Conversion Mechanism

Operation Sequence and Power Control

Challenges Ahead


0

1

2

3

4

1990 2000 2007 2015 2025 2035

Growth in world electric power generation and total energy consumption, 1990-2035(index, 1990 = 1)

History Projections

History & Projections Energy & Electric Power

Growth total energyconsumption

Growth electric powerconsumption

Source: EIA, International Energy Statistics database (as of November 2009)


Share of global electricity from renewable energy, 2008

Source: Renewables 2010 Global Status Report


EU27‘s energy mix

Source: EWEA


Wind energy share of electricity consumption

Source: EWEA


Electricity from renewable energy sources up to 2050

Source: IEA, ETP 2008 BLUE Map scenario

1.000 GW wind capacity



CAGR 8,5%


The World’s Fastest Growing Energy Source

World Total Installed Capacity in Megawatts

Source: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)


World Wind Resource Map 2008

Source: 3Tier und IEA, IEA Wind


Market Share DEC 2010

Vestas13%

GE Wind12%

Sinovel9%

Enercon9%Goldwind

7%Dongfang

7%

Gamesa7%

Suzlon6%

Siemens6%

RePower3%

Others21%


Wind Turbine Size Trends

� Text

Source: Bundesverband Windenergie e.V.


Contents




Challenges Ahead


Conversion of the Kinetic Energy of the Wind

vv 21


AppendixAerodynamic Power Coefficient - Betz´s Constant

593,0max, =PC

AvP ⋅⋅⋅= 311 2

1ρ

1

2

P

PCP =

+⋅

−⋅=

1

2

2

1

2 112

1

v

v

v

vCP

ℑ=

1

2

v

vC p

593,03

1max, =

ℑ=PC


Functional Chain of a Wind Turbine

rotor blade

gearbox

generator rectifier inverter

transformer

rotor hub

~= ~

=~


Decoupling of Fluctuations in Wind Speed

vWind

~50 or 60 Hz

time

Wind speed[m

/s]


Requirements on the Electrical System of Wind Turbines

1. Dynamic response in between the fixed-frequency grid and variationsof wind

2. Quality of the electrical energy fed into the grid

3. Cost of Energy

4. Efficiency

5. Reliability and availability


variable ratiotransmission

low speed medium speed high speed

transmission

generator

rotor

gridconnection

synchronousmulti-pole

Synchronous4-6 poles

induction

woundpermanentmagnet

wounddouble fed

woundsquirrelcage

converter converter direct

directlydriven

(no gearbox)integrated

betweenrotor andgenerator

Partialconverter

Common Drivetrain Concepts


REpower 6 MW Wind Turbine

generator

converter

rotor bearing and rotor shaft

transformerpitch sytem gearbox

yaw system

on-boardcrane

rotor blade

rotor hub

tower



Double Fed Induction Generator


transmission

generator

rotor

gridconnection



induction


wounddouble fed

woundsquirrelcage


directlydriven



Partialconverter


Enercon Directly Driven Wind Turbine


Directly Driven Wind Turbine with Synchronous Generator


transmission

generator

rotor

gridconnection



induction


wounddouble fed

woundsquirrelcage


directlydriven



Partialconverter



Aerodynamic Forces

Source: E. Hau, Wind Turbines


Aerodynamic Actuating Variables

pitch

yaw

AvP ⋅⋅⋅= 311 2

1ρ

12 PcP p ⋅=

vv 21

PP 21


Rotor Power Characteristics

Source: E. Hau, Wind Turbines


Power Curve of a Pitch-Controlled Wind Turbine


Contents




Challenges Ahead


Areas of Operation of Pitch-Controlled Wind Turbines

partial load full load


~= ~

=~

Actuating Variables of a Wind Turbine

pitch

generator torque � rotor speed

grid sidecontroller

power controller

yaw


Functional Blocks of a WT Control System

Power & SpeedControl System

Grid SideControl System

ProtectiveSystem

Sequence Control System

~

ConditionMonitoring System

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System / Park Controller


Operation Sequence Control

� Alarms

� Wind direction

� Wind Speed

� Rotor Speed

� Blade Pitch angle

� Yaw angle

� Shaft Torque

� Generated power

� Commands

� External Information

� Actual State

� System check

� Standstill

� Initiation

� Powering up

� Partial load operation

� Full load operation

� Shutdown

� Stopping


on

oT

on

~= ~

=~

Operation SequenceControl

PitchController

Power / Speed

Controller

dtd oϑ

oϑ

rϑ PitchingRate

Controller

dtd rϑ

on

rn

TorqueController

rToT

oP

rP

on

oP

on

oP

Windv

Windd

GridV

Gridf

Sensors &

externalinform

ation

& commands

Power and Speed Control Structure


Solutions by Bachmann electronictailored to the needs of distributed power generation


Contents




Challenges Ahead


Paradigm shift in the electricity generation

Key issues associated with the high

penetration of renewable energies

are:

� Fluctuations of the power source,

� Decentralized power generation,

� Electricity being directly fed into the

distribution networks and

� Bi-directional power flow.

Source of map: The Renewable Energy Industrial Development Report 2009


Paradigm shift in the electricity generation

The issues associated with the high penetration of renewable energies

can be dealt with:

� Grid extension and aggregation of the power supply over wide

geografic areas,

� Improved wind and load forecasting,

� Energy storage,

� Demand side management / load control,

� Flexibility of other power plants,

� Means to measure, realtime information exchange and

� control mechanisms to ensure power balance and grid stability.

Steuerung und Betriebsführung von Windenergieanlagen

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