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Steps in Research

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Objectives

The participants will be able to:

Enlist the steps in research. Write the research article/dissertation by

following these steps in research

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Background

esearch is essential and formal part of all

postgraduate studies. It is also required forpromotion of medical personnel. It is very

difficult for most of the postgraduate

trainees to conduct research. Steps in

Research have been illustrated here in asimplified form for better understanding.

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Steps in Research

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Selection of Topic

Selection in accordance

with;

1. Interest

2. Relevance3. Avoidance of Duplication

4. Feasibility

5. Political Acceptability

6. Applicability

7. Cost effectiveness

8. Ethical Consideration

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Research Question

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Formulation of Objective

1. Introductory Statement

ending with TO and a

Colon (;).

2. Objective must start

with a verb.

3. Must be SMART.

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Work Plan and Budgeting

Gantt Chart for

Work Plan

Budgeting for

1. Literature Search

2. Statistical Help

3. Material

4. Typing of manuscript

5. Printing

6. Postage

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Literature Searchhy?

To identify research topic

To view the previous work

To help designing the study

To keep update with newdevelopment

To formulate a hypothesis

To use it for discussion at the

end

ources:

Journals

Books

Conference, Congress

and Meeting

proceedings

Research Projects

Researchers and

ResearchOr anizations

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Place of Study

Community based.Hospital based

Duration Of Study

Methods and Materials

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Study Design

1. Descriptive Studies

2. Analytical StudiesCase Control Study

Cohort Study

3. Intervention StudiesExperimental Studies

quasi experimental Studies

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Sampling Technique.

Probability sampling.

-Simple random-Systematic

-Cluster-Stratified

Non probability sampling.

-Convenience

-Purposive

-Quota

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Sample Size

For Hospital basedstudy:

Purposive Sampling

For Community basedstudy:

Calculated by Statisticalformula

n= p (1-q)pq

D t C ll ti

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Data Collection

Steps in Data Collection1. Identification of objectives

2. Listing of target population

3. Identification of time frame

4.Selection of data collection instruments

5. Development of data collection methods

6. Selection of proper sampling design

7. Organization, selection, responsibility

and training of task

8. Pre-coding

9. Pre-testing

Data Collection Procedure1. Experiment

2. Survey

3. Observation

4. Interview

5. Focus group Discussion

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Data Analysis

Data analyzed:

Manually

On Computer

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Results

Presented in the form of:

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Discussion

1. Emphasis on present

findings

2. Comparison with

similar studies.

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References:Why reference?

To avoid plagiarism

Reader can verify

quotation

Reader can cite authors

argument

Styles of

Referencing