Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

Step Up To: Step Up To: Discovering PsychologyDiscovering Psychology

by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

Step Up To: Step Up To: Discovering PsychologyDiscovering Psychology

by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury (2007)Hockenbury (2007)

Discovering Psychology 4eDiscovering Psychology 4eWorth PublishersWorth Publishers

From: Hockenbury & From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury (2007)Hockenbury (2007)

Discovering Psychology 4eDiscovering Psychology 4eWorth PublishersWorth Publishers

Chapter 11: Social PsychologyChapter 11: Social PsychologyChapter 11: Social PsychologyChapter 11: Social Psychology

First Impressions

Attribution

You’ve got an attitude.

Follow the Crowd

Helping Others

100

200

300

400

500

First Impressions

100

200

300

400

500

Attribution

100

200

300

400

500

You’ve got attitude.

100

200

300

400

500

Follow the Crowd

100

200

300

400

500

Helping Others

1. 1. ___ refer(s) to the mental ___ refer(s) to the mental processes people use to make processes people use to make sense out of their social sense out of their social environment.environment.

1. 1. ___ refer(s) to the mental ___ refer(s) to the mental processes people use to make processes people use to make sense out of their social sense out of their social environment.environment.

• A) Social psychology

• B) Social cognition

• C) Social influence

• D) Social constructs





2.2. Mental processes we use to Mental processes we use to form judgments and draw form judgments and draw conclusions about the conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other characteristics and motives of other people are called:people are called:

2.2. Mental processes we use to Mental processes we use to form judgments and draw form judgments and draw conclusions about the conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other characteristics and motives of other people are called:people are called:• A) social influence.

• B) social cognition.

• C) social psychology.

• D) person perception.

• A) social influence.




3.3. No one suspected that the man No one suspected that the man in the clown suit visiting sick children in the clown suit visiting sick children in the hospital to cheer them up in the hospital to cheer them up would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t that “type” of person. This that “type” of person. This illustrates:illustrates:

3.3. No one suspected that the man No one suspected that the man in the clown suit visiting sick children in the clown suit visiting sick children in the hospital to cheer them up in the hospital to cheer them up would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t that “type” of person. This that “type” of person. This illustrates:illustrates:• A) implicit personality theories.


• C) trait theory of personality.

• D) expectation evaluation.

• A) implicit personality theories.




4.4. Kristi is sitting alone on the bus. Kristi is sitting alone on the bus. She feels uncomfortable when She feels uncomfortable when the bus stops and only one the bus stops and only one person gets on and sits next to person gets on and sits next to her. Her discomfort is, in part, her. Her discomfort is, in part, caused by:caused by:



• B) person perception.

• C) social norms.

• D) implicit personality theory.





5. 5. David was directed to an office David was directed to an office with a man and a woman inside. with a man and a woman inside. He saw the name “Dr. Smith” on He saw the name “Dr. Smith” on the door, and approached the the door, and approached the man. He was engaged in the man. He was engaged in the process of:process of:


• A) implicit personality theory.


• C) social categorization.

• D) social norms.





6.6. While watching a homeless While watching a homeless person beg on the street corner, person beg on the street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If George thinks, “He must be lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.” George is most likely have to beg.” George is most likely demonstrating:demonstrating:

6.6. While watching a homeless While watching a homeless person beg on the street corner, person beg on the street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If George thinks, “He must be lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.” George is most likely have to beg.” George is most likely demonstrating:demonstrating:• A) good judgment.

• B) the fundamental attribution error.

• C) personal bias.

• D) stereotyping.

• A) good judgment.




7.7. Rape victims are sometimes Rape victims are sometimes blamed for wearing clothes that blamed for wearing clothes that are too revealing and thus are too revealing and thus “getting what she deserved.” “getting what she deserved.” This false conclusion is based This false conclusion is based on:on:


• A) the just-world hypothesis.



• D) the social exchange theory.





8.8. The tendency to give The tendency to give ourselves credit when we ourselves credit when we succeed and to blame our succeed and to blame our failures on external failures on external circumstances is called:circumstances is called:

8.8. The tendency to give The tendency to give ourselves credit when we ourselves credit when we succeed and to blame our succeed and to blame our failures on external failures on external circumstances is called:circumstances is called:• A) actor-observer discrepancy.

• B) personal perception.

• C) fundamental attribution error.

• D) self-serving bias.

• A) actor-observer discrepancy.




9.9. When you attribute your own When you attribute your own behavior to the situation and behavior to the situation and others’ behavior to the fact that others’ behavior to the fact that “it’s just the way they are,” you “it’s just the way they are,” you are demonstrating: are demonstrating:

9.9. When you attribute your own When you attribute your own behavior to the situation and behavior to the situation and others’ behavior to the fact that others’ behavior to the fact that “it’s just the way they are,” you “it’s just the way they are,” you are demonstrating: are demonstrating: • A) blaming the victim.

• B) self-serving bias.


• D) actor-observer discrepancy.

• A) blaming the victim.




10.10. The tendency to blame The tendency to blame ourselves for failures while ourselves for failures while attributing our successes to attributing our successes to external causes is called a(n):external causes is called a(n):


• A) self-serving bias.

• B) self-effacing bias.

• C) actor-observer discrepancy.

• D) fundamental attributional error.





11.11.When you behave in a When you behave in a way that is in conflict with way that is in conflict with your attitude, you your attitude, you experience:experience:

11.11.When you behave in a When you behave in a way that is in conflict with way that is in conflict with your attitude, you your attitude, you experience:experience:• A) cognitive dissonance.

• B) thought confusion.

• C) attitude adjustment.

• D) behavior reassessment.

• A) cognitive dissonance.




12.12. Prejudice is defined as:Prejudice is defined as:12.12. Prejudice is defined as:Prejudice is defined as:

• A) taking negative action toward people who belong to a different social group.

• B) speaking badly about people who belong to a different social group.

• C) a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group.

• D) all of the above.





13.13. Barb believes that all teenagers Barb believes that all teenagers are immature, aggressive, selfish, are immature, aggressive, selfish, and irresponsible. Her attitudes and irresponsible. Her attitudes toward teenagers represent her:toward teenagers represent her:


• A) prejudice.

• B) out-group classification.

• C) stereotype.

• D) cognitive dissonance.

• A) prejudice.


• C) stereotype.


14.14. Mr. Jamison believes it is Mr. Jamison believes it is justifiable to send troops to invade justifiable to send troops to invade another country because his another country because his country is morally superior to the country is morally superior to the other. His beliefs demonstrate:other. His beliefs demonstrate:

14.14. Mr. Jamison believes it is Mr. Jamison believes it is justifiable to send troops to invade justifiable to send troops to invade another country because his another country because his country is morally superior to the country is morally superior to the other. His beliefs demonstrate:other. His beliefs demonstrate:• A) ethnocentrism.

• B) prejudice.

• C) stereotype.


• A) ethnocentrism.

• B) prejudice.

• C) stereotype.


15.15. This study demonstrated that This study demonstrated that cooperation among group cooperation among group members can lessen prejudice.members can lessen prejudice.


• A) Robbers Cave Experiment

• B) Jigsaw Classroom

• C) In-group, Out-group study

• D) Zimbardo’s Cognitive Dissonance study





16.16. In Solomon Asch’s experiment In Solomon Asch’s experiment about how our perceptions may be about how our perceptions may be influenced by others:influenced by others:


• A) more than a third of the people changed their opinions to agree with others.

• B) most people changed their opinions to agree with others.

• C) most everyone ignored what others said.

• D) more than two thirds of the people denied what they saw with their own eyes and instead chose to agree with the group.





17.17. For teens, it is especially For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like important to dress and act like their peers in order to be their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:pressure to conform is called:

17.17. For teens, it is especially For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like important to dress and act like their peers in order to be their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:pressure to conform is called:• A) informational social influence.

• B) ethnocentrism.

• C) out-group homogeneity effect.

• D) normative social influence.

• A) informational social influence.




18.18. The results of Milgram’s The results of Milgram’s experiment found that:experiment found that:18.18. The results of Milgram’s The results of Milgram’s experiment found that:experiment found that:

• A) the subjects who continued knew it wasn’t real.

• B) most subjects discontinued when shock levels became extreme.

• C) most subjects continued to deliver the highest level of shock.

• D) subjects had to be threatened to deliver dangerous levels of shock.





19.19. Further experiments by Milgram Further experiments by Milgram helped to identify factors influencing helped to identify factors influencing the outcome of destructive the outcome of destructive obedience. These factors include all obedience. These factors include all of the following, of the following, except:except:

19.19. Further experiments by Milgram Further experiments by Milgram helped to identify factors influencing helped to identify factors influencing the outcome of destructive the outcome of destructive obedience. These factors include all obedience. These factors include all of the following, of the following, except:except:• A) volunteering to participate.

• B) being told the learners were not really being harmed.

• C) the repetitive escalation of the task.

• D) the situation, or context, in which the obedience occurred.

• A) volunteering to participate.




20.20. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. His results could have predicted His results could have predicted problems of prisoner abuse at Abu problems of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib, in that:Ghraib, in that:


• A) people will follow the direct orders of a superior when in the military.

• B) implied social norms can be just as powerful as explicit orders.

• C) we will easily scapegoat those different from ourselves.

• D) people can not resist pressure to perform evil action.





21.21. According to studies done on According to studies done on helping behavior, if you want to helping behavior, if you want to collect for a charity, the person most collect for a charity, the person most likely to give would be:likely to give would be:

21.21. According to studies done on According to studies done on helping behavior, if you want to helping behavior, if you want to collect for a charity, the person most collect for a charity, the person most likely to give would be:likely to give would be: • A) Joe, who was just told by his boss he

did a good job.

• B) Mary, who has one hundred dollars in her pocket.

• C) David, who just lost a tennis match.

• D) Sarah, who has never given before.

• A) Joe, who was just told by his boss he did a good job.




22.22. Kitty Genovese was killed Kitty Genovese was killed while others watched and while others watched and listened. They knew others listened. They knew others were watching, too. Their were watching, too. Their behavior is explained by the:behavior is explained by the:

22.22. Kitty Genovese was killed Kitty Genovese was killed while others watched and while others watched and listened. They knew others listened. They knew others were watching, too. Their were watching, too. Their behavior is explained by the:behavior is explained by the:• A) apathy.

• B) prosocial behavior.

• C) altruism.

• D) bystander effect.

• A) apathy.


• C) altruism.

• D) bystander effect.

23.23. Regarding size of the city/town Regarding size of the city/town and its relationship to helping and its relationship to helping behavior towards a stranger:behavior towards a stranger:

23.23. Regarding size of the city/town Regarding size of the city/town and its relationship to helping and its relationship to helping behavior towards a stranger:behavior towards a stranger:• A) people are less likely to help the

larger the city is.

• B) people are more likely to help the smaller the town is.

• C) people are less likely to help in a large city or very small town.

• D) people are more likely to help in a large city.

• A) people are less likely to help the larger the city is.




24.24. According to the bystander According to the bystander effect, if you needed help you effect, if you needed help you would be more likely to get it if:would be more likely to get it if:


• A) many people were present.

• B) few people were present.

• C) someone else was also helping.

• D) no one knew you.





25.25. Prosocial behavior with no Prosocial behavior with no expectation of personal reward or expectation of personal reward or benefit is called:benefit is called:


• A) bystander intervention.

• B) altruism.

• C) diffusion of responsibility.

• D) cost-benefit analysis.


• B) altruism.



Stop here, or continue as a review

1. ___ refer(s) to the mental 1. ___ refer(s) to the mental processes people use to make processes people use to make sense out of their social sense out of their social environment.environment.

1. ___ refer(s) to the mental 1. ___ refer(s) to the mental processes people use to make processes people use to make sense out of their social sense out of their social environment.environment.









438

2.2. Mental processes we use to Mental processes we use to form judgments and draw form judgments and draw conclusions about the conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other characteristics and motives of other people are called:people are called:

2.2. Mental processes we use to Mental processes we use to form judgments and draw form judgments and draw conclusions about the conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other characteristics and motives of other people are called:people are called:• A) social influence.








438

3.3. No one suspected that the man No one suspected that the man in the clown suit visiting sick children in the clown suit visiting sick children in the hospital to cheer them up in the hospital to cheer them up would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t that “type” of person. This that “type” of person. This illustrates:illustrates:

3.3. No one suspected that the man No one suspected that the man in the clown suit visiting sick children in the clown suit visiting sick children in the hospital to cheer them up in the hospital to cheer them up would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t would be John Gacy. He just wasn’t that “type” of person. This that “type” of person. This illustrates:illustrates:• A) implicit personality theories.




• A) implicit personality theories.




440











439











440

6.6. While watching a homeless While watching a homeless person beg on the street corner, person beg on the street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If George thinks, “He must be lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.” George is most likely have to beg.” George is most likely demonstrating:demonstrating:

6.6. While watching a homeless While watching a homeless person beg on the street corner, person beg on the street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If George thinks, “He must be lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.” George is most likely have to beg.” George is most likely demonstrating:demonstrating:• A) good judgment.




• A) good judgment.




443











443

8.8. Tending to give ourselves Tending to give ourselves credit when we succeed and credit when we succeed and to blame our failures on to blame our failures on external circumstances is external circumstances is called:called:

8.8. Tending to give ourselves Tending to give ourselves credit when we succeed and credit when we succeed and to blame our failures on to blame our failures on external circumstances is external circumstances is called:called:• A) actor-observer discrepancy.




• A) actor-observer discrepancy.




445

9.9. When you attribute your own When you attribute your own behavior to the situation and behavior to the situation and others’ behavior to the fact that others’ behavior to the fact that “it’s just the way they are,” you “it’s just the way they are,” you are demonstrating:are demonstrating:

9.9. When you attribute your own When you attribute your own behavior to the situation and behavior to the situation and others’ behavior to the fact that others’ behavior to the fact that “it’s just the way they are,” you “it’s just the way they are,” you are demonstrating:are demonstrating:• A) blaming the victim.




• A) blaming the victim.




444


10.10. The tendency to blame The tendency to blame ourselves for failures while ourselves for failures while attributing our successes to attributing our successes to external causes is called a(n):external causes is called a(n):• A) self-serving bias.








446

11.11.When you behave in a When you behave in a way that is in conflict with way that is in conflict with your attitude, you your attitude, you experience:experience:

11.11.When you behave in a When you behave in a way that is in conflict with way that is in conflict with your attitude, you your attitude, you experience:experience:• A) cognitive dissonance.




• A) cognitive dissonance.




448

12.12. Prejudice is defined as:Prejudice is defined as:12.12. Prejudice is defined as:Prejudice is defined as:









450



• A) prejudice.


• C) stereotype.


• A) prejudice.


• C) stereotype.


450

14.14. Mr. Jamison believes it is Mr. Jamison believes it is justifiable to send troops to invade justifiable to send troops to invade another country because his another country because his country is morally superior to the country is morally superior to the other. His beliefs demonstrate:other. His beliefs demonstrate:

14.14. Mr. Jamison believes it is Mr. Jamison believes it is justifiable to send troops to invade justifiable to send troops to invade another country because his another country because his country is morally superior to the country is morally superior to the other. His beliefs demonstrate:other. His beliefs demonstrate:• A) ethnocentrism.

• B) prejudice.

• C) stereotype.


• A) ethnocentrism.

• B) prejudice.

• C) stereotype.


452











454










• D) more than two thirds of the people denied what they saw with their own eyes and instead chose to agree with the group. 455

17.17. For teens, it is especially For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like important to dress and act like their peers in order to be their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:pressure to conform is called:

17.17. For teens, it is especially For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like important to dress and act like their peers in order to be their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:pressure to conform is called:• A) informational social influence.




• A) informational social influence.




456

18.18. The results of Milgram’s The results of Milgram’s experiment found that:experiment found that:18.18. The results of Milgram’s The results of Milgram’s experiment found that:experiment found that:









459

19. 19. Further experiments by Milgram Further experiments by Milgram helped to identify factors influencing helped to identify factors influencing the outcome of destructive the outcome of destructive obedience. These factors include all obedience. These factors include all of the following, of the following, except:except:

19. 19. Further experiments by Milgram Further experiments by Milgram helped to identify factors influencing helped to identify factors influencing the outcome of destructive the outcome of destructive obedience. These factors include all obedience. These factors include all of the following, of the following, except:except:• A) volunteering to participate.




• A) volunteering to participate.



• D) the situation, or context, in which the obedience occurred. 460










• D) people can not resist pressure to perform evil action. 463

21.21. According to studies done on According to studies done on helping behavior, if you want to helping behavior, if you want to collect for a charity, the person most collect for a charity, the person most likely to give would be:likely to give would be:

21.21. According to studies done on According to studies done on helping behavior, if you want to helping behavior, if you want to collect for a charity, the person most collect for a charity, the person most likely to give would be:likely to give would be: • A) Joe, who was just told by his boss he

did a good job.




• A) Joe, who was just told by his boss he did a good job.




467

22. 22. Kitty Genovese was Kitty Genovese was killed while others watched and killed while others watched and listened. They knew others listened. They knew others were watching, too. Their were watching, too. Their behavior is explained by:behavior is explained by:

22. 22. Kitty Genovese was Kitty Genovese was killed while others watched and killed while others watched and listened. They knew others listened. They knew others were watching, too. Their were watching, too. Their behavior is explained by:behavior is explained by:• A) apathy.


• C) altruism.

• D) the bystander effect.

• A) apathy.


• C) altruism.

• D) the bystander effect.

467

23. 23. Regarding size of the city/town Regarding size of the city/town and its relationship to helping and its relationship to helping behavior towards a stranger:behavior towards a stranger:

23. 23. Regarding size of the city/town Regarding size of the city/town and its relationship to helping and its relationship to helping behavior towards a stranger:behavior towards a stranger:• A) people are less likely to help the

larger the city is.




• A) people are less likely to help the larger the city is.




468











468




• B) altruism.




• B) altruism.



466

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Worth Publishers, 2007

• Step Up Created by:John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury

• Worth Publishers, 2007

AnswersAnswersAnswersAnswers

1. B

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. A

8. D

9. D

10. B

11. A

12. C

13. C

14. A

15. B

16. A

17. D

18. C

19. B

20. B

21. A

22. D

23. C

24. B

25. B

Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

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