Abstract for submittal to 2005 CALCON Technical Conference on Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing, August 22–25, 2005, Logan, Utah, USA

This work was directed by the NASA Applied Sciences Directorate at the John C. Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. Participation in this work by Science Systems and Applications, Inc., was supported under NASA Task Order NNS04AB54T.

Stennis Space Center Verification & Validation Capabilities

Mary Pagnutti, Robert E. Ryan, Kara Holekamp, Duane O’Neal, Kelly Knowlton, Kenton Ross, and Slawomir Blonski Science Systems and Applications, Inc.

Scientists within NASA’s Applied Sciences Directorate have developed a well-characterized remote sensing Verification & Validation (V&V) site at the John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC). This site enables the in-flight characterization of satellite and airborne high spatial and moderate resolution remote sensing systems and their products. The smaller scale of the newer high resolution remote sensing systems allows scientists to characterize geometric, spatial, and radiometric data properties using a single V&V site. The targets and techniques used to characterize data from these newer systems can differ significantly from the techniques used to characterize data from the earlier, coarser spatial resolution systems. Scientists are also using the SSC V&V site to characterize thermal infrared systems and active lidar systems. SSC employs geodetic targets, edge targets, radiometric tarps, atmospheric monitoring equipment, and thermal calibration ponds to characterize remote sensing data products. The SSC Instrument Validation Lab is a key component of the V&V capability and is used to calibrate field instrumentation and to provide National Institute of Standards and Technology traceability. This poster presents a description of the SSC characterization capabilities and examples of calibration data.

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Portable Atmospheric Monitoring

Portable Meteorology Station

Purpose: Record atmospheric measurements during field collectsAtmospheric Measurements: Temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed/direction sensorsSolar measurements: Pyrenometer, Pyroheliometer

Multi-filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer

Purpose: Measure diffuse/ direct/horizontal solar irradianceSpectral Channels: Seven channels –one total solar and six 10 nm bandwidth center wavelengths at 415, 500, 615, 673, 870, and 940 nm Cosine response: <5% for 0-80 degree zenith angle; <1% with correction

Langley Regression PlotSolar Plot

Automated Solar RadiometerPurpose: Measure direct solar irradianceSpectral Channels: Nine channels –one total solar and eight 10 nm bandwidth center wavelengths at 382, 400, 440, 521, 610, 671, 781, 870, 940, and 1030 nm

Radiosonde Balloon Full Sky Imager

Reflectance Radiometry

GoniometerPurpose: Measure BRDF effects of target surfaceSpectral Radiometer: GERZenith Range: 180° sampled every 15°Azimuthal Range: 180°sampled every 30°

NIST characterized Spectralon© Panels

Purpose: Analytical Spectral Devices (ASDs) used to calculate accurately target reflectance values used to validate imager radiance values Spectral Range: 350 - 2500 nmSensors: One 512-element photodiode array and two thermoelectrically cooled, extended-range InGaAs photodiodesSampling Interval: 1.4 nm from 350 - 1000 nm; 2 nm from 1000 - 2500 nmSpectral Resolution: 3 nm @ 700 nm; 10 nm @ 1500 nm; 10 nm @ 2100 nmNumber of Channels: 512 channels Wavelength Accuracy: ±1 nm

ASD Measuring Tarps Analytical Spectral Devices

Purpose: Tarp panels form two 20-meter edges to measure the edge response of panchromatic and multispectral imaging systems with ground sampling distances of 1 meter or lessTarps’ highly uniform spectral reflectance can be utilized in the characterization of multispectral and hyperspectral sensors

• Tarp Panel 1 - 3.5% Reflectance• Tarp Panel 2 - 22% Reflectance• Tarp Panel 3 - 34% Reflectance• Tarp Panel 4 - 52% Reflectance

Reflective Tarps

Painted Concrete Edge Target

Purpose: Measure spatial response of1-meter GSD class systemsReflectance: ~50% and ~4% reflective painted rectanglesDimensions: 4 rectangles, 10 m x 20 m eachTotal Dimensions: 20 m x 40 mOrientation: North-South and East-West orientation

Spatial Response

Painted Concrete Radial Edge Target

• 130 m radial target > 90° arc angle• ~4 m thick tapered to < 10 cm

Edge Response of Tarps

Reflective Tarp Edge Target

Painted Concrete Tri-bar Target Array

°C

Stationary Atmospheric MonitoringAtmospheric Monitoring Station

• Live Web publishing• Entirely automated

Total Sky Imager

Multi-filter Rotating

Shadow-band Radiometer

Cimel Sun Photometer

Channels: 440, 670, 870, 936, and 1020 nm FWHM: 10 nmFOV: 1.2°Part of AERONET network

Hyperspectral Radiometry

HYMAPOctober 25, 2000

Purpose: Vicariously evaluate wavelength calibrations of airborne hyperspectral sensorsDesign: 1500 W metal halide lamps

Hyperspectral Active Targets

Positional Accuracy

Trimble Pathfinder GPS

Purpose: Field portable real-time GPS surveyAccuracy: 10 m to submeter

Forty-five, 2.44-meter outer 0.6-meter red center radius geodetic targets evenly spaced throughout site

Continuously Operating Reference Station provides carrier phase and code range measurements for added ease of post-processing GPS survey data

NGS/NOAA-NDBC Operated CORS Site

45 GPS-Surveyed Geodetic Targets < 3 cm Accuracy

136 Manhole Covers On Site—9 m to 2.44 m

136 Manhole covers painted with 50% reflectance paint

17 A-Order monuments On Site

Trimble 5700 GPS

• Centimeter-level accuracy• Sub-cm accuracies for static survey• 24-channel receiver

QuickBird Observed Geolocational Accuracy

QuickBird ProductAcquisition

DateEmpirical CE90 (m)

Empirical CE95 (m)

Elevation Angle (deg)

8/23/2003 12.67 12.76 76.89/15/2003 17.40 17.62 83.3

10/21/2003 13.63 13.72 81.31/10/2004 16.27 16.39 89.2

Panchromatic Orthorectified 8/23/2003 7.93 8.11 76.88/23/2003 12.78 12.93 76.89/15/2003 17.34 17.66 83.3

10/21/2003 13.76 13.77 81.3Multispectral Orthorectified 8/23/2003 7.50 8.43 76.8

Panchromatic Standard

Multispectral Standard

Purpose: Measure hyperspectral thermal data in two polarization Resolution: ~0.5 (cm^-1) in two polarizations Range: 5000-600 (cm^-1) for KBrDetector: LN2 cooled MCT

Thermal Radiometry

Spectral Response: 8-14 µmAccuracy: ±0.5 °CTarget Spot Size (@ 1 m): 10 cmResponse Time: 0.05-10.0

seconds

17.0

17.5

18.0

18.5

19.0

19.5

20.0

20.5

21.0

1624

1630

1636

1642

1648

1654

1700

1706

1712

1718

1724

1730

1736

1742

1748

1754

1800

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1830

1836

1842

1848

1854

FLIR Systems SC2000: Thermal Camera

Purpose: Image float’s influence on waterbodyRange: Thermal (8-12 µm)Accuracy: 14-bit digitization with 0.1 °C NED, 240 x 320 pixel arrayIFOV: Uncooled, 1.3 milliradian

Float Data: March 22, 2001North/South Skin Temp. vs. Time

Thermal Float on Stennis Pond

• Float employs 2 Heimann radiometers to measure skin surface temperature

• Additional Heimann measures cold sky temperature

• Two honeycomb black bodies calibrate radiometers during field exercises

• Thermocouple probe measures bulk water temperature

Heimann Radiometer

FTIR Spectropolarimeter

Time

S

K

I

NSkin

Tem

p

Laboratory Calibration

ESPEC Environmental Chamber

Purpose: Simulation of field conditions to validate instrument performance under non-laboratory conditionsTemperature Range: -75 °C to 150 °CRelative Humidity Range: 10% to 90%Interior Dimensions: 32 ft3

NIST-Certified Integrating Spheres

Purpose: Calibration and characterization of spectral radiometers

Controls: Microprocessor-controlled integrating sphere calibration standard

Illumination: 150-W tungsten-halogen, reflectorized lamp with a motorized, computer-controlled, variable aperture

Temperature Range: 2000 to 3000KSpectral Range: Calibrated from 300

to 2500 nm

19.1 19.15 19.2 19.25 19.3 19.35 19.4 19.45 19.5 19.55 19.6

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Water Temperature °

Mikron BB

Cooler BB

Mikron BB vs. Ice Chest BB

Mikron Water Bath Blackbodies

Purpose: Calibration of radiometersEmitter Area: 12” x 12”Temperature Range: 0 °C to

148.9 °CTemperature Resolution: 0.01 °C ≤

99.99 °C; 0.1 °C ≥ 100 °CStability: ±.04 °C for 8-hour periodTemperature Sensor: Precision

Platinum

Spectral Calibration:• VNIR - laser illumination of

integrating sphere produces monochromatic Lambertian source

• SWIR - use gas discharge lamps to illuminate integrating sphere

• Fit Gaussian curve to each spectral peak to estimate bin number corresponding to wavelength at center of peak

• Perform linear regression to assign wavelengths to all spectral bins

Radiometric Calibration: NIST-calibrated integrating sphere serves as source with known spectral radiance

• Calculate coefficients for conversion of measured DN values to radiance• Perform periodic checks of ASD radiance calibration using known radiance

source• Check linearity of ASD response by varying integrating sphere radiance level

206 208 210 212 214 216 218

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

AS

D M

easu

rem

ent

Bin Number

632.821 nm Laser

ASD DataGaussian Fit Data

50 100 150 200 250 300 350450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

Lase

r W

avel

engt

h (n

m)

Bin Number

VNIR Spectral Calibration Plot

Slope = 1.4363 Intercept = 327.5722

R2 = 1

Sensor DataPolyfit Data

Purpose: Perform spectral and radiometric calibration of ASD FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometers

Calibration & Characterization of ASD FieldSpecSpectroradiometers

Laboratory setup

Purpose: Evaluate target bidirectional reflectance to account for the differences between ground measurement viewing angles and satellite acquisition angles

0.440

0.450

0.460

0.470

0.480

0.490

0.500

0.510

0.520

0.530

0.540

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

wavelength (nm)

refle

ctan

ce

ground geometry,measured 5/18/04ground geometry,measured 3/31/04satellite geometry,QuickBirdsatellite geometry,IKONOS

Reflectance of 52% Tarp

Test results indicate that bidirectional reflectance effects can change the effective reflectance by as much as 10%

Bidirectional Reflectance

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 24000.99

1

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05Ratio of Measured ASD Radiance Values to Calibrated Radiance

wavelength (nm)

(mea

sure

d ra

dian

ce)/(

calib

rate

d ra

dian

ce)

ASD 6069ASD 6116ASD 6281

Stennis Space Center Verification and Validation Capabilities

Mary Pagnutti, Robert E. Ryan, Kara Holekamp, Duane O’Neal, Kelly Knowlton, Kenton Ross, and Slawomir BlonskiScience Systems and Applications, Inc.

John C. Stennis Space Center, MS 39529

Includes material © Space Imaging, LLCContact Information – phone: 228-688-2135; e-mail: Mary.Pagnutti@ssc.nasa.gov

2005 CALCON Technical Conference on Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing, August 22–25, 2005, Logan, Utah, USA This work was directed by the NASA Applied Sciences Directorate at the John C. Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. Participation in this work by Science Systems and Applications, Inc., was supported under NASA Task Order NNS04AB54T.

RELEASED - Printed documents may be obsolete; validate prior to use.

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188

1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)22-08-2005

2. REPORT TYPE Final - Abstract and Poster

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLEStennis Space Center Verification & Validation Capabilities

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

NASA Task Order NNS04AB54T

6. AUTHOR(S)Pagnutti, MaryRyan, Robert E.Holekamp, KaraO'Neal, DuaneKnowlton, KellyRoss, KentonBlonski, Slawomir

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Applied Sciences Directorate, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Bldg. 1105, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS 39529

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Applied Sciences Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Code MA00, Bldg. 1100, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS 39529

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

10. SPONSORING/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)

NASA ASD

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPoster displayed at 2005 CALCON Technical Conference on Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing, August 22-25, 2005, Logan, Utah, USA. NOTE: The abstract is a modification of the abstract from a paper previously approved for release as PNS SE-2002-10-00070-SSC. The poster is a modification of a poster previously approved for release as PNS SE-2002-03-00029-SSC.

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTPublicly available STI per NASA Form 1676

19b. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Thomas M. Stanley

14. ABSTRACTScientists within NASA's Applied Sciences Directorate have developed a well-characterized remote sensing Verification & Validation (V&V) site at the John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC). This site enables the in-flight characterization of satellite and airborne high spatial and moderate resolution remote sensing systems and their products. The smaller scale of the newer high resolution remote sensing systems allows scientists to characterize geometric, spatial, and radiometric data properties using a single V&V site. The targets and techniques used to characterize data from these newer systems can differ significantly from the techniques used to characterize data from the earlier, coarser spatial resolution systems. Scientists are also using the SSC V&V site to characterize thermal infrared systems and active lidar systems. SSC employs geodetic targets, edge targets, radiometric tarps, atmospheric monitoring equipment, and thermal calibration ponds to characterize remote sensing data products. The SSC Instrument Validation Lab is a key component of the V&V capability and is used to calibrate field instrumentation and to provide National Institute of Standards and Technology traceability.15. SUBJECT TERMSverification & validation, V&V, calibration, characterization, radiometry, spatial response, positional accuracy, remote sensing

18. NUMBER OF PAGES

219b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code)

(228) 688-7779

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3. DATES COVERED (From - To)1998 - 2005

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

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MA00

11. SPONSORING/MONITORING REPORT NUMBER

SSTI-2220-0044 (Modified)

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