Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
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Transcript of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
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Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
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“Glow-in-the-dark” dogs!
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What is stem cell research?
• Understand more about development, aging, disease– Experimental model systems
• Prevent or treat diseases and injuries– Cell-based therapies– Pharmaceutical development
• Includes testing and drug delivery
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Trachea transplantation:Example of adult stem cell-based tissue regeneration
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research, therapies,
and technologies? How did they make those dogs?
• Conclusion and future directions
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In the IVF procedure, sperm and eggs “interact” in a dish leading to insemination.They literally swim up to the egg and burrow toward the nucleus.The first one to get there wins, and all others are blocked out.
Male fertility issue: Sometimes sperm cannot latch onto and penetrate the egg. They may choose to have Intra(within)-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Day 1
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Day 1
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Day 2
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Day 2
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Day 3
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Day 4
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EmbryonicStemCells
Day 5
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At what point is this a fetus? • Days 7-14: Uterine implantation• Day 14: Three distinct layers begin to form (no
more pluripotent stem cells)• Days 14-21: Beginning of future nervous system• Days 21-24: Beginning of future face, neck, mouth,
and nose• Weeks 3-8: Beginning of organ formation
This picture is Week 5
• Week 5-8+: Now it’s called a fetus (no consensus on a single timepoint)
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Embryonic Development: Fish embryo
Keller et al. 2008
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Drawings
43
1 2 2.5
5
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Symmetric cell division
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Asymmetric cell division
1. Self-renews 2. Differentiates
Progenitor cell
Stem cell Stem cell
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SELF – RENEWAL
DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Embryonic stem cells in the dish:What do cultured ES cells look like?
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Fluorescent imaging of embryonicstem cell colonies.
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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This cellCan form the
Embryo and placenta
This cellCan form the
Embryo
Fully mature
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How do cells know what to become?All cells in a person have the same DNA
Yet eye cells differ from nose cellsCentral dogma of biology
Genetic engineering
Tissue therapy
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Signals to Stem Cells
Other Cells
Matrix MoleculesSelf-Renewal
Soluble Factors
Differentiation
Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).
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Factors known to affect stem cells
• Low stress levels• Regular exercise• Enriching experiences• Learning new information• Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants• Avoid excessive drinking
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Experimental model systemHeart muscle cells beating in a petri dish!
Videos by The Exploratorium
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Bone marrow transplant:Example of adult stem cell-based therapy
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Spinal cord injury:Example of embryonic stem cell-based therapy
Geron video: http://www.geron.com/grnopc1clearance/
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What are stem cell technologies?
• Cloning technologies– Is human cloning a technology? – What is different about cloning embryonic stem cells?
• Induced Pluripotent Stem cells– New ways to potentially avoid the use of embryos– Disease-specific stem cell lines created– The promise and potential pitfalls of this approach
When does research actually become technology?
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Cloning of embryonic stem cells
Egg cell
Udder cell
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Types of Cloning
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Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) CellsGenetically engineering new stem cells
Skin cells iPS cells
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development
• What makes stem cells unique?• What do stem cells look like?• What are the different types of stem cells?• What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?• Conclusion and future directions
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Why do researchers want to use embryonic stem cells along with other technologies?• Pluripotent
– Expanded developmental potential allows them to be used in ways that adult stem cells cannot
• Can proliferate indefinitely in culture• Easier to obtain than adult stem cells
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Science is discovering the unknown
• Stem cell field is still in its infancy• Human embryonic stem cell research is a decade old,
adult stem cell research has 30-year head start• Holds hope for curing or improving treatments for
70+ diseases
How can you help to shape the direction of this field?
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Students: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcell2010
Teacher: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcellteach2010
Take our survey please!