Status, Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle ... · Open Questions and Future...
Transcript of Status, Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle ... · Open Questions and Future...
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
physikus particulae --
– ubi es ?
– cui prodes ?
– quo vadis ?
Status, Open Questions and Future Perspectives
of Particle Physics
1S. Bethke
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Dimensions and Structure of Matter
Universe 10 26 m
Galaxy 10 21 m
Earth 10 7 m
Human 10 0 m
Atom 10 -10 m
Atomic Nucleus 10 -14 m
Nucleon 10 -15 m
Quark; Lepton < 10-18 m
Solar System 10 13 m
????? ????? 2
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
• ubi es
Particle Physics
3
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 4
Quarks
Leptons
Generation
ud
νe
cs
tb
νµ
ντ
µ τe
1 2 3
Elementary Particles Elementary Forces
exchange boson
Strongel.-magn.
WeakG
gγ
W±, Z0
Gravitation
The „Standard Model“ of Particle Physics
11/137
10-14
10-40
relativestrength
... as well as anti-particles
theoretical predictions to explain origin ofthe different masses of particles:
the HIGGS Boson(unobserved)
SM describes describes dynamics of all known particles and forces
(known matter consists of members of 1st generation)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
OPAL
ALEPHL3
DELPHI
CERN / Geneva
LEP
SPS
LEP: e+e– collisions 1989 – 2000
LHC: p–p collisions from 2009
ATLAS
CMS
LHCb
Alice/ LHC
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Νν = 2.984 ± 0.008
• resonance line of the Z0 at LEP: there are exactly 3 generations of neutrinos (particles)
• MZ = (91.1875 ± 0.0021) GeV (...after correcting for phases of moon
and TGV train schedule)
• exp. tests of the Standard Model of particle physics at per-mille level
• limits on the mass of the Higgs-Boson (unobserved, but predicted by theory): 114.1 GeV < MH < 185 GeV
Some Highlights from LEP & Co:
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• precision measurement of strength of Strong Force: αs „runs“;
proof of Asymptotic Freedom, of Confinement and therefore,
of QCD! Nobel Price 2004
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 7
Measurements and Fits of electro-weak parameters
mostly from LEP /SLC; also includes Tevatron: Mt, MW
Measurement Fit |Omeas Ofit|/ meas
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
had(mZ)(5) 0.02758 ± 0.00035 0.02768mZ [GeV]mZ [GeV] 91.1875 ± 0.0021 91.1874
Z [GeV]Z [GeV] 2.4952 ± 0.0023 2.4959
had [nb]0 41.540 ± 0.037 41.478RlRl 20.767 ± 0.025 20.742AfbA0,l 0.01714 ± 0.00095 0.01645Al(P )Al(P ) 0.1465 ± 0.0032 0.1481RbRb 0.21629 ± 0.00066 0.21579RcRc 0.1721 ± 0.0030 0.1723AfbA0,b 0.0992 ± 0.0016 0.1038AfbA0,c 0.0707 ± 0.0035 0.0742AbAb 0.923 ± 0.020 0.935AcAc 0.670 ± 0.027 0.668Al(SLD)Al(SLD) 0.1513 ± 0.0021 0.1481sin2
effsin2 lept(Qfb) 0.2324 ± 0.0012 0.2314mW [GeV]mW [GeV] 80.399 ± 0.023 80.379
W [GeV]W [GeV] 2.098 ± 0.048 2.092mt [GeV]mt [GeV] 173.1 ± 1.3 173.2
August 2009
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
direct and indirect searches for the Higgs Boson
indirect from radiative corrections: MH < 186 GeV/c2 (95% CL)
direct Higgs searches: MH > 114.1 GeV/c2; MH ∉ [158,175] (95% CL)
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10030 300mH [GeV]
2
Excluded Preliminary
had =(5)
0.02758±0.000350.02749±0.00012incl. low Q2 data
Theory uncertaintyAugust 2009 mLimit = 157 GeV
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Highlights from ν-physics
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Highlights from ν-physics
stop
ped
Elec
tron
stop
ped
Muo
n
10
Nobel Price 2002
• atmospheric neutrinos: oscillation νµ –> νx
=> neurinos have (different) masses.
• solar and reactor- neutrinos: oscillation νe –> νx
=> solution to the solar neutrino problem.
consistent explanationof mass-/flavour-eigenvalues of 3
neutrino families?
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 11
Muon (g-2) Collaboration(low energy) Precision Experiments
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 12
the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (g–2)
Brookhaven alternate gradient synchrotron
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 13
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 14
de Boer & Sander, PLB585 (2004) 276
Global fits to world precision ew data
• slightly improved fit quality of SUSY-models
– however –• mostly due to aµ measurement
(anomalous magnetic moment of μ)
Supersymmetry: indirect searches
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
so far, no significant signal for physics beyondthe Standard Model of Particle Physics !
ubi es ?
15
however, the future has just begun:
high energy operation ofthe Large Hadron Colllider
started in March 2010
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 16
ATLAS control room; 30.3.2010 13:01
since March 2010, the LHC collides protons at 7 TeV c.m. !
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 17
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)Proton – Proton Collisions:
2835 x 2835 bunchesdistance: 7.5 m ( 25 ns)
1011 Protons / bunch Collision rate: 40 million / sec. Luminosity: L = 1034 cm-2 sec-1
Proton-Proton collisions: ~109 / sec(about 23 pp-interactions per bunch crossing)
~1600 charged particles in detector
high demands on detectors
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 18
the largest scientific project ever attempted
LHC• 30,000 tons of 8.4 Tesla s.c. dipole magnets cooled to 1.9 degrees K by 90 tons of liquid helium
• 40 MHZ collision rate = 1 Terabyte/sec raw data rate from the CMS and ATLAS particle detectors
• 7000 tons (ATLAS) and 12.500 tons (CMS) of high precision particle detector technology
(for comparison: – weight of fully loaded Boeing 747: 200 tons – Eiffel tower: 7.300 tons - USS John McCain (warship): 8.300 tons )
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
LHC Tunnel (12/2005)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
ATLAS (10/2006)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 21
CMS
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Higgs & SUSY Searches at the Large Hadron ColliderSM Higgs sensitivity (~ h0 in MSSM):
10 fb-1 ––> 1st year at initial Luminosity of 1033 s-1 cm-2 100 fb-1 ––> first 3 years with Luminosity –> 1034 s-1 cm-2
Squark and gluino masses in mSUGRA:
• if standard Higgs exists, or if SUSY is realised at ~TeV scale, LHC will find it!22
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 8
Overall data taking efficiency (with full detector on): 95%
(stable beams)
LHC: Integrated luminosity until July 22
Peak luminosity in ATLAS L~1.6 x 1030 cm-2 s-1
Luminosity known today to 11% (error dominated by knowledge
of beam currents)
1st W
1st top-quark candidate
1st Z
2.55 TeV mass di-jet event
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 24
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Event with 4 pp interactions in the same bunch-crossing
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 201027
LHC: the re-discovery of the Standard Model
Di-muon resonances
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 39
ATLAS: Z cross-section measurement
σ (Z ll) = 0.83 ± 0.07 (stat) ± 0.06 (syst) ± 0.09 (lumi) nb
125 events:46 Z ee79 Z μμ
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 22
ATLAS: observed event with hardest jet
pT (j1)= 1120 GeVpT (j2)= 480 GeVpT (j3)= 155 GeVpT (j4)= 95 GeV
pT (jet) > 1.1 TeV
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 46
Searches for excited quarks: q* –> jj
0.4 < M (q*) < 1.29 TeV excluded at 95% C.L.
Latest published limit:CDF: 260 < M (q*) < 870 GeV
1.29 TeV
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
• describes the unified electro-weak interaction and the Strong force with gauge invariant quantum field theories;
• is extremely successful in consistently and precisely describing all particle reactions observed to date
the Standard Model of Particle Physics ...
ubi es ?
• shows no significant discrepancies between data and theorie -- however it leaves open fundamental questions and problems which cannot be answered by the SM.
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
• cui prodes
Particle Physics
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
CNN contest (Nov. 2006):„greatest wonders of the modern world“
1:
2:
3:4:
World Wide Web (50%)
particle accelerators at CERN (16%)
- none - (8%)Dubai (7%)
5: the bionic arm (6%)
6: 3-Canyon Dam, China (5%)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
– is knowledge oriented basic research.
– has no direct relation to every-day applications .
– initiates technological and theoretical developments at the limit of feasibility.
particle physics
– provides significant spin-off technologies in medical science, engineering, in other natural sciences and culture.
– provides comprehensive scientific education in an international und kompetitive environment.
– bundels scientific interest world-wide and avoids duplication of projects
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Ast
rono
mie
Nukleosynthesevon Helium
10 K 1 sec.10
QUANTEN-GRAVITATION
GROSSE VEREINHEITLICHUNG
Inflation
Antiquarks verschwinden
Formation vonProtonen und Neutronen
Positronen verschwinden
Asymmetry Q - Q L - L
10 K 10 sec-1015
10 K27 10 sec-34
10 K31 10 sec-43
Temperatur Alter
Wir sind hier
Entstehung vonSternen und Galaxien
erste Supernovae
1 1 K 1 Milliarde Jahre
UNIVERSUM WIRD TRANSPARENTBildung von Atomen.
Entkopplung von Strahlung und Materie.
1.000 K 300 000 Jahre
Proto-Galaxie
Schwere Sterne
Schweres Atom
Wasserstoff Atom Helium Atom
n npp
n npp
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pp Elektron
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GEGENWART
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Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie
γ
γ2.7 K 13.7 Milliarden
Jahre
“Urknall” 35
Teilc
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esch
leun
iger
1016 K 10-15secLHC
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
• quo vadis
Particle Physics
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
1. what is the origin of mass ? - does the Higgs particle exist ? - if not, what is the mechanism of ew symmetry braking ?
the SM - fundamental open questions:
2. why are there 3 families of quarks and leptons ? why is (electron charge) = -(proton charge) ?
3. where is the anti-matter in the universe?
4. is there one universal fundamental force ? -> GUT
5. are there unknown forms of matter ? - is our world supersymmetric ? - what is the origin of Dark Matter and Dark Energy which make up 95% of the universe ?
6. are there hidden extra dimensions ? - why is Gravitaty so much weaker than the other forces?
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
dark
matter
if it’s not
it doesn’t
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 39
the most en vogue candidatesto solve (some of) these problems:
• Supersymmetry (SUSY) + fully compatible with and supported by GUT’s + offers excellent Dark Matter candidates + theory finite and computable up to Planck Mass + essential for realisation of string theory (including quantum gravity) - no SUSY signals seen yet (LEP, Tevatron) - (too) many free parameters, large parameter space
• Extra Space Dimensions + would solve hierarchy problem (MPlanck –> O(1 TeV)) + inspired by string theory: compactified extra dimensions +- exciting scenarios, but cannot solve many of above problems? - large model dependences
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
there are 2 principle ways to search for physics
beyond the Standard Model:
• direct production of new particles in highest energy collisions
• indirect evidence for new phenomena in high precision experiments (through radiative corrections; virtual loops...)
e+
e–
e+
e–
Z0 Z0t
–te+
e–
e+
e–Z0
H
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 41
high energy frontier high precision
hadroncollider
leptoncollider
LEP
ILC
CLIC
µ-collider
HERA
high energyEcm ≥ MZ
low energyEcm < MZ
neutrino-beams non-accelerator
longbaseline
shortbaseline
FermilabMini-Boone
FermilabCERN,RAL,Los AlamosTevatron
LHC
HL-LHC
HE-LHC
dark matter searches
axionsearches
neutrino mass
neutrinolessdouble-β-decay
solarneutrinos
neutrinosfrom reactors
neutrinos from space
completedrunning / under construction
planned
Particle Physics Projects
K2K
CNGS
Fermilab-Soudan
T2K
neutrino factory
fixed target
τ-c-factory
b-factories
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 42
LHC - further plans:
2010 & 2011:-‐ con+nuous collisions at 7 TeV (-‐> 10 TeV ?); int. L ~ 1 )-‐1
-‐ higher beam currents (when reaching „safe beam condi<ons“: controlled beam-‐dump!)
-‐ first sensi+vity for „new physics“ -‐ standard model physics (~ comparable with 20 years of Tevatron: top-‐Quark, ...)
2012:-‐ 1 year of shut-‐down (installa<on of full safety systems high magnet currents)
from 2013:-‐ full energy (14 TeV) and Luminosity (up to 1034 cm-‐2 s-‐1)
ab ca. 2017:-‐ ugrade of LHC (and detectors) to „HL-‐LHC“ (~10-‐fold Luminosity)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 43
Expected number of events in ATLAS for 100 pb-1 (Fall 2010 ?) after cuts for some representative processes
J/ψ!μμ W!μν
Z!μμ
tt!μν+X tt!μν+X inside peak
!
450 GeV ˜ q , ˜ g (strong cuts)
expectations until end of 2010:
until end of 2010: about factor 10 more (1 fb-1)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010 45
• radiation damage (tracker, electronics)• increased levels of space charge in detecting media (solid, liquid, gas) –> signal degradation, reduced efficiencies and resolutions.• reduced lifetime of detectors and electronics due to high particle rates• larger data & background rates to be processed –> exceed bandwith –> data loss
Challenge: maintain efficiency, resolution and reliability!
HL LHC
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Estimate 7 years of construction for accelerator and experiments after formal approval
International Linear e+e- Collider
• Ecm = 0.5 ... 1.0 TeV• super conducting cavities made of pure Niobium ; 31.5 MV/m• length ~ 31 km, plus 2 damping rings with 6 km diameter• costs: 6.65 Mrd $ plus 13.000 FTE‘s
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
! "#"
$%! &'()! *+%&,-&! &',! ./0&(*1,! .'2)(*)! 3,/)40,3,%&)! 5(11! *+36(%,! 5(&'! &',!
/)&0+.'2)(*/1!3,/)40,3,%&)!&+!.0+7(8,!/!8,&/(1,8!.(*&40,!+9!&',!8/0:!3/&&,0;!
!
!!
!
<(=40,!>?!@**40/*2! (%! &',!8/0:!3/&&,0! 0,1(*!/64%8/%*,!8,&,03(%/&(+%!4)(%=!
3,/)40,3,%&)! .+))(61,! /&! &',! ABC! /%8! &',! $ACD! 0,).,*&(7,12D! 9+0! &',!
)4.,0)233,&0(*! 6,%*'3/0:! )*,%/0(+! ACC";! @1)+! )'+5%! 62! &',! 1(='&!
,11+5E! /%8! 8/0:! F=0,,%E! '+0(G+%&/1! 6/%8)! /0,! &',! 3,/)40,3,%&)! 90+3!F2
HI@J! /%8! .0+).,*&(7,! J1/%*:;! ! <(=40,! 90+3! /! )&482! 62! &',! @ACJK!
C+)3+1+=2!L46=0+4.;!
!
!
!
! !
ILC: Precision!
Precision of determination of cosmic abundanceof Dark Matter and of the mass of DM-particles
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Drive beam - High current
- Low decelerating field
Main beam – Low current
- High accelerating field
CLIC TUNNEL
CROSS-SECTION
CLIC TUNNEL
CROSS-SECTION
4.5 m diameter
CLIC TWOCLIC TWO--BEAM SCHEMEBEAM SCHEME
QUAD
QUAD
POWER EXTRACTION AND TRANSFER STRUCTURE (=PETS)
-
BPM
ACCELERATING
STRUCTURES
RF
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
!!"" #$%!&'()*+#$%!&'()*+
,-.+/!0,-.+/!0
!!11 #$%!&'()#$%!&'()
,-.+/!0,-.+/!0
CLIC 3 TeVCLIC 3 TeV
new parametersnew parameters
!!"" 23#$+23#$+4#$3&4#$3&!!11 23#$+23#$+4#$3&4#$3& *+5,+/67*+588+90:2*+,5+;2*+5,+/67*+588+90:2*+,5+;2 <=,<=,<=,<=,
<=5<=5
!!"" >?>?
@A82@A82!!11 >?>?
@A82@A82
B((C'!)+B((C'!)+4#$3&4#$3&*+*+
D+/!0*+,-.+/67D+/!0*+,-.+/67
E!&!4!)3'()*+5F+C!&'()C+(G+5,@H+2E!&!4!)3'()*+5F+C!&'()C+(G+5,@H+2
IJ5IJ5
E)#K!+B!32+3&&!4!)3'()E)#K!+B!32+3&&!4!)3'()
,-.+/!0*+5-@+/67+L+,-.+/!0*+5-@+/67+L+=?5=?5
=?,=?,&(2B#$!)&(2B#$!)
)#$MC)#$MC
E!43NE!43N
4((O4((O
,@P+;4NC')($C,@P+;4NC')($C
@@+9Q*+5.8+@@+9Q*+5.8+!!CC
<>R<>R
,-A+;2,-A+;2<>R<>R
,-A+;2,-A+;2
.F-A+;2.F-A+;2
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
Neutrino-Factory (CERN-study)
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µ-Collider Complex (CERN-Study)
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
CERN Council, Juli 2006
1. the highest priority is to fully exploit the physics potential of the LHC ... and centrally organize towards a luminosity upgrade by around 2015 (SLHC).
2. develop the CLIC technology and high performance magnets for future accelerators, and ... study and develop a high intensity neutrino facility.
3. complement the results of the LHC with measurments at a linear collider within the energy range of 0.5 to 1 TeV, the ILC; coordinated through the Global Design Effort.
4. European participation in a global neutrino programme.
5. Coordinated European strategy for non-accelerator experiments.
update planned for 2011/2012
similar roadmaps exist for U.S., Japan, ...
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Open Questions and Future Perspectives of Particle Physics S.Bethke, MPP München String School, Garching, August 2 2010
The Endhttp://www.mppmu.mpg.de
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