Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Effortsin East and Southeast Europe

Status of International Nonproliferation and

Counterterrorism Efforts in East and Southeast Europe

Threat Convergence Fact Sheet Series

THREAT CONVERGENCE | THE FUND FOR PEACE

Copyright © 2011

The Fund for Peace.

Report prepared by Jonas Vaicikonis

Series Editor Patricia Taft

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means

without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace.

The Fund for Peace 1720 I Street NW 7th Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 T: +1 202 223 7940 F: +1 202 223 7947 www.fundforpeace.org The Fund for Peace Publication CR-11-11-TC (11-04B) Circulation: PUBLIC

WMD Non-Proliferation Initiatives 4 Export Control Laws and Projects in Place 5 Counterterrorism Initiatives 7 International Anti-Terrorism Instruments 10 Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives 11 U.S. Multilateral Initiatives 13 Key Resources 14 About The Fund for Peace 15

Note This Status of Efforts paper encompasses only those European states that are not NATO member states. For information on NATO, please see the Fund for Peace “Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts Within NATO Member States” paper (CR-11-06-TC), available at:

http://issuu.com/fundforpeace/docs/cr-11-06-tc-statusofefforts-nato-1104a

http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/library/cr-11-06-tc-statusofefforts-nato-1104a.pdf

Contents

www.fundforpeace.org 3 The Fund for Peace

UNSCR 1540 Reports

submitte

d1

Nuclear N

onprolife

ratio

n Treaty

Comprehensive Test B

an Treaty

(not yet e

ntered into fo

rce)

Chemical W

eapons Conventio

n

(1993)

Biological Toxin Weapons

Conventio

n (1

972)

Internatio

nal A

tomic Energy

Agency

Conventio

n on th

e Physical

Protectio

n of N

uclear M

ateria

l (1980)

Joint C

onventio

n on th

e Safety of

Spent Fuel M

anagement a

nd on th

e

safety of R

adioactive Waste

Management (1

997)

Conventio

n on Nuclear S

afety

(1994)

Internatio

nal C

onventio

n fo

r the

Suppression of A

cts of N

uclear

Terro

rism (2

005)

Belarus 15 Nov 2004

9 Nov 2005 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP - SP

Bosnia and Herzegovina

3 Dec 2004

22 Mar 2006 SP SP SP SP CSA SP - - -

FYR

Macedonia

3 Dec 2004 20 Jan 2006

SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - SP SP

Moldova 4 Jan 2005

5 Dec 2005 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - SP SP

Montenegro 6 Jan 2005* 23 Jan 2006

SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - - -

Russia 2 Nov 2004 30 Aug 2005

SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP SP SP

Serbia 6 Jan 2005* 23 Jan 2006

SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - - SP

Ukraine 28 Oct 2004 10 Oct 2005

SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP SP SP

AP Additional Protocol in Force

CSA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in force

Abbreviations

S Signatory

SP State Party


WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Belarus Belarus is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. It has a number of national trade and export control laws that specifically address weapons of mass destruction and penalize the use, transport, possession,

or sale of WMD materials. Belarus has offered to advise states on implementing legal frameworks to support UNSCR 1540. It has ratified all 12 of the universal anti-terrorism conventions.


Bosnia and Herzegovina does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has a number of national trade and export control laws that address the import and export of dangerous substances. Its

criminal code specifically includes “illicit procurement and disposal of nuclear material” and also criminalizes the transport of dual use items across its borders. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s criminal code

was recently amended to include a wider range of items.

FYR Macedonia

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has a limited number of national trade and export control laws and these are currently under

review, with the aim of tailoring them to address WMD transportation concerns. The U.S. has given support to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia through its Export Control and Related Border

Security Program. This program provided x-ray vans to the local border guards and the vans ended up thwarting an illicit shipment of 882 pounds of cocaine in 2007, the largest drug seizure in Macedonian

history.

Moldova Moldova does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address the problem of nuclear material possession and

transport. It is currently evaluating its export control laws and the agencies that administer them, seeking to streamline the bureaucracies involved in enforcing its border control and WMD laws.

Montenegro Montenegro does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws that address hazardous materials transport and weapons import

and export. But, it does synchronize its list of controlled and dual use items with EU standards, which are based on the Wassenaar Arrangement, Nuclear Suppliers Group, and Australia Group norms. Its national criminal code has detailed descriptions of WMD-related crimes and the sentences that each

carries. Montenegro is a state party to all of the relevant WMD proliferation instruments. Both Serbia and Montenegro aspire to join all five multilateral export control regimes.

Russia Russia is a member of all multilateral export control regimes, except for the Australia Group. It is active in fighting WMD proliferation, especially through Russian-led initiatives within the CIS. Russian

national trade and export laws are extensive and cover many WMD smuggling contingencies. Russia is prepared to offer assistance to states looking to fulfill their obligations for UNSCR 1540. As a successor

state to the Soviet Union, Russia possesses stocks of chemical weapons, which it has been steadily destroying as part of its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention.


Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Serbia Serbia does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address WMD possession and transport, especially chemical

weapons. Borders that are outside inhabited areas are policed by the Serbian military, though efforts are under way to transfer these responsibilities to the police. Serbia has received assistance from the UK on

revising its export control laws to meet its obligations under UNSCR 1540. Both Serbia and Montenegro aspire to join all five multilateral export control regimes.

Ukraine Ukraine participates in all five multilateral export control regimes. It has extensive national trade and export control laws that focus on stopping WMD proliferation that pay particular attention to countering

terrorism. Ukraine participates in the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative. The U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration has conducted export control training programs in Ukraine since 2004 and are

expected to continue.


Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

UNSCR 1373

Reports submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports

submitted UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities


31 Dec 2001 27 Sep 2002

22 Sep 2003 19 Nov 2004

4 Apr 2006

4 Apr 2006

• Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and

Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).

• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November

2006).

• Participated in the expert workshop on international

cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).

Belarus 27 Dec 2001 Add. 1

20 Jun 2002 Add. 1

21 Mar 2003 29 Mar 2004

19 Ap 2005 10 Mar 2006 Add. 1

10 Mar 2006 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in

cooperation with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).

• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the Universal counter-terrorism

Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).

• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism

and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the

Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).

• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania, November 2003).

Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/countryreports/Creports.shtml) and 1624 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/1624.html).


Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)*

UNSCR 1373

Reports submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports


FYR Macedonia 31 Dec 2001 19 Sep 2002

27 Oct 2003 10 Aug 2005

- • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and



2006).

• Participated in the expert workshop on international cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight

against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).

Moldova 8 Jan 2002 19 Sep 2002

10 Oct 2003 20 Jan 2006

22 Jun 2006 • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and


• Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the CIS Executive Committee and co-

funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).

• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight

against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November 2006).

• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international

cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow, Russia,

November 2005).

Montenegro 7 Feb 2008 - • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and



2006).




Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)

UNSCR 1373

Reports submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports


Russia 27 Dec 2001 Add. 1

6 Aug 2002 27 Aug 2003

13 Feb 2006

30 Jun 2006



• Participated in a subregional workshop for legal experts of CSTO member states on the implementation of universal counter-terrorism instruments (Moscow, Russia,

October 2007).




• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent,

Uzbekistan, April 2005).

• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania,

November 2003).

Serbia 31 Dec 2001 13 Sep 2002

10 Jun 2004 21 Aug 2006

29 Sep 2006 21 Aug 2006




2006).



Ukraine 31 Dec 2001 13 Sep 2002

13 Nov 2003 1 Nov 2004

8 May 2006

See: 8 May 2006




• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent

terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania, November 2003).


Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)

Conventio

n on Offences a

nd Certa

in Other A

cts Committe

d On Board Aircra

ft (1963)

Conventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of U

nlawful Seizure of A

ircraft (1

970)

Conventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts Against th

e Safety of C

ivil

Aviatio

n (1

971)

Conventio

n on th

e Prevention and Punish

ment o

f Crim

es a

gainst

Internationally Protecte

d Perso

ns, in

cluding Diplomatic A

gents (1

973)

International C

onventio

n Against th

e Taking of H

osta

ges (1

979)

Conventio

n on th

e Physica

l Protectio

n of N

ucle

ar M

ateria

l (1980)

Protocol fo

r the Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts of V

iolence at A

irports S

erving

International C

ivil Aviatio

n, su

pplementary to

the Conventio

n for th

e

Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts against th

e Safety of C

ivil A

viatio

n (1

988)

Conventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts Against th

e Safety of

Maritim

e Navigation (1

988)

Protocol fo

r the Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts Against th

e Safety of Fixed

Platfo

rms L

ocated on th

e Contin

ental Shelf (1

988)

Conventio

n on th

e Marking of Plastic E

xplosiv

es fo

r the Purpose of D

etectio

n

(1991)

International C

onventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of T

erro

rist Bombings (1

997)

International C

onventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of A

cts of N

ucle

ar T

erro

rism

(2005)

Amendment to

the Conventio

n on th

e Physica

l Protectio

n of N

ucle

ar M

ateria

l

Protocol of 2

005 to

the Conventio

n for th

e su

ppressio

n of u

nlawful acts

against th

e sa

fety of m

aritim

e navigatio

n

Protocol of 2

005 to

the Protocol fo

r the su

ppressio

n of u

nlawful acts a

gainst

the sa

fety of fix

ed platfo

rms lo

cated on th

e contin

ental sh

elf

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - -

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP S - -



SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - SP SP S - -

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP S SP SP SP - -




International Antiterrorism Instrumentsa

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing

Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations

Belarus SP Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It has been

a member of the Egmont Group since 2007. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2000 and was amended in 2010. Belarus was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-

compliant” in implementing 22 of the 40 recommendations and in 7 of the 9 special recommendations. Belarus’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://

www.eurasiangroup.org/Belarus.php.


SP Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money

laundering laws. Bosnia and Herzegovina originally passed its first AML/CFT law in 2004 and passed an updated law in 2009. It has been a member of the Egmont group since

2005. Bosnia and Herzegovina was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 30 of the 40 recommendations and in 7 of the 9 special

recommendations. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%2942Rep_BIH3_en.pdf.

FYR Macedonia

SP The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen

European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2004. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 25 of the 40 recommendations,

and in 9 of 9 special recommendations. Its latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%

282008%2921Rep-MK3_en.pdf.

Moldova SP Moldova is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML

legislation has been in force since 2001, and efforts to implement its CFT legislation continue. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 29 of the 40

recommendations, and in 8 of 9 special recommendations. Its latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/

MONEYVAL%282007%2918Rep-MDA3_en.pdf.


Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism

Finance Initiatives

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing

Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations

Montenegro SP Montenegro is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its

AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2008. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2005. Montenegro was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 13 of the

40 recommendations, and in 5 of 9 special recommendations. Its latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/

round3/MONEYVAL%282009%2910Rep-MNE_en.pdf.

Russia SP Russia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It is also a

member of FATF, the Eurasian Group, and the Egmont group. Russia was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 18 of the 40 recommendations, and in 6 of 9 special

recommendations. Its latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282008%2923Rep-

RUS3_en.pdf.

Serbia SP Serbia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It has been a

member of the Egmont group since 2003. Its AML/CFT legislation has been in force since 2009. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 19 of the 40

recommendations, and in 7 of 9 special recommendations. Its latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/

MONEYVAL%282009%2929Rep_SER3_en.pdf.

Ukraine SP Ukraine is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It has been a

member of the Egmont group since 2004. Ukraine was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 24 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special

recommendations. Its latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%294Rep-

UKR3_en.pdf.


Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives

Container Security Initiative

Proliferation Security Initiative

Nuclear Smuggling Outreach Initiative

Megaports Initiative (National Nuclear Security

Administration)

Belarus - Participant - -


- Participant - -

FYR

Macedonia - Participant - -

Moldova - Participant Moldova’s joint action plan is

currently being drafted -

Montenegro - Participant - -

Russia - Participant - -

Serbia - Participant - -

Ukraine - Participant

Joint action plan signed in 2006 (See NSOI Ukraine fact sheet at

http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Ukraine%20fact%20sheets.pdf)

-


U.S. Multilateral Initiatives

• National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml

• US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/

• FATF 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/

document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html

• FATF 9 Recommendations on Terrorist Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/

document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html

• FATF Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/14/21/41146580.pdf

• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/

finterr.htm

• US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/

internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1

• Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm

• UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/

• UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/

index.html


Key Resources


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CR-11-11-TC

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Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Effortsin East and Southeast Europe

Documents

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