Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts in Central Asia

Status of International Nonproliferation and

Counterterrorism Efforts in Central Asia

Threat Convergence Fact Sheet Series

THREAT CONVERGENCE | THE FUND FOR PEACE

Copyright © 2011

The Fund for Peace.

Report prepared by Jonas Vaicikonis

Series Editor Patricia Taft

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means

without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace.

The Fund for Peace 1720 I Street NW 7th Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 T: +1 202 223 7940 F: +1 202 223 7947 www.fundforpeace.org The Fund for Peace Publication CR-11-10-TC (11-04A) Circulation: PUBLIC

WMD Non-Proliferation Initiatives 5 Export Control Laws and Projects in Place 6 Counterterrorism Initiatives 7 CTC Technical Assistance Matrix 7 International Anti-Terrorism Instruments 11 Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives 12 U.S. Multilateral Initiatives 13 Key Resources 14 About The Fund for Peace 15

Contents

www.fundforpeace.org 3 The Fund for Peace

UNSCR 1540 Reports

submitte

d1

Nuclear N

onprolife

ratio

n Treaty

Comprehensive Test B

an Treaty

(not yet e

ntered into fo

rce)

Chemical W

eapons Conventio

n

(1993)

Biological Toxin Weapons

Conventio

n (1

972)

Internatio

nal A

tomic Energy

Agency

Conventio

n on th

e Physical

Protectio

n of N

uclear M

ateria

l (1980)

Joint C

onventio

n on th

e Safety of

Spent Fuel M

anagement a

nd on th

e

safety of R

adioactive Waste

Management (1

997)

Conventio

n on Nuclear S

afety

(1994)

Internatio

nal C

onventio

n fo

r the

Suppression of A

cts of N

uclear

Terro

rism (2

005)

Kazakhstan 10 Dec 2004

7 Dec2005 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP S S S

Kyrgyzstan 21 Dec2004

18 Feb2006 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP - SP - S

Mongolia 3 Jun 2005 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - - SP

Tajikistan 12 Jan2005

9 Jan 2006 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP - S

Turkmenistan 14 Oct2004 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - - SP

Uzbekistan 27 Jun 2006 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP - SP

AP Additional Protocol in Force

CSA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in force

Abbreviations

S Signatory

SP State Party


WMD Nonproliferation Activities

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan participates in two export control regimes, the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. Kazakhstan has been praised for taking the lead in strengthening export controls

among Central Asian states and has a number of nonproliferation export control laws. It has had an automated export control system since 2000. It is continuing to address questions of rapid turnover in its

export control office and of the office’s under-resourcing. Kazakhstan, partnering with the U.S. and U.K., recently moved 100 tons of highly radioactive material from a Soviet-era reactor to a secure storage site.

This project was widely praised internationally as a successful multi-state partnership to reduce the risk of terrorist acquisition of dangerous material. Kazakhstan is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan participates in two export control regimes, the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. It has requested assistance from other UN member states in fulfilling its obligations

under UNSCR 1540. It has asked for “methodological, financial, and technical assistance.” Kyrgyzstan has a number of national trade and export control laws and is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-

Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.

Mongolia Mongolia does not participate in any multilateral export regimes. It has, however, declared that Mongolia is a nuclear weapon free zone and the UN has certified this declaration. Legislation, such as

the Law on Protection Against Toxic Chemicals (1995) and the Law on Combating Terrorism (2004), enables Mongolia to fight WMD proliferation. Mongolian export control laws prohibit the transfer of

weapons or weapons components into or through its territory, although they do not specifically mention WMD.

Tajikistan Tajikistan does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address the problem of WMD use and transport. Tajikistan

is a state party to 14 treaties that address terrorism and nonproliferation. It is a well-known transit hub for drugs and other illicit goods, and it has not been able to secure its borders to stem this tide. Tajikistan

is a member of the Central Asian Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws. Turkmenistan is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-

Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.

Uzbekistan Uzbekistan does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has requested assistance in fulfilling its obligations under UNSCR 1540, especially in training its border security personnel. It has a

number of national trade and export control laws. Uzbekistan is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.


Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

CTC Cooperation UNSCR 1373 Reports

submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports

submitted UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities

CTC assistance received 2004-2008

S/2001/1307 S/2002/1087

S/2003/862 S/2004/658

Add 1. S/2005/287

S/2008/337 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation

with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).

• Participated in the Regional Workshop for Central Asia and Afghanistan on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the OSCE (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,

April 2007).

• Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and

the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime (Antalya, Turkey, February 2007).

• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the

members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).

• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,

April 2005).

• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on

international cooperation against terrorism and transnational organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).

Kazakhstan

Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/countryreports/Creports.shtml) and 1624 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/1624.html).


Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)*

*Only reports dated through 2006 are made publicly available.


submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports



S/2002/204 S/2003/776

S/2004/660 Add. 1

S/2006/350

S/2010/328 • Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the

Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).


April 2007).

• Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and





April 2005).

• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on

international cooperation against terrorism and transnational organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).

CTC assistance received 2005

S/2001/1135 S/2002/1152

S/2005/455

- • Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for

Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).

Kyrgyzstan

Mongolia


Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)


submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports


Tajikistan


S/2002/358 S/2003/147

S/2004/992 S/2006/86

S/2006/400 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation

with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).

• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October

2007).

• Participated in the Regional Workshop for Central Asia and Afghanistan on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.

Organized in cooperation with the OSCE (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2007).

• Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime (Antalya, Turkey,

February 2007).

• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of

universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow,

Russia, November 2005).

• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative

implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).

• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on international cooperation against terrorism and transnational

organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).


S/2002/580 S/2003/129

S/2003/868 S/2005/213

Add. 1 S/2009/498

See: S/2009/498 • Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and





April 2005).

• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on international cooperation against terrorism and transnational

organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).

Turkmenistan




submitted

UNSCR 1624 Reports



S/2002/4 S/2002/974

S/2003/833 S/2005/347

S/2006/837

See: S/2006/837

• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the

Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).


April 2007).

• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in

promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow,

Russia, November 2005).

• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for

Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).

• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on international cooperation against terrorism and transnational organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of

Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).

Uzbekistan


*Only reports dated through 2006 are made publicly available.


Conventio

n on Offences a

nd Certa

in Other A

cts Committe

d On Board Aircra

ft (1963)

Conventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of U

nlawful Seizure of A

ircraft (1

970)

Conventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts Against th

e Safety of C

ivil

Aviatio

n (1

971)

Conventio

n on th

e Prevention and Punish

ment o

f Crim

es a

gainst

Internationally Protecte

d Perso

ns, in

cluding Diplomatic A

gents (1

973)

International C

onventio

n Against th

e Taking of H

osta

ges (1

979)

Conventio

n on th

e Physica

l Protectio

n of N

ucle

ar M

ateria

l (1980)

Protocol fo

r the Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts of V

iolence at A

irports S

erving

International C

ivil Aviatio

n, su

pplementary to

the Conventio

n for th

e

Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts against th

e Safety of C

ivil A

viatio

n (1

988)

Conventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts Against th

e Safety of

Maritim

e Navigation (1

988)

Protocol fo

r the Suppressio

n of U

nlawful A

cts Against th

e Safety of Fixed

Platfo

rms L

ocated on th

e Contin

ental Shelf (1

988)

Conventio

n on th

e Marking of Plastic E

xplosiv

es fo

r the Purpose of D

etectio

n

(1991)

International C

onventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of T

erro

rist Bombings (1

997)

International C

onventio

n for th

e Suppressio

n of A

cts of N

ucle

ar T

erro

rism

(2005)

Amendment to

the Conventio

n on th

e Physica

l Protectio

n of N

ucle

ar M

ateria

l

Protocol of 2

005 to

the Conventio

n for th

e su

ppressio

n of u

nlawful acts

against th

e sa

fety of m

aritim

e navigatio

n

Protocol of 2

005 to

the Protocol fo

r the su

ppressio

n of u

nlawful acts a

gainst

the sa

fety of fix

ed platfo

rms lo

cated on th

e contin

ental sh

elf

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP S - -

SP SP SP SP SP - SP - - SP SP SP SP - -

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - -

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - SP SP SP S - -

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP -

SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - -


International Antiterrorism Instrumentsa

Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations

Kazakhstan SP Kazakhstan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It passed

its AML/CFT regime in 2010. A mutual evaluation of Kazakhstan’s AML/CFT legislation is being conducted from 2010-2011.

Kyrgyzstan SP Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It passed

its AML/CFT law in 2006 and then strengthened it during 2008-2009. It was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 25 of the 40 recommendations

and in 8 of the 9 special recommendations. Kyrgyzstan joined the Egmont Group in 2009 to further improve its anti-money laundering abilities. Kyrgyzstan’s latest evaluation

report can be found at http://eurasiangroup.org/ru/news/eagkyrgyz.pdf.

Mongolia SP Mongolia is a member of the Asia/Pacific Group, an FATF-style organization in Asia, which it joined in 2004. Mongolia passed an AML/CFT law in 2006 and strengthened it in

2009. It was rated “partially compliant” or non-compliant” in 38 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special recommendations.

Tajikistan SP Tajikistan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It formed

a working group in 2009 to create AML/CFT legislation. Tajikistan was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 35 of the 40 recommendations and in 9 of 9 special

recommendations. Tajikistan’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://eurasiangroup.org/ru/news/tajikistan.pdf.

Turkmenistan SP Turkmenistan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2010. Its

AML/CFT legislation was adopted in 2009. A mutual evaluation of Turkmenistan’s AML/CFT legislation is being conducted from 2010-2011.

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing

Uzbekistan SP Uzbekistan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2005.

Uzbekistan’s AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2006. Uzbekistan was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 17 of the 40 recommendations and 5 of the 9

special recommendations. Uzbekistan’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.eurasiangroup.org/Uzbekistan.php.


Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives

Container Security Initiative

Proliferation Security Initiative

Nuclear Smuggling Outreach Initiative

Megaports Initiative (National Nuclear Security

Administration)

Kazakhstan - Participant

Joint action plan signed in 2006 (See NSOI Kazakhstan fact sheet at

http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Kazakhstan%20fact%

20sheets.pdf)

-

Kyrgyzstan - Participant

Joint action plan signed in 2007 (See NSOI Kyrgyzstan fact sheet at

http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Kyrgyz%20republic%20fact%

20sheets.pdf)

-

Mongolia - Participant - -

Tajikistan - Participant Provisionally agreed to a joint action plan in 2010. The Tajik government is

now reviewing the plan.

-

Uzbekistan - Participant An NSOI delegation met with the Uzbek government to discuss the

creation of a joint action plan in 2010.

-


U.S. Multilateral Initiatives

• National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml

• US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/

• FATF 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/

document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html

• FATF 9 Recommendations on Terrorist Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/

document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html

• FATF Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/14/21/41146580.pdf

• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/

finterr.htm

• US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/

internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1

• Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm

• UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/

• UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/

index.html

• Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty Text: http://disarmament.un.org/

treatystatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/c851f154c73c8837852572f8005597f1?OpenDocument


Key Resources


About The Fund for Peace

T he Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit

research and educational organization that works to prevent violent

conflict and promote sustainable security.

Conflict Early Warning and Assessment

Transnational Threats

Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security

We promote sustainable security through research,

training and education, engagement of civil society,

building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing

innovative technologies and tools for policy makers.

A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning

field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of

weak and failing states. Our objective is to create

practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation

that are useful to decision-makers.

The Fund for Peace adopts a holistic approach to the

issues stemming from weak and failing states. We

work at both the grassroots level with civil society

actors and at policy levels with key decision makers.

We have worked in over 50 countries with a wide

range of partners in all sectors: governments, interna-

tional organizations, the military, nongovernmental

organizations, academics, journalists, civil society

networks, and the private sector.

The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of initiatives

focused on our central objective of promoting sustain-

able security, the ability of a state to solve its own

problems peacefully without an external military or

administrative presence. Our programs fall into three

primary thematic areas: Conflict Early Warning and

Assessment; Transnational Threats; and Sustainable

Development, Sustainable Security.

CR-11-10-TC

www.fundforpeace.org

Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts in Central Asia

Documents

Transcript of Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts in Central Asia