Statistika terapan(1)
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STATISTIKA TERAPAN
Z U L A E L A
PRODI STATISTIKA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS UNIT (CE&BU), FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
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Materi
o Peran Statistika dalam suatu penelitiano Data beserta skala pengukurano Peringkasan datao Penyajian datao Nilai tengaho Nilai deviasio Probabilitaso Distribusi binomial, hipergeometrik, poisson dan normalo Distribusi samplingo Estimasio Uji hipotesis
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Daftar Bacaan
Bland, M. 2000. An Introduction to Medical Statistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sorlie, D.E. 1995. Medical Biostatistics and Epidemiology. Appleton & Lange. Norwalk, Connecticut.
Walpole, R.F. 1997. Pengantar Statistika. Alih BahasaBambang Sumantri. Gramedia, Jakarta.
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Sistem Penilaian
• Presensi• Tugas rumah• Tugas kelas• UTS• UAS
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STATISTIKA
• PENGUMPULAN
• PERINGKASAN
• PENYAJIAN
• UKURAN DESKRIPTIF DATA
• PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN:
ESTIMASI
UJI HIPOTESIS
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Data dan Skala Pengukuran
Pengumpulan data:langsung dari responden (wawancara, pengukuran,pengamatan)
tidak langsung dari responden (didapat dari berbagaisumber data, departemen-departemen, lembagapenelitian)
Data menurut sifatnya:kualitatif (data tidak berupa angka)
kuantitatif (data berupa angka)
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Skala pengukuran•Nominal: pengamatan-pengamatan diklasifikasikan ke dalamkategori-kategori, dan diantara kategori tidak ada suatu urutan
•Ordinal: pengamatan-pengamatan diklasifikasikan ke dalamkategori-kategori, dan diantara kategori ada suatu urutan
•Interval: skala ini disamping dapat membedakan urutan, jugadapat mengetahui jarak diantara dua pengukuran
•Rasio: mempunyai sifat skala interval dengan titik nol tetap
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Peringkasan Data
•Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi
•Tabel Kontingensi
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Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi
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pendidikan
6 6.6 6.6 6.6
7 7.7 7.7 14.3
47 51.6 51.6 65.9
26 28.6 28.6 94.5
5 5.5 5.5 100.0
91 100.0 100.0
SMA
Diploma
S1
S2
S3
Total
Valid
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi
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Tabel Kontingensi
Merokok * Ca_Paru Crosstabulation
Count
40 20 60
5 35 40
45 55 100
ya
tidak
Merokok
Total
ya tidak
Ca_Paru
Total
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tingkatPENDIDIKAN * prestasiKERJA Crosstabulation
Count
43 17 60
9 31 40
52 48 100
rendah
tinggi
tingkatPENDIDIKAN
Total
buruk baik
prestasiKERJA
Total
Tabel Kontingensi
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Penyajian Data
•Satu variabel: Histogram, Bar chart, Box plot, Stem and leafplot, Pie chart dan Normal probability plot.
•Dua variabel: Scatter plot, Line graph, Survival curve danContingency tabel.
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Histogram
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Bar Chart
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Box Plot
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Stem & Leaf Plot
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Pie Chart
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Normal Probability Plot
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Scatter Plot
Scatter Plot
Case Summariesa
15.00 20.00
13.00 16.00
9.00 12.00
6.00 6.00
6.00 10.00
18.00 34.00
16.00 25.00
11.00 20.00
6.00 8.00
12.00 14.00
18.00 30.00
22.00 36.00
7.00 9.00
10.00 10.00
10.00 15.00
14.00 24.00
20.00 30.00
17 17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
NTotal
berat badan umur
Limited to first 100 cases.a.
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Survival Function
follow up in days
1086420
Cum
Sur
viva
l
1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
Survival Function
Censored
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Survival Functions
follo w up in days
121086420
Cum
Sur
viva
l
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
0.0
-.2
kelompok
kelompok 2
ke lompok 2-censored
kelompok 1
ke lompok 1-censored
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Ukuran Deskriptif Data
•Nilai Tengah: Mean, Median dan Modus
•Nilai Deviasi: Range, Variansi dan Deviasi standar
•Sebaran Data: Simetris, Menceng kanan dan Menceng kiri
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Estimasi
Waktu Sembuh Pasien
Sampel
Mean=Rata-rata=…?
Mean= 4 hari
Populasi
50
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Uji Hipotesis Satu Mean
Waktu Sembuh Pasien
Minum Obat Baru
Sampel
Populasi
Rata-rata = 3,8 hari
50
1,2
H1: Rata-rata < 5
H0: Rata-rata 5
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Uji Hipotesis Dua Mean
Obat Standar Obat Baru
Wkt Sembuh Wkt Sembuh
Obat Baru lebih efektifdibandingkan dengan Obat Standar
Uji Statistik ?
2,17,6 11 sx 3,14,4 22 sx
n1=60 n2=80
1
2
1
2
2
2
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Uji Hipotesis Dua Proporsi
Obat Standar Obat Baru
Obat Baru lebih efektifdibandingkan dengan Obat Standar
Uji Statistik ?sembuh sembuh
tidak tidak
n1=300 n2=400X2=350X1=250
50 50
p1 p2