StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of...
-
Upload
prosper-bond -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
1
Transcript of StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of...
![Page 1: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
StatisticsStatistics
Graphic distributions
![Page 2: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Statistics?Statistics is a collection of methods
for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.
![Page 3: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Uses of Statistics“Some students choose it because it is
required, but increasing numbers do so voluntarily because they recognize its value and application to whatsoever field they plan to pursue. Because employers love to see a statistics course on the transcript of a job applicant, you will have an advantage….” Mario F. Triola
![Page 4: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Abuses of StatisticsSmall samplesPrecise numbersGuesstimatesDistorted percentagesPartial picturesDeliberate distortion
![Page 5: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
More AbusesLoaded questionsPictographsBad SamplesPollster PressureMisleading graphs
![Page 6: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Example 1 of Misleading Graphs
![Page 7: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Example 2 of Misleading Graphs
![Page 8: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Exploratory Data Analysis
Just as an explorer crossing unknown lands tells what he sees, we will be describing the data that we find.– Examine each variable – Describe relationship– Begin with a graph
![Page 9: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nature of Data• Quantitative Data – (QUANTITY)
Numbers representing counts or measurements
• Qualitative or Categorical Data – (QUALITY) Separated into different categories that can be divided into non-numeric characteristics
![Page 10: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
M&M activityMethod of collecting data
Weigh candies using a digitized scale, check color, and record.
![Page 11: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Weights in grams of a sample of M&M candies
.887 .923 .906 .923 .848 .911
.931 .783 .978 .942 .875 .930
.908 .942 .868 .922 .882 .949
.785 .898 .920 .923 .921 .959
.882 .942 .912 .975 .920
.791 .902 .892 .922
![Page 12: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
0
20
40
60
80
100
1st Qtr 2nd
Qtr
3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
0% 50% 100%
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
![Page 14: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Graphic Representations
• Frequency distribution• Bar Graph• Stacked Bar Graph
• Pie Charts• Dot Plots• Histograms• Stem and Leaf Plot• …
![Page 15: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Box and Whisker• Time Plot • Scatter Plot
• Cumulative Plots• Normality Plot• Normal Distribution
![Page 16: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Frequency Distribution• Pattern of variation• The distribution tells what values a
variable takes and how often• Raw Data
![Page 17: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Frequency Distribution List of categories along with counts
Colors in a bag of skittles
Red 14
Yellow 21
Blue 15
Green 21
Purple 17
Orange 15
![Page 18: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bar Graph
• Use of Categorical data
• Attractive• Heights show
counts• More flexible
than pie charts• Vertical and
Horizontal
• Can distort values
![Page 19: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Methods of Travel
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Boats Cars Planes Trains
Number inthousands
BAR GRAPH EXAMPLE
![Page 20: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stacked Bar Graph• Used to distinguish two or more
categories of the same variable• Great for comparing/ contrasting
two variables
• Can be a little difficult to distinguish size
![Page 21: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Number of Toys Purchased
0
50
100
150
200
Board Games
BikesSports Equipment
Game cube
Adults
Girls
Boys
![Page 22: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pie Charts
• Visual • Attractive• Uses categorical data• Easy to interpret
• Difficult to make precise• Must use percents• Close values difficult to
differentiate
![Page 23: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Flavors of Ice Cream
Vanilla Chocolate Strawberry Others
PIE CHART EXAMPLE
Guess what percentages these slices represent…
![Page 24: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Flavors of Ice Cream
Vanilla Chocolate Strawberry Others
PIE CHART EXAMPLE
Were you close?
![Page 25: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dot Plots• Good Visual • Quantitative data• Check for overall pattern
• Difficult with large amounts of data
![Page 26: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Theme Park Attendance Per Day
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
105
East Coast Resorts per thousand
West Coast Resorts per thousand
DOT PLOT EXAMPLE
![Page 27: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tools for Interpretation
• Don’t Forget your socks –SOCS
• S – Shape• O –Check for outliers• C – Describe the center• S – Describe the spread
![Page 28: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
S – Shape• Symmetric• skewed left• skewed right • bimodal
![Page 29: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
O –Check for outliers
• Stuff that is outside of the normal range
• Details Later
![Page 30: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
C – Describe the center
Values of central tendency:– Mean– Median– Mode– (Range)
![Page 31: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
S – Describe the spread
– Symmetrical– Skewed– Uniform
![Page 32: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Stem and Leaf Plot• Sometimes data is too spread out to make a
reasonable dot plot• Five stems is a good minimum• More flexible by rounding• Easy to construct
• Hard with large data sets
![Page 33: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Home Run Hits comparison
• Barry Hank• Bonds vs. Aaron • 9 6 1 3• 5 5 4 2 0 4 6 7 9• 7 7 4 4 3 3 3 0 2 4 4 8 9 9• 9 6 2 0 4 0 0 4 4 4 4 5 7• 5• 6• 3 7 17 = 17 hits
![Page 34: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Histogram• Quantitative variables• Divides data into classes equal in
size
• Visual may distort understanding
![Page 35: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
![Page 36: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Box and Whisker Plots• Easy to
compare quartiles
• Outliers seen on modified boxplot
• Side by side = best comparison
• Difficult to determine size of data
• Can be misleading
• Show less detail
![Page 37: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Weights of children to age 10
![Page 38: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Time Plot• Variables observed over time• Horizontal axis has the time scale• Check for overall pattern
![Page 39: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Number of blankets sold each year
![Page 40: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Scatter Plot• Shows relationship of two
variables• Can determine overall tendencies• Can determine strength of
relationship
• Not all relationships are linear
![Page 41: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Wife’s Age VS Husband’s Age
![Page 42: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cumulative Plots• Also known as an
ogive (“oh-jive”)• Adds onto each
progressive column
Rabbits born in a month
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rabbits
1 2 3 4 5Week
Commonly confused with bar graphs
![Page 43: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Normal Distribution
![Page 44: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Normality Plot
![Page 45: StatisticsStatistics Graphic distributions. What is Statistics? Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649ec05503460f94bcc335/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Questions????
• The end!!!