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Transcript of STATISTICS OF JEWS - AJC · PDF filestatistics of jews by h. s. linfield, ph. d., director,...
STATISTICS OF JEWS
BY H. S. LINFIELD, PH. D.,
DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND STATISTICS
OF THE BUREAU OF JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
In the present article on Statistics of Jews, all tables which havebeen previously published have been revised and brought up to date,and several tables have been completed and re-cast.
The special feature of the present article is a study of the Jews inHungary on the basis of the census of 1920, with 17 tables. These tablesshow the distribution of the Jews in that country, the status of Jewisheducation in that year compared with the two years preceding and twoyears following 1920, the communal organization of the Jews in thatyear, and other matters bearing on the status of the Jews. With regardto education, the tables also show the disastrous effects of the EducationAct of 1920 (the so-called Numerus Clausus law) on Jewish educationin Hungary.
With regard to Jewish population statistics, it should be borne inmind that the figures arrived at on the basis of a religious or nationalitycensus are likely to be inaccurate to some extent. This is partly dueto the fact that there is sometimes a tendency on the part of censusenumerators to minimize the number of persons of a minority religionor nationality, and partly because some Jews report their nationalityas that of the majority population, or decline to. answer the questionas to religion or nationality.
227
228 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
LIST OF TABLES
A. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD
I: List of the Countries of the WORLD Having a JewishPopulation.
II: Distribution of Jewish Population of the WORLD byContinents.
I l l : Distribution of Jewish Population of AMERICA by Geo-graphical Divisions and Countries.
IV: Distribution of Jewish Population of EUROPE by Geo-graphical Divisions and Countries.
V: Dislribution of Jewish Population of ASIA by Geographi-cal Divisions and Countries.
VI: Distribution of Jewish Population of AFRICA by Geo-graphical Divisions and Countries.
VII: Distribution of Jewish Population of AUSTRALASIA byCountries.
VIII: List of Important CITIES and Their Jewish PopulationAccording to Latest Published Statistics.
B. JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES
IX: List of Estimates of the Number of Tews in the UnitedStates, Made Between 1818 and 1920.
X: List of States, Territories and Outlying Possessions, theTotal Population in 1920, and the Number of Jews in 1917—1918 and in 1920, in Alphabetical Order.
XI: List of Cities in the United States Having One Thousandor More Jewish Inhabitants.
XII: Distribution of the Jews of the United States by Geographi-cal Divisions, Sub-divisions, and States, 1920.
XIII : Distribution of the Jews of the City of New York byBoroughs, 1920.
C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES
XIV: A Summary of Jewish Immigration to the United States,1881-1(>25.
XV: Jewish Jmmigrants Admitted at the Ports of New York,Philadelphia and Baltimore, 1SS1-1S(>S.
XVI: Total Number of Immigrants and Number of Jewish Immi-grants Admitted, 1899-1907.
XVII: Total Number of Immigrants and Number of Jewish Immi-grants Admitted, Departed, and Net Increase, 1908-1925.
XVIII: Total Number of Immigrants and Number of Jewish Immi-grants Rejected on Application for Admission and ThoseDeported from the United States after Admission, 1899-1926.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 229
XIX: Total Number of Immigrants, Number of Non-JewishImmigrants, and Number of Jewish Immigrants, Ad-mitted, Departed, Increase, Debarred, and Deported,Year Ended June 30, 1926.
XX: Distribution of Total Number of Immigrants, Non-JewishImmigrants, and Jewish Immigrants on the Basis of theDestination Given by the Immigrants at Their Ports ofEntrance, Year Ended June 30, J926.
XXI: Countries of Origin of the Total Number of Immigrants,Non-Jewish Immigrants, and Jewish Immigrants, YearEnded June 30, 1920.
XXII: Age of Total Number of Immigrants, of Non-Jewish Immi-grants, and of Jewish Immigrants, Admitted During YearEnded June 30, 1026.
XXIII: Sex of Total Number of Immigrants, of Non-Jewish Immi-grants, and of Jewish Immigrants, Year Ended June 30,1926.
XXIY: Total number of Immigrants, Number of Non-JewishImmigrants, and Number of Jewish Immigrants WhoCame to Join Relatives, Friends, and Those Who Hadno Relatives or Friends, Year Ended June 30, 1926.
XXY: Total Number of Immigrants, Number of Non-JewishImmigrants, and Number of Jewish Immigrants, Ad-mitted, Departed, Increase, Debarred, and Deported,During July-December, 1926.
D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADA
XXYI: Total Number of Immigrants, and Number of JewishImmigrants Admitted to Canada, 1901-1926.
E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINA
XXVII: Total and Jewish Immigration into Argentina, 1913-1915,and 1919-1926.
F JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO PALESTINE
XXYIII: Summary of Immigration and Emigration of Jews andNon-Jews 1917-1926.
XXIX: The Total Number of Immigrants by Months, 1923-1925.XXX: Sex and Age of Immigrants, 1922-1926.
XXXI: Immigration, Emigration, Number of Persons RefusedAdmittance, and Net Increase of Jews and Non-Jews,1926.
230 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
APPENDIX: THE JEWS OF HUNGARY, CENSUS OF 1920.
I: Total Population and the Number of Jews in the Countryby Districts, 1920.
II: Total Population and the Number of Jews, 1910 and 1920.I l l : Births, Deaths, and Natural Increase, 1920-1922.IV: Marriages, Mixed Marriages, and Divorces, 1920-1922.Y: Illegitimacy Among Jews and Non-Jews, 1920-1922.
VI: Primary Education.VII: Primary Normal Schools.
VIII: Secondary Education.IX: Persons Passing the Baccalaureate Examinations.
X: Number and Distribution of the Jewish Students in theSchools and Faculties for Higher Learning, Second Semes-ter of 1918-1919 to 1921-1922.
XI: Higher Normal Schools, 1918-1919 to 1921-1922.XII: Professional Training 1918-1919 to 1921-1922.
XIII : Institutions of a Philanthropic Character, 1919-1920 and1921-1922.
XIV: Illiteracy, 1920.XV: Jewish Religious Communities, 1919-1922.
XVI: Conversion and Apostasy.
XVII: Persons Found Guilty of Crimes and Persons Who Con-fessed, 1921 and 1922.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 231
A. THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLDThe total Jewish population of the world is over 14,600,000 persons
scattered over the whole earth. Almost every country in the world hasits Jewish population. The table below gives a list of the countries,the number of the Jewish population of which is known.
TABLE IA LIST OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AND THEIR JEWS1
Name of Country Number of Jews Name of Country Number of Jews
AbyssiniaAden and PerimAfghanistanAlaskaAlgeriaArabiaArgentina2
Australia2
AustriaAzerbajdjanBelgiumBrazilBritish EmpireBritish MalayaBulgariaCanada2
Chile2
China2
Congo (Belgian)Crimea2
CubaCuracaoCyprusCzecho-Slovakia2
Danzig2
Denmark2
Dominican Republic. . .Egypt*EsthoniaFinlandFranceFrance and Possessions.GeorgiaGermanyGibraltar2
Great BritainGreeceHawaiiHong KongHungaryIndiaIndo-China (French)2. .IraqIrish Free State2
ItalyJamaicaJapanKenyaKirghizia2
LatviaLibya2
Lithuania2
Luxemburg2
Malta
50,0003,747
18,135500
100,00025,000
200,00021,615
350,00024,676c44,00021,000
514,442703
43,232126,196
2,00012,000
17751,5168.200
565195
354,3429,2395,947
5559,581
4,5661,618
200,000551,00023,433e
615,0001,123
297,000125,000
77150
473,31021,778
1,00087,4885,148
50,0001,2501,000
1002,120
95,67520,000
155,1251,353
35
MexicoMorocco (French)Morocco (Spanish)Netherlands2
New Zealand2
Norway2
Palestine2
Panama Canal Z o n e . . . .Paraguay2
PersiaPhilippine IslandsPoland2
Porto RicoPortugalPortuguese East Africa..
(Mozambique)Rhodesia (Northern). . . .Rhodesia (Southern). . . .Roumania2
Russia (R. S. F. S. R.)2. .Russia (R. S. F. S. R.) in
Europe2
Russia (U. S. S. R.)Russia (U. S. S. R.) in
Asia2
Saar RegionSerb-Croat-Slovene Sta.SiberiaS. W. AfricaSpainSurinam (Dutch Guiana)Syria and Lebanon2
SwedenSwitzerland2
Tanganyika (GermanEast Africa)
Tangier ZoneTrans-Caucasian RepTunisia2
Turkey in AsiaTurkey in EuropeUkraine2
Union of South Africa5...United States (Contin'l).United States and
PossessionsUruguayUzbek and Turcoman
RepublicsVenezuelaVirgin IslandsWest Russia (Gov't of
Witebsk)White Russia
16,000117,512
18,000150,000
2,3801,457
157,8OOe750400
40,000500
2,854,000200
1,000100
1101.289
900,000518.260
2,662,1392,820,429
114,9535,000
64,15944,725
2004,000
81835,0006,469
20,979
1012,00057,60865,00070,000
120,0001,795,540
62,1033,600,800
3,602.220150
25,683411
70
115,613395.184
'Based on the latest official census or authoritative estimate. For details see tablesIII to VII. See also explanatory notes following Table VIII. .-
*See notes on Tables I—VIII.
232 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
Although Jews live all over the world, the density of the Jewish popula-tion varies. Of the 14,780,000 Jews in the world, nearly two-thirds livein Europe and over 26% live in North and South America. Asia, Africa,and Australasia together have but 8.9% of the total Jewish population:Asia, 3.8%, Africa, 3.9%, and Australasia, 1.1%.
TABLE IIDISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE
WORLD BY CONTINENTS
Continent
North and South AmericaAfricaAsiaAustralasia
Total
Jewish Population
9,621,1113,979,365
588,670570,138
24,578
14,783,862
Per Cent of Total
65.1726.913.973.79
.16
100.00
AMERICAOf the Jews who live on the American continent, 3,741,988 dwell in
North America and the West Indies, where they constitute 2.7% of thetotal population, and 108,204 in Central and South America, forming.23% of the total population. In North America the Jews are concen-trated in Continental United States (3.4%) and in Canada (1.43%).In South America more than 92% of the Jews live in Argentina, where,however, they constitute only 1.1% of the total population.
TABLE IIIDISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF AMERICA BY
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Name
NORTH AMERICA AND WEST INDIESCanada2
United States (Continental)AlaskaCubaDominican RepublicJamaicaMexico. . '.Panama Canal ZonePorto RicoVirgin Islands
Total
SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICAArgentina2
BrazilChile2
CuracaoParaguaySurinamUruguay . . . .Venezuela
Total •
Grand Total
Gen.Population
8,788,483c.105,710,620c.
55,036c.2,889,004c.
897,405c.858,188c.
14,234,799c.
1,299,809c.26,051c.
134,759,395
9,548,092c.30,635,605c.
3,754,723c.56,371c.
1,000,000c.133,561c.
1,564,620c.2,411,952c.
49,104,924
183,864,319
Yr.
1921192019201918192119211921
19201917
19241920192019231917192319221920
JewishPopulation
126 196c.13,600,800e.
500e.8,20Oe.
55c.1,250c.
16,000e.75Oe.200e.
70e.
3,754,021
200 OOOe.21,000e.
2 OOOe565c.400e.818c150e.411c
225,344
3,979,365
Yr.
1921192019171925192119211927192619171923
19241924192419201924192319101894
PerCent
1.433.4
.006
.14
2.09
.13
.46
•The letter "c" following a figure indicates that it is based on a census, " e " that itis based on an estimate. !See notes on Tables I—VIII.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 233
EUROPEThe bulk of the Jews of Europe live in a group of adjacent countries
located in the center of the continent, which region may be designatedas the "Jewish" Central Europe. In it the Jews form 6.57% of thetotal population. In the countries to the north of this "Jewish" Cent-ral Europe, Jews form not more than .33% of the total population;while in the countries to the west and south of that region the Jewishnumbers represent .66% of the total population.
TABLE IVDISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF EUROPE BY
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION AND COUNTRIES
Name
WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPEBelgiumBulgariaCyprus . .Danzig2
Denmark2
France . . . .GermanyGibraltar2
Great Britain
Irish Free State2
Italy
Malta and GozoNetherlands2 . .
Saar RegionSerb-Croat-Slovene State . . . .
Turkey (Eur.)2
Total
CENTRAL EUROPEAustria . .Czecho-Slovakia2 . . . .
LatviaLithuania 2 . . . .Poland2
Russia (U.S.S.R.) in Europe2
Crimea2
West Russia (Gov't of Witebsk)2..White Russia2
Ukraine2
Total
NORTHERN EUROPEEsthonia
Russia (R. S. F. S. R. exclusive ofCrimea and West Russia)2
Sweden
Total
Grand Total
Gen.Population
7,666,055e.5,0O8,O0Oe.
310,715c.383,995c.
3,267,831c.40,743,851c.62,348,782c.
22,018c.42,918,253c.
5,536,375c.3,139,688c.
38,755,576c.260,767c.224,680c.
6,865,314c.6,032,991c.
SOO.OOOe.12,017,323c.21,347,335c.
3,888,320c.l,872,697e.
263,110,566
6,535,759c.13,613,172c.
7,987,143c.1,844,805c.2,2O3,312e.
27,192,674c.17,7OO,OO0e.
7,616,000e.1,353,078c.2,444,675e.
26,178,000e.
114,668,618
1,110,538c.3,366,507c.2,646,306c.
82,85O,0O0e.5,904,489c.
95,877,840
470,185,993
Yr.
192319231921192419211926192519211921192019111921192219211920192019201920192019201922
1923192119201925197.S19211925
197.1192019241924
197719701920
19241920
JewishPopulation
44,000e.43,232c.
195c.9,239c.5,947c.
200,000e.615,000e.
1,123c.297,OOOe.125,OOOe.
5,148c.50,000e.
l,3S3c.35e.
150,000e.1,000e.5,000e.
64,159c.4,000e.
20,979c.120,000e.
1,762,410
35O,O00e.354,342c.473,310c.
95,675c.155,125c.
2,854,000e.900,000e.
51,516c.115,613c.395,184c.
1,795,540c.
7,540,305
4,566c.1,618c.1,457c.
304,286c.6,469c.
318,396
9,621,111
Yr.
192119201921192419211926192219201924192519111924192219201925192119201920192019201923
1920192119201925192319211925
1970192019201920
197?19201920
19201920
PerCent
.062.4.18
2.25.16
.52
1.00.53.02.54
.7
2.76.05.18
10.495.5
7.15
.61
.41
.05
.06
.11
.33
2.04
234 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
ASIA
On the continent of Asia the Jews live in concentrated numbers onlyin Palestine and in the Arabic-speaking countries to the north, east,and south of Palestine. In this region the Jews form 1.6% of thetotal population. In the adjacent countries of Asia Minor, CentralAsia, and Northern Asia, the Jews constitute .34% of the total popu-lation. In the countries to the east and south, namely, India, China,and Japan, the number of Jews is comparatively very small, being only.005% of the total population. However, the percentage of the Jewishpopulation to the total white population is considerable in someof those countries.
TABLE V
DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF ASIA BY GEOGRAPHICAL
DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Name
PALESTINE AND NEIGHBORINGCOUNTRIES
Palestine2
AdenIraqSyria and Lebanon2
Total
ASIA MINOR, CENTRAL ANDNORTHERN ASIA
AfghanistanAzerbajdjanGeorgiaKirghizia2
SiberiaTurkey in AsiaUzbek and Turcoman Republics2..
Total
EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIABritish MalayaChina2
Hong KongIndia, States and AgenciesIndo-China (French)2
Japan
Total
Grand Total
Gen.Population
887,OOOe.10,000,000e.
54,923c.2,849,282c.2,439,082c.
16,230,287
12,000,000e.2,2O5,2OOe.2,541,400e.5,058,553c.
10,000,000e.11,069,550c.ll,879,300e.5,194,700e.
59,948,703
3,358,OS4c.318,653,00Oe.
025,166c.318,942,480c.
16,813,000c.59,460,252c.
717,851,952
794,030,942
Yr.
19261921192019211922
1925192619261923
192019221926
192119111921192119141922
JewishPopulation
157,800e.25,0O0e.
3,747c.87,488c.35,OOOe.
309,035
18.135e.24,676c.23,433c.
2,120c.40,000e.44,725c.70 OOOe.25,683c.
244,272
703c.12,OOOe.
150e.21,778c.
l,000e.l,000e.
36,631
589,938
Yr.
1926
191119201922
192319221920
192019231923
192119211920192119241922
PerCent
6.823.1
1.8
.4
.32
.02
.01
.001
.005
STATISTICS OF JEWS 235
AFRICA
The great majority of the Jews of Africa live in the northern partof the continent in the Arabic-speaking countries along the Mediter-ranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The «ombined population of thesecountries, of 27,554,098 includes 459,581 Jews, 1.67%. There are alsoJewish communities in the central part of the African continent, theso-called Black Africa, where the Jews constitute a considerable per-centage of the white European populations. This is especially the casein the Union of South Africa where the Jews form 4 .1% of the whitepopulation of 1,519,488 in that country. There are said to be 50,000Falashas in East Africa (Abyssinia).
TABLE VI
DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION OF AFRICA BY GEOGRAPHICAL
DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Name
NORTHERN PART (ARABIC-SPEAKING COUNTRIES)
AlgeriaEgypfLibya2
Morocco (French)!Morocco (Spanish)Tangier ZoneTunis2
Total
EASTERN PARTAbyssinia
SOUTHERN PART (BLACK AFRICA)Congo (Belgian)KenyaPortuguese East Africa
(Mozambique)Rhodesia:
North RhodesiaSouth Rhodesia
South-West AfricaTanganyika (German East Africa)Union of South Africa2
Total
Grand Total
'See notes.
Gen.Population Yr.
JewishPopulation Yr.
PerCent
6,064,865c.12,750,918c.
800,000e.4,216,824e.
550,000e.52,OOOe.
2,059,708c.
26,494,315
10,000,000e.
8,510,0372,344,000e.
3,120,000e.
931,500e.803,620c.227,732e.
4,107,000c.6,928,580c.
26,972,469
1926191719211926192119221926
1925
1921
19211921192119211921
100,000e.59,581c.20,000e.117,512e.18,000e.12,000e.65,000e.
392,093
50,000e.
177e.lOOe.
lOOe.
110c.1,289c.200e.lOe.
62,103c.
64,089
1926191719191926191619221926
1922
19231924
1923
19211921192519231921
.5
23.083.1
.16
.01
.24
63,466,784 506,182
236 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
AUSTRALASIAOnly 24,645 Jews live in Australasia, constituting .14% of the total
population. Of that number, 21,615 Jews live in Australia, wherethey constitute .37% of the total population.
TABLE VIIDISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF AUSTRALASIA BY COUNTRIES
Name
New Zealand2
Philippine Islands
Grand Total
Gen.Population
S 777 262c255,912c.
1 284 873c.10,350,640c.
17,668,687
Yr.
1921192019211918
JewishPopulation
21 615c.77c.
2 380c.500e.
24,572
Yr.
1921192619211917
PerCent
.37
.19
.142See notes on Tables I-XI.
TABLE VIIILIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWS'
NameGen.
Population Yr.Jewish
Population
29,20715,943c.67,249c.22.000e.50,000c.20,000e.
217,545c.24,8855,875c.
45,19243,555c.30,320
6,23020,152c.33,971c.22,335c.
128,14124,691c.76,85452,370
155.86067,59942,81786,17131,751c.3,004c.
39,443c.11,0002.986c.
20,0001,029c.4.427c.
34,61912,951c.19,029c.
201,513c1
309,165c.14.449
Yr.
19201921192019211920192119201920192119211919191719221922192219211923
19211923192119171921192319211921
19221922192019221922192119181921192319211921
PerCent
AlexandriaAlgiersAmsterdamAntwerp. . .BagdadBrusselsBudapestCairoCopenhagenCracowCzernowitzGhomelHaifaJaffaJerusalemJohannesburgKievKovnoLembergLeningradLodzMinskMontrealMoscowPragueRabatRigaRomeSafedSofiaTallinn (Revel)TiberiasTorontoTripoliTunisVienna1
WarsawWinnipeg•See notes on Tables I—VIII
450,000206,595647,427c.334,000250,000c.685,000925,724c.795,000561,344183,70691,852c.64,78624,46947,709c.62,578c.
288.131272,57391,302c.
219,3881,018,630
452,079152,587618,506
1,424,854676,657c.30,953c.
181,443c.600,000
8.760c.154,431c.
6,950c.521,89364,759c.79,175c.
1,856,780c.936,046c.179,087
19201921192019211920192119201920192119211919191719221922192219211923
192119231921191719211923192119211920
19221920
1922192119181921192319211921
6.57.710.46.5
20.02.9
23.53.11.04
24.647.446.825.442.254.77.75
47.27.0435.5.1434.544.36.96.044.699.7
34.112.9
63.76.6
20.024.010.833.8.1
STATISTICS OF JEWS 237
NOTES ON TABLES I-VIII
ARGENTINA. The figure for the Jewish population is the estimate ofthe Jewish Colonization Association.
AUSTRALIA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 20,544 enumerated in 1921 as of"no religion" and 92,258 as of "unknown" religion.
AZERBAJDJAX. The figure for the Jews is that for those who wereenumerated in the towns in the census of 1923. No Jews were enumeratedin the country places.
BRITISH MALAYA. The figure for the general population includes14;954 Europeans.
CANADA. The figure for the Jewish population is on the basis of na-tionality. It has been estimated that the Jewish population numbered140,000 in 1921.
CHILE. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of thenumber of Jews who lived in Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, andTemuco in 1924.
CHINA. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of thenumber of Jews who lived in 1920 in Harbin, Tientsin, Shanghai, Haitar,Chang-Blung, Dairen (Baluy), and Kiarta Hankow.
CRIMEA. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS.
CUBA. The figure given for the Jews includes 2,700 Sephardic Jewsand 5,500 Ashkenasic Jews.
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA. The figure for the Jewish population is on thebasis of religion and it is exclusive of the possible number of Jews amongthe 724, 507 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion," 522,333 not includedin the religious census, and 238,808 aliens.
DANZIG. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the poss-ible number of Jews among the 2,815 enumerated in 1924 as of "noreligion," or of "unknown" religion.
DENMARK. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 12,744 enumerated in 1921 as of "noreligion."
238 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
EGYPT. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the poss-ible number of Jews among the 8,814 enumerated in 1917 as being of"unknown" religion.
GIBRALTAR. The figure for the Jewish population is that of the ec-clesiastical return of the four synagogues of the city of Gibraltar for1920.
GEORGIA. The figure for the Jews is that for those who were enumer-ated in the towns in the census of 1922. Xo Jews were enumerated in thecountry places.
INDO-CHINA. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate ofthe number of Jews who lived in Haiphong, Hanoi, Tourane, and Saigonin 1924.
IRISH FREE STATE. The figure for the Jewish population is that ofthe census of 1911 and includes the number of Jews who lived in 1911in Northern Ireland.
KENYA. The figure for the general population includes 9,651 Euro-peans and 10,102 Arabs.
KIRGHIZIA. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET RE-
PUBLICS.
LIBYA. The figure for the Jewish population is an official estimate.
LITHUANIA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thenumber of Jews in the District of Meinel of 141,274 inhabitants, January1, 1925. (In the census of 1923, 155 were enumerated as Karaites.)
LUXEMBURG. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive ofthe possible number of Jews among the 10,300 enumerated in 1922 asof "no religion," or, "unknown" religion.
MEXICO. The figure given for the Jews includes about 10,000 orientalJews and about 6,0t)0 European Jews.
MOROCCO. The figure for the Jews in the French Zone includes 107,512native Jews enumerated in the census of 1926 and 10.000 European Jewsestimated to live in all of Morocco.
NETHERLANDS. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimatefor the year 1925. In 1920 the census return was 121,167 Jews, exclusiveof the possible number of Jews among the 533,714 enumerated as of "noreligion" and 1,010 as of "unknown" religions.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 239
NEW ZEALAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusiveof the possible number of Jews among the 5,329 enumerated in 1921 asof "no religion" and 43,302 of "unknown" religion.
NORWAY. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 17,780 enumerated in 1920 as of"no religion," or "unknown" religion.
PALESTINE. The figure for the Jewish population is the official esti-mate for 1926.
PANAMA CANAL ZONE. The figure given for the Jews includes 175men of the army and navy and 25 civilian employees of the Americangovernment.
PARAGUAY. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate ofthe number of Jews who lived in 1924 in Villarrica, Borche, Cabaliero,Ipcarai, Caifunto and Encarmasion.
POLAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the poss-ible number of Jews among the 105,000 enumerated in 1921 as of "un-known" religion or as of "other religions." In the census of 1921, thereturns gave 2,829,456 Jews, exclusive of the number of Jews among the318, 452 persons who were in the army on the day of the census.
PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. The figure for the total population in-cludes about 9,000 white Europeans.
RHODESIA (NORTHERN). The figure for the total population in-cludes 3,750 Europeans.
RHODESIA (SOUTHERN)-. The figure for the total population in-cludes 33,620 Europeans.
ROUMANIA. The figures given are official estimates. In 1918, thereligious census returned 9,696,714 as belonging to the Orthodox Church;1,456,147, Greek Orthodox; 1,482,391, Roman Catholics; 1,344,970,Protestants; 44,087, Mohammedans; 17,586, Armenians; 834,344, Jews;total, 14,876,789, leaving 2,516,360 unaccounted for.
RUSSIA (RSFSR). The figure for the Jewish population in the Euro-pean governments of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republicsis exclusive of the civil Jewish population enumerated in 1920 in thedistrict of Ghomel, which district was later ceded to White Russia.
SIBERIA. See the note on UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS.
SOUTH WEST AFRICA. The figure for the total population includes19,432 Europeans.
240 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
SWITZERLAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive ofthe possible number of Jews among the 35,656 enumerated in 1920 asof "no religion" and 3,200 as of "unknown" religion.
SYRIA AND LEBANON. The figure for the Jewish population is anestimate. In 1921-1922, the census returned 16,145 Jews. The latterfigure was exclusive of those among the 71,566 enumerated as "aliens,"50,000 "recent immigrants from Turkey," and 350,000 classed as"nomads."
TANGANYIKA (GERMAN EAST AFRICA). The figure for the totalpopulation includes 2,447 Europeans.
TUNIS. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate. In 1926,the census returned 54,243 Jews, exclusive of the number of Jews amongthe "Europeans."
UKRAINE. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUB-
LICS.
UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS. The figure for the totalnumber of Jewish population in the Union includes 43,337 Jews who werein the army and in the navy at the time of the census of 1920. The figuresfor the Jewish population of Crimea, Kirghizia, Siberia, Ukraine, WestRussia, and White Russia are those of the civil Jewish populationenumerated in the census of 1920, as are also the figures given for thetotal number of Jewish population of the Union in Europe and of thatin the Union in Asia.
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. The figure for the total population in-cludes 1,519,488 whites. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusiveof the possible number of Jews among the 8,775 enumerated in 1921 asof "no religion," or of "unknown" religion.
UZBEK AND TURCOMAN REPUBLICS. The figure given for the Jews isthat of those Jews who were enumerated in the towns in 1923. No figuresare available for those who live in the country places.
VIENNA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of thepossible number of Jews among the 33,087 persons enumerated in 1923as of "no religion.'1
STATISTICS OF JEWS 241
B. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES
The Government of the United States and the Governments of theStates, in making their various censuses, take no account of religiousaffiliation. There are, therefore, no official statistics of the Jews of theUnited States. Figures concerning the number of Jews in this countryare estimates. As early as 1818 Mordecai M. Noah made an estimate ofthe number of Jews living in the country that year. Since then numerousestimates were made at irregular intervals.
TABLE IX
LIST OF ESTIMATES OF THE NUMBER OF JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES
BETWEEN 1818 AND 1920
Year
181818241826184018481880188818971905190719101914
1917-181920
Authority
Mordecai M. NoahSolomon EttingIsaac C. HarbyThe American AlmanacM. A. BerkWm. B. HackenburgIsaac MarkensDavid SulzbergerThe Jewish EncyclopediaAmerican Jewish Year BookAmerican Jewish Year BookBureau of Jewish Statistics and ResearchBureau of Jewish Statistics and ResearchBureau of Jewish Social Research
Number
3.0006,000
16,00015,00050,000
230,257400.000937,800,508,435,777,185,043,762,933,874,300,000,600,800'
'Continental United States only.
For the estimate of 1907, 1910, 1914 and 1918, see AMERICANJEWISH YEAR BOOK 5668, pp. 431-435, and 5679, pp. 339-352, andfor the author's estimate of 3,600,800 in 1920, AMERICAN JEWISHYEAR BOOK, 5684, p. 337.
Tables X and XI below are two lists, each arranged in alphabeti-cal order. The first one gives the number of Jews in the states, territoriesand outlying possessions in 1917-1918 and in 1920. The total popula-tion of 1920 is also given. The second table gives a list of cities whichhad 1,000 or more Jewish inhabitants in 1917-1918 or at later dates, the.date being indicated in parentheses and the source given in a foot note.This table gives the total population of 1920 and of 1925.
242 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
TABLE X
A LIST OF STATES, TERRITORIES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS, THE
TOTAL POPULATION IN 1920, AND THE NUMBER OF JEWS IN
1917-1918 AND IN 1920, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
States, Territoriesand Possessions
AlaskaArizona. . . . .
CaliforniaColorado
Florida .
Hawaiian IslandsIdaho . . , . . .IllinoisIndianaIowa
LouisianaMaine . . . .
MassachusettsMichigan
Missouri
NevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPhilippine Islands.
Total Popu-lation,
Census, 1920
2,348,17455,306
334,1621,752,2043,426,861
939,6291,380,631
223,003437,571968,470
2,895,832255,912431,866
6,485,2802,930,3902,404,0211,769,2572,416,6301,798,509
768,0141,449,6613,852,3563,668,4112,387,1251,790,6183,404,055
548,8891,296,372
77,407443,083
3 155,900360,350
10,385,2272 558,123
646,8725,759,3942,028,283
783,3898,720,017
10,350,640
Jews
Est. 1917-1918
11,086500
1,0135,012
63,65214,56566,8623,806
10,0006,451
22,414150
1,078246,63725,83315,5559,450
13,36212,7237.387
62,642189,67163,25431,462
3,88180,807
2,51813,547
5033,257
149,476858
1,603,9234,9151,492
166,3615,1869,767
322,406500
Est. 1920
Numb.
11,150500
1,1505,150
71,40015,38071,8704,010
14,7306,940
23,240150 •
1,160257,600
26,78016,2309,590
13,62013,0207,590
65,330199,300
71,36033,550
3,99082,570
2,52014,020
5103,370
163,180880
1,701,2605,1401,590
177,6905 490
18,260340,740
500
Per Cent
.5
.3
.32.11.65.21.83.4
.7
.8
.34.
.9
.7
.5
.6
.71.4.55.21.91.4.2
2.4.5
1.1.7.8
5.2.2
16.4.2.2
3.1.3
2.34.
STATISTICS OF JEWS
TABLE X (Continued)
243
States, Territoriesand Possessions
Total Popu-lation.
Census, 1920
Jews
Est. 1917-1918
Est. 1920
Numb. Per Cent
Porto RicoRhode Island.. .South Carolina.South Dakota. .TennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirgin Islands. .VirginiaWashington . . .West Virginia. .WisconsinWyoming
1,299,809604,397
1,683,724636,547
2,337,8854,663,228
449,396352,428
26,0512,309,1871,356,6211,463,7012,632,067
194.402
20020,5024,8161,262
14,03430,8393,7372,221
15,4039,1175,129
28,581498
20021,4505,0601,310
14.39032,660
3,9402,260
7016,02010,0305,440
30,100560
3.5.3.2.6.7.9.6
.7
.7
.41.1.3
TABLE XILIST OF CITIES HAVING ONE THOUSAND OR MORE JEWISH INHABITANTS
IN 1917-1918 AND AT LATER DATES AND THE TOTAL
POPULATION IN 1920 AND IN 1925
Cities
Akron, OhioAlbany, N. YAUentown, PaAltoona, PaAtlanta, GaAtlantic City, N. JAugusta, GaBaltimore, Md i . . . .Bangor, MeBay City, MichBayonne, N. JBinghamton, N. YBirmingham, AlaBloomfield N. JBoston, MassBraddock PaBridgeport, ConnBrockton, MassBuffalo. N. YButte, MontCambridge, MassCamden, N. JCanton, OhioCarbondale Pa
Total Population
Census1920
208,435113.34473,50260,331
200.61650,70752,548
733,82625,97847,55476,75466,800
178,806
748,060
143,55566,254
506,77541,611
109,694116,30987,091
OfficialEstimate
1925
117,820c.1"92,151866,1488
53,287855,2458
796,296826,644848,907888,767871,915c.10
205,670'25,9558
781,529c10
21,7398
65,731c1"538,016c.'»
42,867"120,053c."1
128,642s
106,260819,5458
Jews
Estimate1917-1918
2,0007,0001,2001,000
10,0004,0002,500
60,0001,0001,000
10,0001,5003,5001,000
77,5001,600
12,0001,500
20,0001,0008,0002,0001,0001,000
LaterEstimates
2,554 (1920)1
8,500 (1923)2
1,261 (1920)1
11,750 (1923; =
67,500 (1924)2
8,460 (1923)2
2,500 (1926)2
7,600 (1920)'3,169 (1923)2
18,000 (1922)'
6,500 (1924)'1,075 (192O)1
244 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
TABLE XI (Continued)
Cities
Charleston, S. C.Charleston, W. VaChattanooga, Tenn
Chester, PaChicago, III.
Cleveland, OColumbus, O. .Council Bluffs, laDallas, TexasDayton, O.. .Denver, Colo
Detroit, Mich.Duluth, Minn.East St. Louis, 111Elizabeth, N. JElmira, N. Y.El Paso, Tex.Erie Pa.Evansville, Ind.Fall River, Mass. . .Fort Wayne, IndFort Worth, TexGalveston, Tex.
Grand Rapids, MichHarrisburg, Pa.. . . . .Harrison, N. J.Hartford, ConnHaverhill, MassHoboken, N. J..
Indianapolis, IndJacksonville, Fla.Jersey City, N JJoliet, 111Kansas City, KanKansas City, MoLancaster, PaLawrence, Mass.Lincoln, Neb.Little Rock, ArkLong Branch, N. J.Los Angeles, CalLouisville, Ky..Lowell, MassLynn, MassMaiden, MassMcKcesport, PaMemphis, Tenn.
Milwaukee, WisMinneapolis, MinnMontgomery Ala.Mt. Vcrnon, N. Y
Total Population
Census1920
67,95739,60857,89543,184
. 58,0302,701,705
401,247796,841237,03136,162
158,976152,559256,491126 468993,678
98,91766,76795,7834S 39377,56093 37285,264
120,48586,549
106,48344,25555,378
137,63475,917
138,03653,88468,16660,203
138,276314,194
91,558298,103
38,442101,177324,410
53,15094,27054,94865.142
576,673234,891112,75999,14849,01346,781
162,35129 867
457,147380,582
43 46442,726
OfficialEstimate
1925
73,125c.10
49,019s
66,575*47,505c1"68,507s
2,995,2398409,333*936,4858279,836s
194,450s
172,942s
280,911s
1,242,044c1
110,502s
71,423s
48,359c.10
104,929'
93,601s
129,662'97,846s
154,847s
48 375'76,870s
153,698'83,422s
16 414'160,197s
49,084c10
60,892c10
164,954'358,819s
95,450c10
315,280"40.578'
367,481s
56,505'95,136c.10
60,941s
74,216s
13,646s
259,259'110,542c1'1103,147c.10
51,789c10
49,097'174,533s
36,292s
509,192'425,435s
46 481'50,382c10
Jews
Estimate1917-1918
1,9001,0001,400
13,0001,000
225,00025,000
100,0009,0001,0008,0004,000
11,0003 200
50,0002,3001,0005,0001,2001,8001 5001,5007,5001,6502,2501,1001,2001,0004,0001 000
16,0003,5005 0001,0005,000
10 0002.000
12,5001,1003,500
12,0001,4002,0001.2001,5001 300
18,0009,0006.0007,5009,0003,0007,0001 000
20,00015,000
1 6503,000
LaterEstimates
14,669 (1920)1
285,000 (1922)'23,170 (1921)'78,996 (1924)'
38,224 (1923)'2,422 (I920)1
20,567 (1920)3
3.000 (19231'1,900 (1926)-
12,125 (1922)'
2,315 (1920)?
43,000 i 1923)3
20,000 (1922)'
7,000 (1924)3
STATISTICS OF JEWS
TABLE XI (continued)
245
CitiesTotal Population
Census1920
OfficialEstimate
1925
Jews
Estimate1917-1918
LaterEstimates
Nashville, TennNewark, N. JNew Bedford, Mass.. .New Britain, Conn. . . .New Brunswick, N. J..New Haven, Conn.. . .New London, Conn.. .New Orleans, LaNewport News, Va.. . .New Rochelle, N. Y. . .New York, N. YNorfolk, VaNorwich, ConnOakland, CalOklahoma City, Okla. .Omaha, NebPassaic, N. JPaterson, N. JPensacola, FlaPeoria, 111Perth Amboy, N. JPhiladelphia, PaPittsburgh, PaPittsfield, MassPlainfield, N. JPort Chester, N. Y . . . .Portland, MePortland, OrePortsmouth, VaPoughkeepsie, N. Y.. .Providence, R . IPueblo, ColoQuincy, MassReading, PaRevere, MassRichmond, VaRochester, N. YRock Island, 111Saginaw, MichSt. Joseph, MoSt. Louis, MoSt. Paul, MinnSalem, MassSalt Lake City, Utah. .San Antonio, TexSan Francisco, Cal.. . .Savannah, GaSchenectady, N. Y.. . .Scranton, PaSeattle, WashShreveport, LaSioux City, laSomerville, MassSouth Bend, IndSouth Bethlehem, Pa..South Norwalk, Conn.Spokane, WashSpringfield, Mass
118,342414,524121,21759,31632,779
162,53725,688
387,21935,59636,213
5,620,048115,776
216,26191,295
191,60163,841
135,87531,03576,12141,707
1,823,779588,343
41,76327,70016,57369,272
258,28854,38735,000
237,59543,05047,876
107,78428,823
171,667295,750
61,90377,939
772,897234,69842,529
113,110161,379506,676
83,25288,723
137,783315,312
43,87471,22793,09170,98350,35827,743
104,437129,614
136,2208452,5138120,494c'068,039s
37,984«178,927*29,1038
414,493847,083844,222c10
5,873,356c.'"
23,118'253,700s
211,768868,979s
141,695s
25,305c.10
81,564847,136s
1,979,364"631,563s
47,241c10
31,748s
19,28375,3338
282,383s
59,029835,670c10
267,918c.1"43,787s
60,131c'0112,707s
33,261c1"186,4038316,786c10
40,073s
72,100s
78.342s
821,5438246,001s
42,821c.'0130,948s
198,0698557,5308
93,134s
92,786c10
142,2668
57,857
99,206c.'"80,091'
3,00055,0003,5002,5003,000
18,0001,0008,0002,0003,000
1,500,0005,0001,5005,0001,000
10,0006,000
15,0001,0001,7505,000
200,00060,000
1,5001,5001,0001,0002,5008,0001,600
15,0001,0001,2501,7506,0004,000
20,000
108,897142,224c10
1,0003,300
60,00010,000
1,5002,5003,000
30,0005,0003,5007,5005,0001,5002,5002,0002,0001,3001,0001,1006,000
20,000 (1920)2
1,371 (1920)'
1,643,012 (1920)'
9,337(Oct.l,1924)*
240,000 (1922)242,450 (1924)2
2,700 (1926) =
3,000 (1921)2
9,000 (1920)«
16,500 (1923)2
14,800 (1920)21,382 (1924)"
55,000 (1926)2
26,000 (1923)>
3,500 (1925)2
10,000 (1920)2
246 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
TABLE XI (continued)
Cities
Stamford, ConnStockton, CalSyracuse, N. YTampa, FlaToledo, Ohio »Topeka, KanTrenton, N. JTrov, N. YTulsa, Okla. . . . .Utica, N. YWaco, TexWashington, D. CWaterbury, ConnWest New York, N. JWheeling, W. VaWilkes-Barre, PaWilmington, DelWinthrop, Mass.Woodbine, N. JWorcester, MassYonkers, N. YYoungstown, Ohio
Total Population
Census1920
35,09640,296
171,71751,608
243,16450,022
119,28972,013
94,15638,500
437,57191,71529,92656,20873,833
110,168
179,754100,176132,358
OfficialEstimate
1925
40.7378
47,2878182,003c.10
94,743c.1"287,380855,411c10
1.32,020872,223c10
101,604c.10
43,9128497,9068
39,197s
77,6448122,049816,155c10
192.242c10
113,647c10
159,970s
Jews
Estimate1917-1918
1,5001,000
12,0001,0007.5001,0007,0003,000
1.6005,001
10,0006,0001,5001,0003,0003,5001,5001,900
10,0005,0005,000
LaterEstimates
9,500 (1922)'
1,000 (1926)"2,517 (1920)1
13,780 (1921)2
1,538 (1920)'
4,200 (1922)2
8,500 (1921)2
5,500 (1924)2
•The number of persons who reported Yiddish or Hebrew as their mother-tongue inthe United States Census of 1920.
'Estimate of the Jewish Welfare Board, New York City.'Estimate of the Bureau of Jewish Social Research, New York City.'Estimate of local federation of Jewish charities.'Estimate of local Jewish residents."Local census.'See Table XII."Estimate of the United States Bureau of Census.•Special census May 31, 1925.
1 "State census.1 Private communication.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 247
TABLE XII
DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND
SUBDIVISIONS AND STATES, 1920*
Divisions, Subdivisions, States,and Territories
N E W ENGLAND DIVISIONNorthern Subdivision
MaineNew HampshireVermont
Total . ^
Southern SubdivisionMassachusetts. .Rhode Island . .Connecticut
Total
Grand Total
MIDDLE ATLANTIC DIVISIONNew York . . . .
Southern Subdivision
Pennsylvania
Total . . .
EAST NORTH CENTRAL DIVISIONO h i o . . . .
Illinois
Northern SubdivisionMichiganWisconsin
Total
Grand Total
WEST NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION
Nebraska
North Dakota
Kansas
Total
Grand Total . . . .
TotalPopulation
768,014443,083352,428
1,563,525
3,852,356604,397
1,380,631
5,837,384
7,400,909
10,385,227
3,155,9008,720,017
16,641,096
22,261,144
5,759,3942,930,3906,485,280
3,668,4112,632,067
6,300,478
21,475,542
2,387,1253,404,0551,296,3722,404,021
646,872636,547
1,769,257
5,456,697
12,544,249
JewishPopulation
7,5903,3702,260
13,220
199,30021,45071,870
292,620
305,840
1,701,260
163,180340,740
562,168
2,205,180
177,69026,780
257,600
71,36030,100
101,460
563,530
33,55082,57014,02016,230
1,5901,3109,590
30,720
158,860
P. C. of Jews
to TotalPopulation
1..8.6
.84
5.23.55.2
5.
4.13
16.4
5.24.
3.8
9.91
3.1.9
4.
1.91.1
1.6
2.62
1.42.41.1
.7
.2
.2.5
.6
1.27
to TotalNo. of Jews
.2
.09
.06
.37
5.5.6
2.
8.1
.85
47.2
4.59.4
15.5
61.2
5..7
7.1
2..01
2.81
15.6
.92.3
.4
.4
.04
.04
.3
.85
4.41
*For a detailed analysis of this Table, see Volume 28, pp. 406-408.
248 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
TABLE XII (continued)
Divisions, Subdivisions, States,and Territories
SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISIONDelaware
Northern SubdivisionMarylandDistrict of Columbia
Total
Southern SubdivisionVirginiaWe9t VirginiaNorth CarolinaSouth Carolina . . .
Florida
Total
Grand Total
EAST SOUTH CENTRAL DIVISIONKentucky
AlabamaMississippi
Total
WEST SOUTH CENTRAL DIVISIONArkansas . . . . . .OklahomaLouisianaTexas
Total . . . . .
MOUNTAIN DIVISIONColoradoMontanaIdahoWyomingNew MexicoArizona . . . . .UtahNevada
Total
Grand Total
PACIFIC DIVISIONWashington
TotalPopulation
223,003
1,449,661437,571
1,887,232
2,309,1871,463,7012,558,1231,683,7242,895,832
968,470
11,879,037
13,989,272
2,416,6302,337,8852,348,1741,790,618
8,893,307
1,752,2042,028,2831,798,5094,663,228
10,242,224
939,629548,889431.866194,402360,350334,162449,396
77,407
1,415,717
3,336 101
1,356,621
JewishPopulation
4,010
65,33014,730'
80,060
16,0205,4405,1405,060
23,2406,940
61,840
145,910
13,62014,39011,1503,990
43,150
5,1505,490
13,02032,660
56,320
15 3802,5201,160
560880
1,1503,940
510
10,720
26 100
10,030
P. C. of Jews
to TotalPopulation
1.8
4.53.5
4.2
.7
.4
.2
.3
.8
.7
.5
1.04
.6
.6
.5
.2
.49
.3
.3
.7
.7
.55
1.6.5.3.3.2.3.9.7
.7
78
.7
to TotalNo. of Jews
.1
1.8.41
2.22
.4
.1
.1
.1
.6
.2
1.7
4.04
.4
.4
.3
.1
1.2
.1
.1
.4
.9
1.6
.4
.07
.03
.01
.02
.03
.1
.01
.30
.72
.3
STATISTICS OF JEWS 249
TABLE XII (continued)
Divisiona, Subdivisions, States,and Territories
Southern SubdivisionOregonCalifornia
Total
Grand Total
Total Continental UnitedStates
TERRITORIES AND OUTLYINGPOSSESSIONS
Alaska . .
Philippine IslandsPorto RicoVirgin Islands
TOTAL OUTLYING POSSESSIONS . . .
GRAND TOTAL UNITED STATES . . .
TotalPopulation
783,3893,426,861
4,210,250
5,566,871
105,709,619
55,306255,912
10,350,6401,299,809
26,051
11,987,718
117,697,337
JewishPopulation
18,26071,400
89,660
99,690
3,604,580
5002150250022002
70»
1,420
3.606.000
P. C. of Jewsto Total
Population
2.32.1
2.1
1.79
3.4
.9
.06
.004
.015
.27
.011
3.1
to TotalNo. of Jews
.52.
2.5
2.8
100.
35.210.635.214.14.9
100.
1 In 1921 on the basis of an estimated Jewish population of Washington of 13,780.2 In 1917-1918. ' In 1923.
Table XIII below shows that during the two years, following the esti-mate of 1917-1918, the Jewish population of Manhattan has decreased1.7%, while that of all other Boroughs has increased: Bronx 24.2%,Brooklyn 6.1%, Queens 73.4%, Richmond 70.9%. The estimate of 1917-1918 is that of Dr. Alexander Dushkin, Jewish Communal Register.The estimate of 1920 is that of Dr. Walter Laidlaw, The ReligiousComposition of Greater New York, 1922. The latter's estimate for theJewish population, in view of the fact that political units densely inha-bited by Jews were not canvassed, is probably too low.
TABLE XIIIDISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
BY BOROUGHS, 1920
BOROUGH
Richmond
Total
TOTAL POPULATIONU. S. Census
1920
2,284,103732,016
2,018,356469,042116,531
5,620,048
State Census1925
1,945,029872,168
2,203,235714,647138,277
5,873,356
JEWS
Estimate1917-1918
696,000211,000568,000
23,0005,000
1,503,000
Estimate1920
657,101'278,1692604,38086,19417,168
1,643.012
PerCent
28.838.29.18.414.7
29.2i[n 1923, 661,000 Jews, Estimate of the Jewish Welfare Board, New York City.2In 1923, 362,000 Jews, Estimate of the Jewish Welfare Board, New York City.
250 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATESJEWISH IMMIGRATION 1881-1921
Little is known, statistically, of the earlier waves of Jewish immigra-tion to the United States, the immigration of Spanish, Portuguese, andDutch Jews and of German Jews. We are in possession of satisfactoryfigures relative to Jewish immigration from 1881 onward.
TABLE XIV
A SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES,
1881-1926
Year
1881-1898
1899-19071908-1926
Total
Not deducting departures or adding admissions through portsother than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore
Gross increase (departures not deducted)Net increase (departures deducted)
Number
533,478829,244976,219
2,338,941
If we assume that during the period of 1881-1898 the number of Jewishdepartures equalled the number of Jewish admissions through portsother than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and if we neglectfor the moment the number of Jewish departures during 1899—1907, thenet increase of Jewish immigration to the United States during 1881—1926 amounts to 2,338,941.
TABLE XV
NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED AT THE PORTS OF NEW
YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTIMORE, 1881-1898
Year
1881-841885188618871888188918901891
NumberAdmitted
74,31019,61129,65827,46831,36323,96234,30369,139
Year
1892189318941895189618971898
Total
NumberAdmitted
60,32532,94322,10832,07728,11820,68427,409
533,478
STATISTICS OF JEWS 251
From 1881 to 1898, 533,478 Jews entered at the ports of New York,Philadelphia, and Baltimore. No figures are available for Jewish immi-grants who entered the United States through other ports during theseseventeen years, but it is believed that the number of these immigrantswas inconsiderable.
Beginning with 1899 we possess figures for the total Jewish immigra-tion at all ports, but up to 1907 no statistics of departures were kept bythe United States authoritie3. The total number of Jews admitted from1899 to 1907 was 829,244, which is 11.8% of the total number of immi-grants admitted during the same period.
TABLE XVI
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS
ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES, 1899-1907.
Year
189919001901190219031904190519061907
Grand Total. .
Total
311,715448,572487,918643,743857,046812,870
1,026,4991,100,7351,285,349
6,974.447
Jews
37,41560,76458,09857,68876,203
106,236129,910153,748149,182
829,244
Per Cent of Jews to Total
12.013.0511.98.98.9
13.112.713.911.6
11.9
During 1908-1926, for which years we possess complete statisticaldata, 1,029,145 Jews were admitted to the United States, constituting9.4% of the total number of immigrants admitted. During thejjsameperiod, 52,926 Jews departed from the United States. The last figureforms 5.18% of the number of Jews admitted; while the percentageof total departures to total admission was 33.54%. The net increaseof the Jewish immigration during this period was 976,219, or 13.0%of the total net increase as against 8.9% of Jewish admissions to totaladmissions.
With the year ending June 30, 1925 we have probably begun a newperiod in Jewish immigration. Under the immigration law of 1924,only a limited number of Jews can be expected to enter the country.During the year ending June 30, 1926 only 10,267 Jews entered, and 341Jews left the country, leaving an increase of only 9,926.
252 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
TABLE XVII
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS1 AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
ADMITTED, DEPARTED, AND NET INCREASE, 1908-1926*
Year
1908190919101911191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926
G.T.
Admissions
Total
782,870751,786
1,041,570878,587838,172
1,197,8921,218,480
326,700298,826295,403110,61:8141,132430,001805,228369,556522,919706,896294,314304,488
11,255,438
Jews
103,38757,55184,26091,22380,595
101,330138,05126,49715,10817,342
• 3,6273,055
14,292119,03653,52449,71949.98910.29210,267
1,029,145
P.C.Jews
toTot.
13.27.68.1
10.49.68.5
11.38.15.15.83.2.63.3
14.717.39.57.3.53.3
8.9
Departures
Total
395,073225,802202,436295,666333,262308,190303,338204,074129,76566,27794,585
123,522288,315247,718198,71281,45076,78992,72876,992
3,744,694
Jews
7,7026,1055,6896,4017,4186,6976,8261.524
199329687373358483830413260291341
52,926
Per Cent toAdmissions
Total
50.4630.019.4333.6739.7625.724.8962.4643.4222.4385.5187.5167.0530.7664.215.5710.831.5125.2
33.
Jews
7.4410.606.87.019.206.604.945.751.311.89
18.912.2
2.54.11.5
.83
.523.3.3
5.1
Net
Total
387,797525,984839,134582,921504.910889,702915,142122,626169,061229,126
16,03317,610
141.686557,510110,844441.469630.107201,586227,496
7,510,744
Increase
Jews
95,68551,44678,57184.82273,17794,633
131,22524,97314,90917,0132,9402.682
13.934118.55352,69449,30649.72910,0019,926
976,219
P. L.Jewsto
Tot.
24.29.79.3
14.514.410.614.320.3
8.87.
18.315.29.8
21.247.511.167.895.4.3
13.
1 In the tables which follow, the words "Immigration" and "Immigrant" refer toalien immigration and alien immigrants only.
2 Year ending June 30.
During 1899-1926, for which years we possess statistical data, 28,-889 Jews were debarred from entering the United States, 2.8% of thenumber of Jews who were admitted; while the percentage of total de-barred to the total admitted was 3.7%.
During the same period of time, 3,548 Jews were deported after havingbeen admitted. This constituted .36% of the net increase of Jewishimmigration, while the percentage of total deported to total net increasewas 1.07%. During 1926 the percentage of the total deported to thetotal net increase was 4.7%, while the percentage of deported Jews wasonly 1.7%.
STATISTICS OF JEWS
TABLE XVIII
253
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS
REJECTED ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION AND THOSE DEPORTED
FROM THE UNITED STATES AFTER ADMISSION, 1899-1926
Year
1899-1910. .1911.191219131914191519161917191819191920192119221923192419251926
Total 1889-1926.
Debarred
Number
Total
116,25522,34916,05719,93833,04124.11118,86716,0287,2978,626
11,79513,77913,73120,61930,28425,39020,550
418,717
Total 1911-1926.
Jews
10,7851,9991,0641,2242,5061,398
949607222199268
1,1951,2561,4551,7541,137
871
28,889
Per Cent toAdmission
Total
1.22.51.91.62.77.36.35.46.56.12.71.74.43.94.38.66.7
Jews
1.02.11.31.21.95.26.23.56.06.51.81.02.32.93.5
11.18.4
Deported
Number
Total
12,1772,7882,4563.4614,1372.6702.9061,918
7963,1022,7624,5174,3453,6614,2949,495
10,904
76,389
64,212
Jews
1,303209191253317
687946271753
13421499
113250175
3,548
2,245
Per Cent toNet IncreaseTotal
.5
.4
.4
.42.11.8.9
4.917.61.9.8
3.9.82.68
4.74.7
Jews
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.5
.3
.9
.7
.4
.1
.4
.02
.22.51.7
JEWISH IMMIGRATION DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1926
During the year ended June 30, 1926, 10,267 Jews were admitted tothe country, about as many as during the previous year; the number ofJews that departed was insignificant, namely, 3411; and the net increasethrough immigration was thus only 9.926.
The Jewish immigrants constituted 3.4% of the total. But the num-ber of Jewish immigrants who departed amounted to only .4% of thetotal number of Jewish immigrants admitted, as against 25.2% for thenon-Jews. The increase of Jewish immigrants admitted over Jewishimmigrants departed was, as a result, 5% of the total net increase.
'Of the 341 Jewish emigrants who departed, 102 went to Palestine, 62 to Poland, 46to Canada, 35 to Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 28 to Roumania, and 68 to morethan eighteen other countries. Of these 341 Jewish alien emigrants, 226 came from theState of New York and the remainder from seventeen other States.
254 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
Unlike previous years and evidently as a result of the operationof the immigration law of 1924, the percentage of Jewish immi-grants debarred during the year under review was larger thanthat of the non-Jewish immigrants, the respective' percentages being8.48% for the Jewish immigrants, and 6.68% for the non-Jewish immi-grants. However, the percentage of the number of deported Jewish immi-grants after having been admitted, continued to be smaller than thepercentage of the number of the deported non-Jewish immigrants. Only175 Jews were deported during 1926 as against 10,729 non-Jews, con-stituting 1.76% and 4.8% respectively of the net increase of Jewish andof non-Jewish immigrants.
TABLE XIX
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPARTED, INCREASE,
DEBARRED, AND DEPORTED, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1926
Non-Jews....Jews
Total
Admissions
No.
294,22110,267
304,488
%of
Tot.
98.63.4
100.0
Departures
No.
76,651341
76,992
%of
Adm.
25.2.4
25.3
Increase
No.
217,5709,926
227,496
%of
Tot.
95.5.
100.0
Debarred
No.
19,679871
20,550
ofAdm.
6.688.48
6.75
Deported
No.
10,729175
10.904
%of
Incr.
4.S1.76
4.79
Table XX below shows the distribution of the Jewish immigrantson the basis of the states of destination given by the Jewish immigrantsat the ports of their admission. There was not a State in the Unionfor which one or more Jewish immigrants were not bound.
TABLE XX 255DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, AND JEWISH
IMMIGRANTS ON THE BASIS OF THE DESTINATION, YEARENDED JUNE 30, 1926
States
AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColorado. . .,"Connecticut
District of Columbia. . . . .Florida
Idaho
IowaKansas
LouisianaMaine
MassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth Dakota
TexasUtah
Wyoming
Total States and Ter-ritory of Alaska
Total Outlying Pos-sessions of Hawaii,Porto Rico, PhilippineIslands, and Virgin
Grand Total
Number
Total
26297
3,04294
19,785722
6,447223883
4,067229418
20,1762,5551,623
740321644
2,9561,187
26,84534,358
3,981166
2,055808951145
1,93215,175
44574,019
420816
9,452263
2,11917,6273,311
42607135
28,339682
1,384414
5,590462
4,880233
304,127
361
304,488
Non-Jews
25496
3,04192
19,572704
6,300215840
4,021205416
19,3892,5191,581
732314631
2,9411,089
26.45S33,8293,899
1571,944
805925143
1,91714,695
44268,444
411812
9,094251
2,09216,7743,272
40603129
28,286678
1,381389
5,568451
4,786233
293,860
361
294,221
Jews
8112
21318
1478
434624
27873642
87
131598
387529
829
1113
262
15480
35,575
94
3581227
85339
246
5343
25221194
10,267
10,267
Per
Non-Jews
96.999.99.9797.998.997.297.796.495.198.989.599.596.196.397.498.997.898.99.591.798.598.497.994.694.699.697.398.699.296.899.392.597.899.596.295.498.795.298.895.299.395.599.899.499.893.999.697.698.1100.
96.6
100.
Cent
Jews
3.11.
.032.11.12.82.33.64.91.1
10.5.5
3.93.72.61.12.22.
.58.31.51.62.15.45.4
.42.71.4
.83.2
.77.52.2
.53.84.61.34.81.24.8
.74.5
.2
.6
.26.1
.42.41.9
3.4
P. C. of TotalNumber Admittedto United States
Total
**1.*6.5
.232.1*.2
1.3*.1
6.6.8.5.2.1
.97
.48.8
11.21.3
.7
.2
.3#
.65.
.124.3
.1
.33.1*
.75.81.1*
*9.3
.2
.4
.11.8.1
1.6
99.9
.1
100.
Non-Jews
**1.1*6.6
.22.1*.3
1.4#.1
6.6.8.5.2.1.2
1..4
9.11.5
1.3*
.6
.3
.3*
.65.1.
23.3.1.3
3.1*
.75.71.1*
.2*9.6
.2
.5
.11.9.1
1.6*
99.9
.1
100.
Jews
****2.1
.21.4*.4.4.2
*7 8.3.4
*.1.1.98
3.85.3
.8*1.1*
.2«.*"• . 1
4.8*
55.6**3.6
.1
.38.5
.4*
I ***
.5**
.2
.2
.1
.9*
100.
100.*Less than . 1 % .
256 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
Table XXI below shows the countries whence the immigrants came.Of the total of 10,267 Jewish immigrants 6,288 came from Poland(4,133), Russia (1,552) and Roumania (603); 1,163 came from Germany(652) and Great Britain and Northern Ireland (511), 931 from Canada;and 1,885 came from some 40 other countries in the world.
We also note that the Jews constituted 87.9% of the number of im-migrants who came from Russia; 58% of those who came from Polandand 49.8% of those who came from Roumania.
TABLE XXICOUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS,
NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30. 1926
Countries
AlbaniaAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCzecho-SlovakiaDanzig, Free City of.. .•Denmark ,EsthoniaFinlandFrance, incl. CorsicaGermanyGreat Britain and
Northern IrelandGreeceHungaryIrish Free StateItaly, incl. Sicily and
SardiniaLatviaLithuaniaLuxemburgNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugal, incl. Azores
Cape Verde andMaderia Islands....
RoumaniaRussiaSpain, incl. Canary and
Balearic IslandsSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey in EuropeYugoslaviaOther Europe
Total Europe
Number
Total
1581,102
718175
2,953210
2.549132491
4,18150,421
25,9471,121
90624,478
8,253298636127
1,7535,7567,126
6661,2111,766
3268,5131,994
2101,059
326
155,562
Non-Jews
1581,031
641173
2,777185
2,542115488
4,01349,769
25,4361,116
73824,464
8 24590
332127
1,6955,7462,993
664608214
3258,5061,984
1681,053
324
146,720
Jews
7177
2176
257
173
168652
5115
16814
8208304
104,133
2603
1,552
17
1042
62
8,842
PerCent ofTotal
Immigra-tion fromCountry
Non-Jews
100.93.589.394.494.0488.199.787.199.496.98.7
98.0399.581.499.9
99.930.252.2100.96.799.842.
99.750.212.1
99.799.999.580.99.499.4
94.3
Jews
*6.5
10.75.65.96
11.9^
12.9.6
4.1.3
1.97.5
18.6.1
.169.847.8
*3.3
.258.
.349.887.9
.3
.1
.520.
.6*
5.7
Per Cent of TotalImmigration
to United States
Total
.4
.2*1.*
.8
.21.4
16.6
8.5.4.3
8.
2.7*
.2*
.61.92.3
.2
.4
.6
.12.8
.6*
.3
.1
51.1
Non-Jews
.3
.2
.9*
.9*
.21.4
16.9
8.6.4.2
8.3
2.8*
.1*
.61.91.
.2
.2*
.12.9
.7*
.3
.1
49.9
Jews
*.7.7
*1.7
.2*
.1*1.76.5
5.1*1.7
.1
2.13.
**
40.3
*6.
15.1
*
1..4
**
86.2
STATISTICS OF JEWS 257
TABLE XXI (continued)
Countries
ArmeniaChinaIndiaJapanPalestinePersiaSyriaTurkey in AsiaOther Asia
Total Asia
EgyptOther Africa
Total Africa
Australia and Apper-taining Islands
New Zealand and Ap- . .pertaining Islands
Not Specified
Total Australasia....
CanadaNewfoundlandMexicoCuba.Other West IndiesBritish HondurasOther Central America. . .Brazil... . . .Other South AmericaOther America
Total WesternHemisphere
Grand Total . .
Number
Total
161.7.51
93654250
56429
21143
3,413
214315
529
376
18035
591
91,0192,349
43,3162,281
94139
1,3358772,230
6
144,393
304,488
Non-Jews
161,709
87654
8653
42819
130
3,182
169286
455
369
18034
583
90,0882,346
43.2972,201
93939
1,335855
2,1756
143,281
294,221
Jews
426
164312
13
231
4529
74
7
1
8
9313
1980
2
2255
1,112
10,267
Per Cent ofTotal
Immigra-tion fromCountry
Non-Jews
100.97.693.5
100.34.494.699.890.590.9
93.2
79.90.8
86.
98.1
100.97.1
98.6
99.899.999.996.599.8
100.100.97.597.5
100.
99.2
96.6
Jews
*2.46.5*
65.65.4
.29.59.1
6.8
21.9.2
14.
1.9
2.9
1.4
1.2.1.1
3.5.2
**2.52.5
.8
3.4
Per Cent of TotalImmigration
to United States
Total
*.6
*.2
**
.1**
1.1
*.1
.2
.1
*
.2
29.9.8
14.2.7.3
*.4.3.7
*
47.4
100.
Non-Jews
*.6
*.2
*.1
*
1.1
**
.1
.1
**
.2
30.8.8
14.7.7.3
*.4.3.7
*
48.7
100.1
Jews
*.4
**1.6***
.1
2.3
.4
.3
.7
*
*
9.3•
.2
.8***
.2
.5
10.8
|100.
*Less than .1%.
258 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
Tables XXII and XXIII show that the Jewish immigration duringthe year ended June 30, 1926, included 19.6% children, while only 15.4%of the total number of non-Jewish immigrants admitted were children.Similarly 15.3% of the total Jewish immigrants were men and women of45 years of age and over, while only 8.9% of the non-Jewish immigrantsbelonged to this age group. The percentage of immigrants between 16and 44 years of age was consequently smaller among Jews (65%) thanamong the total number of non-Jewish immigrants (75.7%).
With regard to sex, as in the previous year the number of Jewishfemales exceeded the number of Jewish males (55.5% and 44.5%); whileamong the non-Jewish immigrants the number of males exceeded thenumber of females (56.4% and 43.6%).
TABLE XXII
AGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS
AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED DURING THE YEAR ENDED
JUNE 30, 1926
Age
Under 161 6 - 4 4 . . . .
Total
Number
Total
47,347228,527
28,614
304,488
Non-Jews
45,338222,84326.040
294,221
Jews
2,0095,6842,574
10,267
Per Cent of Admission
Total
15.575.09.5
100.
Non-Jews
15.475.78.9
100.
Jews
19.665.115.3
100.
TABLE XXIII
SEX OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1926
Sex
MalesFemales
Total
Number
Total
170,567133,921
304,488
Non-Jews
165,999128.222
294,221
Jews
4,5685,699
10,267
Per Cent of Admission
Total
56.44.
100.
Non-Jews
56.443.6
100.0
Jews
44.555.5
100.0
STATISTICS OF JEWS 259
During the year ended June 30, 1926, 95.7% of the Jews admittedcame to join relatives and only 2.3% came to neither relatives norfriends, as compared with 73.6% and 17.1% respectively, among thenon-Jewish immigrants.
TABLE XXIV
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON—JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME TO JOIN RELATIVES,
FRIENDS, AND THOSE WHO HAD NO RELATIVES OR FRIENDS, YEAR
ENDED JUNE 30, 1926
Persons Joined
Relatives . . . .Friends . .None
Total
Number
Total
230,24327,98246,263
304,488
Non-Jews
220,42327,77446,024
294,221
Jews
9,820208239
10,267
Per Cent of Admission
Total
75.69.2
15.2
100.
Non-Jews
73.69.3
17.1
100.
Jews
95.72.02.3
100.
JEWISH IMMIGRATION DURING JULY-DECEMBER, 1926
Statistics for the year ended June 30, 1927, were not available whenthis article was compiled, but as the figures for the second half of 1926are at hand, a summary table based on these is given herewith. DuringJuly-December, 1926, only 5,614 Jews were admitted to the country,3.2% of the total.
TABLE XXV
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPARTED, INCREASE,
DEBARRED AND DEPORTED, DURING JULY-DECEMBER, 1926
Non-Jews... .
Jews
Total
Admissions
No.
170,341
5.614
175,955
%of
Tot.
96.8
3.2
100.
Departures
No.
42,646
133
42.779
%of
Adm.
24.2
2.4
24.3
Increase
No.
127,695
5,481
133,176
ofTot.
95.9
4.1
100.
Debarred
No.
9,774
584
10,358
3Adm
5.67
10.4
Deported
No.
6,158
90
6,248
%of
Incr.
4.82
1.64
260 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADADuring 1901-1925, 98,788 Jews were admitted to Canada, 1.9% of
the total immigration. The figure given for the Jews does not include thenumber of Jews who immigrated from the United States and from GreatBritain. During 1925, taken separately, the Jewish immigration fromContinental Europe constituted 4% of the total.
TABLE XXVITOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS
ADMITTED TO CANADA
Year
190119021903190419051906190719081909191019111912
1914
Total
49,14967,379
128,364130,331146,266189,064124,667262,469146,908208,794311,084354,237Af\ry AJtr}l*\J£,'iO£
384,878
Jews(via ocean
ports)
2,7651,0152,0663,7277,7157,1276,5847,7121,6363,1825,1465,3227 3871 ,OO i
11,252
Per CentJew9 to To-
tal
5.61.51.62.85.23.85.22.91.11.51.61.51 ftl . O
2.9
Year
1915..1916..1917..1918. .1919..1920..1921..1922..1923..1924..1925..1926..
Total.
Total
144,78948,53775,37479,07457,702
117,336148,47789,99972,887
148,560111,36296,064
5,096,183
Jews(via ocean
ports)
3,10765
1363222
1162,7638,404'2,793»4,2554.4593,587
102,375
Per CentJews to To-
tal
2.1.1.1.04.04.09
1.99.33.82.84.3.7
E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINADuring 1913-1915 and 1919-1926, 64,757 Jews entered Argentina.
About 7,534 Jews were admitted during 1926.
TABLE XXYIITOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINA, 1913-1915 AND
1919-1926
Year
191319141915191919201921'19221
1923'1924'1925'192ft'
Total
Total
302,047284,449137,71669,879
155,332108,591139,953195.063159,939125.365135,111
1,813,445
Jews
10,8603,693
606280
2,0714,0957,198
13,7017,7996,9207,534
64,757
Per CentJews to To-
tal
3.51.3.4.4
1.33.85.27.04.85.55.6
3.6
'Communicated by ICA.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 261
F. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO PALESTINE, 1917-1925
From the date of the British occupation of Palestine, December 9,1917,to the end of 1926, 97,185 immigrants entered the country. Of that num-ber 93,887 were Jews and 3,298 were non-Jews. But the government keptno statistics of the religion of the 14,011 persons who entered the countryduring December 9, 1917-May, 1921, with the result that the number ofJews given includes an indefinite but probably small number of non-Jewsand the number given for the non-Jews is a minimum. The proportionof non-Jewish immigrants fluctuated between 1.6% during June-Decem-ber of 1921 and 7% in 1923.
Statistics of emigration are incomplete. During 1922-1926, 16,522Jews, 22% of the number of Jews admitted, left the country, leavingan increase of 57,380, or 76.4% of the number of Jews admitted.
In compiling the statistics for some of the years, the writer had thevaluable and courteous cooperation of the Controller of the Permits Sec-tion of The Palestine Government.
TABLE XXVIII
SUMMARY OF IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF JEWS AND
NON-JEWS, 1917-1926
A. NUMBER
Year
Dec. 9, 1917-May, 1921June-Dec. 1921
Total
1922.1923192419251926
Total 1922-1926. .
Grand Total
Immigration
Total
14,1014,861
18,962
8,1287,991
13,55334,64113,910
78,223
97,185
Jews
14,1014,784
18,885
7,8447,421
12,85633.80113,081
75,071
93,958
Non-Jews
*77
77
284570697840829
3,220
3,207
Emigration
Total
**
2,9394,9472,5114.1009,429
23,926
23,926
Jewa
**
1,5033,4662,0372,1517,365
16,522
16,522
Non-Jews
**
1,4361,481
4741,9492,064
7,404
7,404
Increase
Total
**
5,1893,044
11,04230,541
4,481
54,297
54,297
Jews
*
6,3413,955
10,81931,650
5,716
58,551
Non-Jews
•
1,1521911'223
1,109'1,235'
4,184'
•Figures not available.•Decrease.
262 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
B. PERCENTAGES
Year
Dec. 9 1917-May, 1921June-Dec. 1921
Total
192219231924 . . . .19251926
Total
Grand Total
Immigration
Total
100.0100.0
100.0100.0100.0100 0100.0
Jews
100.094.4
96.593.087.397.694.
74.3
96.3
Non-Jews
•1.6
3.57.
12.72.4(>.
3.7
2.9
Emigration
Total
**
100.0100.0
100.0100.0
Jews
*
51.170.0*52.478.1
63.1
•
Non-Jews
**
48.930.0*47.521.9
36.8
*
Table XXIX below gives the number of immigrants by month andshows that the monthly immigration was irregular.
TABLE XXIX
TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS BY MONTHS, 1923-1926
Month
JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayTuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
Total.
Average. . .
Number
1922 1923 1924 1925 1926
905890736788689498349487712577829641
8,101
675
955831871839849700386558452561520379
7,991
66
357336500775597
1.311l,35d1,8792,0551,0171,7051,665
13,553
1,129
1,7751,7303,15-12,5852.8193,7582,7173,3333.4153,8382.N32
1,7111,4762,3231,4851,5991,308783873677641521513
34,640.13,910
2,887 1,150
Per Cent
1922 1923 1924 | 1925
11.1710.999.099.738.506.154.316.018.797.1210.237.91
mo.on
11.9510.3910.8910.4910.638.764.846.986.787.036.514.75
100.00
3.7
4A \9.710. i13.015.2 !
12.512.2
100.00
5.15.0Q.It . ̂
S.I10.87.S'J 0o s11.2S.27.8
100.00
1926
12.310.616.710.711.511.85.66.34.94.63.73.7
100.00
STATISTICS OF JEWS 263
Table XXX below shows that during 1922-1926 the number of menadmitted exceeded the number of women (41.2% men, 34% women).
TABLE XXXSEX AND AGE OF IMMIGRANTS 1922-1926
Year
19221923192419251926
Total. .
Number
Men
3,4272,2285,502
14,4135,900
31,470
Women
2,5282,6164,300
11,9534,560
25,957
Children
2,1732,1473,7518,2752,620
18,966
Total
8,1287,991
13,55334,64113.080
76,393
Per Cent
Men
42.40.3940.638.645.
41.2
Women
31.32.7431.734.535.
34.
Chil-dren
27.26.8727.723.820.
24.8
Total
100.00100.00100.00100.00100.
100.
Table XXXI below gives the number of immigrants and emigrants,Jews and non-Jews, and the number of persons refused admittance dur-ing 1926, by month. With regard to emigration, it will be noted that thegovernment of Palestine classifies persons who permanently leave thecountry in two groups, viz.: (1) emigrants, Palestine citizens, and (2)returning immigrants, aliens who are permanently returning to theircountries of origin.
264 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
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STATISTICS OF JEWS 265
APPENDIX: THE JEWS OF HUNGARY, CENSUS OF 1920In 1920 the Hungarian government took a census of the population
of the New Hungary. Results of that census, recently published, sheda great deal of light upon the status of the Jews in that country. In thepages that follow the writer has tried to present the results, as far as pub-lished, which bear on the distribution of the Jews; births and deaths;marriages, intermarriages, and divorces; education and the effect of thenumerus clausus law of 1920; the Jewish communities; and a few othermatters. In a few cases it was possible to compare the conditions in 1920with those of 1910. Due to the fact, however, that the Hungary of 1910comprised a larger territory than the Hungary of 1920, it was not feasibleto do so in most of the cases and comparison was therefore made withyears immediately following or preceding the year of census.
1. DISTRIBUTIONAs in other countries, the Jews of Hungary are widely but not evenly
distributed. The table given below shows that while the Jews in 1920formed 5.9% of the total population, they constituted but 2.8% in theDistrict of the Right Bank of the Danube and 2.1% in the District ofthe Triangle Between the Tisza and the Maros. On the other hand theyconstituted 8.8% in the District between the Danube and the Tiszaand 7.2% in the District of the Right Bank of the Tisza. Further inthe municipal districts, which include the twelve large cities cf thecountry, the Jews formed 17.2% (in Budapest, 23.2%), while in the restof the country, the so-called comitats, or rural communes, they con-stituted but 3.2%. Considering the distribution of the Jewish popula-tion, we find that 55.88% lived in the municipal districts as corrparedwith 9.29% of the total. Over 45% of the Jews of Hungary lived inBudapest.
TABLE ITOTAL POPULATION AND THE NUMBER OF JEWS IN THE COUNTRY
BY DISTRICTS, 1920
District
Total
Municipal Districts
Comitats (Rural Communes).. .
Total
7.980,1431
1,539,587
6,440.556
Right Bank of Danube, including 2,506,487
5 Municipalities
Left Bank of Danube
Region Bet. Danube & Tisza, includ.
4 Municipalities
Budapest
Right Bank of Tisza, including... .
1 Municipality
Left Bank of Tisza, including
/ Municipality
Triangle Bet. Tisza and Maros. . . .
177,912
261,556
3,285,851
272.511
928.996
572,032
56,982
1,186,778
103,186
K.7,439
JewsNumber
473,310
264,508
208,802
69,250
15,699
7.745
289,255
11,827
215,512
41,132
11,300
62,454
10,170
'3,474
% of Total
5.9
17.2
3.2
2.8
7.5
3.
8.8
4.8
23.2
7.2
19.8
5.3
9.8
2.1
DistributionsTotal
100.00
9.29
80.71
31.41
21.78
3.27
41.17
3.41
11.64
7.16
.71
14.85
1.29
1.66
Jews
100.00
55.88
44.12
14.6.)
3.31
1.63
61.11
2.49
45.53
8.69
2.38
13.20
2.34
.71'Including 6,300 persons designated as "others" and as of "unknown religion.'
266 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
2. POPULATION GROWTHTable II below shows that the number of Jews in the country in 1920
was practically the same as in 1910, while the total population increasedby 4.6% and that, as a result, the percentage of Jews in the countrydecreased from 6.2% in 1910 to 5.9% in 1920, a falling off of .3%. Thecause of the decrease is to be sought mainly in the extremely low birth-rate of the Hungarian Jews, although a small part of it is traceable toconversions. (See Table XVI, below.)
TABLE IITOTAL POPULATION AND THE NUMBER OF JEWS, 1910 AND 1920
1910
1920
Increase 1910-1920
NumberTotal
7,606,971
7,980,143
373,172
Jews
471,355
473,310
1,955
P.
Total
93.8
94.1
4.6
C.Jews
6.2
5.9
.4
3. BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND NATURAL INCREASETable III below gives births, deaths, and natural increase of the Jews
and of the total population in 1920 and also in 1921 and in 1922. Duringthe three years under consideration, the country as a whole had an aver-age birth rate of over 30 living births per 1000 persons. It is importantto note, however, that the fecundity of the Hungarian Jews was muchsmaller than that of the total population, 19.8 comapred with 31.7.The reverse condition obtains as to death, the death rate for the wholecountry being a little over 21 per 1000 persons, but only 15.7 amongJews. The table, however, shows clearly that the Hungarian Jews hada much lower natural increase. For 1920 it is only 2.1 per 1000 comparedwith 10.1 for the total population. The natural increase of the Jews inthe two subsequent years was probably no higher than for 1920.
TABLE IIIBIRTHS, DEATHS, AND NATURAL INCREASE OF THE TOTAL
POPULATION AND OF THE JEWS, 1920-1922
1920Population
Births. . .DeathsIncrease
1921Population
BirthsDeathsIncrease
1922Population
Births. . .DeathsIncrease #
NumberTotal
7,980,143258,751175.86282,889
8.022,840255.453170,05985,394
8,103,501249,279173,35175.028
Jews
473,3108,4467.4161,030
7,7766,780
990
7,312
514
Rate per 1000Total Jews
31.4 17.821.3 , 15.710.1 ! 2.1
31.8 '.'.'.'.21 .2 . . .10 .0 2.09»
30.8 ".'.'.21.4 . . . .
9.4 1.08'
•This percentage is based on the assumption that the Jewish population giew onlyto the extent of excess of births over deaths.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 267
4. MARRIAGE, MIXED MARRIAGE, AND DIVORCE
Table I\ below gives the data of marriages and divorces. In 1920, alittle over 13 persons married for every 1000 persons in the country. In1921 the rate was 11.6 and in 1922, 10.8. The divorce rate per 1000 isnot given for 1920, it was .77 in 1921, and .91 in 1922. Assuming thatthere was no change in the Jewish population since 1920, the marriagerate of Jews was, 24.4, 20.9 and 21 respectively and the divorce rate wasless than .1 per thousand in 1921, and only a little over .1 per thousandin 1922.
The table gives also data of mixed marriages of Jews and non-Jews. Ifwe consider all Jews married out of the faith as a total loss to Judaism,how great was the loss through intermarriage during the years underconsideration? The table below shows the loss as insignificant, .22%,though the number constituted a considerable percentage of the totalJews married. We may note also the high rate of divorces among inter-married persons of Jews and non-Jews. In 1920 the rate was 15.03% ofthe mixed marriages, whereas the Jewish marriages terminated con-stituted only 4.52% of the number of Jewish marriages.
TABLE IVMARRIAGES, MIXED MARRIAGES, AND DIVORCES, 1920-1922
1920 1921 1922
PopulationTotalJews
MarriagesTotal. . .Jewish. .
Rate per 1000 PopulationTotalJews
Number of Jews MarriedTo JewsTo Non-Jews
Percent of Jews MarriedPercent of Total Jewish Population.MenWomen
7,980,143473,310
215.47011,567
27.1124.4
23,1341,0434.61
.22614429
8,022,840
Marriages Invalidated or DissolvedTotalJewish •
Rate per 1000 PopulationTotalJews
Mixed Marriages TerminatedNumberPercentage of Mixed Marriages.MenWomen
186,6209,928
23.3
19,856958
4.82
"507451
6,188449
.077
.009
14415.03
7866
8,103,501
175,7429,939
21.7
19,8781,0675.36
'555512
7,419537
.091
.011
19818.55
12078
268 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
5. ILLEGITIMACY
Table V below shows that illegitimacy was much less frequent amongJews than among non-Jews. During 1920, 1921 and 1922 an average of8 children of every 100 children born in the country were born out ofwedlock. But among the Jews, an average of only 3 children per 100were illegitimate.
TABLE YILLEGITIMACY AMONG JEWS AND XON-JEWS, 1920-1922
Year
1920
1921
1922
Children Born
Total
258,751
255,453
249,279
Jews
8,440
7,776
7,312
Illegitimate Children
Number
Total Jews
20,768 288
18,822 i 260
IX,151 ' 214
Percent of TotalChildren
Total
8.
7.4
7.3
Jews
3.4
3.4
2.9
6. EDUCATION
Public education in Hungary comprises: (1) Infant schools; (2) ele-mentary schools; (3) middle or secondary schools; (4) preparatory andtraining institutions for infant-school teachers, elementary and higherschool teachers; (5) professional schools; and (6) universities. Theeducational institutions are maintained by the State, the comitats (ruralcommunes), the municipalities, foundations, private persons, and thereligious denominations.
A. PRIMARY EDUCATION.—Primary education comprises: (1) Elemen-tary schools; (2) high primary schools (completion courses) closelyassociated with the sixth class of the elementary school; (3) primary-agricultural schools, industrial and commercial apprentice schools; (4)the so-called "burgher" schools (Polgari iskolak) connected with thefourth class of the elementary school.
In 1919-1920, 1,040,623 children attended the institutions of primary-education, including 56,408 Jewish children, (5.4%); in 1920-1921, thenumbers were 1,115,327 and 58,160, (5.2%), respectively; and in 1921—1922, they were 1,256,606 and 59,402, (4.7%) respectively.
The vast majority of the Jewish children attended, during the yearsunder consideration, the elementary daily schools and the burgherschools. The percentage of Jews in the supplementary courses was smallbecause a greater number of Jewish children than of non-Jewish childrenwent to the high schools. (See Table \T B. below.)
STATISTICS OF JEWS 269
In the years under consideration the Jews maintained a number ofdaily elementary schools, burgher schools, and a few supplementarycourses.
As in other countries, only a small number of the Jewish children inHungary attended Jewish schools—29% in 1919-1920, 31.4% in 1920-1921,and31%in 1921-1922. In the daily elementary schools only 41.1%attended the Jewish denominational schools in 1919-1920, 43.6% in1920-1921, and 45.2% in 1921-1922; while among the total populationas many as 64.3% attended the Christian denominational schools in1919-1920, 63.1% in 1920-1921, and 62.4% in 1921-1922. Still greaterwas the difference in the case of the burgher schools. Only 6.8% of thetotal number of Jewish children in the burgher schools attended thosemaintained by Jews in 1919—1920, but the proportion was much greaterin the two succeeding years—10.7% in 1920-1921, and 12.8% in 1921-1922; while among the total population the proportion attending theChristian denominational citizens' schools remained stationary, being16.5% in 1919-1920, 16.8% in 1920-1921, and 16.6% in 1921-1922.Of the remaining number of Jewish children in the daily elementaryschools, 46.8% attended the state, district and municipal schools in1919-1920, 44% in 1920-1921, and 42% in 1921-1922. (Only a smallnumber of Jews went during those years to private schools and to schoolsmaintained by foundations); while 12.1% of the total number of Jewishchildren in the elementary daily schools in 1919-1920, 12.4% in 1920-1921, and 12.8% in 1921-1922 attended schools maintained by theChristian denominations. On the other hand, since the denominationalschools are subsidized by the State, some Christian children attendedthe Jewish schools.
TABLE VIA
PRIMARY EDUCATION, 1919-1921
Schools
Teachers1
Pupils—Total...
Pupils—Jewish..
1919-1920
Total
10,092
21,030
1,040,623
56,408
Jewish
218
466
17,844
16,763
1920-1921
Total
10,981
22,928
1,115,327
58,160
Jewish
227
512
19,447
18,268
1921-1922
Total
12,077
24,527
1,256,606
59,492
Jewish
249
573
19,748
18,488
'Excluding teachers in Completion Courses, the number of which is not given.
270 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
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STATISTICS OF JEWS 271
B. PRIMARY NORMAL SCHOOLS.—In 1919-1920, 1920-1921, and 1921-1922 the State and the religious denominations maintained normalschools for the training of teachers for the institutions of primary educa-tion and for the infants' homes. The Jews maintained only one normalschool, namely, a school for the training of men teachers in the primaryschools.
The table below shows that the number of Jewish students in the pri-mary normal schools steadily decreased in spite of the fact that theschools are not higher educational schools and are thus not subject tothe numerics clausus law of 1920. Noteworthy is also the fact that themajority of the public school teachers-to-be received their training atdenominational normal schools, the percentages being 59.8% in 1919-1920, 57.2% in 1920-1921, and 57.5% in 1921-1922.
TABLE VIIPRIMARY NORMAL SCHOOLS
Total, 1919-1920.
Total, 1920-1921Jewish . .
Total, 1921-1922
Pupils
Total
5,88447
3,518
5,97734
3 426
4,75035
2.705
Jews
1844759
1323448
1053533
Percentages
P.C.JewishPupils to
Total
3.1100.
1.7
2.2100.
1.4
2.2100.
1.2
Distributionby class of school
Total
100.
59.8
100.
57.2
100.
57.5
Jews
100.25.432.
100.25.736.3
100.32.432.4
C. SECONDARY EDUCATION.—Institutions for secondary educationinclude gymnasia, realschulen, and secondary schools for young girls. Boththe gymnasia and the realschulen are divided into senior schools and juniorschools. In addition, there are secondary schools^ of commerce to betreated under professional schools. In the years under review some ofthe secondary schools, especially the gymnasia, the realschulen and thesecondary schools for young girls, were maintained by the State or themunicipalities; other schools belonged to religious denominations, orwere private schools, but were under the supervision of the State; whilestill others were denominational and autonomous. In 1919-1920 theJews began to maintain one junior gymnasium (2 in 1921-1922) and oneschool for young girls, both under the supervision of the. State.
272 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
In the three years under consideration, the percentage of Jewish child-ren to the total enrollment was greatly out of proportion to the percent-age of Jews to the total population. In 1920, for example, Jews con-stituted 28.3% of the pupils in these schools, although only 5.9% of thetotal population. Since 1920-1921, this percentage has slightly butsteadily fallen.
It may be noted also that the percentage of Jews attending the varioussecondary schools differed from that of the total population. In 1919-1920, for instance, of the total number of 56,541 children attending thesecondary school 50.1% attended the gymnasia, 15.4% the realschulen,and 16.8% the schools for young girls; while among Jews the percentageswere 55.8%, 21.7%, and 22.5% respectively. The large number of Jew-ish girls attending the secondary schools for girls is especially note-worthy: 22.5% of the total among Jews as compared with 16.8% ofthe total among non-Jews.
TABLE VIII
SECONDARY EDUCATION
Pupils
Total Jews
P.C. JewishPupils to
Total
Distributionby class 'of school
Total
100.
16.8818.39
100.66.7
16.117.2
100.
67.5
15.117.4
Jews
100.55.8
.521.722.5
.5
100.54.9
1.21.223.9
1.4
100.
55.12.3
20.923.92.5
Total, 1919-1920GymnasiaJewishRealschulenSchools for Young GirlsJewish
Total, 1920-1921GymnasiaJewishRealschulenSchools for Young GirlsJewish
Total, 0921-1922
GymnasiaJewishRealschulenSchools for Young GirlsJewish
51,54133,358
838,7049,479
88
56,92737,991
1529,1409,796
194
56,005
37,804307
8,4459,756
329
15,9968,929
833,4653,602
88
14,2197,809
1523,0113,399
194
13,154
7,253307
2,7503,151
329
30.3326.77
100.39.838.
100.
24.920.5
100.32.934.7
100.
23.5
19.2100.32.632.3
100.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 273
D. BACCALAUREATE EXAMINATIONS.—Table IX below gives the dataon the number of boys and of girls, during 1919-1920 to 1921-1922, whopassed the examinations required for admittance to higher institutionsof learning. In each of the years under consideration the Jews show ahigherfproportion of their youth passing the baccalaureate examinationsin comparison with the total population. In 1919-1920, for instance,26% of the successful graduates were Jews while the percentage of Jewsof the total population was but 5.9%. The proportion is even greateramong the girls. Of the total number of graduates in 1919-1920 amongthe total population there were 83.2% of boys and 16.8% of girls; whileamong Jews the per cents were 74.8% and 25.2% respectively.
TABLE IX
PERSONS PASSING THE BACCALAUREATE EXAMINATIONS
YearandSex
Total 1919-1920Boys.Girls
Total, 1920-1921BoysGirls
Total, 1921-1922 .
Girls
N o .
Total
4,0793,392
687
4,6973,885
812
4,5793,882
697
Jews
1,062795267
1,164866298
1,159890269
Per Cent
P.C. Jewsof Total
26.23.438.8
24.822.336.7
25.322.438.6
Distribution
Total
100.83.216.8
100.82.717.3
100.084.815.2
Jews
100.74.825.2
100.74.425.6
100.76.823.2
E. HIGHER EDUCATION.—In 1920-1921 higher education in Hungaryincluded the following institutions: a university at Budapest and auniversity at Debrecen. Pre-war Hungary included two more univer-sities, one at Szeged and one at Pecs. The latter institutions are nowlocated in territory no longer belonging to Hungary, but some depart-ments of those so-called "refugee universities" were removed to placesin Hungary and are still functioning. It will, therefore, be necessary toconsider the number of faculties or departments that functioned in thecountry in each one of the years under consideration. The Universityof Budapest had faculties of Roman Catholic theology, law, medicine,and philosophy, and courses in pharmacy. The university of Debrecenhad faculties of Calvinistic theology, law, and philosophy, as did also
274 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
the "refugee universities." In addition, the government controlled apolytechnical school at Pesth with sections in chemistry, architecture,mechanical engineering, and political economy; 3 academies of law: 1Roman Catholic, 1 Calvinist, and the third Lutheran; and 4 higherschools of theology: 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Calvinist, 1 Lutheran, and 1Jewish. Thus the country had faculties and schools of theology, law,medicine, philosophy and, since 1920-1921, political economy; onepolytechnicum; and courses in pharmacy.
The table below gives the data of higher education during the fouryears of 1918-1919 to 1921-1922. The year 1918-1919 is included witha view to showing the havoc which the Education Act of 1920 wroughtamong the Jewish students in the years that followed. At the end of1918-1919, the number of Jews who attended the institutions of higherlearning, was 6,719, or 36.4% of the total; but one year later, as a resultof the numerus clausus, the Jews numbered only 558, or 5.6% of thetotal. Since then the percentage of Jews increased to 12.1% in 1920-1921 and to 13.4% in 1921-1922. But in the latter year, although thetotal enrollment was 93.8% of that of 1918-1919, the number of Jewswas still but 34.5% of the number of Jews in 1918-1919.
Very instructive is the distribution of the Jewish students among thevarious departments and schools. In the year before the introductionof the numerus clausus, nearly 50% of the total number of Jewish studentsstudied medicine, 24.8% studied in the Polytechnicum, and 15.7% inthe law schools. After the introduction of the numerus clausus the per-centages were .5%, 75.6%, and 17.4% respectively in 1919-1920, be-coming normal again in the following years when they were 57.7%,16.6%, and 17.5% in 1920-1921; and 51.5%, 15.8%, and 20.6% in 1921-1922. Different was the distribution of the total number of students:in 1918-1919 the percentages were 35.4%, 23%, and 25.6% in medicine,law and technicum respectively; in 1919-1920, the year of numerusclausus, the percentages were quite out of the ordinary: 27.9% in med-icine, 20.3% in law, and 34.4% in the technicum. In the years that fol-lowed the percentages were 31.6%, 19.6%, and 27% respectively in1920-1921, and 29.7%, 21.1%, and 24.3% in 1921-1922. These fluctua-tions are traceable of course to the drastic reduction in the enrollmentof Jews.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 275
TABLE X
NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH STUDENTS IN THE SCHOOLS
AND FACULTIES FOR HIGHER LEARNING AND IN THE JEWISH SCHOOL OF
THEOLOGY, SECOND SEMESTER OF 1918-1919 TO 1921-1922
Total, 1918-1919Theology
MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicum
Total, 1919-1920TheoJogvLaw.. .MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicum
Total, 1920-19?lTheology
MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicumPolitical Economy. . . .
Total, 1921-1922TheologyLaw.. . .MedicinePhilosophyPharmacyPolytechnicumPolitical Economy. . . .
Total
18,449554
4,2416,5262,104
2974,727
10,005524
2,0282,7871,107
1173,442
14,258708
2,7914,5031,304
2283,851
873
17,306797
3,6495,1321,391
3604,2031,774
Jews
6,71913
1,0563,336
524120
1,670
5585
973
247
422
1,7218
302994
7620
28635
2,31811
4781,194
13643
36690
Percentages
Jewsof
Total
36.423.524.951.124.940.435.3
5.6.9
4.8.1
2.26.
12.2
12.11.1
10.822.15.88.87.44.
13.41.4
13.123.3
9.811.98.75.1
Distribution
Total
100.3.
23.35.411.41.6
25.6
100.5.2
20.327.911.11.2
34.4
100.4.9
19.631.69.11.6
27.6.1
100.4.6
21.129.7
8.2.1
24.310.
Jews
100.7
15J49.6
7.81.8
24.«
100..9
17.4
4.31.2
75.6
100..5
11.557.74.41.2
16.62.
100..5
20.651.5
5.91.8
15.83.9
276 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
F. HIGHER NORMAL SCHOOLS.—The government and Christian ordersmaintain five higher normal schools for the training of teachers for sec-ondary schools and for secondary commercial schools. Those normalschools are located at Budapest and at Pannonhalma. (Pre-war Hun-gary had another one at Szeged.) The introduction of the numerusclausus has greatly cut down the number of Jewish students in theseschools. In 1918-1919 the percentage of Jews was 18.2% while in 1919-1920 it was 4.7%, falling still lower in the following years.
TABLE XI
HIGHER NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1918-1919 TO 1921-1922
1918-1919
1919-1920
1920-1921
1921-1922
Xo. of CandidatesSecond Semester
Total
400
362
318
377
Jews
73
17
6
11
Per CentJews
18.2
4.7
1.9
2.9
G. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING.—Professional training in Hungaryincludes training in agriculture; veterinary medicine; engineering, for-estry, and mining; industry and commerce; the arts; communications(railways and navigation); midwifery; and other professions taught atspecial schools and courses. The training in agriculture is given at fiveagricultural high schools and 21 other agricultural schools. The vastmajority of the Jewish students, in the years under consideration, attendedthe agricultural high schools. Hungary has one Royal Hungarian HigherSchool for Engineers, Foresters, and Mines and one veterinary school.The latter school, as far as statistics are available, does not classify itsstudents according to religion, and will, therefore, be omitted from thetable below. (The veterinary school had in 1919-1920, 40 teachers and101 students.) Training in industry and in commerce is given in 36 sec-ondary schools and in 20 industrial schools. The latter include 1 highschool for decorative art, and 7 special industrial schools for girls. Inaddition there were in 1919-1920, 95 special industrial courses with over10,000 pupils which, according to the published statistics, were not sub-divided in accordance with religion and therefore not included in thetable below.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 277
In 1918-1919 a total of 40,421 students received training in the pro-fessional schools of the country, of whom 9,291 or 23% were Jews; in1919r1920 the Jews constituted 22% of the total; in 1920-1921, 18.7%;and in 1921-1922, 17.4%. The introduction of numerus clausus^ did notcut down the number of Jewish students to the degree that it did in theuniversities because most of the professional schools are not of collegiatestanding and the numerus clausus law was, therefore, not applicable tothem.
Very instructive is the distribution of the Jewish students among theprofessional schools. In 1918-1919 the Jews were most numerous in theindustrial and commercial schools, where they constituted 51.8% of thetotal number of Jewish students in all the schools. Then came the indus-trial schools with 43.1%, and the art schools with 3%. A similar con-dition prevailed in the years that followed the introduction of the num-erns clausus law.
TABLE XII
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 1918-1919 TO 1921-1922
Year, School and Courses
1918-1919Agriculture
Engineering, Forestry and
Industry and Commerce. . . .
Art
Special Schools and Courses.
Total
1919-1920
Engineering, Forestry and
Industry and Commerce. . . .
Art
Special Schools and Courses.
Total
Number of Students
Total
1,678
205
13,114
3,349
77
18,423
1,409
126
11,579
2,503
85
190
83
15,975
Jews
152
22
4,811
284
3
5,272
21
4
3,977
238
11
3
4
4,258
]
P. C. ofJews toTotal
9.06
10.73
36.68
8.48
3.9
28.62
1.49
3.17
34.33
9.52
12.94
1.58
4.82
26.65
3ercentages
Distribution
Total
9.1
1.13
71.18
18.17
.42
100.
8.82
.79
72.5
15.66
.53
1.18
.52
100.
Jews
2.88
.42
91.25
5.38
.06
100.
.5
.09
93.4
5.59
.26
.07
.09
100.
278 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
TABLE XII (continued)
Year, School and Courses
1920-1921Agriculture . . .
Engineering, Forestry and
Industry and Commerce. . . .
Art .
Midwifery . . .
Special Schools and Courses.
Communal Administration. .
Total
1921-1922
Engineering, Forestry andMines
Industry 'and Commerce. . . .
Art
Communication..
Midwifery
Special Schools and Courses.
Communal Administration. .
Total . . . .
Number of Students
Total
1,935
154
12,499
2,281
14
134
94
121
17,232
2,357
144
13,419
2,340
151
147
126
205
18,889
Jews
15
3,398
642
24
4,079
17
3,220
443
11
1
8
3,700
P. C. ofJews toTotal
.78
27.82
28.15
25.53
23.67
.72
24.02
18.93
7.28
.7
6.35
19.58
'ercentages
Distribution
Total
11.23
.89
72.53
13.23
.06
.78
.55
.70
100.
12.47
.76
71.04
12.39
.80
.78
.67
1.09
100.
Jews
.37
83.30
15.73
.59
100.
.45
87.08
11.97
.29
.21
100.
STATISTICS OF JEWS 279
H. PHILANTHROPIC SCHOOLS.—In addition to the pupils who receivedtheir education in the primary schools, high schools, professional schools,etc., there were pupils who received instruction in institutions describedas of a philanthropic character. These institutions included, in 1919-1920 and 1920-1921, orphanages and institutions for the blind, deaf-mutes, and the insane. The institutions were maintained either by theState, the comitats, the cities, foundations and private persons, or by thevarious religious denominations. In addition there were State homes forinfants, institutions of the National League for the Protection of Infants,houses of charity, and correctional homes. Of the latter category ofinstitutions the most important were the homes maintained by the State.In 1919-1920, for example, of the 37,281 children, 35,868 were found inthe State homes. The Jewish children also were mostly in the Statehomes; of the 2,851 Jewish children in such homes, in 1919-1920, 2,737were in the State homes.
The table below shows that in 1919-1920 the number of Jewish pupilsin the philanthropic institutions was 3,021 or 7.9% of the total, a per-centage out of proportion to the ratio of Jews to the total population.
TABLE XIIIINSTITUTIONS OF A PHILANTHROPIC CHARACTER, 1919-1920 AND
1921-1922
Total, 1919-1920
Institutions for the Blind. . .Institutions for Deaf Mutes.Institutions for the Insane...Homes
Total, 1920-1921... .
OrphanagesInstitutions for the Blind. . .Institutions for Deaf Mutes.Institutions for the Insane...
Total, 1921-1922
Institutions for the Blind . . .Institutions for Deaf Mutes.Institutions for the Insane...
Pupils at Endof Year
Total
40,480
2,055353453338
37,281
40,086
2,029289612378
36,778
41,969
1,873323739443
38,591
Jews
3,211
168218289
2,851
3,077
21326
10088
2,650
3,174
10023
11425
2,912
Percentages
Jews toTotal
7.9
8.25.9
18.126.3
7.6
7.7
10.59.
16.323.3
7.2
7.5
5.37.1
15.45.67.5
Dist. of Children
Total
100.
5.1.9
1.1.8
92.1
100.
5..7
1.5.9
91.7
100.
4.4.8
1.71.1
92.
Jews
100.
5.2.6
2.52.8
88.8
100.
6.9.8
3.22.8
86.1
100.
3.1.7
3.6.8
91.7
280 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
I. ILLITERACY.—A number of the tables given above show that pro-portionally more Jews than non-Jews attended the public, high, andprofessional schools, and the institutions for higher learning. The tablebelow shows one of the results of the educational effort of the Jews,namely, the lower percentage of illiteracy among the Jews than amongthe total population. In 1920, the census year, 11.6% of the total numberof Jews, 6 years and over, were illiterate, while among the total num-ber of persons, six years and over, enumerated in that year, double thatproportion were illiterate. In the following table, the larger proportion(93.3%) of persons 6 years of age and older among Jews than in the totalpopulation (90.09%) should be noted; it reflects the lower birth-rateprevailing among the Jews of Hungary, already referred to above.
TABLE XIVILLITERACY, 1920
Total
Jews
Population
Number
7,980,143
473,310
Persons 6 yrs. ofage and over
Number
7,189,272
441,306
%
90.09
93.23
Illiterates
Number
1,881,586
51,503
%
26.2
11.6
7. JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND RABBIS
The table below gives the number of Jewish communities. During1919-1922 the number of the "Mother" communities, or principal com-munities, remained stationary. On the other hand the number of auxil-iary, small communities, decreased until 1922 when it showed an increase.Similarly in the case of the rabbis. The number of the principal rabbisdid not decrease while the number of the associate rabbis and teachersof religion decreased yearly until 1922 when it showed an increase.
TABLE XVJEWISH RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES, 1919-1922
Number
1919 1920 1921 1922
Incr. or Deer.Per Cent
1920 1921 1922
Communities
Primary
Secondary
Rabbis and Associates..
Rabbis
Associates and Mastersof Religion
769
262
507
642
174
468
727
261
466
515
162
353
650
261
389
462
176
286
659
261
398
496
175
321
— 5.46
— .38
— 8.08
—19.79
— 6.89
—24.57
—10.6 + 1.39
—16.52
—10.3
+ 8.64
—13.26
+ .23
+ 8.06
— .55
+ 12.24
STATISTICS OF JEWS 281
8. CONVERSION AND APOSTASY
The table below gives the data on apostasy. In 1919, evidently as aresult of the terrible persecutions, as many as 7,146 Jews abandoned theirreligion and only the small number of 137 non-Jews embraced the Jewishreligion. The number of apostasies fell to 1,925 in the following yearand decreased to 499 two years later. Conversely, the number of con-versions to the Jewish religion steadily increased until it reached 340in 1922.
TABLE XVICONVERSION AND APOSTASY
Men
Men >
Surplus of apostasies over conversions
MenWomen
Number
1920
168
66102
1,925
1,096829
1,757
1,030727
1921
243
83160
827
398429
584
315269
1922
340
137203
499
227272
159
9069
Incr. or Deer.
Per Cent1921
+44.64
+25.76•+56.86
—57.04
—63.68—48.25
—66.76
—69.42—63.
1922
+39.92
+65.06+26.87
—39.66
—42.96—36.60
—72.77
—71.43—74.35
9. CRIME
Statistics of criminals according to religion are available only for 1921and 1922. The table below shows that the total number of Jews foundguilty of crimes was 3.1% and 3.4% of the total, while the 1920 censusshows the per cent of the Jews as 5.9 of the total
Noteworthy is the variation shown by the Jewish people in the dis-tribution of the crimes between the sexes. Among the total population,per cents of men and women were 71% and 29% respectively; whileamong Jews they were 72.9% and 27.1% respectively.
TABLE XVIIPERSONS FOUND GUILTY OF CRIMES AND PERSONS WHO CONFESSED,
J021 AND 1922
1921
Men
1922
Women
Total
33,951
24,1129,839
46,783
34,11512,668
Jews
1,077
823254
1,612
1,281331
Per Cent
of Jewsto Total
3.1
3.42.6
3.4
3.762.61
Men and Women
Total
100.00
71.29.
100.00
72.927.1
Jews
100.00
78.221.8
100.0
79.4620.54