STATISTICS OF JEWS 339 - AJC Archivescountry and recorded by the census of 1910 that is likely to be...

STATISTICS OF JEWS 339

B. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

MEMOIR OF THE BUREAU OF JEWISH STATISTICS OF THE

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

By JOSEPH JACOBS, LITT. D.

I. INTRODUCTION

Owing to the rigid separation of Church and State in the UnitedStates, no attempt has been made in the census investigations todetermine the distribution of population according to religion.However one may regret this as a statistician, one has to acquiesceas a good citizen. But, as a consequence, any attempts to ascertainthe number of Jews, or of any other religious denomination, in theUnited States must take the form of estimates, which are noto-riously untrustworthy, and as a rule overshoot the mark, becausefew persons are aware how large a few hundreds of human beingsbulk in the real or imaginative eye. Yet, inadequate as suchestimates usually prove to be, they are obviously better thannothing, or than the mere guesswork that often shoots wildlyin such cases. Accordingly, various estimates of the Jewishpopulation of the United States have been made during the pastcentury, which, for various reasons, it is worth while enumer-ating :Year Authority Number1818 Mordecai M. Noah 3,0001824 Solomon Etting 6,0001826 Isaac C. Harby 6,0001840 The American Almanac 15,0001848 M. A. Berk 50,0001877 Wm. B. Hackenburg 230,2571888 Isaac Markens 400,0001897 David Sulzberger 937,8001905 Joseph Jacobs in Jew. Encycl. (xii, 370-378) 1,508,4351907 Miss Szold in American Jewish Year Book 1,777,1851910 American Jewish Year Book 2,043,762

Of these estimates the one made by Mr. W. B. Hackenburg in1877 and published in 1880 is of special interest, as it was foundedin a large measure on actual counts made in the smaller com-munities and careful estimates made in the larger ones. Theestimates made by the Jewish Encyclopedia in 1905 and theAMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK in 1907 (both conducted largelyby Miss Henrietta Szold) were based on similar investigations.

340 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

The figure given in the YEAE BOOK for 1910 was based on estimatesfurnished by the Industrial Removal Office for fifty cities, withJewish population for the years 1907 and 1910, and it was assumedthat the percentage increase observed in these cases would apply tothe whole Jewish population as estimated in 1907. This, as indi-cated above, would bring the Jewish population of the UnitedStates in the last census year of 1910 up to 2,043,762, which isthe latest figure before us.

For many reasons it is desirable to attempt a new estimate,based on a careful scrutiny of the various lines of investigationthat bear upon the subject, some of which have been opened uponly recently. For the number of a population is the fundamentalfigure on which all statistical inquiry and discussion must bebased, and without some close approximation to it, it is impos.sible to decide such questions as the number of Jewish childrenof school age, the comparative rate at which Jews are becomingnaturalized, their tendency to remain in this country, the numberof defectives, dependents, and delinquents that may be foundamong them, how many of them are native-born, and what pro-portion have emigrated from the different European and Asiaticcountries. As will be seen in the course of this memoir, closeapproximation to definite answers to some of these and otherquestions are by no means beyond the power of statistical inquiry,if once we have obtained the figure for the total population.

In order to obtain this, it is desirable to conduct the inquiryon as many divergent lines as possible, so that the figure towhich they all converge may be reasonably supposed to vary butlittle from the truth. These lines are, first, the number ofJewish immigrants, which have more or less been counted forthe past thirty-five years. We know, besides, for the past fifteenyears what proportion of those coming from the different Euro-pean countries are of Jewish race and faith, and thereforethe proportion of the " foreign white stock" resident in thiscountry and recorded by the census of 1910 that is likely to be ofJewish origin. In addition to these lines of inquiry, the censusof 1910 gave rather full details of the " mother tongues " of the" foreign white stock," including Yiddish, which is spoken by alarge number of the Jews who have migrated to this country.Finally, the Industrial Removal Office, for its own purposes, at-tempts to estimate the number of Jews in the various cities towhich it is thinking of forwarding immigrants, and this estimatecan be made the basis of a fourth attempt to ascertain our basicfigure.1 It will be found that the four different lines of inquiry

'Mr. David M. Bresaler, General Manager of the Industrial RemovalOffice, has been good enough to place at the disposal of the Bureau thematerial he possesses on the subject.


converge about the figure two and a third millions for the censusyear 1910, and with that as a starting point it is fairly easy to cal-culate the Jewish population of the United States on July 1, 1914,as 2,933,374.

II. ESTIMATE FROM IMMIGRATIONFrom the beginning of the New Exodus from Russia, in 1881,

count has been taken of the number of Jews arriving in thiscountry, third class, on immigrant ships. With the requisitecorrections of the figures thus obtained, due to the incomplete-ness of the earlier records, 1881-1899, as shown by the discrepancybetween the Government returns and those given for three (orfour) principal ports between 1900 and 1910, the gross Jewishimmigration from 1881 to 1910 can be estimated at 1,696,405. Acertain number of these have been deported by the immigrationauthorities, others have departed of their own accord, and a fewof these return to the United States, and should therefore not becounted in as immigrants. During the last fifteen years or so,these classes amount on the average to 9 per cent of the totalnumber of immigrants (as against something like 30 per centamong the general immigration), but in the preceding twentyyears it was probable that the percentage was rather less, say7 per cent. Applying these percentages to the total immigration,we get the figure 1,556,936 as the net immigration between 1881and 1910. It is probable that to this net result another 16,000should be added for the Jewish immigrants that came throughCanada, especially in the twenty years 1881-1899, and are rarelynoted, and for those who arrive first and second class, who untilrecently at least were not included at all in the returns. We thenhave, as the final figure for the net Jewish immigration up to1910, 1,572,936.

But there were Jews in the United States long before the NewExodus, and they should of course be added in attempting to getthe total number in this country in the year just mentioned. Asbefore remarked, these numbers were arrived at by Mr. W. B.Hackenburg in an inquiry carried on in the year 1877 (thoughonly published in 1880), which resulted in the figure 230,257.With the natural increase this may be estimated at 251,000 in1881, when the great inrush by immigration began, and may beregarded as the " original quarter of a million," by which termwe shall henceforth designate it.

But both this original quarter of a milion and the net immi-gration added to it in the thirty years 1881-1910 have increasednaturally by the usual excess of births over deaths, and in order


to ascertain the full Jewish population in 1910, an attempt mustbe made to calculate this natural increase. Roughly speaking,populations of a type that has so large a proportion of " viable "lives * and of marriageable men and women who are not addictedto race-suicide, would have a death rate ranging around 15 perthousand, a marriage rate of 10 per thousand, and a birth rateof 35. Subtracting the death rate from the birth rate would resultin an addition of 20 per thousand, or 2 per cent per annum. But,when carried over a large number of years, this additional 2per cent increases in geometrical progression at compound interest.In other words our population between 1881 and 1910 has to bemultiplied by 1.02 raised to the 29th power, or 1.776. Thus, to ourtwo basic figures of the original quarter of a million and thenet immigration should be added .776 of their average duringthirty years in order to arrive at the natural increase.

How shall we determine this average? At the beginning thepopulation was one quarter of a million, which would give aresult too small. In 1910, without allowing for increase, it wouldbe 1,823,936 2; this would give a result too high. To take thearithmetical average, or half the sum, of these two figures (or1,037,468) would also probably be too high, as the average immi-gration for the latter years has been much higher than in theearlier stages. Statisticians in such cases use the mean pro-portional, or geometrical mean, between the two figures, takingthe square root of the product, instead of half the sum, as theaverage. (See A. C. Waters, in Jour. R. Statist. Soc, 1901.)Applying this method, we get an average population throughoutthe thirty years of 677,600, the increase of which at .776 amountsto 525,818.

We are now in a position to give our first estimate of theJewish population in the United States in 1910, as deduced fromthe immigration returns, as follows:

Original population, 1881 251,000Net immigration, 1881-1910 1,572,936Natural increase, original and immigration.. 525,818

Total Jewish population, July 1, 1910 . . .2,349,754

1 The Jewish Immigrants number 69 per cent between the ages of 15 and44. In the general population these amount only to 44 per cent.

'This sum is arrived at by adding to the original quarter of a million(251,000) the net immigration, 1,572,936. Of course. In the Interim, therewould be many deaths, but we are allowing for these in only reckoningthe excess of births over deaths.


III. ESTIMATE FROM FOREIGN STOCKIn the census returns there is given every ten years the number

of Americans who were born abroad, or one or both of whoseparents were so situated. This includes forty per cent of thepresent population. Owing to certain causes, which need notdetain us, the majority of the Jews in this country are offoreign parentage either in the first or second generation, andif we could ascertain the proportion of the persons of foreignbirth or parentage that are Jews, the summation of this for theyear 1910 would give us another estimate for the total Jewishpopulation at that date.

Now we have information as to the number of Jews comingfrom each country, as compared with the total immigration fromthat country, for each year during the last fifteen years. (Reportsof the Commissioner General of Immigration, 1899-1913.) Wecan thus obtain the proportion of the immigrants from anycountry that are Jewish, and if we apply this percentage to thenumber of the resident population pf the United States derivedfrom that country, as given in the census returns for 1910, weshould obtain, though of course rather roughly, another inde-pendent estimate of the Jewish population of the United Statesin 1910. The roughness of the estimate is caused by the uncer-tainty as to how many from each country come to stay, and howfar Jewish fecundity is superior or inferior to the fecundity ofthe Gentiles from the same country. There is still anotherdifficulty: the percentage of Jews from a country like Russiaduring the past fifteen years, for which alone we have definitefigures, may vary from what it was in the earlier years, when noreturns of this kind are available. Checking our previous resultby this method appears at first sight a precarious thing, but asit happens that we have two independent checks upon this check,it is rendered somewhat more trustworthy.

In the first place, we can obtain the percentage of Jews comingfrom each country, and ascertain whether that percentage isincreasing or decreasing, so as to get some idea as to how farthe same percentage applies to the years 1881-1899, for whichwe have no definite figures available. For this purpose thenumber of " Hebrews " arriving from each country, as given in thereports of the Commissioner General of Immigration, was com-pared with the total number of immigrants from that country forthe years 1900, 1905, and 1910, with the following results:


PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH TO TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM DIFFERENTCOUNTRIES

COUNTRY 1900 1905 1910 Average

United KingdomDenmarkGermanyNorwaySwedenNetherlandsBelgiumFranceSwitzerlandPortugalSpainItalyRussiaAustria-HungaryRoumaniaBulgariaGreeceTurkey in EuropeEurope, miscellaneousOther AsiaMexicoCanadaCentral and South America.

.27

.016

.4

.341.001.4

.00240.0014.0095.006.5

2.2

.8

10.. 71.8.0045.12

2.42.13.2.53.225.15.21

50.006.381.00.15.211.77.5.059.15.51.8

4.1.74

2.3.028.21.581.22.31.6

.057

.000532.008.0075.00.29.0735.11.3.8.017

4.005.9

4.7.74

1.9.01.12

1.271.52.2

.9

.074

.09

.002441.009.384.00

.59

.113.02.9.1.027

1.52.S

It is only fair to add that in nearly half of these cases ouraverages for the ten years 1900-1910 would be misleading if appliedto the whole thirty years. It is only recently that there has beenany immigration of Jews at all from the Scandinavian countriesor from Switzerland and Belgium, which makes it desirable toreduce the percentage for Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, andBelgium. The same thing applies to France, the immigrants fromwhich country are really not French Jews at all, but Russian Jewswho have for a time resided in France and then came over toAmerica, and are recorded in the immigration returns as comingfrom France. The same cause has made the average for theUnited Kingdom entirely disproportionate. Next to America,England shelters the largest number of Russian and RoumanianJews, who occasionally leave the United Kingdom for the UnitedStates. This, however, did not apply in earlier years to such anextent, when there was rather a real immigration into the UnitedStates from England of native-born English Jews. With regardto Germany, the tendency has been in the opposite direction. Inthe period between 1848 and 1860 a much larger proportion ofthe German element than at present were Jews, who fled theircountry owing to political as well as religious persecution. The


same does not apply nowadays, so that in this one case we haveto increase the percentage, especially as nearly 200,000 of theoriginal quarter of a million, in 1881, were probably of Germandescent. The percentage for Russia is probably very nearly cor-rect, but of recent years the proportion of non-Jewish Russianswho emigrate to the United States has considerably increased, sothat, looking over the whole period of thirty years, the properJewish percentage is probably higher than that given in ourtable. The same condition applies to Austria-Hungary. Makingthese needed corrections, we should obtain the following tabteas to the number of Jews from different countries in the UnitedStates:

CountriesTotal

foreignwhite,

1910Jews

Ijnited KingdomGermanyDenmarkNorwaySwedenNetherlandsBelgiumFranceSwitzerlandPortugalSpainItalyRussiaRoumaniaBulgariaGreeceTurkey in EuropeEurope, miscellaneousTurkey in AsiaOther AsiaMexicoCanadaCentral and South America.Austria-Hungary

Total.

7,7458,289

400970

1,36429389

29230111133

2,0982,752

8722

109357

787

3822,754

132,701

,412,563,064,099,215,574,264,389,650,122,134,360,675,721,685,665,314,576,631,264,002,615,510,786

Percentage14.5

.01

.01J.061.27

.5

.3.11.074.09.0024

5090

.59

.114.71.81.31

.01

.723.5

14

Number77,454

315,00040098

5003,728

4501,000

300822950

1,376,33779,000

134120

1,660136

1,0147

5020,000

474318,000

2,196,023

To these we have to add 150,000 who might be called " native-native " Jews, or, in other words, Jews whose origin can be tracedin America for the last two generations, i. e. themselves andtheir parents. This makes up a total of 2,346,023, which is closeto the result reached in the previous section, though an inquirershould be warned that this result is of a much more hypothetical


nature than that reached there. Its chief value is as a check uponthe preceding result.

There is still another way by which we could get roughly thenumber of Jews arriving from any particular country. For theyears 1884 to 1905 officials of the United Hebrew Charities of NewYork City recorded the national provenance of the Jewish immi-grants arriving at the port of New York, from October to Octoberof each year, in the annual report of that body. Adding togetherthese results, we get the following numbers from each countryand the percentage of the whole which the numbers indicate:

Nationality Numbers Per centRussians 551,708 67.94Austrians 192,509 23.70Roumanians 43,757 5.38Germans 16,619 2.04French 451 .05Dutch 499 .06English 3,603 .44Turks 2,074 .25Syrians 3Danes 261 .03Swiss 1Spanish 6 . . . .Swedes 421 .05South Americans 5 . . . .Bulgarians 7Greeks 12

Totals 811,936 99.94

This table ought to enable us to check to some extent the resultsobtained in the preceding section and in the present; for, asindicated in it, the fraction of Russian Jews to all Jewish immi-gration is, roughly speaking, two-thirds, and their increase for theyears 1881 to 1910 would also be reckoned as Russian Jews. Nowthe Jewish immigrants and their progeny up to 1910, accordingto the estimate in the preceding section, amounted to 2,098,754,and two-thirds of this reaches 1,399,170, which is a sufficientlyclose approximation to the estimate, made in the penultimatetable (p. 345), of 1,376,337, for the Russian Jews and their childrennow in this country. The same reasoning, if applied to Austria-Hungary's percentage, does not seem to work out so closely,perhaps because the proportion of Austrian and Hungarian Jewsin later years, from 1905 to 1910, sank considerably below the24 per cent indicated in the above table. It is possible also that


they may return more frequently to Galicia, and may not be soprolific as the Russian Jews.

There is still another method of checking the figures in theabove table, at any rate for the countries where the Jews speakYiddish entirely, or in very large proportion, that is, in otherwords, for Russia, Roumania, and Austria-Hungary. As we shallsee in the next section, the Yiddish-speaking inhabitants of theUnited States and their progeny were enumerated in the censusof 1910, as well as their provenance from the different countriesof Europe. Now the Jews from Russia and their children whospoke Yiddish are reckoned by the census authorities to number1,317,157, and this figure very closely corresponds to two-thirds ofthe total Jewish immigrants and their progeny as estimated above(1,399,170), as well as to 50 per cent of the general immigrationfrom Russia as estimated in the present section (1,376,596). Thisfigure from the " mother tongue " census is accordingly crucial forour whole inquiry, since it confirms the results we have reached byour first two methods in a striking way. The number of Yiddish-speaking persons from Austria-Hungary is slightly smaller thanthe number reached by our present method, but this is probablydue to the fact that a considerable proportion of those coming fromthe dual empire are proud of speaking German and Hungarianrather than Yiddish.

IV. ESTIMATE FROM MOTHER TONGUESIn the census of 1910 for the first time the mother tongue of

the " foreign white stock " was included, and it gives interestingfigures as to those persons who either spoke Yiddish as theirmother tongue, or whose parents did so.1 The total number ofthose thus enumerated runs to 1,676,762, of whom 1,051,767 wereborn abroad, the remainder being the children of the same.Those born abroad and speaking Yiddish are 7.9 per cent of allAmericans born abroad, but these and their children only form5.2 per cent of the "foreign born" and "native-born of foreignparentage," because they are among the more recent arrivals,and therefore have not, comparatively speaking, so large a progenyat present. The native-born American Jews with Yiddish-speakingparents amounted in 1910 to 624,995, of whom 596,921 had bothparents born abroad. In the vast majority of cases both parentsspoke Yiddish, only 12,620 cases being recorded when they wereof different languages. In 28,074 cases one of the parents wasforeign-born and the other native; in 21,748 instances the fatherwas born abroad, in 6,326 the mother. It is clear that just at

1 The rubric in the census returns Is " Yiddish and Hebrew," but probablythe latter term only refers to the fact that Yiddish is printed in Hebrew.


present there is very little intermarriage of native Jews withimmigrants.

The following table shows those born abroad who speak Yiddish,with the countries they come from, as well as the total number ofthose whose mother tongue is Yiddish, whether born abroad ornative-born of foreign parentage.

YIDDISH AND HEBREW

Foreign-born, 1910 Total Foreign StockCountry Number NumberRussia 838,193 1,317,157Austria 124,588 197,153Roumania 41,342 56,524Hungary 19,896 32,539England 13,699 15,100Germany 7,910 15,510Canada 1,434 1,541Turkey in Asia 834 1,044Turkey in Europe 782 995France 619 693Other countries 2,470 3,138Mixed foreign 35,368

Total 1,051,767 1,676,762

This table is somewhat misleading, if it really meant to implythat 619 Yiddish-speaking Jews were born in France, or that1,434 were born in Canada. In all probability these were bornin either Russia, Austria-Hungary, or Roumania, settled for sometime in France or Canada, and then came to the United States,with these countries ticketed on them as those of " last residence,"not necessarily of birth.

Reverting to the light thrown by these figures upon our mainproblem, that of determining the number of Jews existing in theUnited States in the year 1910, it would seem at first sight thatthe results reached by the Census Bureau with regard to Yiddish-speaking Jews and their children is a long way below that reachedby our two previous estimates, and therefore fails to confirmthem. But it must be remembered that these figures cannotinclude the descendants of those Jews who were here in 1877,amounting to 230,257, few, if any, of whom had Yiddish for theirmother tongue. Applying the same method as before to ascertainthe increase of this population in the thirty-three years between1877 and 1910, it would, at the latter date, reach 442,554, which,added to the number of Yiddish-speaking Jews, would amount to2,119,416. But besides these, there are a large number of immi-


grant Jews for the thirty years between 1881-1910 who did notspeak Yiddish, but German, English, French, and even Ladino,or Judeo-Spanish. These would probably amount with theirprogeny to 250,000, making a total Jewish population in 1910 of2,369,416, again a fairly close approximation to the results reachedby the two previous methods.

The census returns on " mother tongues " give information asto the distribution throughout this country of the Jews of Yiddishmother tongue, and we may here reproduce the table giving theirdispersion through the different sections of the country, and inthe States in which they most do congregate.

FOREIGN STOCK GIVING YIDDISH AS MOTHER TONGUE, 1910

TotalForeign

Stock

ForeignBirth

ForeignParentage

United States.

Middle Atlantic ..New YorkPennsylvania ,New Jersey ...

East North Central.IllinoisOhio

New EnglandMassachusetts .Connecticut . . .

West North Central.

South Atlantic

1,676,762

1,167,526912,693171,10083,734

190,601117,15340,583

169,826114,190

36,800

56,701

45,531

1,051,767

740,636585,543105,96549,128

117,31572,16524,635

105,41671,33722,534

34,664

26,175

624,995

426,890327,14965,13634,606

73,28644,98815,948

61,41042,85314,326

22,037

19,356

It would be misleading to regard this table as entirely represen-tative of the distribution of the whole Jewish population, " native-native " as well as " foreign-born " and " native-foreign," if we mayso distinguish them. The immigrants have not yet penetrated, toany large extent, to the Southern or the pioneer States, where the" native-native " Jews exceed them largely in numbers. We shallsee in the next section of our inquiry how this fact would apply tocertain estimates of Western and Southern States, accounting fora certain amount of discrepancy between the estimates reached bythis means and the actual figures, given by the census, of Jews withYiddish mother tongue.

It would be also misleading to suppose that the 1,676,762persons that are enumerated by the census as having Yiddish


for their " mother tongue " all speak or even know Yiddish. Ofcourse the million or so foreign-born Jews spoke Yiddish in theiryouth, but, as is well known, they make every effort to acquireEnglish on coming to this country, and with the exception of thevery recent arrivals, it would be difficult to find any number ofJews worthy of mention who could not make themselves under-stood, however imperfectly, in English. The remaining 624,995born in this country have naturally English for their mothertongue, but the mother tongue of their parents was Yiddish, andthey are, accordingly, included in the census table as of foreignparentage, with Yiddish as the mother tongue of the parents.We have here evidence of 624,995 Jews born in this country, andwe can add to these the 400,000 descendants of the original quarterof a million, and at least 30,000 children of the Jewish immigrantsof the last thirty years who did not speak Yiddish. We havethus close on 1,050,000 native-born American Jews in 1910, whichby July 1, 1914, would have been augmented by at least 250,000viable children, making the total number of native-born AmericanJews at the present time about 1,300,000, or very nearly one-halfof the whole Jewish population.

V. ESTIMATES FROM VARIOUS SOURCESIn addition to the above independent methods, which, as we have

seen, converge around two and a third millions for the year 1910,there have been various estimates made of the Jewish populationby different inquirers, which are worth while looking over with aview to ascertaining how far they confirm our results. At thesame time, these estimates give indication as to the local distri-bution of Jews throughout this country by States and in manycases by cities, which, though in large measure hypothetical,have significant bearing upon some of the problems of the Jewishpopulation, and can now, to some extent, be checked by theresults of the census returns with regard to mother tongues.At any rate, it seems worth while bringing together all the infor-mation available as to the Jewish population of this country,so that the toilsome task of collecting it afresh need not be gonethrough by future inquirers.

The first of these estimates has already been referred to. beingthat made by Mr. William B. Hackenburg in 1877, and publishedin 1880, and is of course only of interest nowadays as indicatingthe great advance of Jewish population since that date, amount-ing in thirty years to a ten-fold increase.

The next estimate is that given by the present writer in the sta-tistical section of the article " United States" in the JewishEncyclopedia, volume xii. 370-378. This was published in the


year 1905, and contains a list of estimates for cities and Statescompiled from data provided by Miss Henrietta Szold, and obtainedduring the course of that year.

Miss Szold, in the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK for 1907-1908,gave a fuller estimate in an elaborate directory of the localJewish institutions of the United States, given in the YEAR BOOKfor that year. Then came the census returns with regard tomother tongues, which formed the basis of our inquiry in the lastsection, and which also give actual counted figures for thedifferent States and for many cities. Finally, Mr. David Bressler,of the Industrial Removal Office, has placed at our disposal theestimates obtained by correspondents of the Industrial RemovalOffice in regard to many of the chief centers of Jewish populationfor the year 1912.

We may first tabulate the results reached in these five estimatesin regard to the different States as shown on page 852.

The first point that will probably strike the critical reader oncomparing the total results with those reached in the precedinginvestigations will be the much lower estimates for the totalpopulation of this country than that reached from the immi-gration returns, from the Jewish proportion of foreign-bornAmericans, or from the number of persons having Yiddish astheir mother tongue. All these sources, as we have seen, giveresults about two and a third millions in 1910, whereas theresult reached by Miss Szold in 1907 was less by over 600,000.These figures are the more remarkable since it is universally ex-pected that estimates are above rather than below reality. Theexplanation, however, is simple, and will emerge when we come tothe distribution in cities, towns, and villages. The totals reachedfor each State in 1905 and 1907 were obtained by getting estimatesfrom a certain number of towns in each State. Now these were avery small proportion of those in which we know Jews were livingabout the year 1910. The total number of towns mentioned inthe list of 1905, for example, was 250, whereas in the list of theIndustrial Removal Office for 1912, the number of towns to whichJews have been forwarded by the Office up to that date, reaches1,495, to which we have been able to add 77, making a total of1,572, nearly six times as many as those mentioned in the listof 1905. Thus, there were only eleven names in Alabama in thelist of 1905 as against 47 in the fuller list of 1912. It can easilybe understood that the omitted towns in 1907 would at least haveadded another hundred thousand, and the immigration and thenatural increase for the three years would nearly make up thedifference. ,

12


ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION BT STATES

STATES 1877 1905 1007 19101 1912

Alabama ,AlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of Columbia ,FloridaGeorgiaHawaiian Islands.IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontana ,NebraskaNevada ,New HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPhilippine IslandsPorto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

2,045 7,000 7,000 1,102

,466,580422

,492585

,608772

,704

85,625,381,245819,602,538500,337,500,233414,262,385131222780150,593108,565820

14,581

18,097

,000,415

10,751300258120

,506145511,559

40

3,08528,000

5,8008,5001,5003,6003,0007,000

100300

100,00025,000

5,0003,000

12,00012,0005,000

26,60060,00016,00013,0003,000

50,0002,5003,800

3001,000

40,000800

820,0006,000

50,000

6,000115,000

1,5002,500

2507,000

17,500l.HOO

70015,0002,8001,600

15,000

229,087 1,508,435

5003,085

42,0006,500

22,0001,6005,1003,0009,300

100300

110,00012,0006,0001,500

10,09012,0005,000

41,00090,00016,00013,0003,300

52,0001,5006,500

3001,000

70,000800

905,0001,5001,000

85,0001,0006,000

150,000100100

12,0002,500

30010,00016,0001,0001,000

10,0005,5001,500

15,000300

5,375

1,777,185

202456

13,8558,11336,8601,2804,046304

4,029

135117,1536,4605,8431,2824,7281,5884,073

28,529114,19014,54817,877

4242i4,846

471' 4,448

981,15683,734

75912,692

6037,75840,5831,0842,345

171,100

12,106554647

2,5644,980364

1,4414,3593,8251,82712,857

168

2,70039,94216,30857,750

8006,0003,60016,051

200205,27012,5078,625750

10,53510,530

69050,61070,57530,57723,3252,98751,589

95013,600

1,00029,360

22590,694

935920

111,935850

7,00084,454

14,2502,469

11,25020,4675,100850

7,0555,8004,05019,385

1,682,762 1,059,795

1 From the census on mother tongues referring to the persons who speakYiddish and their progeny.


The cause of the smaller number reached by the IndustrialRemoval Office estimate of 1912 would be even less difficult toexplain. Its list was composed with the purpose of removingimmigrants and others from the more congested centers ofJewish population, which were naturally omitted from the list,though they probably include more than half of the Jewish popu-lation of this country. Adding a reasonable estimate for thesesame cities, approximating ' 1,251,25c,1 we get as a first total2,311,045. But besides the 423 cities with a definite estimatedpopulation, close on to 1100 others should be added, of at leastan average population of 50, which would in all probability makeup the difference between the Industrial Removal Office estimateand our own results.

It may be of interest to point out a few of the discrepanciesbetween the returns for the States given by the Industrial RemovalOffice and the estimate of the counted figures of the Yiddish-speaking of the census of 1910. Thus, Colorado has as number ofYiddish-speaking Jews 8,113, whereas the estimate of the Indus-trial Removal Office is double of this, or 16,308; of course, the olderstrata of American Jews are more largely represented in Colo-rado than in the Eastern States. The same reasoning applies toMaryland, which is estimated to contain 50,610 by the IndustrialRemoval Office, whereas only 28,529 persons whose mother tonguewas Yiddish were enumerated in the census of 1910. The sameproportion applies to Missouri and even to Illinois. "We havealready explained why New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvaniabulk so small in the Industrial Removal Office report.

The extraordinary thing which comes out in these returns isthe considerable amount of dispersion which has already takenplace in the Jewish population of this country. It has beenassumed too readily that they are abnormally congested in a fewcities, and of course it is true that the proportion of Jewish popu-lation in the cities having over 1,000 Jews is larger than in thewhole population, rural as well as urban. These cities appear tonumber 56, and according to the different estimates had respectivepopulations as follows:

1 New York 975,000 Passaic 3,500Boston 60,000 Paterson 7,500Elizabeth 2,500 Philadelphia 150,000Hartford 2,500 Troy 4,000Hoboken 2,500 Trenton 2,000Lafayette . 250 Wilmington 2,000Newark 35,000 Woodbine 3,000New Bedford 1,500


CITIES 1905 1907 19101 1912

Akron, OhioAlbany, N. YAltoona, PaAtlanta, GaBaltimore, MdBayonne, N. JBirmingham, AlaBoston, MassBuffalo, N. YCharleston, S. CChelsea, MassChicago, 111Cincinnati, 0Cleveland, OColumbus, ODallas, TexDayton, ODetroit, MichDenver, ColoDes Moines, IowaDuluth, MinnElizabeth. N. JElmira, i\'. YEvansville, IndFall River. MassGalveston, TexHarrisburg, PaHartford, 'ConnHoboken, N. JHouston, TexIndianapolis, IndJacksonville, FlaJersey City, N. JKansas City, MoLincoln, NebLos Angeles, CalifLouisville, KyMemphis, TennMilwaukee, WisMinneapolis, MinnMontgomery, AlaNewark, N. JNew Bedford, Mass. . .New Haven, ConnNew Orleans, LaNew York City, N. Y.Norfolk, VaOmaha, NebPassaic, N. JPaterson, N. JPeoria, 111Philadelphia, PaPittsburgh, PaPortland, OreRichmond, Va

,000,000

1,200

1,5003,500 3,274

,000,000,200,400,000000800

,000,000,500,000,600,200,200,000,000500

,000,200,600800

,500,000550,000,000,500,300312,000600225000000500000000000000000

3,50040,0002,5001,500

60,00010,0001,5008,000

100,00025,00040,0004,0004,0002,50010,0005,0003,0002,0002,0001,800750

7,0001,000

''1,2505,000

' 2,0002,5006,500

'1,00010,0008,000800

7,0008,0004,00010,0006,0001,500

30,000

2,11827,142

33967,0726,547

111,0987,737

23,1691,334

1,06510,1337,181

3,172

2,177

5,7143,849

5,7953,3001,1607,7578,174

33,887

500000000200300000000000000000000500

8,0008,000

850,0002,0006,0003,0006,0001,000

00,00025,0006,0003,000

10,5501,237

861,980

2,964

6,008

20,12420,836

2,041801

1,2003,500

10,00060,00010,0001,000

20,0002,0008,000

200,00028,00060,0006,0005,0004,500

25,00015,0005,5002,000

1,5001,0007,5001,0005,000

5,0006,0002,000

10,0008,0001,200

10,00010,0006,000

15,00015,0001,500

20,0007,500

1,00012,000

1,000

35,0007,0003,000

1 These numbers only refer to the Yiddish-speaking persons in thesecities, as given in the Census for 1910.


CITIES 1905

Rochester, N. Y 5,000St. Joseph, Mo 1,200St. Louis, Mo 40,000St. Paul, Minn 3,500San Francisco, Calif 17,000Salt Lake City, UtahSavannah, Ga 1,500Scranton, Pa 5.000Seattle, WashSioux City, Iowa ! 420Spokane, WashSyracuse, N. Y 5,000Toledo, OTroy, N. Y 3,000Trenton, N. J 1,500Washington, D. CWilmington, Del 1,109Wilmington, N. C 1,500Wilkes-Barre, Pa 1,800Woodbine, N. J 2,000Worcester, Mass 1,000Yonkers, N. Y

1907

10,0002,000

40,0003,500

30,000750

3,5006,0004,0001,025

80010,0003,0001,8004,0005,0001,500200

2,0002,1003,0003,000

19101

5,578

1912

9,602

18,8705,9095,254

3,1512,499

2904,2852,450

4,046

12,0003,000

40,0006,000

25,0005,0003,0007,0004,5001,4001,000

5.0U0

6,000800

8,000

8,0004,500

But, besides these centers of population, there are no less than1500 smaller communities that are sending out colonies in the goodold American way that built up this country.

The sociological and political importance of this dispersionrenders it desirable to have on record as many details of it aspossible, and I have accordingly appended to this memoir a com-plete list of the towns in the United States in which Jews areknown to reside at the present day, with their estimated popu-lations at different periods, when this information has been givenby any of the inquiries mentioned above; the remainder havebeen enumerated without further detail. A map of the UnitedStates, including all these Jewish communities scattered throughthe various States would be crowded indeed.2

VI. MISCELLANEOUSThere is still another possible method by which an estimate

of the Jewish population of the United States could be reached,if there were any proper organization for obtaining the requisiteinformation. If we could secure the burial returns for the chiefcenters of Jewish population, this would enable us to estimatevery closely the actual Jewish population in these cities and atthe same time check the estimates made by other means. An at-

1 These numbers only refer to the Yiddish-speaking persons in thesecities, as given in the Census for 1910.

2 See Appendix.


tempt was made by the Bureau of Jewish Statistics to obtain suchresults for St. Louis, Louisville, Philadelphia, San Francisco,Boston, Cincinnati, Kansas City, New York, and other cities, butthe returns came in so slowly that it was decided for the present toabandon this method, using the results thus far obtained onlyas checks on the estimates made by different inquirers. Thus,for example, there were reported in Kansas City 83 deaths in1913 (communication from Rabbi Samuel M. Cohen), which wouldgive an estimated population of 5,849, whereas the IndustrialRemoval Office estimated the population at 8,000, the usual ex-aggeration when round figures are employed. So, too, the S tLouis Jewish burial returns for 1912 (for which I am indebtedto Mr. Rosenthal, of the Modern View, of that city) amountedto 283, which would give an estimated Jewish population of20,000 as against 40,000 of the Industrial Removal Office returnsand the 18,870 Yiddish-speaking persons given by the census for1910. So great, however, has been the dispersion of the Jewsthroughout the country that it would be impossible to obtainthe burial returns for every community, and, whatever the totalobtained by this method, it would be too precarious to be worththe trouble of collecting.

Statistical science neglects no means of information, and forthis reason reference may be made to the evidence given of thewide dispersion of the Jewish population of this country, duringrecent years, by the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK 5674. This givesa list of the members of the Jewish Publication Society, scatteredthroughout no less than 638 towns, in 45 States. We then get theincreasing set of figures for the dispersion of the Jews from the173 towns mentioned in the estimate of 1877, to the 250 given inthe Jewish Encyclopedia in 1905, and 684 given by Miss Szold inthe AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK for 1907,1 which are now ex-tended to 1572 in the Industrial Removal Report for 1912. As willbe seen, the expansion has been continuous and rapid since 1905,and the whole notion of the concentration of the Jewish populationof this country in a few cities must now be given up.

VII. INCREASE FROM 1910The results we have hitherto reached have been for 1910, for

which we obtained the following results:A—From immigration returns 2,349,754B—From foreign white stock 2,346,023C—From census of Yiddish-speaking per-

sons 2,369,416D—From Industrial Removal Office esti-

mates 2,366,0451 These, however, are all places with organized Jewish communities, the

only ones considered in the article referred to.


All these converge, as we have already reiterated, on the figureapproximating to two and a third millions, but of the four esti-mates the one from the immigration returns (added to theoriginal quarter of a million) is so closely confirmed by the otherestimates that it may be accepted as very near the reality. Thecrucial figure given by the Yiddish-speaking returns from Russiais so strongly confirmative of the results of method " A" thatthere need be no hesitancy shown in accepting it as the approxi-mate Jewish population of the United States on July 1, 1910.

It is of interest and importance to ascertain the " movement"of the population during the four years that have elapsed sincethat date.

1911Gross Immigration 91,223Deported 209Departed 6,401Total Returned 6,610Net Immigration 84,613

191280,595

1517,4187,569

73,026

1913101,330

2536,6976,950

94,380

1914138,051

3176,8267,143

130,908

This would leave an accession for the past four years by immi-gration of 382,927. But, in addition to this, the two and athird millions who were on American soil in 1910 have alsoincreased in the course of nature. Applying the same method asbefore for births over deaths, this increase would amount tonearly 47,000 per year, running up to 186,980 in the four years.The immigrants of the past four years have also to be reckonedwith as contributing their quota to the native-born Jewish popu-lation to an extent indicated in the following table, where, asbefore, the natural increase is taken at 2 per cent per annum.

1911 1912 1913 1914

Net immigrationIncreaseTotal

84,6136,922(7%!)

90,535

73,0263,651(5%)

76,677

94,3802,831(3%)

97,211

130,9081,309(1%)

132,217

This makes the grand total for four years 396,640.1 Two per cent for the three years, 1912-1914, plus 1 per cent for the

average of year of arrival; similarly with later years.


Taking all these items together, we fix the Jewish populationof the United States, on July 1, 1914, at 2,933,374, formed of thefollowing items:

Population July 1, 1910 2,349,754Increase of same to 1914 186,980Net Immigration July 1,1910, to July 1, 1914 382,927Increase of same 13,713

Total 2,933,374

If previous estimates have reached results much lower than theabove, it has been because they have not sufficiently taken intoconsideration the natural increase, which is especially noteworthywith a population like that of the Jewish immigrants, most of thembeing between the ages of 15 and 45, when taking and giving inmarriage is most popular. One of the most interesting resultsof this is the very large proportion of Jews in America who arealready American Jews in every sense of the word, or in theexpression of the census officials are native-born, or native-bornof foreign parentage.

A very rough estimate of the items comprising the presentJewish population would bring out this condition in a very easilycomprehensible form, as follows:

MOVEMENT OF JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1914

Native 1877 ^"s i^ l l 0 " T o t a l

Numbers 250,000 1,900,000 2,150,000Births 400,000 1,220,000 1,620,000Deaths 200,000 620,000 820,000Increase 200,000 600,000 800,000Total 450,000 2,500,000 2,950,000Native-born 400,000 900,000 1,300,000

There are, therefore, 1,300,000 native-born American Jews inthe United States, and these are being added to at the rate of closeon to 75,000 per year,1 about three-quarters the amount added byimmigration. It will still be some time before the numbers ofnative-born American Jews will equal those of the foreign-born,but even the 1,000 or so added naturally to the native population byeach year's immigration will help to wipe out the difference.By January 1, 1915, the Jews of the United States will reach thethree million mark, or, in other words, at that date one out ofevery thirty Americans, or in the urban districts one out of everysixteen, will be a Jew.

1 The births of the population of close on three millions would amount to100,000, but unfortunately one-quarter of these would die during the year.


APPENDIX

The following names of towns in the United States in whichJews were known to exist in 1912 are derived from lists providedhy the Industrial Removal Office, with a few addenda from thelist of subscribers of THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY and othersources. Where definite estimates, in figures, of the Jewish popu-lation have been available, these are printed in tabular form.They are taken, for 1877, from Mr. William B. Hackenburg's esti-mate; for 1905, from the Jewish Encyclopedia (vol. xii. 370-378);for 1907, from the estimate made by Miss Henrietta Szold in theAMERICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK 5668; the last-mentioned estimatecovering, however, only those towns in which Jewish organizationsexisted; and, for 1912, from the figures of the Industrial RemovalOffice. The remaining towns, for which no definite figures areavailable, are listed in alphabetical order under the tables ineach State.

ALABAMA1877 1905 1907 1912

Anniston 100 400 200Bessemer 100 100Birmingham 20 1,400 1,500 1,000Claiborne . . . . . . . . . . . .Demopolis 124 123 400Douglas . . . . . . . . 40Bufaula 56 200 100Florence 54 25Huntsville 72 137 125 100Mobile 36 . . . . 1,000 1,400Montgomery 600 1,000 1,500 1,500Selma 200 250 380 400Sheffield 3,000 34 40Tuscaloosa S5 127 50Uniontown 76 50 20

Alabama City, Albernaut, Attala, Bay Minette, Blockton, Center-ville, Creola, Dadeville, Decatur, Dora, Ensley, Bpes, Butau, Ever-green, Fayette, Flat Creek, Gadsden, Helena, Jasper, Johns, Knox-ville, Marion, Moundville, Nat, New Decatur, Opelika, Prat t City,Prattville, Roanoke, Talladega, Tuscumbia, Union Springs, Wood-ville.

ARIZONA1877 1905 1907 1912

Douglas 90Phoenix 75

Bisbee, Clifton, Kingman, Phoenix, Solomonville, Tucson,Winslow, Yuma.


CamdenFort SmithHelena

JonesboroLittle RockNewDortPine BluffTexarkana

ARKANSAS

18778666

180

25044

1905

74179120150125

1,000

425175

1907

53220200300128

1,300

500

1912

250• •400150

1,200

700

Argenta, Black Art, Des Ark, Forest City, Hartford, McCrory,Perry, Prescott, Van Buren, Waldrow.

CALIFORNIA

1877 1905 1907 1912

Alameda . . . . . . . .Bakersfleld 100Chico 64Folsom 19 18Grass Valley 57 . . . . . . . . . . . .Los Angeles 2,000 7,000 10,000Marysville 82 64 50 50Nevada 43 . . . . . . . .Oakland 227 2,000 3,000Sacramento 450 500 400San Bernardino 133 50 150 200San Diego 110 200 200San Francisco 16,000 17,000 30,000 25,000San Jose 265 350 100 500Stockton 200 325 560

Azusa, Albion, Agnew, Barstow, Benicia, Berkeley, Caloosa,Cement, Chino, Colegrove, Daly, Diamond, Elmhurst, Bl Veronda,Eureka, Fresno, Fruitvale, Glendale, Hanford, Hynes, Hollywood,Keys, Long Beach, Livingston, Monrovia, Murietta, Napa, Ontario,Oxnard, Petaluma, Pasadena, Pinogrande, Red Bluff, Red Lands,Richmond, Riverside, San Mateo, San Rafael, Sanoma, Sausalito,Santa Barbara, Suisan City, Turlock, Valley Vallejo, Vista Grande,Watsonville.


COLORADO1877 1905 1907 1912

Colorado Springs 75 300 600Cripple Creek 150 100Denver 260 4,000 5,000 15,000Leadville 225Pueblo 300 400 600Trinidad 150

Alamosa, Antonio, Aspen, Atwood, Black Hawk, Boulder, CanonSprings, Central City, Colorado City, Creed, Como, Durango, Edge-water, Florence, Fort Logan, Fort Morgan, Glenwood Springs,Grand Junction, Greeley, Idaho Springs, Julesboro, La Junta, Lory-mont, Loveland, Montrose, New Castle, Ouray, Rocky Ford, Salida,Telluride, Victor, Walsenburg, Yuma,

CONNECTICUT1877 1905 1907 1912

Ansonia 320 280Bridgeport 3,500 6,000Chesterfield 750Colchester 200Danbury 500 500Derby . . . . . . . . . . . .Hartford 2,000 5,000Meriden . . . . . . . . . . . .New Britain 200 500 2,500New Haven 1,000 5,500 8,000 20,000New London 400 250 2,500Norwich 125 600 2,000South Norwalk 300Stamford 500Waterbury 68 400 1,400

Bethel, Chestnut Hill, Cromwell, Farmington, New Milford, Nor-walk, Oakdale, Portland, Stonington, Uncasville, "Westford, Wil-lington, Windsorville, Winsted.

DELAWARE1877 1905 1907 1912

Wilmington 85 1,109 1,500 800Dover, Greenwood, Georgetown, Milton.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA1877 1905 1907 1912

Washington 1,375 5,000 6,000


FLORIDA1877 1905 1907 1912

Jacksonville 130 312 1,000 2,000Key West 50 158 300Ocola 100Opelousas • • • • • • • • 500Pensacola 60 250 500 500Tampa 30 200 275 200

Lake City, Miami, Moffett, Ybor City.

GEOEGIA

1877 1905 1907 1912Albany 100 200 275 300Athens 110 120 158 150Atlanta 525 2,000 3,500 10,000Augusta 125 500 600Brunswick 200 200 125Columbus 275 335 750 500Macon 350 500 600 500Rome 46 100 104 800Savannah 603 1,500 3,500 3,000West Point 54 76

Ashburn, Allapoba, Boxley, Covington, Denton, Douglas, Dublin,Durham, Eastman, Fitzgerald, Forsyth, Greensboro, Lagrange,Lawrenceville, McRae, Madilea, Marietta, Milledgeville, Monte-zuma, Nicholls, Pearson, Perry, Summit, Swainsboro, Waycross,Valdosta.

IDAHO

1877 1905 1907 1912

Boise' City 102 50 200

Rupert.

ILLINOIS1877 1905 1907 1912

Bloomington 115 141 150Cairo 57 . . . . 150Champaign . . . . . . . . . . . .Chicago 10,000 80,000 100,000 200,000Chicago Heights 200 300Danville 175 600Decatur 700Elgin 70Galesburg 120


1877 1905 1907 1912

Joliet 100 1,000Lincoln 70 50Moline 13 24Peoria 400 2,000 1,000 1,000Pontiac 27 40Quincy 500 126 125 175Rock Island 200 200 375Springfield 150 350 500 750Waukegan 236 250

Aledo, Alton, Aurora, Belleville, Clinton, Centralia, Colfax, Col-linsville, DeKalb, Dolton, Dwight, Duquoin, Earlville, East St.Louis, Edwardsville, Evanston, Flanagan, Freeport, Galva, Gilman,Glen Elly, Gridley, Harvard, Hawthorne, Jacksonville, Jerseyville,Kankakee, Kewanee, Lasalle, Lewiston, Lee Centre, Libertyville,Mammoth, Marengo, Matta, Mattoon, Milan, Milebrook, Marenca,Maywood, Mount Vernon, Murphysboro, Oblong, Offalan, Ottawa,Oregon, Pana, Paris, Paxton, Pullman, Rockford, Riverdale, Sand-wich, Spring Valley, Stegar, Sterling, Streator, Sullivan, Sycamore,Troy, Urbana, Waywood, West Hammond.

INDIANA

1877 1905 1907 1912Anderson . . . . . . . . 100Annapolis . . . . . . . . 150Attica 32 30Columbus . . . . . . . . 50East Chicago . . . . 500Evansville 375 800 750 1,000Fort Wayne 275 500 428 600Gary 1 800Goshen 125 135 142 75Indianapolis 2,300 5,500 6,000Lafayette 225 200 240 150Ligonier 151 115 85Logansport 662 87 75 80Madison 50 32Marion 100 50 500Michigan City 275 225Mount Vernon 123 105 200Muncie 132 60 30New Albany . . . . . . . . . . . .Peru 65 73 42 40RichmondSouth Bend 600 1,200


1877 1905 1907 1912

Terre Haute 100 . . . . 400 450Vincennes 36 30Wabash 147 200 140Whiting 40

Alexander, Auburn, Bluffton, Brozie, Churubusco, Clinton,Columbia City, Connersville, Crown Point, Hammond, Huntington,Indiana Harbor, Kandaville, Kokomo, Laport, Mishawaka, NewCastle, Princeton, South Whitley, Valparaiso, Wantah.

IOWA1877 1905 1907 1912

Burlington 121 100 350Cedar Rapids 300Centerville 89 75Council Bluffs 200Davenport 204 204 250Des Moines 260 500 3,000 5,500Dubuque 552 400 250 250Keokuk 152 66 70 50Muscatine 200Ottumwa 150Sioux City 48 420 1,025 1,400Waterloo 300

Anamosa, Atlantic, Belmond, Bonaparte, Boone, Boyden, Breda,Britt, Central City, Charlton, Clarinda, Clinton, Charles City,Cresco, Creston, Denison, Dysart, Eagle Grove, Emmetsburg, FortDodge, Fort Madison, Forest City, Glenwood, Humboldt, IowaCity, Le Mars, Lyons, Manning, Marshalltown, Mason City, Mis-souri Valley, Monticello, New Hnmpton, Northwood, Olwein,Onawa, Osage, Oscaloosa, Osceola, Pella, Perry, Red Oak, Shelby,Shenandoah, Spencer, Tama, Woodward, Vail, Valley Junction.

KANSAS1877 1905 1907 1912

Leavenworth 455 . . . . 350 400Topeka 117 160 150Wichita 150 200

Arkansas City, Atchison, Burlington, Chanute, Clay Center,Coffeyville, Council Grove, Dodge City, Ellsworth, Emporia, Enter-prise, Fort Leavenworth, Fort Scott, Galena, Garden City, Good-land, Grainfleld, Great Bend, Hutchinson, Independence, Iola, Kan-sas City, Larned, Laurence, Madison, Manhattan, Newton, OsageCity, Ottawa, Olathe, Park, Parsons, Pittsburg, Rosedale, Sterling,Washington, Winfield.


KENTUCKY

1877 1905 1907 1912Henderson 189 150 250Lexington 125 350Louisville 2,500 7,000 8,000 10,000Owensboro 213 155 150Paducah 203 234 260 250Shelbyville 35

Ashland, Catlettsburg, Covington, Franklin, Georgetown, Guth-rie, Hauseville, Hopkinville, Lewisport, Middleborough, Newport,Pineville, Winchester.

LOUISIANA1877 1906 1907 1912

Alexandria 206 600Bastrop 65 40 42Baton Rouge 94 50 150Berwick 31Crowley 120 60Donaldsonville 179 85Lacompte . . . . 45 75Lafayette 57Lake Charles 125 150Monroe 128 200 200 300Morgan City 35 200Natchitoches 90 200New Iberia 88 95New Orleans 5,000 5,000 8,000 7,500Opelousas . . . . 25 . . . .Plaquemine . . . . 125 50St. Francisville 90 500Shreveport 900 700 1,250 1,250

Bogalusa, Colfax, Dreyfus, Farriday, Jeannette, Oscar, Quimby,Rayne, Ruston.

MAINE

1877 1905 1907 1912

Auburn 100 250Bangor 215 700BiddefordLewiston 85 100 250Portland 1,600 2,000Rockland 240

Augusta, Bath, Bowdoinham, Calais, Dexter, Kennebunk, LisbonFalls, Madison, Saco, Skowhegan, Vasselboro.


MARYLAND1877 1905 1907 1912

Annapolis • • • • 150 . . . .Baltimore 10,000 25,000 40,000 50,000Cumberland 140 165 200 250Frostburg 60Hagerstown 253 300

Bryantown, Cambridge, Columbia, Cordova, Denton, Frederick,Salisbury, Shelltown.

MASSACHUSETTS1877 1905 1907 1912

Boston 7,000 45,000 60,000Brockton 300 1,200Cambridge 800Chelsea 2,000 8,000 (?) 8,000Fall River 1,500 7,000(7)7,500Fitchburg 300Haverhill 200 900 2,500Holyoke 350 300 500Lawrence 600 . . . . . . . .Lowell 800 1,200 1,000Lynn 1,500 5,000Maiden 600 2,000(?) 500Millis 120 100New Bedford 1,000Newburyport . . . . 150North Adams 400 750Northampton 150 200Pittsfleld 350 200 525Quincy 350 1,000Revere 300Salem 300 400Somerville . . . . 200 . . . .Springfield 300 1,500 3,500Worcester 1,000 3,000 8,000

Colerain, Greenfield, Maynard, Merrimac, Northfield, Peabody,Rocksburg, Southbridge, Taunton, Turner's Falls, Wakefleld.

MICHIGAN'1877 1905 1007 1912

Ann Arbor . . . . . . . . . . . .Alpena 72 7S 75 50Battle Creek 32 . . . . 200 62Bay City 153 900


1877 1905 1907 1912Benton Harbor 432 750Calumet 100 100Crystal Falls 100 150Detroit 2,000 8,000 10,000 25,000Escanaba . . . . . . . . 100Grand Rapids 201 . . . . 450 1,500Hancock 36 30 150 75Houghton 150Ishpeming . . . . 25Jackson 141 1,600Kalamazoo 217 275 300 300Lansing 32 150Laurium . . . . 30 . . . .Manistee 30Marquette 12 50Muskegon . . . . 60 . . . .Negaunee . . . . 20 . . . .Petoskey 75 200Port Huron 60 60 50Saginaw 52 100 200Sault Ste. Marie 25 35

Baroga, Bangor, Bessemer, Cadillac, Carleton, Coldwater, Delroy,Dowagiac, Flint, Gauling, Hamtramek, Harbor Springs, Hastings,Highland, Highland Park, Iron Mountain, Ironwood, Iron River,Ludington, Menominee, Mesick, Monroe, Manchester, MountClemens, Munissing, Niles, Owosso, Pontiac, River Rouge, Rock-ford, Rose City, St. Joseph, Sturgis, Tecumseh, Three Rivers,Traverse City, Wyandotte, Weston, Ypsilanti.

MINNESOTA

1877 1905 1907 1912

Chisholm 85 75Duluth 1,000 2,000 2,000Eveleth 100Hibbing 162 150Minneapolis 172 5,000 6,000 15,000 (?)St. Paul 225 3,500 3,500 6,000

Akeley, Albert Lea, Austin, Blooming Prairie, Cloquet, Crooks-ton, Faribault, Fergus Falls, Isanta, Kinbrae, Laurel, Le Soeur,Little Falls, Long Prairie, Mankato, Moorehead, Mount Iron,Preston, Red Wing, St. Cloud, St. James, St. Peter, South Minne-apolis, Two Harbors, Tower, Virginia, Wells, Winnebago, NewUlm, Winona.


MISSISSIPPI1877 1905 1907 1912

Brookhaven . . . . 85Canton 100 100Clarksdale 200Columbus 100 75 63Greenville 500 200Greenwood . . . . 125 . . . .

. Jackson 88 100 115Laurel 50 50Lexington 57 75Meridian 160 338 450 500Natchez 220 450 575Port Gibson 171 131 150Rolling Fork 20Starkville 54 35Summit 45 25Vicksburg 520 659 717 600"West Point 25 12Woodville 74 . . . . 82 120

Belzona, Chatham, Drew, Fort Adams, Grace, Gunnison, Hamp-ton, Hattiesburg, Hub, Indianola, Kosciusko, Leland, Lucedale,Minter City, Moorhead, Richton, Ripon, Sallis, Scooba, Silver City,Sun Flower, Tunica, Weir, Winona, Wiggins, Yazoo City.

MISSOURI1877 3905 1907 1912

Carthage 55 50Columbia 36Hannibal 67Jefferson City 37Joplin 175 300Kansas City 240 5,500 8,000 8,000Louisiana 40 35St. Joseph 325 1,200 2,000 3,000St. Louis 6,200 40,000 40,000 40,000Sedalia 100

Albany, Aurora, Belleville, Bethany, Bolkow, Bonne Terre, Boone-ville, Butler, Carrolton, Cartersville, Chillicothe, Clinton, Deep-water, Desloge, East St. Louis, Elsbury, Excelsior Springs, Fayette,Harrisonville, Henry, Hopkins, Independence, Lancaster, Lexing-ton, Maplewood, Marceline, Maryland, Mexico, Moberly, Monett,North Springfield, Portageville, Rich Hill, Richmond, St. Charles,Sikeston, Speed, Springfield, Warrensburg.


MONTANA

1877 1905 1907 1912

Butte 250 300 800Helena 112 . . . . 150 150

Broadview, Billings, Colbertson, Fallon, Glasgow, Great Falls,Livingston, Missoula, Vaughn.

NEBRASKA1877 1905 1907 1912

Fremont . . . . 150Hastings 30Lincoln 225 800 1,200Nebraska City 150Omaha 66 3,300 5,000 12,000

Beatrice, Caldwell, Creighton, Foster, Grand Island, Madrid,Martindale, North Platte, Ogallola, Pierce, Plattsmouth, SouthOmaha, Sydney, Valentine, Wisner.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

1877 1905 1907 1912Manchester 650 500Nashua 160 . . . .Portsmouth 29 400 500

Acworth, Claremont, Concord, Laconia, Newmarket, Sommer-worth.

NEW JERSEY

1877 1905 1907 1912

Alliance 512 200 265Arlington , 92 200Atlantic City 800 1,250 3,500Bayonne 1,200 2,500 10,000Bloomfield 150Camden 29 500 800 500Carmel 471 600Dover 125Elizabeth 1,200 2,000Garton Road 200Harrison 659 600Hoboken 600 1,000 2,000Jersey City 450 6,000 10,000 10,000Lakewood . . . . 75 100Long Branch 35 500New Brunswick 173 400Newark 3,500 20,000 30,000


1877 1905 1907 1912

Norma 200 195Orange 1,000 200Passaic 37 2,000 3,000Paterson 427 6,000 5,000Perth Amboy 1,000 3,000Plainfleld 200 500Rosenhayn 294 250 600Somerville 50 1,500 120Trenton 50 1,500 4,000Vineland 225Woodbine 2,000 2,100

Bridgeton, Cape May, Egg Harbor, Millville, Freehold, HollyBeach, Hightstown, Pine Brook, Point Pleasant, Kenilworth,Sayerville, Scobeyville.

NEW MEXICO1877 1905 1907 1912

Albuquerque 165 800 200Las Vegas 250 154Roswell 45 45 25Santa Fe 108 25

Clayton, Dening, Las Cruces, Raton, Silver City, Springer,Wagon Mound.

NEW YORK1877 1905 1907 1912

Albany 2,000 4,000 3,500 3,500Amsterdam 250 250 500Auburn 80 100Bath Beach 450Binghamton 500 1,500Buffalo 775 7,000 10,000 20,000Coney Island . . . . 700 . . . .Corona . . . . 150 . . . .Elmira 300 1,500 1,800 1,500Glens Falls 27 1 100Gloversville . . . . 800 . . . .Greenport . . . . 25 . . . .Haverstraw . . . . 232 200Hempstead . . . . 1,500 80Ithaca 55 100 120 150Kingston 68 600 780Lake Placid 62 900Maspeth . . . . 165 . . . .New Rochelle . . . . 250 3,000

STATISTICS OP JEWS 371

1877 1905 1907 1912

New York City 60,000 672,000 600,000Newburgh 158 500 500 500Brooklyn 13,000 100,000 250,000Niagara Falls . . . . 350 160Ogdensburg 75 50Olean 109 109Ossining 120 . . . .Ozone Park . . . . 75 . . . .Patchogue . . . . 150 . . . .Peekskill 300Plattsburg 125 100Port Jervis . . . . 150Port Richmond 800Poughkeepsie 75 200 1,000Rochester 1,175 5,000 10,000 12,000Rome 200Saratoga Springs 30Schenectady 550 1,000Syracuse 5,000. 10,000 8,000Tarrytown 300Troy 500 3,000 1,800Tupper Lake 125 120Utica 2,000Watertown 160 175Yonkers 3,000 4,500

Adams, Adams Center, Amity, Augola, Batavia, Bates, Boonville,Brier Hill, Burlington Flats, Camillus, Carthage, Centerville, Chit-tenango, Coamack, Cohoes, Conastota, Cortland, Cato, Cat-taraugus, Castile, Cazenovia, Depew, Derby, Delhi, Dolgeville,Dunkirk, Bast Brookfield, East Greenbush, Eden Center, FortPlain, Glenham, Goshen, Gouverneur, Gowanda, Greenwich, Hamil-ton, Haven, Harrisville, Holland Patent, Hornellsville, Jamestown,Johnstown, Kings Park, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lewiston, Locke,Lockport, Lyon Mount, Lyons Falls, Mountaindale, Macedon,Marcellus, Massena, Maywood, Mexico, Middleton, Milbrook, Miller-ton, Monroe, Nassau, Newfleld, Ovid, Oswego, Potsdam, PierpontManor, Philadelphia, Poland, Pawling, Riverhead, Ray Brook,Ronkomkoma; Richford, Randolph, Salem, Sag Harbor, St. RegisFalls, Salamanca, Santa Clara, Saranac Lake, Sherman Park,Spring Valley, Suffern, Stamford, Stephentown, Sprakers, Skan-eateles, Savona, Tioga Center, Trumasburg, Tannersville, Valatie,Walcott, Worcester, Waterville, Yorktown.


NORTH CAROLINA1877 1906 1907 1912

Asheville 100 100 150Charlotte ' 200Durham 200 150Gastonia 29 35Goldsboro 147 125 250Greensboro 150 100New Berne . . . . 125 . . . .Raleigh 78 28 50 50Statesville 97 59 200Tarboro 54 100 50 50Wilmington 200 1.500 200

Carthage, High Point, Kingston, Rockingham, Shelby, Salisbury,Winston, Winston-Salem.

NORTH DAKOTA1877 1905 1907 1912

Bismarck 20Edmore 70Fargo 250 500Grand Forks 250 400

Andrews, Ambrose, Ashley, Balfour, Battineau, Benedict, Bow-man, Burleigh, Canfleld, Devil's Lake, Dogden, Dickinson, Edgeley,Gardeno, Glen Ullin, Goodrich, Hague, Jamestown, Kief, Kulma,Lehr, Leipzig, Rolla, Mandan, St. Joseph, Regan, Streeter, Stark-weather, Souris, Venturia Valley, Weatherland, Wilton, Williston,Wishek, Zeeland.

OHIO1877 1905 1907 1912

Akron 1,000 1,500 1,200Bellaire 64 140 300 400Bucyrus . . . . . . . . 25Canton 96 600 1,000Chillicothe 50Cincinnati 8,000 17,500 25,000 28,000Circleville 35 95Cleveland 3,500 25,000 40,000 60,000Columbus 420 1,500 4,000 6,000Dayton 500 1,200 2,500 4,500Fremont 45 50Hamilton 110 150 200Lima 143 150 100Lorain . . . . 150 . . . .


1877 1905 1907 1912Mansfield 50Marion 60 54Middletown 52 100Piqua 68 65 60 225Portsmouth 84 96 114 60Sandusky 125Springfield 148 300 200Steubenville 200 150Toledo 350 . . . . 3,000 5,000Youngstown 140 2,000 4,500Zanesville 300

Ada, Alliance, Ashland, Ashtabula, Barbarton, Bellevue, CanalFulton, Chauncey, Clyde, Collinwood, Conneaut, Coshocton, Cuya-hoga Falls, Dennison, Delaware, Dillonville, East Liverpool, Fair-field, Fairport Harbor, Findlay, Forest, Ironton, Jamestown, Kent,Lackland, Logan, Marietta, Mount Gilead, Massillon, Mineral City,Mount Vernon, Monroeville, Mansfield, Murray City, Mies, Nelson-ville, Norwalk, Norwood, Oak Harbor, Perry, Pomeroy, Salem,Salinville, Sebring, Sekiton, Spencerville, Troy, St. Marys, Urbana,Urichsville, Vermillion, Warrensville, Worcester, Xenia, Van Wert.

OKLAHOMA

1877 1905Ardmore . . . .Oklahoma City 70Shawnee . . . .

1907100275

1907

5,000

191250

800

19127,000

OREGON

1877 1905

Portland 525 4,000

PENNSYLVANIA1877 1905 1907 1912

Allentown . . . . 250 . . . .Altoona 1,200 500 1,200Bloomsburg . . . . . . . . 40Braddock 350 600Bradford 400 500Butler 150 150Chester 517 550Connellsville . . . . . . . . . . . .Conshohocken . . . . 58Corry 50 36Danville 150 100


1877 1905 1907 1812

Donora . . . . 164 35Easton 255 200 1,500Erie 600 800Greensburg . . . . 250 . . . .Harrisburg 158 550 1,250 5,000Hazleton 300 500Homestead 150 500Johnstown 100 600 300Lancaster 115 1,000 1,000 1,400McKees Rocks 200McKeesport 650 350Mnhanoy City 300Meadville 28 75Middletown 75 90Mount Carmel . . . . . . . . . . . .New Castle 110Northumberland 125 80Oil City 320 250Old Forge 150Philadelphia 12,000 75,000 100,000Phoenixville 200Pittsburgh 2,000 15,000 25,000 35,000Pittstown 150Pottstown 200Plymouth 90Pottsville 400Priceburg . . . . 100Punxsutawney . . . . 200 250Reading 142 800 1,500Scranton 245 5,000 6,000 7,000Sharon 50 500Shamokin 200South Bethlehem . . . . 100Titusville . . . . 90Uniontown 300 . . . .Washington 200 . . . .Wilkes-Barre 250 1,800 2,000 8,000York 300

Aliquippa, Allegheny, Alverton, Avalon, Bakerton, Beaver,Beaver Falls, Belleyue, Bethlehem, Blossburg, Carnegie, Carlisle,Carbondale, Carpolis, Cataract, California, Charleroi, Chambers-burg, Clairton, Clearfield, Curwensville, Dixmont, Doylestown,Duquesne, East Pittsburgh, East Stroudsburg, Economy, Eldred,Everston, Farrell, Fayette City, Ford City, Freeland, Heilwood,Houtzdale, Indiana, Irwin, Jeanette, Johnsonburg, Kane, Kings-


ley, Latrobe, Lehighton, Lewistown, Ludlow, Malvern, Montours-ville, Munson, McDonald, Mammoth, Millersburg, Monessen,Meadow Lands, Montrose, Mount Pleasant, Natrona, New Kensing-ton, Nesbit, Olyphant, Osburn, Parsons, Patton, Philipsburg, Pit-cairn, Rochester, Spring City, Spring Mills, Sheffield, Steelton,South Fork, Sunbury, Susquehanna, Suterville, Tamaqua, TurtleCreek, Vandergrift, Warren, Wigton, Williamsport, Wilmerding,Youngstown.

RHODE ISLAND1877 1905 1907 1912

Bristol 400Central FallsNewport 200 125Pawtucket 200 500Providence 10,000 13,000Westerly . . . . • • • •Woonsocket 175 500 350

SOUTH CAROLINA1877 1905 1907 1912

Aiken 10 32Beaufort 123Charleston 700 800 1,500 2,000Columbia 57 150Darlington 56 45 49 75Florence 27 24 12Georgetown . . . . 65 . . . .Orangeburg 60Sumpter 89 175 140 200

Allendale, Anderson, Bennettsville, Blackville, Conway, Dillon,Ehrhardt, Graniteville, Greenwood, Greenville, Lawrence, MonksCorner, Mountmorencie, Newberry, St. Stephen, Summerton, Spar-tanburg, Summerville, Timonsville, Union, Winnsboro, Wagner.

TENNESSEE1877 1905 1907 1912

Bristol , 110 225Brownsville . . . . 74 . . . .Chattanooga 178 300 600 800Clarksville 75Jackson 150Knoxville 67 250 600 300Memphis 2,100 2,500 4,000 6,000Nashville 1,085 4,000 3,700

Chuckey, Columbia, Franklin, Johnson City, Linden, Manches-ter, Mount Pleasant, Murfreesboro, Springfield, Sevierville.


TEXAS1877 1905 1907 1912

Abilene . . . . . • • • 4Arlington 25Austin 225 200 250Beaumont 350 400Brenham 15 250Brownsville 37 150Brownwood . . . . • • • • 7Bryan 150Columbus 20Corpus Christi 60 100Corsicana 90 380 . . . . 300Denton . . . . • • • • 15Dallas 260 1,200 4,000 5,000El Paso 350 350 500Ennis 25Gainesville . . . . . . . . 54Galveston 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000Greenville . . . . 52Hallettsville 105 81 25Hempstead 120 50 30Houston 461 2,500 2,500 5,000Jefferson 40Laredo . . . . . . . . 60Maslin 200Marshall 200Navasota . . . . . . . . 50Orange . . . . . . . . 50Palestine 97Paris 100Port Arthur 65San Angelo . . . . . . . . 20San Antonio 302" 800 1,800 3,000Southwater 100Taylor 52Temple . . . . . . . . 50Texarkana 125 100Tyler 225 288 325Victoria 85 120 103 100Waco 158 600 1,000

Amarillo, Brownsville, Calvert, Cisco, Corrigan, Clebourne,Crockett, Dearborn, Denison, Dublin, East Bernard, El Campo,Elano, Elgin, Fort Worth, Garee, Hearne, Henderson, Hilsboro,Humble, Longview, Marquez, Mineral Wells, Morlin, New Caney,


Godlipp, Oakwood, Pecos, Richmond, Rotan, Sequin, Sherman,Traupe, Tyler, "Waxahachie, Wharton, Yoakum.

UTAH

1877 1905 1907 1912Ogden 75 100Salt Lake City 180 750 5,000

Dragon, Murray, Logan, Springville.

VERMONT1877 1905 1907 1912

Burlington 450 700 800Newport . . . . 20St. Albans 79West Rutland 12 30

Barton, Bennington, Brandon, Brattleboro, Bridport, Craftsbury,Montpelier, Royalton, St. Johnsbury, Sheldon, Tower, Vergennes,Wallingford.

VIRGINIA1877 *1905 1907 1912

Alexandria 110 122Berkley . . . . . . . .Charlottesville 91 50Danville 114 150Fredericksburg 60 60Harrisonburg . . . . 116 75Hampton . . . . 110 . . . .Lynchburg 140 250Newport News 500 400 175Norfolk 500 1,200 2,000 1,000Petersburg 163 61 310Pocahontas . . . . 120 . . . .Portsmouth 700 2,100Richmond 1,200 2,500 3,000 3,000Roanoke . . . . 175 . . . .Staunton 45 40 50

Berryville, Clifton Forge, Franklin City, Keysville, MechumsRiver, Phoebus.

WASHINGTON1877 1905 1907 1912

Seattle 56 4,000 4,500Spokane 800 1,000Tacoma 150 350 300

Bellingham, Enumclaw, Hoquiam, Kirkland, Leavenworth, Pull-man, Republic, Raymond, Vancouver, Walla Walla.


WEST VIRGINIA1877 1905 1907 1912

Charlestown 92 142 190 3,000Huntington 71 100 150Parkersburg 150 50 400Wheeling 300 400 550 500

Charleston, Clarksburg, Elkins, Fairmount, Grayton, Hambleton,Morgantown, Martinton, Monongah, New Martinsville, Piedmont,Princeton, Point Pleasant, Rahway, Sistersville, Tug Creek, Wil-liamson.

WISCONSIN1877 1905 1907 1912

Appleton 143 162 225 20Ashland 68 20Hurley 300La Crosse 106 150 100Madison .*" 60 200 175Marinette 250Marshall 350Milwaukee 2,075 8,000 10,000 15,000Monroe . . . . 50 . . . .Montana 200Oshkosh 100Racine 300 900Sheboygan 2,000Stevens Point 100 90

Albany, Amherst, Antigo, Arpin, Beloit, Black River Falls,Cudahy, Chippewa Falls, Clintonville, Cottage Grove, Delavon,Delaware, Eau Claire, Elk Horn, Elroy, Fond du Lac, Fennimore,Green Bay, Grand Rapids, Hartford, Hilbert, Janesville, Kaukauna,Kenosha, Lake Geneva, Manitowoc, Marshfield, Merrill, Milladore,Medford, Nashville, Neenah, New Glarus, Oconto, Palmyra, Philips,Plymouth, Ripon, Sparta, Stoughton, Sturgeon Bay, Superior, TwoRivers, Viola, Wantoma, Waupun, Waterloo, Watertown, Wauke-sha, Waupaca, Wausau, West End, West Superior, Westfield, WhiteWater.

WYOMINGCheyenne, Cody, Chug Water, Kemmerer, Laramie.

STATISTICS OF JEWS 339 - AJC Archivescountry and recorded by the census of 1910 that is likely to be...

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Transcript of STATISTICS OF JEWS 339 - AJC Archivescountry and recorded by the census of 1910 that is likely to be...