statistical analysis

fn

, I

r E

chit

07;ine

and land transportation. Most of these materials aresubjected to cycling loading during the service conditions.The mechanisms of composite materials under cycling load-

As it is in inhomogeneous all materials, it can be seengreat dierences in static strength and fatigue life testresults among the samples in the same conditions in GFRPcomposites having anisotropy structure as well. Statisticalevaluations are very important because of the dierentdistribution of the test results in GFRP samples. When

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 266 612 1194; fax: +90 266 612 1257.E-mail address: [email protected] (_I. Ay).

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Materials and Design 29 (20

Materials1. Introduction

In recent years, glass-ber reinforced polyester (GFRP)composite materials have developed more rapidly than met-als in structural applications. They are used alternativelyinstead of metallic materials because of their low density,high strength and rigidity [14]. The studies on reliability ofstructure depending on damage tolerance are very importantfor todays composite researchers since GFRP are used aspreferable structures in fan blades, wind turbine, in air, sea

ing and their fracture behaviors are really complex [14].Because, anisotropy structure ofGFRPmaterials forms threeaxial local stresses in itself. Static and fatigue failures inmulti-layer composites contain dierent damage combinations likematrix cracking, bermatrix debonding, ply delaminationand ber fracture. The form of each type failure is dierentdepending onmaterial properties, number of layers and load-ing type [3,5]. Thus, knowing the fatigue behavior under thecyclic loading is essential for using composite materials safelyand in practical structural designs [14].Abstract

The bending fatigue behaviors were investigated in glass ber-reinforced polyester composite plates, made from woven-roving withfour dierent weights, 800, 500, 300, and 200 g/m2, random distributed glass-mat with two dierent weights 225, and 450 g/m2 and poly-ester resin. The plates which have ber volume ratio Vf @ 44% and obtained by using resin transfer moulding (RTM) method were cutdown in directions of [0/90] and [45]. Thus, eight dierent ber-glass structures were obtained. These samples were tested in a com-puter aided fatigue apparatus which have xed stress control and fatigue stress ratio [R = 1]. Two-parameter Weibull distribution func-tion was used to analysis statistically the fatigue life results of composite samples. Weibull graphics were plotted for each sample usingfatigue data. Then, SN curves were drawn for dierent reliability levels (R = 0.99, R = 0.50, R = 0.368, R = 0.10) using these data.These SN curves were introduced for the identication of the rst failure time as reliability and safety limits for the benet of designers.The probabilities of survival graphics were obtained for several stress and fatigue life levels. Besides, it was occurred that RTM condi-tions like ber direction, resin permeability and full inltration of bers are very important when composites (GFRP) have been used foralong time under dynamic loads by looking at test results in this study. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Glass-ber reinforced polyester composite (GFRP); Bending fatigue; Fatigue life; Weibull distribution; Mean life; Survival life; ReliabilityanalysisStatistical analysis of bendingdistribution in glass-ber rei

Raif Sakin a

a Edremit Technical Vocational School of Higheb Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering and Ar

Received 19 January 20Available onl0261-3069/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2007.05.005atigue life data using Weibullforced polyester composites

_rfan Ay b,*

ducation, Balikesir University, Edremit, Turkey

ecture Faculty, Balikesir University, 10145 Balikesir, Turkey

accepted 16 May 20072 June 2007

www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes

08) 11701181

&Design

great safety coecient was used in the past, this distribu-tion in the results was relatively unimportant. With thedevelopment of high performance aircraft, the changeabil-ity of mechanical properties of GFRP composites hasgained great importance. Analyzing the reliability of com-posite materials is an inevitable need because of brittle frac-ture in structure and especially wide scatter of fatigue data.Thus, for the safe application of composite materials inindustry, their fatigue data as statistically must be under-stood well. The statistical properties used, generally dependon usual distribution in mean strength. But especially, Wei-bull distribution has more reliable values than other distri-butions in fatigue data evaluations from the point ofvariables in life and strength parameters [3,6]. So, it hasbeen proved in literature that Weibull distribution will be

obtained at Vf @ 44% approximately. It was observed that bubbles wereconned and incomplete inltration occurred in some layers. Incompleteinltrated plates were not tested and evaluated (see Fig. 2). Eight dierentmaterial combinations were obtained by cutting the plates in the directionof [0/90] and [45] as shown in Table 2. Fatigue test samples were pre-pared from these plates with dimensions of 25 250 3.00 mm as shownin Fig. 3 [11]. By preparing samples with the dimension of18 140 3.00 mm from the same plates according to the ASTM 790-00three point bending tests were carried out and obtained maximum bendingstrength (Table 4) [12].

Especially in the formation of SN curves, (Figs. 7 and 10) the maxi-mum bending strength values were considered as one cycle strength value[11,13,14].

3. Fatigue tests

Fatigue samples (shown in Fig. 3) were tested in the fati-gue apparatus specially designed and improved by us (seeFig. 4) [11]. Test conditions were as follows:

Motor: 0.5 HP 1390 rpmMain shaft: 30 rpm (0.5 Hz)Test frequency: 2 HzTemperature: roomControl: stress (load)Loading ratio: R = 1Maximal number of cycle: 1 million

The experimental conditions of the rotating fatigue tests

R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials and Duseful in the evaluation of fatigue data reliability in com-posite structures [3,610].

The aim of this study is to investigate the failure of fanblades and wind turbines made by composite materialsinstead of aluminum which is caused by bending fatigueforces. And then, the test results for these composites underreversal stress (bending) are to analysis as statistical byusing Weibull distribution. Consequently, any engineercan use these SN curves at the various reliability levelsfor their practical applications.

2. Experimental procedure

2.1. Materials and test specimens

General purposive and unsaturated polyester resin, glass-mat andwoven-roving as shown in Table 1 were used for this study. In order toobtain GFRP sample by RTM method; heated mold system was con-structed [11].

The mold was sprayed with a mold release agent to facilitate the laterremoval of the molding. Then one layer of glass-mat and one layer woven-roving put into the mold as shown in Fig. 1a and b. The properties of poly-ester resin other additive materials were prepared in accordance withRTM as shown in Table 1. Then, the prepared mixture was injected intothe mold under pressure between 0.51 bar. At about 40 C, 12 h later, themold was opened and a plate with dimension of 310 600 3.00 mm wasremoved out of the mold. In the study, the volume of glass-ber was

Table 1Composition of GFRP plates

Matrix Orthophthalic polyester resina (Neoxil CE92N8)Monomer Styreneb (15% of matrix volume)Catalyst Cobalt naphthenateb (0.2% of matrix volume)Hardener Methyl ethyl ketone peroxideb (MEKP) (0.7% of matrix

volume)Reinforcement Woven-rovinga,c

Density: 2.5 g/cm3

Weight per unit area: 800, 500, 300, and 200 g/m2

Fiber direction: [0/90] and [45]

Glass-mata,c

Density: 2.5 g/cm3

Weight per unit area: 225 and 450 g/m2

Fiber direction: Random

a (CamElyaf A.S., Turkey).

b (Poliya A.S., Turkey).c (Fibroteks A.S., Turkey).Fig. 1. (a) Schematic picture of glass-ber used and (b) arrangement ofglass-ber.

esign 29 (2008) 11701181 1171were stress controlled exural loading with a 30 rpm rotat-ing speed. The maximum stress was applied on specimen

nd DInfiltration at the corners is so weak. (White zones)

1172 R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials atwice during one revolution (horizontal positions of a spec-imen), it might be logical to count two cycles for one revo-lution. Thus, the frequency of the rotating fatigue tests inthis study was considered as 2 Hz [13]. The samples havebeen aected by lift and drag forces during the rotationin this fatigue test. Because of lower rotating speed, theeects of these forces were negligible. For loading the cal-culated weight to the specimens, steel disks, which had var-ious dimensions and thicknesses (i.e. various weights), wereused. Bending stresses have been only caused by theweights have been accepted as eective [11,13]. During

Fig. 2. Inltration ratio

Table 2GFRP sample groups and their structures (Vf @ 44%)

Group Fiber direction Woven-roving

800 g/m2 500 g/m2

A [45] 3a B [45] 4C [45] D [45] E [0/90] 3 F [0/90] 4G [0/90] H [0/90] a Indicates number of layers in the sample.

Fig. 3. (a) Fatigue sample dimensions aInfiltration (medium)

Infiltration (well)

esign 29 (2008) 11701181the test, when the sample is horizontal position (0and180), maximum stress is occurred. The absolute valuesof these stresses are equal to each other (rmax = rmin).During the rotation at 0 while the upper bers are sub-jected to tension, the lower ber are subjected to compres-sion. When the sample position is 180, upper bers aresubjected to compression and the lower bers are subjectedto tension. Thus, this stage was tension-compression fullyreversed. In this situation fatigue stress ratio is R = 1.

The pictures of samples broken result of the fatigue testare shown in Fig. 5. Fiber-free bearings shows starting

in some laminates.

Glass-mat

300 g/m2 200 g/m2 225 g/m2 450 g/m2

4 4 15 4 2 7 8 4 4 15 4 2 7 8

nd (b) sample connection position.

nd DR. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials apoint of the fatigue crack (Fig. 5b). This can also be consid-ered as the weakest part of the sample. As the fatigue crackhas occurred in the weakest part, matrix (polyester) andber (glass-ber) separate from each other and the crackgrows until the ber breaks down. The weakest part inbermatrix interface is ber-free bearings and dry bers(not inltrated) [15]. These samples have been not testedin this study. This condition is one of the most importantpoints that should be taken into account. Transversematrix- ber separation generally starts at the upper bers.The rigidity and exibility of the upper and lower bersdecrease at the highest levels of the cycling bending process(tension-compression). Thus, the value of elasticity modulewill reduce by passage of time under cycling loading [16].On the other hand, the separation between longitudinalber and matrix is similar to the separation in the trans-verse matrix cracks [16].

Fig. 4. (a) Front view and (b) left-side view. Schematic view of mesign 29 (2008) 11701181 11734. Statical analysis of fatigue life data

4.1. Theory of Weibull distribution

Weibull distribution is being used to model extreme val-ues such as failure times and fatigue life. Two popular formsof this distribution are two- and three-parameter Weibulldistributions. The probability density function (PDF) oftwo-parameter distribution has been indicated in the fol-lowing Eq. (1). This PDF Equation is the most known def-inition of two-parameter Weibull distribution [2,3,17,18]

f x ba

xa

b1e

xa b aP 0; bP 0 1

where a and b is the scale, shape parameter. The advanta-ges of two-parameter Weibull distribution are as follows[3]:

ulti-specimen and xed stress bending fatigue test apparatus.

tes

nd D It can be explainwith a simple function and applied easily. It is used frequently in the evaluation of fatigue life ofcomposites.

Its usage is easy having present graphics and simple cal-

Fig. 5. (a) The pictures of the samples broken as a result of the fatiguezoom: 40X). Pictures of GFRP samples.

1174 R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials aculation methods. It gives some physical rules concerning failure when theslope of theWeibull probability plots taken into account.

If PDF Equation is integrated, cumulative density func-tion (CDF) in Eq. (2) is obtained. Eq. (3) derives from Eq.(2).

F fx 1 e xa b

21 F fx e xa

b

3F sx 1 F fx 4Rx 1 Px 5In the above equations;

x variable (usually life). Failure cycles in this study(Nf),

b shape parameter or Weibull slope,a characteristic life or scale parameter,Ff(x) probability of failure (Px),Fs(x) probability of survival or reliability (Rx).

If the natural logarithm of both sides of the Eq. (3) istaken, the following Eq. (6) can be written.

ln ln1

1 F fx

b lnx b lna 6When the Eq. (6) is rearranged as linear equation, Y = ln(ln(1/(1 Ff (x)))), X = ln (x), m = b and c = b (ln(a))is written. Hence, a linear regression model in the formof Eq. (7) is obtained

ts and (b) front view of cracked zone as a result of fatigue (Group: E,

esign 29 (2008) 11701181Y mX c 7a ec=b 8In Eq. (2), when x = a,

F fx 1 e1b

F fx 1 0:368F fx Px 0:632 63:2% is obtained:According to Eq. (8) characteristic life (a) is the time or

the number of cycles at which 63.2% of the population isexpected to fail. The life of critical parts (roller bearing,blade etc.) designed for fatigue is indicated as P10, P1,P0.1 for lower failure probabilities [19]. In this study, asshown in Fig. 10, SN plots were drawn for the values ofP1, P50, P63.2, P90 (or R99, R50, R36.8, R10) and this studyalso guides the designers. NPx or NRx are values of life indi-cating X% failure probability and can be calculated fromEq. (9). The median life values (50% life) can be calculatedEq. (10) or can be read from the graphics in Fig. 11. In thisstudy, survival graphics drawn for each stress value ofGFRP samples is given in Fig. 11.

NPx NRx a lnRx1=b 9NP50 NR50 a ln21=b 10Mean life (mean time to failure = MTTF = N0), stan-dard deviation (SD) and coecient of variation (CV) of

two-parameter Weibull distribution were calculated fromthe following Equations [3,18,20,21]

MTTF N 0 a C1 1=b 11SD a

C1 2=b C21 1=b

q12

CV SDN 0

a

C1 2=b C21 1=b

qa C1 1=b 13

where (C) is gamma function.

4.2. Application of Weibull distribution

The drawing of Weibull line for X and Y, the parameterof Weibull distribution and reliability analysis processescan be carried out by software such as Microsoft Exceland SPSS [17,22]. Microsoft Excel has been used in thisstudy. The following processes were carried out to drawWeibull lines and obtain parameters.

1. The number of failure cycle corresponding to eachstress was located successively.

2. Serial number was given for each value(i = 1,2,3, . . . ,n).

3. Each value for failure probability was used in Ber-nards Median Rank formula given in Eq. (14).

MR i 0:3n 0:4 14

where i is failure serial number and n is total testnumber of samples [2224].

4. ln(ln(1/(1 MR))) values were calculated for eachcycle value (Y-axis).

5. ln(cycle) values were calculated for each cycle value(X-axis).

6. Only the data given for group-A samples as examplein Table 3 was transferred to Microsoft Excel. Forregression analysis, the Analysis ToolPak Add-Inwas loaded into Microsoft Excel [11,22].

7. The graphics of ln(cycle) and ln(ln(1/(1 MR))) val-ues were drawn as shown in Fig. 6.

8. Y = mX + c linear equation given in the Eq. (7) wasobtained in the most reasonable form from thisgraphics.

Table 3Summarized Weibull values of GFRP samples for Group-A [11]

Stress amplitude, Sa (MPa) Cycle Rank Med. Rnk. MR In(cycle) (X-axis) ln(ln(1/(1 MR))) (Y-axis) a b360 1 0.129630 5.886104 1.974459736 2 0.314815 6.601230 0.972686

106.728 922 3 0.500000 6.826545 0.366513 947 2.2041010 4 0.685185 6.917706 0.1447671016 5 0.870370 6.923629 0.714455

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .11111

1

R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials and Design 29 (2008) 11701181 1175960,633 1 0.129630979,766 2 0.314815

50.257 1,088,925 3 0.5000001,108,771 4 0.6851851,170,104 5 0.870370

Y=

1.92

1x-

16.14

3

Y=

2.20

4X-

15.10

3

Y=

9.00

8X-

91.31

8

-2.3

-2.0

-1.8

-1.5

-1.3

-1.0

-0.8

-0.5

-0.3

0.0

0.3

0.5

0.8

1.0

5 6 7 8 9 10ln(N )

ln(ln

(1/(1-

Med

ian R

ank)

))f

Fig. 6. Weibull lines for GFR3.775348 1.9744593.795069 0.9726863.900702 0.366513 1,103,609 11.8003.918763 0.1447673.972603 0.714455

Y=

4.40

4X-

49.18

Y=

2.09

2X-

26.25

5Y

=5.

981X

-80

.71

5

Y=

11.80

0X-

164.

189

1 12 13 14 15

106.728 MPa

85.336 MPa

76.264 MPa

68.895 MPa

61.954 MPa

55.751 MPa

50.257 MPaP samples in Group-A.

Table 4According to test results, Weibull parameters for each stress amplitude [11]

Stress amplitude,Sa (MPa)

Characteristic life,(a) (cycle)

Shapeparameter (b)

Weibull meanlife (cycle)

Group: A203.120 1 1.000 1106.728 947 2.204 83985.336 4472 1.921 396776.268 25,270 9.008 23,93068.895 70,756 4.404 64,49061.954 282,538 2.092 250,24955.751 725,345 5.981 672,80150.257 1103 609 11.800 1,056,907

Group: B258.288 1 1.000 1116.764 917 5.112 84393.788 8204 4.015 743884.403 60,613 6.229 56,34876.105 186,720 2.730 166,11168.653 468,909 4.552 428,20161.550 779,735 5.091 716,67857.922 1,253,868 4.313 1,141,429

Group: C278.313 1 1.000 1128.039 1422 3.597 1281103.769 8184 2.533 726493.235 21,058 3.766 19,02284.152 64,604 3.797 58,38675.485 162,344 4.628 148,39268.028 351,042 2.773 312,47463.378 915,776 10.639 873,46661.221 1,262,614 9.156 1,196,578

Group: D265.468 1 1.000 1111.502 1182 1.719 105397.072 4125 1.678 368487.219 17,128 2.825 15,25778.800 44,060 3.066 39,38370.792 192,165 1.830 170,75963.757 459,053 2.674 408,09657.411 807,018 22.523 787,84853.070 1,556,050 4.324 1,416,720

Group: E353.540 1 1.000 1163.271 1233 1.864 1095129.452 5971 3.988 5412106.908 49,840 4.088 45,23196.166 269,491 2.308 238,75591.170 617,135 10.157 587,49788.734 887,796 6.363 826,28186.640 1,109,131 14.472 1,069,82284.250 1,532,755 4.910 1,405,857

Group: F375.200 1 1.000 1151.934 3195 2.532 2836123.852 9534 2.047 8446111.613 39,695 2.388 35,185100.138 216,224 4.479 197,26690.322 349,306 6.519 325,52781.316 670,939 5.040 616,31873.201 1,053,763 10.309 1,003,780

145.837 2011 1.388 1835

1176 R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials and D9. b and c values were obtained by linear regressionapplication (least squares method). m = b parameterwas obtained directly from the slope of the line.

10. a parameter was obtained from the Eq. (8)11. The mean fatigue life corresponding to each stress

was calculated from Eq. (11), and the variation coef-cients were calculated from Eq. (13). The dierencebetween mean fatigue life and the variation coe-

117.274 9379 3.211 8402105.754 41,617 25.650 40,74195.132 77,664 4.330 70,71685.619 175,290 3.669 158,11776.938 384,464 4.135 349,14169.377 785,661 9.065 744,23664.270 1,595,150 6.289 1,483,682Table 4 (continued)

Stress amplitude,Sa (MPa)

Characteristic life,(a) (cycle)

Shapeparameter (b)

Weibull meanlife (cycle)

Group: G348.198 1 1.000 1147.771 1354 1.351 1241119.308 16,786 3.177 15,029107.214 51,365 2.322 45,51096.241 139,934 2.227 123,93586.771 254,726 8.218 240,19877.882 481,137 7.360 451,23573.941 1,244,927 4.278 1,132,769

Group: H311.504 1 1.000 1

esign 29 (2008) 11701181cients were given in Fig. 9.12. The above processes were carried out in order for all

samples group and Weibull graphics and parameterswere obtained a and b parameters obtained areshown in Table 4.

The results of the processes carried out above have beensummarized in Table 3. Example Weibull graphics for eachstress value has been given in Fig. 6 [11].

5. Results and discussion

5.1. The SN curves

106 cycles which is corresponding to fatigue strength hasbeen taken into account as a failure criterion in the evalua-tion of fatigue tests [11,13,25]. The SN curves obtained foreight dierent average fatigue life of GFRP samples havebeen shown in Fig. 7. Power Function has been used inEq. (15) for the evaluation of fatigue test data [2,3,6,11,26].

Sa a N fb 15In this equation;

Sa stress amplitude (fatigue strength),

Nf number of cycle (fatigue life),a and b are constants (Its given for each material group in

Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. SN curves for ei

Table 5The stress (fatigue strength) values and decrease rate in 106 cycles

R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials and Design 29 (2008) 11701181 1177Group Stress amplitude, Sa (MPa) Decrease rate (%)

E 84.210 37.7A 52.435F 77.022 21.7B 60.333

G 74.167 17.2C 61.400H 69.544 20.0D 55.644

Fig. 8. The relationship of stress amplitude,The eects on fatigue strength are obtained from SNcurves for each GFRP group. They are ber direction,weight per unit area, maximum stress values correspondingto 106 cycles and decrease rate in maximum stress ampli-tude values of bers having same weight per unit areabut in dierent directions. These eects have been shownin Table 5 and Fig. 8.

We can make the following comment for the directionsof [0/90], [45] in woven-roving composites which have800, 500, 300 and 200 g/m2 weight per unit area and havingthe same volume (Vf @ 44%) from Table 5 and Fig. 8.

The change in fatigue strength corresponding to 106

ght dierent samples.cycles depends on ber direction and weight per unit areacan be seen in Table 5 and Fig. 8. The strength in the direc-tion of [0/90] is higher. On the other hand, the strength

weight per unit area and ber direction.

100

e L

on

nd Dhas decreased suddenly because of existing of the shearstresses formed in weak interfaces on planes at [45]and bers at the direction of [45] have had to carry overload nearly 1.9 times more than that of the bers at thedirection of [0/90]. Thus, anisotropy property betweenthe samples of groups E&A is dominant reduced fatiguestrength at the rate of 37.7%. Because of high resin perme-ability of composite having groups E&A woven-roving,inltrations is better but the weak matrix cross-section isbigger than that of composite having groups F&B, G&Cand H&D [11,27].

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1000 10000

Mean Fatigu

Coe

ffici

ent o

f Var

iatio

n, C

.V.

Fig. 9. Eect of mean fatigue life

1178 R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials a5.2. Scatter in the fatigue life results

CV values for fatigue life of GFRP samples have calcu-lated by using Eq. (13). Coecient of variation (CV)graphics which is calculated by Eq. (11) corresponding tomean life (MTTF) has been shown in Fig. 9. Accordingto these results, scatter in the fatigue life values has the wid-est between 103104 and 105106. The rst widest scatterwas observed at the life range 103104 cycles for GFRPsamples because of the larger defects in structure at highstress level at the beginning of test. But later, the secondwidest scatter was observed at the life range 105106 cycles.Because, the small defects in structure reach a critical valueat the dierent stress level. This trend for dierent samplegroup is extremely important for the application anddesign of GFRP structure [3].

5.3. Reliability analysis of fatigue results and bounds for the

SN curves

The term Reliability is used for the probability of func-tional performance of a part under current service condi-tion and in denite time period. This also is known as theprobability of survival [3,28]. The probability of survivalgraphics corresponding to each stress values of GFRPsamples has been shown in Fig. 11. These graphics havebeen drawn by using Eqs. (3) and (4). The probability50% survival of samples from these diagrams is inter-sected by drawing horizontal line from Y-axis, hence theprobability can be found in which cycle value it has.For example as shown in the diagram in Fig. 11, whilethe stress is 50.257 MPa and failure cycles are 1069858for group-A samples, these values are 86.640 MPa and1081394 cycles for group-E samples corresponding to

000 1000000 10000000

ife (Cycles), No

A

B

CD

E

F

GH

the coecient of variation, CV.

esign 29 (2008) 1170118150% Reliability.The bending fatigue test results of GFRP materials

have been scattered in a great scale because of theiranisotropy structures and semi-brittle behaviours. Safelife = Reliability is an important parameter for design inthis type of structure. Reliability means that a materialcan be used without failure. The denition of reliabilityin engineering has been shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Fig. 10shows SN curves belong to several reliability levels ofGFRP samples. As SN curves belong to average valuesfor each sample in Fig. 7 and the curves having 50% reli-ability in Fig. 10 are closer to each other, the SN curveobtained from the average fatigue data in scatteredposition can be accepted as 50% reliability of survival aswell. The SN curves have been given belonging to fourdierent safe levels (R = 0.99, R = 0.50, R = 0.368,R = 0.10) in order, in Fig. 10. These SN curves providepossibility of prediction reliability fatigue life needed todesigner.

6. Conclusions

In this study, the following results have beenobtained.

nd DR. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials a(1) It has been observed that the lowest fatigue strengthis in group-A, the highest fatigue strength is ingroup-E.

Fig. 10. The SN curves for dierent reesign 29 (2008) 11701181 1179(2) The SN curves depending on mean life values for allgroups of GFRP composites have been presented inorder practicing engineers could nd them useful.

liable levels (ABCDEFGH).

nd D70%

80%

90%

100%ur

viva

l106.73 MPa85.34 MPa76.27 MPa68.90 MPa61.95 MPa55.75 MPa50.25 MPa

1180 R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials a(3) The most interesting result is the fatigue strength dif-ference (37.7%) between the samples having the sameber weight in group E&A. Generally, this suddenstrength reduction resulting from the change of berdirection, in GFRP samples is a very important pointthat should be taken into account in designs [11].

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

Prob

abili

ty o

f S

0%10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Fatigue Life (Cycles), Ln(Nf)


Prob

abili

ty o

f Sur

viv

al

116.764 MPa93.788 MPa84.403 MPa76.105 MPa68.653 MPa61.550 MPa57.922 MPa

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%


Prob

abili

ty o

f Sur

viva

l

128.039 MPa103.769 MPa93.235 MPa84.152 MPa75.485 MPa68.028 MPa63.378 MPa61.221 MPa

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%


Prob

abili

ty o

f Sur

viva

l


Fig. 11. Probability of survival g70%

80%90%

100%

rviv

al


esign 29 (2008) 11701181(4) As group E&A specimens have more resin permeabil-ity, fatigue data distribution of these samples haveless scattering because of full inltration duringRTM. The group H&D specimens having less resinpermeability and incomplete inltration have thewidest scatter in life values under the high stress.

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

0%

10%20%

30%40%

50%

60%

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raphs for GFRP specimens.

Also, they showed sudden fracture behaviors. Thiscriteria is extremely important in high stress andlow cycle processes.

(5) The scatter value in all sample groups has been

[8] Lin SH, Ma CCM, Tai NH. Long ber reinforced polyamide andpolycarbonate composites. II: Fatigue behavior and morphologicalproperty. J Vinyl Addit Technol 2004;2(1):806.

R. Sakin, _I. Ay / Materials and Design 29 (2008) 11701181 1181decreased in about 106 cycles taken as a failure crite-rion and the scatter values have been closer to eachother. This result is useful for designers because ofthe accuracy and exact repeatability of the test inabout 106 cycles.

(6) Safe design life for brittle structured composites hasgreat importance. SN curves for reliability levels asR = 0.99, R = 0.50, R = 0.368, and R = 0.10 havebeen drawn and presented for designers. These dia-grams can be considered as reliability or safety limitsin identication of the rst failure time of a compo-nent under any stress amplitude. Especially, the usageof SN curves (R = 0.99) should be advised in thedesign of air-craft which have to have higher safetyand reliability.

(7) Fatigue life distribution diagrams have been obtainedby using two-parameter Weibull distribution functionfor GFRP composites. The reliability percentage (%)can be found easily corresponding to any life (cycle)or stress amplitude from these diagrams.

Acknowledgements

The study has been partly granted by Unit of ScienticResearch Projects in Balkesir University. Besides, theauthors thank Fibroteks Woven Co. and Glass-Fiber Co.(Sisecam) for their material and workmanship support.

References

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Statistical analysis of bending fatigue life data using Weibull distribution in glass-fiber reinforced polyester compositesIntroductionExperimental procedureMaterials and test specimens

Fatigue testsStatical analysis of fatigue life dataTheory of Weibull distributionApplication of Weibull distribution

Results and discussionThe S-N curvesScatter in the fatigue life resultsReliability analysis of fatigue results and bounds for the S-N curves

ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences

statistical analysis

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Transcript of statistical analysis