States of States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

We know that various We know that various levels exists levels exists beyond the beyond the conscious level.conscious level.

• Mere-exposure Mere-exposure effecteffect

• PrimingPriming• Blind sightBlind sightTaiwanese Letter Example

When we are awake we When we are awake we are…are…

In a state of Consciousness

Our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings

*includes feelings, sensations, ideas, perceptions

The central theory of The central theory of conscious behavior can be conscious behavior can be

found in:found in:

Conscious

Subconscious

Unconscious

Why Do We Daydream?Why Do We Daydream?

• They can help us prepare for future eventsThey can help us prepare for future events

• They can nourish our social development

•Can substitute for impulsive behavior

Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams• You spend one third of your whole life You spend one third of your whole life

sleeping.sleeping.• Why do we sleep?Why do we sleep?• Why do we dream?Why do we dream?• Like all creatures, we have a biological Like all creatures, we have a biological

clock, which governs our daily clock, which governs our daily function. This process is called function. This process is called circadian rhythmscircadian rhythms..

• These rhythms include a sequence of These rhythms include a sequence of bodily changes, such as a change in bodily changes, such as a change in body temperature, blood pressure, and body temperature, blood pressure, and sleepiness and wakefulness, that sleepiness and wakefulness, that occurs every 24 hours.occurs every 24 hours.

Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm

• Our 24 hour biological clockOur 24 hour biological clock• The rhythm of activity and inactivity The rhythm of activity and inactivity

lasting approximately one daylasting approximately one day• Our body temperature and awareness Our body temperature and awareness

changes throughout the daychanges throughout the day• It is best to take a test or study during It is best to take a test or study during

your circadian peaksyour circadian peaks

How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet lag?

The Stages of SleepThe Stages of Sleep

• Researchers have discovered that we sleep in Researchers have discovered that we sleep in stages.stages.

• These stages are defined according to brain wave These stages are defined according to brain wave patterns – measured by electroencephalograph (EEG).patterns – measured by electroencephalograph (EEG).

• Brain waves (electrical activity) Brain waves (electrical activity) are cyclical. That is, are cyclical. That is, they vary according to whether we are awake, relaxed, they vary according to whether we are awake, relaxed, or sleeping.or sleeping.

• There are four different kinds of brain waves – beta, There are four different kinds of brain waves – beta, alpha, theta, and delta.alpha, theta, and delta.

• Awake brain = Awake brain = beta wavesbeta waves (short and quick) (short and quick)• Begin to relax and get drowsy, the brain waves slow Begin to relax and get drowsy, the brain waves slow

and change to and change to alpha wavesalpha waves (a little slower than beta) (a little slower than beta)• After this relaxed state, sleep follows in five distinct After this relaxed state, sleep follows in five distinct

stages.stages.

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

There are 5 identified stages of sleep.There are 5 identified stages of sleep. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass

through the 5 stages.through the 5 stages. The brain’s waves will change The brain’s waves will change

according to the sleep stage you are in.according to the sleep stage you are in. The first four stages and know as The first four stages and know as

NREM sleep..NREM sleep.. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

Stage OneStage One

This is experienced as falling toThis is experienced as falling to

sleep and is a transition stage sleep and is a transition stage

between wake and sleep. between wake and sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes

and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. normal night of sleep.

eyes begin to roll slightly.eyes begin to roll slightly. consists mostly of consists mostly of thetatheta waves (high waves (high

amplitude, low frequency (slow)) amplitude, low frequency (slow)) brief periods of brief periods of alphaalpha waves, similar to waves, similar to

those present while awakethose present while awake

Stage TwoStage Two This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the

"baseline" of sleep. "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle

and occupies approximately 45-60% ofand occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep.sleep.

Stage Three & FourStage Three & Four

Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. minutes.

It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.dramatically.

Stage Three and Four Stage Three and Four (continued)(continued)

Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. REM) and the most restorative.

It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. person's brain craves the first and foremost.

In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able children unawake able

or "dead asleep" during or "dead asleep" during most of the night.most of the night.

Stage Five: REM SLEEPStage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye MovementREM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of sleep. This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights

sleep. sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave Breathing, heart rate and brain wave

activity quicken. activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur.Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2From REM, you go back to Stage 2

REMREM Body is essentially paralyzed during REM.Body is essentially paralyzed during REM. Genitals become aroused. Erections and Genitals become aroused. Erections and

clitoral engorgement.clitoral engorgement. ““Morning Erections” are from final REM Morning Erections” are from final REM

stage.stage.

A typical 25 year old man has an erection during half of his sleep

A 65 year old- one quarter

Brain Waves and Sleep StagesBrain Waves and Sleep Stages

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

3

2

1

Sleepstages

Awake

Hours of sleep

REM

Stages in a Typical Night’s SleepStages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

What if you didn’t sleep?What if you didn’t sleep? In 1964, a research In 1964, a research

study was conducted study was conducted under the supervision of under the supervision of a doctor a doctor a 17 year old a 17 year old boy stayed awake for boy stayed awake for almost 11 days straight.almost 11 days straight.

ResultResult: he was extremely : he was extremely irritable, could not focus irritable, could not focus his eyes, had speech his eyes, had speech difficulties, memory lapses, difficulties, memory lapses, accident proneaccident prone andand depressed immune depressed immune system.system.

Person would eventually Person would eventually die if they didn’t sleep.die if they didn’t sleep.

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

InsomniaInsomnia

Recurring problems in falling or staying Recurring problems in falling or staying asleepasleep

Not your once in a while (I have a big test Not your once in a while (I have a big test tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep episodesepisodes

Insomnia is not defined by the number of Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every nighthours you sleep every night

Primary versus Secondary insomniaPrimary versus Secondary insomnia

NarcolepsyNarcolepsy Characterized by uncontrollable Characterized by uncontrollable

sleep attackssleep attacks•Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during times of stress or joy)

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent during sleep and consequent momentary reawakeningsmomentary reawakenings

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

A sleep disorder A sleep disorder characterized by characterized by high arousal and an high arousal and an appearance of being appearance of being terrified.terrified.

Occur in Stage 4, not Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not REM, and are not often remembered.often remembered.

SleepwalkingSleepwalking(Somnambulism)(Somnambulism)

Sleepwalking is a sleep Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in humans at least once in their lives.their lives.

Sleep walking most often Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the stage 4 sleep) early in the night. night.

SleepwalkingSleepwalking

Symptoms and Features:Symptoms and Features: Ambulation (walking or moving about) that occurs Ambulation (walking or moving about) that occurs

during sleep. The onset typically occurs in pre-during sleep. The onset typically occurs in pre-pubertal children. pubertal children.

difficulty in arousing the patient during an difficulty in arousing the patient during an episode episode

amnesia following an episode amnesia following an episode Fatigue (which is not the same as drowsiness),  Fatigue (which is not the same as drowsiness),  stress and anxiety  stress and anxiety 

Young children who have the deepest and Young children who have the deepest and lengthiest Stage 4 sleep, are most likely to lengthiest Stage 4 sleep, are most likely to experience both night terrors and sleepwalking. experience both night terrors and sleepwalking. As we get older, Stage 4 sleep diminishes – so do As we get older, Stage 4 sleep diminishes – so do night terrors and sleepwalking.night terrors and sleepwalking.

SleepwalkingSleepwalking The sleep walking activity may include simply The sleep walking activity may include simply

sitting up and appearing awake while actually sitting up and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some people even drive a car while activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer. or longer.

One common misconception is that a sleep walker One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a the person to be confused or disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another misconception short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep is that a person cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers.sleep walkers.

Why Why DreamDream?? Dreaming, primarily occurs during Dreaming, primarily occurs during

REM sleep. When someone is REM sleep. When someone is awakened during REM sleep, they awakened during REM sleep, they usually report/remember a dream.usually report/remember a dream.

The average adult dreams for about 1 ½ The average adult dreams for about 1 ½ hours every night.hours every night.

Modern psychology suggests that dreams Modern psychology suggests that dreams are simply a reflection of the brain’s are simply a reflection of the brain’s aroused state during active sleep.aroused state during active sleep.

Why Why DreamDream? ? During REM sleep, the cerebral cortex is During REM sleep, the cerebral cortex is

active, but it is largely shut off from sensory active, but it is largely shut off from sensory input.input.

The brain’s activity then is not constrained The brain’s activity then is not constrained by the demands of external reality.by the demands of external reality.

Memory images become more prominent Memory images become more prominent than during waking life – for they do have to than during waking life – for they do have to compete with the insistent here and now compete with the insistent here and now provided by the senses.provided by the senses.

The recent experiences of the day are The recent experiences of the day are usually evoked, and they then arouse a usually evoked, and they then arouse a number of previous memories and number of previous memories and intermingle them.intermingle them.

Freud’s wish-fulfillment Freud’s wish-fulfillment TheoryTheory

Dreams are the key to understanding Dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflictsour inner conflicts

Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our unconsciousour unconscious

Manifest and latent contentManifest and latent content

Freud’s theory of dreamsFreud’s theory of dreams Freud began with the assumption that at the root of every Freud began with the assumption that at the root of every

dream lies an attempt at wish fulfillment.dream lies an attempt at wish fulfillment. While awake, a wish is not always acted upon because While awake, a wish is not always acted upon because

considerations of both reality (the ego) and morality (the super considerations of both reality (the ego) and morality (the super ego)ego)

But during sleep, these restraints are drastically weakened and But during sleep, these restraints are drastically weakened and the wish then leads to immediate thoughts and images of the wish then leads to immediate thoughts and images of gratification.gratification.

The underlying wish touches upon some forbidden The underlying wish touches upon some forbidden impulses/desires that might be associated with anxiety.impulses/desires that might be associated with anxiety.

Therefore, the wish is censored (cannot be expressed directly) – Therefore, the wish is censored (cannot be expressed directly) – only allowed to surface within a dream in symbolic disguise.only allowed to surface within a dream in symbolic disguise.

The dreamer never experiences the The dreamer never experiences the latent (underlying) latent (underlying) dreamdream that is the hidden wish Instead, experiences the that is the hidden wish Instead, experiences the manifest (obvious) dreammanifest (obvious) dream emerging after the defense emerging after the defense mechanisms have done their work.mechanisms have done their work.

Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream. Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. This latent-manifest dreaming represents a compromise This latent-manifest dreaming represents a compromise

between forbidden urges (id) and repressive forces (super ego) between forbidden urges (id) and repressive forces (super ego) that hold them down.that hold them down.

Essentially, according to Freud, dreaming is a symbolic process. Essentially, according to Freud, dreaming is a symbolic process. True forbidden wishes are veiled in symbolic disguises.True forbidden wishes are veiled in symbolic disguises.

Information-Processing Information-Processing TheoryTheory

Dreams act to Dreams act to sort out and sort out and understand the understand the memories that memories that you experience you experience that daythat day

REM sleep does REM sleep does increase after increase after stressful eventsstressful events

Physiological Function TheoriesPhysiological Function Theories

Activation-Synthesis Activation-Synthesis TheoryTheory: :

during the night our during the night our brainstem releases brainstem releases random neural activity, random neural activity, dreams may be a way to dreams may be a way to make sense of that make sense of that activity.activity.

REM ReboundREM Rebound The tendency for REM sleep to The tendency for REM sleep to

increase following REM sleep increase following REM sleep deprivationdeprivation

What will happen if you don’t get a What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?then sleep for 10 hours?

You will dream a lot!!!

HypnosisHypnosis

HypnosisHypnosis

Altered state of Altered state of consciousness?consciousness?

Posthypnotic Posthypnotic suggestionsuggestion

Posthypnotic Posthypnotic amnesiaamnesia

Hypnotic TheoriesHypnotic Theories

Role TheoryRole Theory Hypnosis is NOT an Hypnosis is NOT an

altered state of altered state of consciousness.consciousness.

Different people have Different people have various state of hypnotic various state of hypnotic suggestibility.suggestibility.

A social phenomenon A social phenomenon where people want to where people want to believe.believe.

Work better on people Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.with richer fantasy lives.

State TheoryState Theory Hypnosis is an altered Hypnosis is an altered

state of state of consciousness.consciousness.

Dramatic health Dramatic health benefitsbenefits

It works for pain best.It works for pain best.

Dissociation TheoryDissociation Theory Theory by Ernest Theory by Ernest

Hilgard.Hilgard. We voluntarily We voluntarily

divide our divide our consciousness up.consciousness up.

Ice Water Ice Water Experiment.Experiment.

We have a hidden We have a hidden observer, a level of observer, a level of us that is always us that is always aware.aware.

DRUGSDRUGS

Drugs and ConsciousnessDrugs and Consciousness Psychoactive DrugPsychoactive Drug

a chemical substance that alters a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moodperceptions and mood

Physical DependencePhysical Dependence physiological need for a drugphysiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal marked by unpleasant withdrawal

symptomssymptoms Psychological DependencePsychological Dependence

a psychological need to use a druga psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative for example, to relieve negative

emotionsemotions

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants “Downers” drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions

*Alcohol (Involved in up to 60% of all crimes; the worst drug from a macro perspective out there)

*barbiturates and opiates Stimulants “Uppers”

drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images

in the absence of sensory input LSD

Barbiturates “Tranquilizers” drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but

impairing memory and judgment Opiates

opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated

energy and mood changes

Psychoactive Psychoactive DrugsDrugs