State Standards
Transcript of State Standards
Lesson 1 Cell Theory
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
c) development of cell theory
Objectives
Students will be able to describe the three key points of the cell theory
Students will be able to identify and discuss the scientists whom contributed to the cell theory
Engage
The wacky history of cell theory httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=4OpBylwH9DU
Have the cell theory displayed in the room (on the board)
Explore
Role Play Have students break up into groups of six and each pick a scientist who contributed
to the cell theory to pretend to be for this activity Each student will do research on their
chosen scientist and then debate who should receive the most credit and why Have students
quickly create a pie chart of percentages of credit that each scientist deserves
Still in groups have students create a timeline of the events contributing to the cell theory
Scientists and events
1653 Leeuwenhoek invented the compound microscope
1665 Hooke coined the word cell
1668 Redirsquos experiment disproved that maggots came from rotting meat
1838-1839 Schleiden and Schwann observed that plants and animals have cells and
concluded that ldquoall living things are made of cellsrdquo
1855 Virchow stated ldquoAll cells come from preexisting cellsrdquo
1862 Pasteurrsquos experiment disproved spontaneous generation
Explain
Quick Overview of cell theory and related events (just to make sure we are all on the same
page)
Elaborate
Journal Prompts A day in the life of the scientist you chose (specifically the day of the
discoveryinvention)
Discuss the cell theory in your own (non-scientific) words
Evaluate
Pie Chart PresentNot Present
Time Line Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Dates Not present Some dates incorrect or missing
All dates included all correct
Events Not present Some events incorrect or missing
All events included all correct
Scientists Not present Some Scientists incorrect or missing
All scientists included all correct
Journal Formative Assessment (Read give feedback promptly return)
Lesson 2 Plant and Animal Cells
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
Objectives
Students will use observations to compare and contrast plant and animal cell
Students will be able to describe why differences are present
Students will compare cell organelles to the parts of a submarine
Engage
The Cell Song httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=rABKB5aS2Zg
Explore
I will have several stations set up around the room with representations of plant and animal
cells that students will spend a few minutes comparing and contrasting each cell then move on
to the next station Students will keep a log of all observations
Station 1 Microscopes set up with each cell
Station 2 8x10in pictures of each cell
Station 3 Jell-O molds of each cell (that well will eat after each station has been explored)
I will then ask students to form small groups and discuss possible differences and why they
think these differences exist I will hand out sheets of blank paper for students to illustrate any
differences they may have saw
I will also pass out the blank venn-diagram of plants and animals at this point and allow them to
begin working on it
Explain
I will go over the differences between plant and animal cell and give a brief description on the
functions of the organelles
I will hand out copies of the organelle function card and instruct students to quiz each other
when they finish any assignments early or during free time
I will have students get with a partner for the following (responses to be turned in)
Finish venn-diagram of plant and animal cells
Discuss the following
o Explain each difference explain why different organelles (or different
sizesshapes of organelles) are needed for the survival of one organism but not
the other (eg explain why a plant cell needs a cell wall and an animal cell does
not)
o Possible answers
1 Because plants cannot eat like animals can they need chloroplastsplastids
to help produce food (energy)
2 Plant cells have larger vacuoles because plants cannot drink like animals can
so they store absorbed water in large vacuoles
3 Plant cells have cell walls to help support their structure they do not have
bones like animals
4 Plant cells are more rectangles shaped and ridged due to the cell wall used in
support Animals have bones and muscles for support
Elaborate
On-Your-Own Discussion Compare the parts of a cell and the functions of those parts to the
different parts of a submarine (Source- Atkin J Myron and Janet Coffey Involving Students
in Assessment Everyday Assessment in the Science Classroom Arlington VA NSTApress 2003
82 Print)
Refer students to
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork1htm
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork5htm
to find out about parts of a submarine and how it works
(if there is no access to the internet print out the following as handouts)
Submarines History - How They Work ndash Introduction
To function underwater submarines are built a bit differently than surface ships that float on the waters surface In
order to travel underwater submarines must function in agreement with some key laws of nature including
Archimedes Principle and Boyles Law
Submarines are completely enclosed vessels with cylindrical shapes narrowed ends and two hulls the inner hull
and the outer hull The inner hull protects the crew from the immense water pressure of the ocean depths and
insulates the sub from the freezing temperatures This hull is called the pressure hull The outer hull shapes the
submarines body The ballast tanks which control the subs buoyancy are located between the inner and outer
hulls
To stay in control and stable a submerged submarine must maintain a condition called trim This means its weight
must be perfectly balanced throughout the whole ship It cannot be too light or too heavy aft or too light or too heavy
forward The submarines crew must continually work to keep the submarine trim because burning fuel and using
supplies affect the subs distribution Tanks called trim tanks one forward (front half of boat) and one aft (back
half of boat) help keep trim by allowing water to be added or expelled from them as needed
Once the submarine is underwater it has two controls used for steering The rudder controls side-to-side turning or
yaw and diving planes control the subs rise and descent or pitch There are two sets of diving planes the sail
planes which are located on the sail and the stern planes which are located at the stern (back) of the boat with the
rudder and propeller Some submarines including the new Virginia class make use of bow planes (diving planes
located at the bow or front of the boat) rather than sail planes
As you will notice on the above diagram of a submarine it has a tall sail that rises out of the submarines hull Inside
this fin-shaped sail is the conning tower (conn means to direct the steering of a vessel) The periscope and radio
and radar antennas are usually extended through the conning tower In the past many of the controls used to operate
submarine while on the surface were located here
A periscope enables a submarine to see what is happening on the surface while remaining underwater Only the end
of the periscope must break the water The periscope is made with mirrors and lenses that reflect and bend images
down a long tube to the eye of a Sailor A submarine operating at periscope depth is completely submerged but at a
depth where the periscope is still able to break the surface
As advances in technology are made the look and operation of submarines change A major breakthrough in the
new Virginia-class submarines is the use of Photonics Masts eliminating the need for a conventional periscope
Instead of a Sailor on a Virginia-class boat using a series of mirrors and lens to view above the surface several high-
resolution color cameras will send visual images to large screen displays in the ships control room via fiber optics
Submarines How They Work - Propulsion
Manual
The very first submarines depended on people for the energy to move Cornelius van Drebbel whose submarine was
tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives used oars to
move itself along The oars extended from the craft and leather gaskets sealed the point of their emergence
In the mid-1770s David Bushnell built a submarine Turtle that used hand and foot cranks for propulsion This one-
person submarine which was the first to be used during war was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a
short time
Robert Fulton developed a three-person submarine Nautilus in the early 1800s that was the first to use diving planes
to control depth While submerged it relied on a hand crank to move it along For travel on the surface the Nautilus
was equipped with a sail
Steam amp Gasoline Engines
Fulton then tried to build a more efficient submarine using steam Though the steam engine was actually small the
boiler which supplied the steam was large and bulky Since oxygen was required for the fire which in turn was
required for steam the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines To dive the fires were
extinguished and the smokestacks closed The submarine was left with no power
In the 1860s the Confederates built steam-powered submarines known as Davids The name was in reference to the
Bible story where David defeated the giant Goliath These Davids were made to fight the Goliath Union fleet These
submarines never completely submerged but kept their air-intake pipes and smokestacks above the waters surface
By doing this the fires to operate the steam engines never had to be extinguished
Gasoline amp DieselElectric
The first submarine in the US Navy the USS Holland (SS-1) used a gasoline engine while on the surface and an
electric engine while submerged The electric engine could recharge while the gasoline engine was being used
The electric engine allowed the submarine to travel underwater for a longer period of time maybe a few hours at a
decent speed and it produced no toxic fumes The engine was relatively small but the batteries were not They were
large bulky and heavy and many were required to supply power to the motor Since they lost their charge within a
few hours the submarine would have to return to the surface often to recharge
Batteries presented other problems since they emitted toxic fumes when contaminated with seawater and they
always contained dangerous acids
Evaluate
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram differences
0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Venn-Diagram 4-5 correct similarities 6-7 correct similarities 8 or more correct
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Elaborate
Journal Prompts A day in the life of the scientist you chose (specifically the day of the
discoveryinvention)
Discuss the cell theory in your own (non-scientific) words
Evaluate
Pie Chart PresentNot Present
Time Line Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Dates Not present Some dates incorrect or missing
All dates included all correct
Events Not present Some events incorrect or missing
All events included all correct
Scientists Not present Some Scientists incorrect or missing
All scientists included all correct
Journal Formative Assessment (Read give feedback promptly return)
Lesson 2 Plant and Animal Cells
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
Objectives
Students will use observations to compare and contrast plant and animal cell
Students will be able to describe why differences are present
Students will compare cell organelles to the parts of a submarine
Engage
The Cell Song httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=rABKB5aS2Zg
Explore
I will have several stations set up around the room with representations of plant and animal
cells that students will spend a few minutes comparing and contrasting each cell then move on
to the next station Students will keep a log of all observations
Station 1 Microscopes set up with each cell
Station 2 8x10in pictures of each cell
Station 3 Jell-O molds of each cell (that well will eat after each station has been explored)
I will then ask students to form small groups and discuss possible differences and why they
think these differences exist I will hand out sheets of blank paper for students to illustrate any
differences they may have saw
I will also pass out the blank venn-diagram of plants and animals at this point and allow them to
begin working on it
Explain
I will go over the differences between plant and animal cell and give a brief description on the
functions of the organelles
I will hand out copies of the organelle function card and instruct students to quiz each other
when they finish any assignments early or during free time
I will have students get with a partner for the following (responses to be turned in)
Finish venn-diagram of plant and animal cells
Discuss the following
o Explain each difference explain why different organelles (or different
sizesshapes of organelles) are needed for the survival of one organism but not
the other (eg explain why a plant cell needs a cell wall and an animal cell does
not)
o Possible answers
1 Because plants cannot eat like animals can they need chloroplastsplastids
to help produce food (energy)
2 Plant cells have larger vacuoles because plants cannot drink like animals can
so they store absorbed water in large vacuoles
3 Plant cells have cell walls to help support their structure they do not have
bones like animals
4 Plant cells are more rectangles shaped and ridged due to the cell wall used in
support Animals have bones and muscles for support
Elaborate
On-Your-Own Discussion Compare the parts of a cell and the functions of those parts to the
different parts of a submarine (Source- Atkin J Myron and Janet Coffey Involving Students
in Assessment Everyday Assessment in the Science Classroom Arlington VA NSTApress 2003
82 Print)
Refer students to
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork1htm
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork5htm
to find out about parts of a submarine and how it works
(if there is no access to the internet print out the following as handouts)
Submarines History - How They Work ndash Introduction
To function underwater submarines are built a bit differently than surface ships that float on the waters surface In
order to travel underwater submarines must function in agreement with some key laws of nature including
Archimedes Principle and Boyles Law
Submarines are completely enclosed vessels with cylindrical shapes narrowed ends and two hulls the inner hull
and the outer hull The inner hull protects the crew from the immense water pressure of the ocean depths and
insulates the sub from the freezing temperatures This hull is called the pressure hull The outer hull shapes the
submarines body The ballast tanks which control the subs buoyancy are located between the inner and outer
hulls
To stay in control and stable a submerged submarine must maintain a condition called trim This means its weight
must be perfectly balanced throughout the whole ship It cannot be too light or too heavy aft or too light or too heavy
forward The submarines crew must continually work to keep the submarine trim because burning fuel and using
supplies affect the subs distribution Tanks called trim tanks one forward (front half of boat) and one aft (back
half of boat) help keep trim by allowing water to be added or expelled from them as needed
Once the submarine is underwater it has two controls used for steering The rudder controls side-to-side turning or
yaw and diving planes control the subs rise and descent or pitch There are two sets of diving planes the sail
planes which are located on the sail and the stern planes which are located at the stern (back) of the boat with the
rudder and propeller Some submarines including the new Virginia class make use of bow planes (diving planes
located at the bow or front of the boat) rather than sail planes
As you will notice on the above diagram of a submarine it has a tall sail that rises out of the submarines hull Inside
this fin-shaped sail is the conning tower (conn means to direct the steering of a vessel) The periscope and radio
and radar antennas are usually extended through the conning tower In the past many of the controls used to operate
submarine while on the surface were located here
A periscope enables a submarine to see what is happening on the surface while remaining underwater Only the end
of the periscope must break the water The periscope is made with mirrors and lenses that reflect and bend images
down a long tube to the eye of a Sailor A submarine operating at periscope depth is completely submerged but at a
depth where the periscope is still able to break the surface
As advances in technology are made the look and operation of submarines change A major breakthrough in the
new Virginia-class submarines is the use of Photonics Masts eliminating the need for a conventional periscope
Instead of a Sailor on a Virginia-class boat using a series of mirrors and lens to view above the surface several high-
resolution color cameras will send visual images to large screen displays in the ships control room via fiber optics
Submarines How They Work - Propulsion
Manual
The very first submarines depended on people for the energy to move Cornelius van Drebbel whose submarine was
tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives used oars to
move itself along The oars extended from the craft and leather gaskets sealed the point of their emergence
In the mid-1770s David Bushnell built a submarine Turtle that used hand and foot cranks for propulsion This one-
person submarine which was the first to be used during war was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a
short time
Robert Fulton developed a three-person submarine Nautilus in the early 1800s that was the first to use diving planes
to control depth While submerged it relied on a hand crank to move it along For travel on the surface the Nautilus
was equipped with a sail
Steam amp Gasoline Engines
Fulton then tried to build a more efficient submarine using steam Though the steam engine was actually small the
boiler which supplied the steam was large and bulky Since oxygen was required for the fire which in turn was
required for steam the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines To dive the fires were
extinguished and the smokestacks closed The submarine was left with no power
In the 1860s the Confederates built steam-powered submarines known as Davids The name was in reference to the
Bible story where David defeated the giant Goliath These Davids were made to fight the Goliath Union fleet These
submarines never completely submerged but kept their air-intake pipes and smokestacks above the waters surface
By doing this the fires to operate the steam engines never had to be extinguished
Gasoline amp DieselElectric
The first submarine in the US Navy the USS Holland (SS-1) used a gasoline engine while on the surface and an
electric engine while submerged The electric engine could recharge while the gasoline engine was being used
The electric engine allowed the submarine to travel underwater for a longer period of time maybe a few hours at a
decent speed and it produced no toxic fumes The engine was relatively small but the batteries were not They were
large bulky and heavy and many were required to supply power to the motor Since they lost their charge within a
few hours the submarine would have to return to the surface often to recharge
Batteries presented other problems since they emitted toxic fumes when contaminated with seawater and they
always contained dangerous acids
Evaluate
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram differences
0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Venn-Diagram 4-5 correct similarities 6-7 correct similarities 8 or more correct
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Lesson 2 Plant and Animal Cells
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
Objectives
Students will use observations to compare and contrast plant and animal cell
Students will be able to describe why differences are present
Students will compare cell organelles to the parts of a submarine
Engage
The Cell Song httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=rABKB5aS2Zg
Explore
I will have several stations set up around the room with representations of plant and animal
cells that students will spend a few minutes comparing and contrasting each cell then move on
to the next station Students will keep a log of all observations
Station 1 Microscopes set up with each cell
Station 2 8x10in pictures of each cell
Station 3 Jell-O molds of each cell (that well will eat after each station has been explored)
I will then ask students to form small groups and discuss possible differences and why they
think these differences exist I will hand out sheets of blank paper for students to illustrate any
differences they may have saw
I will also pass out the blank venn-diagram of plants and animals at this point and allow them to
begin working on it
Explain
I will go over the differences between plant and animal cell and give a brief description on the
functions of the organelles
I will hand out copies of the organelle function card and instruct students to quiz each other
when they finish any assignments early or during free time
I will have students get with a partner for the following (responses to be turned in)
Finish venn-diagram of plant and animal cells
Discuss the following
o Explain each difference explain why different organelles (or different
sizesshapes of organelles) are needed for the survival of one organism but not
the other (eg explain why a plant cell needs a cell wall and an animal cell does
not)
o Possible answers
1 Because plants cannot eat like animals can they need chloroplastsplastids
to help produce food (energy)
2 Plant cells have larger vacuoles because plants cannot drink like animals can
so they store absorbed water in large vacuoles
3 Plant cells have cell walls to help support their structure they do not have
bones like animals
4 Plant cells are more rectangles shaped and ridged due to the cell wall used in
support Animals have bones and muscles for support
Elaborate
On-Your-Own Discussion Compare the parts of a cell and the functions of those parts to the
different parts of a submarine (Source- Atkin J Myron and Janet Coffey Involving Students
in Assessment Everyday Assessment in the Science Classroom Arlington VA NSTApress 2003
82 Print)
Refer students to
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork1htm
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork5htm
to find out about parts of a submarine and how it works
(if there is no access to the internet print out the following as handouts)
Submarines History - How They Work ndash Introduction
To function underwater submarines are built a bit differently than surface ships that float on the waters surface In
order to travel underwater submarines must function in agreement with some key laws of nature including
Archimedes Principle and Boyles Law
Submarines are completely enclosed vessels with cylindrical shapes narrowed ends and two hulls the inner hull
and the outer hull The inner hull protects the crew from the immense water pressure of the ocean depths and
insulates the sub from the freezing temperatures This hull is called the pressure hull The outer hull shapes the
submarines body The ballast tanks which control the subs buoyancy are located between the inner and outer
hulls
To stay in control and stable a submerged submarine must maintain a condition called trim This means its weight
must be perfectly balanced throughout the whole ship It cannot be too light or too heavy aft or too light or too heavy
forward The submarines crew must continually work to keep the submarine trim because burning fuel and using
supplies affect the subs distribution Tanks called trim tanks one forward (front half of boat) and one aft (back
half of boat) help keep trim by allowing water to be added or expelled from them as needed
Once the submarine is underwater it has two controls used for steering The rudder controls side-to-side turning or
yaw and diving planes control the subs rise and descent or pitch There are two sets of diving planes the sail
planes which are located on the sail and the stern planes which are located at the stern (back) of the boat with the
rudder and propeller Some submarines including the new Virginia class make use of bow planes (diving planes
located at the bow or front of the boat) rather than sail planes
As you will notice on the above diagram of a submarine it has a tall sail that rises out of the submarines hull Inside
this fin-shaped sail is the conning tower (conn means to direct the steering of a vessel) The periscope and radio
and radar antennas are usually extended through the conning tower In the past many of the controls used to operate
submarine while on the surface were located here
A periscope enables a submarine to see what is happening on the surface while remaining underwater Only the end
of the periscope must break the water The periscope is made with mirrors and lenses that reflect and bend images
down a long tube to the eye of a Sailor A submarine operating at periscope depth is completely submerged but at a
depth where the periscope is still able to break the surface
As advances in technology are made the look and operation of submarines change A major breakthrough in the
new Virginia-class submarines is the use of Photonics Masts eliminating the need for a conventional periscope
Instead of a Sailor on a Virginia-class boat using a series of mirrors and lens to view above the surface several high-
resolution color cameras will send visual images to large screen displays in the ships control room via fiber optics
Submarines How They Work - Propulsion
Manual
The very first submarines depended on people for the energy to move Cornelius van Drebbel whose submarine was
tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives used oars to
move itself along The oars extended from the craft and leather gaskets sealed the point of their emergence
In the mid-1770s David Bushnell built a submarine Turtle that used hand and foot cranks for propulsion This one-
person submarine which was the first to be used during war was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a
short time
Robert Fulton developed a three-person submarine Nautilus in the early 1800s that was the first to use diving planes
to control depth While submerged it relied on a hand crank to move it along For travel on the surface the Nautilus
was equipped with a sail
Steam amp Gasoline Engines
Fulton then tried to build a more efficient submarine using steam Though the steam engine was actually small the
boiler which supplied the steam was large and bulky Since oxygen was required for the fire which in turn was
required for steam the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines To dive the fires were
extinguished and the smokestacks closed The submarine was left with no power
In the 1860s the Confederates built steam-powered submarines known as Davids The name was in reference to the
Bible story where David defeated the giant Goliath These Davids were made to fight the Goliath Union fleet These
submarines never completely submerged but kept their air-intake pipes and smokestacks above the waters surface
By doing this the fires to operate the steam engines never had to be extinguished
Gasoline amp DieselElectric
The first submarine in the US Navy the USS Holland (SS-1) used a gasoline engine while on the surface and an
electric engine while submerged The electric engine could recharge while the gasoline engine was being used
The electric engine allowed the submarine to travel underwater for a longer period of time maybe a few hours at a
decent speed and it produced no toxic fumes The engine was relatively small but the batteries were not They were
large bulky and heavy and many were required to supply power to the motor Since they lost their charge within a
few hours the submarine would have to return to the surface often to recharge
Batteries presented other problems since they emitted toxic fumes when contaminated with seawater and they
always contained dangerous acids
Evaluate
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram differences
0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Venn-Diagram 4-5 correct similarities 6-7 correct similarities 8 or more correct
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
I will hand out copies of the organelle function card and instruct students to quiz each other
when they finish any assignments early or during free time
I will have students get with a partner for the following (responses to be turned in)
Finish venn-diagram of plant and animal cells
Discuss the following
o Explain each difference explain why different organelles (or different
sizesshapes of organelles) are needed for the survival of one organism but not
the other (eg explain why a plant cell needs a cell wall and an animal cell does
not)
o Possible answers
1 Because plants cannot eat like animals can they need chloroplastsplastids
to help produce food (energy)
2 Plant cells have larger vacuoles because plants cannot drink like animals can
so they store absorbed water in large vacuoles
3 Plant cells have cell walls to help support their structure they do not have
bones like animals
4 Plant cells are more rectangles shaped and ridged due to the cell wall used in
support Animals have bones and muscles for support
Elaborate
On-Your-Own Discussion Compare the parts of a cell and the functions of those parts to the
different parts of a submarine (Source- Atkin J Myron and Janet Coffey Involving Students
in Assessment Everyday Assessment in the Science Classroom Arlington VA NSTApress 2003
82 Print)
Refer students to
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork1htm
httpwwwonrnavymilfocusblowballastsubwork5htm
to find out about parts of a submarine and how it works
(if there is no access to the internet print out the following as handouts)
Submarines History - How They Work ndash Introduction
To function underwater submarines are built a bit differently than surface ships that float on the waters surface In
order to travel underwater submarines must function in agreement with some key laws of nature including
Archimedes Principle and Boyles Law
Submarines are completely enclosed vessels with cylindrical shapes narrowed ends and two hulls the inner hull
and the outer hull The inner hull protects the crew from the immense water pressure of the ocean depths and
insulates the sub from the freezing temperatures This hull is called the pressure hull The outer hull shapes the
submarines body The ballast tanks which control the subs buoyancy are located between the inner and outer
hulls
To stay in control and stable a submerged submarine must maintain a condition called trim This means its weight
must be perfectly balanced throughout the whole ship It cannot be too light or too heavy aft or too light or too heavy
forward The submarines crew must continually work to keep the submarine trim because burning fuel and using
supplies affect the subs distribution Tanks called trim tanks one forward (front half of boat) and one aft (back
half of boat) help keep trim by allowing water to be added or expelled from them as needed
Once the submarine is underwater it has two controls used for steering The rudder controls side-to-side turning or
yaw and diving planes control the subs rise and descent or pitch There are two sets of diving planes the sail
planes which are located on the sail and the stern planes which are located at the stern (back) of the boat with the
rudder and propeller Some submarines including the new Virginia class make use of bow planes (diving planes
located at the bow or front of the boat) rather than sail planes
As you will notice on the above diagram of a submarine it has a tall sail that rises out of the submarines hull Inside
this fin-shaped sail is the conning tower (conn means to direct the steering of a vessel) The periscope and radio
and radar antennas are usually extended through the conning tower In the past many of the controls used to operate
submarine while on the surface were located here
A periscope enables a submarine to see what is happening on the surface while remaining underwater Only the end
of the periscope must break the water The periscope is made with mirrors and lenses that reflect and bend images
down a long tube to the eye of a Sailor A submarine operating at periscope depth is completely submerged but at a
depth where the periscope is still able to break the surface
As advances in technology are made the look and operation of submarines change A major breakthrough in the
new Virginia-class submarines is the use of Photonics Masts eliminating the need for a conventional periscope
Instead of a Sailor on a Virginia-class boat using a series of mirrors and lens to view above the surface several high-
resolution color cameras will send visual images to large screen displays in the ships control room via fiber optics
Submarines How They Work - Propulsion
Manual
The very first submarines depended on people for the energy to move Cornelius van Drebbel whose submarine was
tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives used oars to
move itself along The oars extended from the craft and leather gaskets sealed the point of their emergence
In the mid-1770s David Bushnell built a submarine Turtle that used hand and foot cranks for propulsion This one-
person submarine which was the first to be used during war was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a
short time
Robert Fulton developed a three-person submarine Nautilus in the early 1800s that was the first to use diving planes
to control depth While submerged it relied on a hand crank to move it along For travel on the surface the Nautilus
was equipped with a sail
Steam amp Gasoline Engines
Fulton then tried to build a more efficient submarine using steam Though the steam engine was actually small the
boiler which supplied the steam was large and bulky Since oxygen was required for the fire which in turn was
required for steam the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines To dive the fires were
extinguished and the smokestacks closed The submarine was left with no power
In the 1860s the Confederates built steam-powered submarines known as Davids The name was in reference to the
Bible story where David defeated the giant Goliath These Davids were made to fight the Goliath Union fleet These
submarines never completely submerged but kept their air-intake pipes and smokestacks above the waters surface
By doing this the fires to operate the steam engines never had to be extinguished
Gasoline amp DieselElectric
The first submarine in the US Navy the USS Holland (SS-1) used a gasoline engine while on the surface and an
electric engine while submerged The electric engine could recharge while the gasoline engine was being used
The electric engine allowed the submarine to travel underwater for a longer period of time maybe a few hours at a
decent speed and it produced no toxic fumes The engine was relatively small but the batteries were not They were
large bulky and heavy and many were required to supply power to the motor Since they lost their charge within a
few hours the submarine would have to return to the surface often to recharge
Batteries presented other problems since they emitted toxic fumes when contaminated with seawater and they
always contained dangerous acids
Evaluate
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram differences
0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Venn-Diagram 4-5 correct similarities 6-7 correct similarities 8 or more correct
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Submarines History - How They Work ndash Introduction
To function underwater submarines are built a bit differently than surface ships that float on the waters surface In
order to travel underwater submarines must function in agreement with some key laws of nature including
Archimedes Principle and Boyles Law
Submarines are completely enclosed vessels with cylindrical shapes narrowed ends and two hulls the inner hull
and the outer hull The inner hull protects the crew from the immense water pressure of the ocean depths and
insulates the sub from the freezing temperatures This hull is called the pressure hull The outer hull shapes the
submarines body The ballast tanks which control the subs buoyancy are located between the inner and outer
hulls
To stay in control and stable a submerged submarine must maintain a condition called trim This means its weight
must be perfectly balanced throughout the whole ship It cannot be too light or too heavy aft or too light or too heavy
forward The submarines crew must continually work to keep the submarine trim because burning fuel and using
supplies affect the subs distribution Tanks called trim tanks one forward (front half of boat) and one aft (back
half of boat) help keep trim by allowing water to be added or expelled from them as needed
Once the submarine is underwater it has two controls used for steering The rudder controls side-to-side turning or
yaw and diving planes control the subs rise and descent or pitch There are two sets of diving planes the sail
planes which are located on the sail and the stern planes which are located at the stern (back) of the boat with the
rudder and propeller Some submarines including the new Virginia class make use of bow planes (diving planes
located at the bow or front of the boat) rather than sail planes
As you will notice on the above diagram of a submarine it has a tall sail that rises out of the submarines hull Inside
this fin-shaped sail is the conning tower (conn means to direct the steering of a vessel) The periscope and radio
and radar antennas are usually extended through the conning tower In the past many of the controls used to operate
submarine while on the surface were located here
A periscope enables a submarine to see what is happening on the surface while remaining underwater Only the end
of the periscope must break the water The periscope is made with mirrors and lenses that reflect and bend images
down a long tube to the eye of a Sailor A submarine operating at periscope depth is completely submerged but at a
depth where the periscope is still able to break the surface
As advances in technology are made the look and operation of submarines change A major breakthrough in the
new Virginia-class submarines is the use of Photonics Masts eliminating the need for a conventional periscope
Instead of a Sailor on a Virginia-class boat using a series of mirrors and lens to view above the surface several high-
resolution color cameras will send visual images to large screen displays in the ships control room via fiber optics
Submarines How They Work - Propulsion
Manual
The very first submarines depended on people for the energy to move Cornelius van Drebbel whose submarine was
tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives used oars to
move itself along The oars extended from the craft and leather gaskets sealed the point of their emergence
In the mid-1770s David Bushnell built a submarine Turtle that used hand and foot cranks for propulsion This one-
person submarine which was the first to be used during war was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a
short time
Robert Fulton developed a three-person submarine Nautilus in the early 1800s that was the first to use diving planes
to control depth While submerged it relied on a hand crank to move it along For travel on the surface the Nautilus
was equipped with a sail
Steam amp Gasoline Engines
Fulton then tried to build a more efficient submarine using steam Though the steam engine was actually small the
boiler which supplied the steam was large and bulky Since oxygen was required for the fire which in turn was
required for steam the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines To dive the fires were
extinguished and the smokestacks closed The submarine was left with no power
In the 1860s the Confederates built steam-powered submarines known as Davids The name was in reference to the
Bible story where David defeated the giant Goliath These Davids were made to fight the Goliath Union fleet These
submarines never completely submerged but kept their air-intake pipes and smokestacks above the waters surface
By doing this the fires to operate the steam engines never had to be extinguished
Gasoline amp DieselElectric
The first submarine in the US Navy the USS Holland (SS-1) used a gasoline engine while on the surface and an
electric engine while submerged The electric engine could recharge while the gasoline engine was being used
The electric engine allowed the submarine to travel underwater for a longer period of time maybe a few hours at a
decent speed and it produced no toxic fumes The engine was relatively small but the batteries were not They were
large bulky and heavy and many were required to supply power to the motor Since they lost their charge within a
few hours the submarine would have to return to the surface often to recharge
Batteries presented other problems since they emitted toxic fumes when contaminated with seawater and they
always contained dangerous acids
Evaluate
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram differences
0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Venn-Diagram 4-5 correct similarities 6-7 correct similarities 8 or more correct
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Manual
The very first submarines depended on people for the energy to move Cornelius van Drebbel whose submarine was
tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives used oars to
move itself along The oars extended from the craft and leather gaskets sealed the point of their emergence
In the mid-1770s David Bushnell built a submarine Turtle that used hand and foot cranks for propulsion This one-
person submarine which was the first to be used during war was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a
short time
Robert Fulton developed a three-person submarine Nautilus in the early 1800s that was the first to use diving planes
to control depth While submerged it relied on a hand crank to move it along For travel on the surface the Nautilus
was equipped with a sail
Steam amp Gasoline Engines
Fulton then tried to build a more efficient submarine using steam Though the steam engine was actually small the
boiler which supplied the steam was large and bulky Since oxygen was required for the fire which in turn was
required for steam the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines To dive the fires were
extinguished and the smokestacks closed The submarine was left with no power
In the 1860s the Confederates built steam-powered submarines known as Davids The name was in reference to the
Bible story where David defeated the giant Goliath These Davids were made to fight the Goliath Union fleet These
submarines never completely submerged but kept their air-intake pipes and smokestacks above the waters surface
By doing this the fires to operate the steam engines never had to be extinguished
Gasoline amp DieselElectric
The first submarine in the US Navy the USS Holland (SS-1) used a gasoline engine while on the surface and an
electric engine while submerged The electric engine could recharge while the gasoline engine was being used
The electric engine allowed the submarine to travel underwater for a longer period of time maybe a few hours at a
decent speed and it produced no toxic fumes The engine was relatively small but the batteries were not They were
large bulky and heavy and many were required to supply power to the motor Since they lost their charge within a
few hours the submarine would have to return to the surface often to recharge
Batteries presented other problems since they emitted toxic fumes when contaminated with seawater and they
always contained dangerous acids
Evaluate
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram differences
0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Venn-Diagram 4-5 correct similarities 6-7 correct similarities 8 or more correct
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
similarities listed listed similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences listed
2-3 correct differences listed
4 or more correct differences listed
Rational for differences discussion
No rational given Incomplete or scientifically irrelevant rationales given
complete and scientifically relevant rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles
0-2 correct functions listed
3-5 correct functions listed
6 or more correct functions listed
Comparisons to parts of a submarine
0-2 reasonable comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable comparisons listed
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Organelle Function Cards Cut out the eight cards below on the heavy lines Fold them along the dotted line so that the words are on the outside Use the outsides as flash cards and the insides for additional notes drawings or anything that will help you remember the meaning of each term Store cards in an envelope or zip-top bag to use for studying
Cytoplasm
A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus
Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell membrane
Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole
Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
Mitochondria Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplast
The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Cell wall
A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Activity Sheet-Venn Diagram Name Date
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Backward Design
1 Identify Desired Results
I chose objectives that aligned with state standards I want students be able to explain the basic
functions of cell organelles and be able to compare and contrast plant and animal cells Cells
are important to students because ldquostudying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying
liferdquo(Purves et al pg62) We all started out as a single cell Our entire body is made up of cells
Source Purves W K Sadava D Orians G H amp Heller H C (2004) Life the science of
biology (7th ed) Massachusetts MA Sinauer Associates Inc
Objectives
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
a) Cell structure and organelles
b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
2 Determine Assessment Evidence Plan
Acceptable evidence of student understanding and proficiency is
Students are able to
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells and why these differences exist
Explain the functions of each cell organelle
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Formative assessment of student logs and group discussions
Collaborative venn-diagram and reasons for differences discussion
Needs Work Fair Good
Venn-Diagram
differences
0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Venn-Diagram
similarities
4-5 correct similarities
listed
6-7 correct similarities
listed
8 or more correct
similarities listed
Differences discussion 0-1 correct differences
listed
2-3 correct differences
listed
4 or more correct
differences listed
Rational for differences
discussion
No rational given Incomplete or
scientifically irrelevant
rationales given
complete and
scientifically relevant
rationales given
On-your-own work
Needs Work Fair Good
Functions of Organelles 0-2 correct functions
listed
3-5 correct functions
listed
6 or more correct
functions listed
Comparisons to parts of
a submarine
0-2 reasonable
comparisons listed
3-5 reasonable
comparisons listed
6 or more reasonable
comparisons listed
3 Learning Experiences and Instruction
The activities that will equip students with the needed knowledge are the observations of
different representations of plant and animal cells (to view physical differences) reflecting in
logs group discussions (after observing the cells to discuss possible differences and why they
exist) creating a venn-diagram for plants and animals (showing the similarities and differences)
discussing how cell parts and functions compare to submarine parts and functions and studying
organelle function flash cards
I will teach (in lecture form) the differences between plant and animal cells and coach
discussions regarding the differences and why differences are present
The materials best suited to accomplish the goals of the state standards are the lecture notes
organelle function flash cards blank venn-diagrams the cell song video and the website
materials on submarine
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Lesson 3 Cell Division
State Standards
LS2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells Key
concepts include
d) cell division
Objectives
Students will sequence the steps in the cell cycle including the phases of mitosis
Engage
Have a colorful slide show of mitosis microscope slide pictures as students enter the room
Have students complete the KW sections of a KWL chart as slide show progresses
From httpwwwnprorg20130218171937818immortal-cells-of-henrietta-lacks-live-on-in-labs
From httptasisbiologyblogspotcom200711mitosis-microscopes-animal-cellshtml
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
From httpwwwblackspvbiology50megscommitotic_cell_divisionhtm
From httpwhygrstateitemCardID204017languageen_US
From httpwwwcarolinacomplant-microscope-slidesonion-mitosis-cs-15-um-hematoxylin-stain-microscope-
slide302390pr
From
httpclassesmidlandstecheducarterpCoursesbio101labquiz2ss12htm
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Explore
Have stations of microscopes set up around the classroom with pre-made slides of each phase
of the cell cycle including mitosis Each microscope will in chronological order according to the
cell cycle and labeled Have the students visit the microscopes in order recording observations
andor questions in their scientific journals
After every student has had a chance to visit each microscope have the students divide into
groups and discuss their findings
Questions to think about
Describe what you think is going on in each stage
How did the cells on the slides progressively change
What do you think is the overall goal of the process depicted in this series of slides
Explain
Short Lecture containing the following
In eukaryotic cells the cell cycle is an ordered set of events involving phases of cell growth DNA
replication and division into two identical daughter cells Nondividing cells are not considered
to be in the cell cycle The phases of the cell cycle in order are
bull interphase which includes
o first gap (G1) phase (cell growth)
o synthesis (S) phase (cell growth and DNAchromosome replication)
o second gap (G2) phase (cell growth)
bull mitosis (M) (chromosome separation and nuclear division) which includes
o prophase
o metaphase
o anaphase
o telophase
bull cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of cell)
In prokaryotes the process that provides for equal and identical replication of DNA in the
daughter cells is called ldquobinary fissionrdquo DNA is not organized into chromosomes in bacteria
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Because of surface-area-to-volume limitations and to replace lost or damaged cells tissues and
single-celled organisms must have a way of reproducing The most efficient way is mitosis For
unicellular organisms like prokaryotes mitosis is also the method of asexual reproduction
Events during Mitosis- (Use pictures for explanations)
Interphase Cells may appear inactive during this stage but they are quite the opposite This is
the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrioles divide
and proteins are actively produced
Prophase During this first mitotic stage the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA
and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes Each replicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids both with the same genetic information Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape motility and attachment to other cells during interphase
disassemble And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle
from the region of the centrosomes
Prometaphase In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a
recognizable nucleus Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to
kinetochores protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister
chromatids are joined Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes
overlap each other at the cell center
Metaphase Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the
center of the cell
Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten the kinetochores separate and the chromatids (daughter
chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles
Telophase The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have
pulled them apart disappear
Cytokinesis The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only
that portion of overlap is left It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two
daughter cells Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to
interphase
Sources VDOE Science Standards of Learning Resources and
httpwwwcellsalivecommitosishtm
Video clip httphigheredmcgraw-
hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__how_the_cell_cycle_workshtml
Have Students complete the KWL chart
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Elaborate
Writing Prompt- 1 page min Students can choose one of the following- all require online
research
Have students locate information on diseases that result from defects in the process of mitosis
Then have them describe the changes that cause each disease
Have students locate information on environmental factors that alter the process of mitosis or
its rate Then have them provide plausible reasons why this happens
Have students compare the process of mitosis in animal and plant cells noting any differences
(phragmoplasts centrioles cleavage furrows)
Evaluate
Formatively assess group discussions (give suggestions correct misconseptions) and journal
entries (Read give feedback promptly return)
Have students self-assess KWL charts
Writing Prompt Rubric
Needs Work Fair Good
Quality of information Info from a non-credible source
Info from a credible source
Citation missing Present
Accuracy of descriptionreasoningcomparisons
Inaccurate Some accuracy some inaccuracy
Completely accurate
Use of logic in descriptionreasoningcomparisons
No logic used Some logic used numerous logical explanations
Use of scientific language pertaining to mitosis
No scientific language
A few scientific words here and there
Numerous scientific explanations pertaining to mitosis
Length Less than frac12 page frac12 page Full page
Grade Activity Sheet
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Mitosis Activity Sheet
1 Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
Statement Interphase Mitosis
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period
Mitochondria and other organelles are made
2 Using colored pencils or pens show how two chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two daughter cells
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
The following are not in the correct order Please answer the questions below
3 Which cell is in metaphase ___________________________________________
4 Cells A and F show an early and late stage of the same phase of mitosis What phase is
it _________________________________________________________________
5 In cell A what is the structure labeled X ____________________________________
6 In cell F what is the structure labeled Y _____________________________________
7 Which cell is not in a phase of mitosis ______________________________________
8 What two main changes are taking place in cell B ____________________________
9 Sequence the six diagrams in order from first to last ___________________________
10 Matchingmatch the term to the description
A Prophase B Interphase C Telophase D Metaphase E Anaphase
_____ 1 The sister chromatids are moving apart
_____ 2 The nucleolus begins to fade from view
_____ 3 A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes
_____ 4 The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided
_____ 5 The chromosomes become invisible
_____ 6 The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell
_____ 7 The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view
_____ 8 The division (cleavage) furrow appears
_____ 9 The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell
_____ 10 Chromatids line up along the equator
_____ 11 The spindle is formed
_____ 12 Chromosomes are not visible
_____ 13 Cytokinesis is completed
_____ 15 Chromosomes are replicated
_____ 16 The reverse of prophase
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Summative Assessment-Cell Test
Name Date
1 Describe the cell theory in your own words
2 Describe how each of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory
a Leeuwenhoek
b Hooke
c Redi
d Schleiden and Schwann
e Virchow
f Pasteur
3 Match the following organelle with its function
Cytoplasm _____
A Contains the cellrsquos DNA and serves as the control center for the cell
Cell Membrane_____
B The place in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs
Cell wall_____
C A structure found in plant cells that provides strength and support to the cell membrane
Mitochondria_____
D Supplies stores and produces energy for the cell
Chloroplasts _____
E A constantly moving gel-like substance that surrounds the cellrsquos organelles
Nucleus_____
F Covers the cellrsquos surface and controls the materials that enter and exit the cell
Vacuole_____
G Produces proteins and lipid components for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum_____
H Serves as a storage container for water and other materials
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
4 List three different organelles present in a plant cell that are not present in an
animal cell and describe their functions
5 Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram
(interphase prophase metaphase anaphase or telephase)
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 17
9 18
Plant Cells in Mitosis
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
6 Label each phase and answer the following questions regarding the picture
a Are the cells depicted plant or animal cells Explain your answer
b If it were the other type of cell what would be different in the diagrams
c What is the longest phase of the cell cycle
d Why is mitosis important
e Predict what would happen if an individual had faulty spindle fibers
f Predict what would happen if cytokinesis was skipped
7 Describe each phase of mitosis in your own words
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w
Sources for worksheet and test
httpfriedmanbiologyblogspotcom201102mitosis-worksheethtml
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=18ampved=0CGUQ
FjAHOAoampurl=http3A2F2Fcfedliostaticcom2FMtnXfk8vp1loa3L2Vtgg0XKYEXWOJRSHd
ocampei=HHt9UYXwCrbG4AOYt4HACQampusg=AFQjCNGYy1Yh1Xlpmr2BJTS1NMyl5ps4XAampsig2=nuc
O3PZEYttuHXmz34TlfQ
httpwwwgooglecomurlsa=tamprct=jampq=ampesrc=sampfrm=1ampsource=webampcd=6ampved=0CEMQFj
AFampurl=http3A2F2Fwwwnorthalleghenyorg2Fcms2Flib42FPA010011192FCentricit
y2FDomain2F11972Fthe-cell-cycle-
worksheetAKdocampei=H3x9UdWpJ5Hi4AOhn4CoAgampusg=AFQjCNERMvHWJEDq6C1RQj1b9uppI
YTs3wampsig2=MqablN5jo7KmfCIALjUz7w