6 O C T O B E R 2 0 1 7

StateoftheKnowledgeforGender-ResponsiveBreeding:CaseStudiesforPractitioners

H a l e A n n T u f a n , K a y t e M e o l a a n d S t e f a n i a G r a n d o

Background– WhytheSynthesisofCaseStudies

• “Gender, Breeding and Genomics” workshop, October 18-22, 2016 generated a set of case studies

• 13 cases presented• Interest to fully document and

compile the cases• Identify current approaches toward

gender-responsive breeding• Highlight best practice, tools used

and lessons learned

Use case studies to validate/map design principles for gender responsive breeding

TheApproachBreedingCycle– MainStages

Socialtargetinganddemandanalysis

Settingbreedingpriorities/objectives

Generation/Identificationofnewvariation

Selectioninsegregatingpopulations

Testingexperimentalvarieties

Releasingnewvarieties

Seedproductionanddistribution

TheApproachGuidingQuestionsfortheCaseStudies

G.Smith/CIAT

• At what stage of the breeding cycle did you identify gender-differentiated preferences for one or more traits and what were these preferences?

• How were these preferences identified?• Which changes in the structure of the breeding program did you make to

address differences in preferences identified?• Which specific tool(s) was (were) used to address gender-differentiated

preferences?• What were the final products and their uptake by men and/or women users, and

what benefits (e.g. improved food security, income) did different user groups obtain as a result?

LinkstoOtherInputPapers

• Cases used in the STP framework paper

• Social targeting and demand analysis by J. Ouma

• Cassava trait preferences in Nigeria by Jeffrey Bentley

• Breeding priorities• Examine case studies for

priority setting

AudiencefortheSynthesisofCaseStudies

• Breeding teams including breeders and gender specialists • Research managers and Institutional leadership• Donors• University students in breeding and social sciences

• Decision on audience really matters!

Outline/ContentoftheSynthesisofCase Studies

I. Foreword:ImportanceofgenderincropandanimalbreedingII. ExecutiveSummary:overview,majoremergingideasandimplicationsfor

research.III. Introduction:FramingofGBI,workshopoutputsetcIV. TheoreticalFraming:Theoreticalfoundationdrawingfromfeministtheory

andgenderinagriculturaldevelopmentdebates.V. CaseStudies:AtleastonecaseperstepinbreedingcycleVI. Lessonslearned:Synthesisofmajorlearningsfromallcasesstudiesinto

designprinciplesforgender-responsivebreedingforpractitionersVII. Toolbox:Synthesisofkeytoolsandusetips

Foreword

• Co-writtenbygenderspecialistandbreeder

• Focusisonhigherleveldiscussionon“whygenderresearchmattersforbreeding”

• Wewillbeapproachingafewofyoutoseekinterest!

CaseStudies:AnOverview

Category CaseName Authora.SocialTargetingandDemandAnalysis ThePre-CookedBean J.Ouma

b.SettingBreedingPriorities

Towardsimprovedgender-responsivebeanbreeding:Lessonsfrombeanimprovementresearchinselectedcountries EKatungi

Genderanalysisforforageimprovementintheololili conservationsystemofTanzania AGalie

c.Selection

ParticipatoryPlantBreedingandWomenEmpowermentforcollectiveinnovationandsustainableTransition:ACasefromSWChina YSongCasestudyofcassavatraitpreferencesofmenandwomenfarmersinNigeria:Implicationsforgender-responsivecassavavarietydevelopment OOlaosebikanFarmerengagementinvarietytestingandevaluationsprovidescrucialinformationforbreedingstrategiesinMali KIsaacsParticipatorybreedingandgenderroleincañahua,aNUSAndeanGraincropinBolivia JPRodriguez

d.TestingExperimentalVarieties

Gender-differentiatedpreferencesinbreedingfornewmatookehybridsinUganda NLSanyaTrialevaluationswithwomen EWeltzien

CaseStudy1

Breedingcyclestep:SettingBreedingPriorities

Title:Towardsamoregender-responsivebeanbreedingprogram:lessonsfromEasternAfrica

Summary: ThestudyuseschoiceexperimentationinPVSforbeanbreedinginEastAfrica

Findings:• Significantdifferencesinfarmerpreferencesdependentongender,landholdingand

marketaccess• Countertoexpectations,preferenceforshortcookingtimewasnotdifferent

betweenwomenandmen,butdeterminedbyaccesstomarkets• InPVStrials,onlyonevarietyshowedsignificantlydifferentrankingbetweenmen

andwomen

CaseStudy1

Implicationsforbreeding:Cookingtimehasnowbeenaddedasa“must-have”traitforPABRA

Photo:PABRA

CaseStudy2

Breedingcyclestep:SettingBreedingPriorities

Title: Gender-responsiveintensificationintheololili systemofTanzania

Summary:Thiscasestudyexaminesgenderedlabororganization,knowledgeandtraitpreferencesofforageplantsandgovernanceoftheololili system

Findings:• Theololili systemreliesheavilyonwomen’sunpaidlabour,andlackoffinances,and

communitypowerandgenderdynamicshinderrestoration• Numberofforageplantsmentionedwassimilarbetweenwomenandmen,but

eachgrouprankedtheimportanceoftheseforagesdifferently.• Veryfewcommonalitiesexistedacrossgenderandacrosslocationsintermsofthe

traitswomenandmenattributedtoaspecificplant.• Womenandmenfromallvillagesexpressedaninterestinplantingforageanddual-

purposecrops

CaseStudy2

Implicationsforbreeding:Breedersidentifiedlegumeandgrassspeciescompatiblewiththeexistingnaturalpastures.Thesespeciesaddressedthetwooutofthethreetraitprioritiesidentifiedduringthegenderstudyascommontomenandwomen

CaseStudy3

Breedingcyclestep:Selectinginsegregatingpopulations

Title:ParticipatoryPlantBreedingandWomenEmpowermentforcollectiveinnovationsandtransformationtowardsequalandsustainabledevelopment:ACasefromSWChina

Summary:Thisstudyexamineshowfarmersandbreedersinteractinmaizeimprovement,insituconservation andvalueaddingactivities

Findings:• PPBactivitieshaveconservedmorethan50foodvarietiesandimproved10landraces• Theactivitieshaveincreasedwomen’sincome,enhancedcommunitybased

collaborationinsharingproductiveactivities,managingnaturalresourcesandlinkingtoexternalinformation andmarkets

• HybridandOPVimprovementcanbeintegratedasparalleleffortsinonePPBbreedingprogramme tosupportmultiplefunctionalityofdiversifiedfarmingandfoodsystems

CaseStudy3

Implicationsforbreeding:Duringtheexchangevisitsthe‘professional’breedersdiscoveredthatthefarmershadconservedandimprovedTuxpeno 1.OnefarmerinparticularhadfurtherimprovedTuxpeno 1,theresultingvarietyhadbecomewidelypopularinthesurroundinglocalcommunities

Photo:NationalGeographic

CaseStudy4

Breedingcyclestep:Testingexperimentalvarieties

Title: FarmerengagementinculinarytestingandgrainqualityevaluationsprovidescrucialinformationforsorghumbreedingstrategiesinMali

Summary:ThisstudypresentslessonslearnedaroundusingsorghumculinarytestingmethodologywithwithfarmersinMali

Findings:• Menandwomenevaluatesorghumvarietiesfromperspectivesthatarebasedontheir

rolesandresponsibilitiesinthehousehold• Womenevaluatethequalityofavarietyforprocessingandcooking,andthattheir

valuationofthevarietalyieldextendsfarbeyondtheagronomicyield.• Decorticationlosses,waterabsorptionpotential,andproportionsofflourandgritwere

keyconsiderationsforgrainprocessors:Householdsmaketrade-offs• WomendiscusseconomyduringTopreparation,evaluatingifavarietyproducesmore

foodduetothesetraits

CaseStudy4

• Implicationsforbreeding:Diversevarietiesarenowtestedinthefieldandduringprocessingtoensurethatvarietiesselectedforthenextseasoncapturetherangeofcharacteristicsexpectedbythehouseholdasawhole

CaseStudy5

Breedingcyclestep:Testingexperimentalvarieties

Title:Gender-differentiatedpreferencesfornewmatooke hybridsinUganda

Summary:Thisstudyexaminesparticipatoryevaluation,sensoryandconsumeracceptabilitybymenandwomenofnewmatooke hybrids

Findings:• Qualityattributesaredeterministicofadoptionofbananahybridvarieties• Hybridbananasdifferedsignificantlyforsensoryattributes• 78%ofthematooke hybridsevaluatedforreleasehadlowheatretainingcapacity(food

hardensfastwhenserved)• Thehybridsalsorequiredprolongedcookingtimetosoftenthetextureaddingmore

labour timetogatherfuelwoodwhichbecameanadditionalchallengetothealreadyoverburdenedwomen

CaseStudy5

Implicationsforbreeding:Newmatooke hybridsarenowevaluatedstepwisewithaqualityfocus:beginwithfoodqualitytraits,followwithproductionrelatedtraits.Womenpanelistsareinvolvedinthepreparationofthesamplesforsensoryevaluation.

CaseStudy6

Breedingcyclestep:Testingexperimentalvarieties

Title:Involvingwomenfarmersinvarietyevaluationsofa“men’scrop”:ConsequencesforthesorghumbreedingstrategyandfarmerempowermentinMali

Summary:ThisstudyprovidesandoverviewofchangestosorghumbreedingstrategyinMaliinformedbylongtermgenderanalysisandparticipatoryevaluation

Findings:• Womennotsometimesawareofnewvarietiestestedbytheirhusbands• Gender-responsiveparticipatorybreedingincreasedwomen’saccesstonewvarietiesand

diversityofimprovedvarietiescultivatedintheirvillages• Women’spreferredvarietiesforseedproductionarenowgivenstrongerconsiderationby

therespectivecooperatives:enhancedtheiragency• Women’sgroupsnowengageinlarge-scaleproductionandcommercializationofsorghum

andgroundnutseed

CaseStudy6

Implicationsforbreeding: Fundamentalchangetobreedingprogramtoemphasizedesirablegrainquality:womeninvitedtotheresearchstationtoscoregrainqualitiesofearlygenerationmaterialduringtheselectionprocess.SorghumbreedingprogramsinMalinowgrowallsegregatinggenerationmaterialunderlow-Pconditionsinfieldsmanagedspecificallyforthispurpose

CaseStudy7

Breedingcyclestep:SettingBreedingPriorities

Title:Cassavafarmers’preferencesforvarietiesandseeddisseminationsysteminNigeria:Genderandregionalperspectives

Summary:Thiscasestudyexploredadoptionofimprovedcassavavarietiesbyfarmers,thecassavaseedsystemandvarietypreferencesofmenandwomen

Findings:• Improvedvarietiesaregraduallysqueezingoutthelocalvarieties• Forbothmenandwomen,acompositeofallpreferencesshouldberealizedtogear

breedingeffortstowardsabasket(set)ofimprovedvarietiesthatcombinehighyielding,poundability,ingroundstorability,easeofpeeling,weedcompetitiveness

• Useoftrainedandexperiencedsocialscienceandgenderspecialistsasfacilitatorsiscrucialtomoveawayfromthesimplisticdisaggregationofdatabysex.

CaseStudy7

Implicationsforbreeding: Thisstudyhasinformedbreedersonimportantnewtraitssuchaseaseofpeeling,swellability,weedsmolderingthatcanbeconsideredwhensettingbreedingpriorities.

Criteria

• Studyclearlymapstoastepinthebreedingcyclediagram• Theresearchisclearlyfocusedongeneratinginformationforapplication

inbreeding• Sex-disaggregateddatacollectedandusedanalysis• Qualitativeandquantitativedatacollected• Intersectionalityconsideredanddiscussed• Findings,conclusion,anddiscussionincludetake-aways and

recommendationsaddingtodesignprinciplesforgender-responsivebreedingprograms?

Criteria

• Extenttowhichandhowgenderisaddressedinthestudy• Roles/responsibilities• Opportunities/Constraints• Access/controlofresources• Preferences/Practical&Strategicneeds• Decision-makingpower• Culturalnorms• Genderedbenefit/costdifferentials• GenderedParticipation• Differencesintraditionalknowledge• Communityleadership

SynthesisofTools

• ConventionalBreedingTechniques• ParticipatoryVarietalSelection(PVS)• ParticipatoryPlantBreeding(PPB)• FocusGroupDiscussions(FGDs)-

• mixedgroups• groupsdisaggregatedbysex,age

• IndividualInterviews• sex-disaggregateddatacollection• bothheadsofhousehold• equitablegenderbalanceinsample

• ChoiceExperimentation• fortraitidentificationatearlystageof

breeding

• GenderSensitiveIntervention• usingrecommendationsfrom

FGDs

• Sensoryandconsumeracceptabilityevaluations

• Post-harvestCulinaryTesting• GrainQualityEvaluations• TransectWalks• Foresightanalysis tohelppredict

prioritytraitsthatwillbedemandinthemarketintheyearstocome

LessonsLearned

• Wecannotassumeknowledgewilltricklefrommentowomen

• Qualityattributes,esp.taste,areimportanttraitforbothmenandwomen

• Menandwomenevaluatevarietiesfromperspectivesthatarebasedontheirroles,responsibilities,andconstraints

• Intersectionality isimportant

• Insemi-subsistencecontext,genderdifferencescanbedifficulttodetect

• Choiceexperimentstudiesrequirespecializedtraining

• Institutionalcapacityneededtocommunicationoffindingsongenderneedsandprioritiesforbuildinggenderresponsivebreedingprograms

Wanted:Morecases!

• Thereisdefinitescopeformorecasestobeincluded

• Especiallyweak/underrepresentedarefollowingstepsinthebreedingcycle:

• Identificationofnewvariation• Releasingnewvarieties• Seedproductionanddistribution

• Livestock/Fishbreedingmissing

Thankyou